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Yeh YW, Xiang Z. Mouse hygiene status-A tale of two environments for mast cells and allergy. Allergol Int 2024; 73:58-64. [PMID: 37673735 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models, including those employing the use of house mice (Mus musculus), are crucial in elucidating mechanisms in human pathophysiology. However, it is evident that the impreciseness of using laboratory mice maintained in super-hygienic barrier facilities to mirror relevant aspects of human physiology and pathology exists, which is a major limitation in translating mouse findings to inferring human medicine. Interestingly, free-living wild mice are found to be substantially different from laboratory-bred, specific pathogen-free mice with respect to various immune system compartments. Wild mice have an immune system that better reflects human immunity. In this review article, we discuss recent experimental findings that address the so-called "wild immunology", which reveals the contrasting immune features between laboratory-raised mice and their wild companions as well as laboratory mice that have been exposed to a natural rodent habitat. A particular focus will be given to the development of pulmonary mast cells and its possible impact on the use of "naturalized" or "rewilded" laboratory mice as experimental asthma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Yeh
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Smith FL, Savage HP, Luo Z, Tipton CM, Lee FEH, Apostol AC, Beaudin AE, Lopez DA, Jensen I, Keller S, Baumgarth N. B-1 plasma cells require non-cognate CD4 T cell help to generate a unique repertoire of natural IgM. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220195. [PMID: 36811605 PMCID: PMC9960156 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved, "natural" (n)IgM is broadly reactive to both self and foreign antigens. Its selective deficiency leads to increases in autoimmune diseases and infections. In mice, nIgM is secreted independent of microbial exposure to bone marrow (BM) and spleen B-1 cell-derived plasma cells (B-1PC), generating the majority of nIgM, or by B-1 cells that remain non-terminally differentiated (B-1sec). Thus, it has been assumed that the nIgM repertoire is broadly reflective of the repertoire of body cavity B-1 cells. Studies here reveal, however, that B-1PC generate a distinct, oligoclonal nIgM repertoire, characterized by short CDR3 variable immunoglobulin heavy chain regions, 7-8 amino acids in length, some public, many arising from convergent rearrangements, while specificities previously associated with nIgM were generated by a population of IgM-secreting B-1 (B-1sec). BM, but not spleen B-1PC, or B-1sec also required the presence of TCRαβ CD4 T cells for their development from fetal precursors. Together, the studies identify important previously unknown characteristics of the nIgM pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna L. Smith
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Integrated Pathobiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hannah P. Savage
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Luo
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - April C. Apostol
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna E. Beaudin
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Diego A. Lopez
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ingvill Jensen
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Keller
- Department Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Integrated Pathobiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Kim JH, Ahn S, Ghosh P, Rhee DK. Immunization with a Pneumococcal pep27 Mutant Strain Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis through the Upregulation of Regulatory T-Cell Activity and Epithelial Barrier Function and Suppressing TSLP Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:115-123.e6. [PMID: 35988588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disease driven in part by type 2 helper T (Th2) cytokines and skin barrier disruption alleviating the entry of allergens. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cell‒derived cytokine, is known to aggravate AD symptoms by activating Th2. In addition, regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit inflammatory cells such as Th2. However, the relationship between TSLP and Tregs in AD is unclear. A murine dermatitis model was induced by applying oxazolone to the ear skin of mice. Prophylactic and therapeutic responses were analyzed by immunizing mice intranasally with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant (Δpep27 mutant), attenuated strain by reducing the virulence of a pathogen. Intranasal immunization with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant could elicit anti-inflammatory Treg-relevant factors and epithelial barrier genes (loricrin, involucrin, filaggrin, and small proline-rich repeat proteins). Thus, pneumococcal pep27-mutant immunization suppressed epidermal collapse, IgE, TSLP, and upregulation of Th2 expression by upregulating Treg activity. In contrast, Treg inhibition aggravated AD symptoms through the upregulation of TSLP and Th2 and the repression of epithelial barrier function compared with that of the noninhibited pneumococcal Δpep27-mutant group. Taken together, immunization with pneumococcal Δpep27 mutant upregulated Treg and epithelial barrier function and inhibited TSLP and Th2 to relieve AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saemi Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; DNBio Pharm, Research Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Hiéronimus L, Huaux F. B-1 cells in immunotoxicology: Mechanisms underlying their response to chemicals and particles. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:960861. [PMID: 37143777 PMCID: PMC10151831 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.960861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery nearly 40 years ago, B-1 cells have continued to challenge the boundaries between innate and adaptive immunity, as well as myeloid and lymphoid functions. This B-cell subset ensures early immunity in neonates before the development of conventional B (B-2) cells and respond to immune injuries throughout life. B-1 cells are multifaceted and serve as natural- and induced-antibody-producing cells, phagocytic cells, antigen-presenting cells, and anti-/pro-inflammatory cytokine-releasing cells. This review retraces the origin of B-1 cells and their different roles in homeostatic and infectious conditions before focusing on pollutants comprising contact-sensitivity-inducing chemicals, endocrine disruptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands, and reactive particles.
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Wang W, Li Y, Han G, Li A, Kong X. Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 Alleviates the Inflammatory Response in Asthma by Regulating TLR2/TLR4 Expression. Front Nutr 2022; 9:931427. [PMID: 35911120 PMCID: PMC9331901 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.931427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic disease, which is harmful to the health of the body and the quality of life. Supplementation of Lactobacillus can affect the immune environment of the lungs through the gut-lung axis. This study aimed to explore the potential regulatory targets of Lactobacillus to relieve inflammation in asthma and determine a new approach for improving asthma. Methods A mouse ovalbumin (OVA)-induced model was constructed. OVA mice were supplemented with Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 by gavage. The gut microbiota composition of normal and OVA mice was analyzed using 16S ribosomal DNA identification. BALF, serum, lung tissues, and duodenal tissues were collected. Wright’s staining was performed to determine the cell content of the alveolar lavage fluid. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson staining, and periodic acid-Schiff staining were performed to observe the improvement in the lungs of OVA mice supplemented with Lactobacillus. Immunofluorescence was performed to measure the severity of the intestinal barrier leakage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out to determine the expression levels of inflammatory cell factors, while quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to detect the levels of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/TLR4 expression and cell adhesion factors. Results Compared with Control mice, OVA mice exhibited malignant conditions, such as intestinal leakage and lung edema. After supplementation with Lactobacillus, the inflammatory cell content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid decreased, and the inflammatory response was alleviated. The level of TLR2/TLR4 expression was reduced. The inflammatory cell infiltration in the airway mucosa of OVA mice was improved, alveolar swelling was reduced and the basement membrane appeared thinner. Conclusion The Lactobacillus inhibited the TLR2/TLR4 expression in OVA mice. Supplementation with Lactobacillus can alleviate the inflammatory response in OVA mice, inhibit pulmonary fibrosis, and treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guojing Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Aimin Li,
| | - Xiaomei Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Xiaomei Kong,
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Deckers J, Marsland BJ, von Mutius E. Protection against allergies: Microbes, immunity, and the farming effect. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2387-2398. [PMID: 34415577 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases has rapidly increased in "Westernized" countries over recent decades. This rapid increase suggests the involvement of environmental factors, behavioral changes or lifestyle, rather than genetic drift. It has become increasingly clear that the microbiome plays a key role in educating the host immune system and, thus, regulation of disease susceptibility. This review will focus on recent advances uncovering immunological and microbial mechanisms that protect against allergies, in particular, within the context of a farming environment. A whole body of epidemiological data disclosed the nature of the protective exposures in a farm. Current evidence points toward an important role of the host microbiome in setting an immunological equilibrium that determines progression toward, or protection against allergic diseases. Conclusive mechanistic insights on how microbial exposures prevent from developing allergic diseases in humans are still lacking but findings from experimental models reveal plausible immunological mechanisms. Gathering further knowledge on these mechanisms and confirming their relevance in humans is of great importance to develop preventive strategies for children at risk of developing allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, München, Germany.,Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Kurono Y. The mucosal immune system of the upper respiratory tract and recent progress in mucosal vaccines. Auris Nasus Larynx 2021; 49:1-10. [PMID: 34304944 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system prevents microorganism invasion through mucosal surfaces and consists of inductive and effector sites. Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) functions as an inductive site, inducing mucosal immune responses in the upper respiratory tract. It follows that intranasal vaccines may prevent upper respiratory infections. To induce and enhance the immune response by administering inactivated antigens intranasally, mucosal adjuvants have been developed, including mutant cholera toxin and cationic cholesteryl pullulan nanogel, which do not accumulate in the central nervous system. Moreover, multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are used to prevent invasive pneumococcal infections and otitis media, although they only provide moderate protection against acute otitis media because non-vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae also cause this infection. To address this problem, pneumococcal surface protein A of S. pneumoniae and P6 of H. influenzae are used as broad-spectrum vaccine antigens. Alternatively, phosphorylcholine (PC) is present in the cell walls of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and induces immune responses through antigenic activity. The significant effects of PC as a mucosal vaccine have been demonstrated through intranasal and sublingual immunization in mice. Furthermore, intranasal administration of PC reverses increases in IgE levels and prevents allergic rhinitis. After immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, intranasal immunization with PC boosts immune responses to vaccine strains and to PC itself. Thus, PC may be useful as a mucosal vaccine to prevent upper respiratory infections and allergic rhinitis, and it could be used as a booster to the currently used pneumococcal vaccine as it protects against non-vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kurono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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Abstract
Adaptive antibody responses provide a crucial means of host defense against viral infections by mediating the neutralization and killing infectious pathogens. At the forefront of humoral defense against viruses lie a subset of innate-like serum antibodies known as natural antibodies (NAbs). NAbs serve multifaceted functions in host defense and play an essential role in early immune responses against viruses. However, there remain many unanswered questions with regard to both the breadth of viral antigens recognized by NAbs, and how B cell ontology and individual antigenic histories intersect to control the development and function of antiviral human NAbs. In the following article we briefly review the current understanding of the functions and source of NAbs in the immune repertoire, their role during antiviral immune responses, the factors influencing the maturation of the NAb repertoire, and finally, the gaps and future research needed to advance our understanding of innate-like B cell biology for the purpose of harnessing NAbs for host defense against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Coronado S, Zakzuk J, Regino R, Ahumada V, Benedetti I, Angelina A, Palomares O, Caraballo L. Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2280. [PMID: 31611876 PMCID: PMC6777510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe helminth infections are negatively associated to allergic diseases like asthma; therefore, the immunomodulatory properties of parasite-derived components have been analyzed, raising the possibility of their use as anti-inflammatory molecules. We evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of Ascaris lumbricoides recombinant cysteine protease inhibitor (rAl-CPI) in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation induced by the house dust mite (HDM) Blomia tropicalis and its effects on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (HmoDCs). The B. tropicalis sensitized/challenged mice developed extensive cellular airway inflammatory response, which was significantly reduced upon treatment with rAl-CPI prior to B. tropicalis sensitization, affecting particularly the perivascular/peribronchial infiltrate cells, eosinophils/neutrophils, and goblet cells. A significant decrease of Th2 cytokines, total, and specific IgE antibodies was observed in rAl-CPI treated mice. The antibody response was biased to IgG, mainly IgG2a. Administration of rAl-CPI-alone and rAl-CPI before mite sensitization were associated with a significant increase of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in spleen and elevated IL-10 levels in BAL and splenocytes culture supernatants, which was partially affected by anti-IL10 receptor use. In vitro, rAl-CPI showed a modulatory effect on HmoDCs, lowering the expression of HLA-DR, CD83, and CD86, while inducing IL-10 and IL-6 production. This suggests an inhibition of HmoDC maturation and a possible link with the inhibition of the allergic response observed in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coronado
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ronald Regino
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Velky Ahumada
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ines Benedetti
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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Martin RK, Damle SR, Valentine YA, Zellner MP, James BN, Lownik JC, Luker AJ, Davis EH, DeMeules MM, Khandjian LM, Finkelman FD, Urban JF, Conrad DH. B1 Cell IgE Impedes Mast Cell-Mediated Enhancement of Parasite Expulsion through B2 IgE Blockade. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1824-1834. [PMID: 29444434 PMCID: PMC5832064 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection is known for generating large amounts of poly-specific IgE. Here we demonstrate that innate-like B1 cells are responsible for this IgE production during infection with the nematode parasites Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. In vitro analysis of B1 cell immunoglobulin class switch recombination to IgE demonstrated a requirement for anti-CD40 and IL-4 that was further enhanced when IL-5 was added or when the B1 source was helminth infected mice. An IL-25-induced upregulation of IgE in B1 cells was also demonstrated. In T cell-reconstituted RAG1−/− mice, N. brasiliensis clearance was enhanced with the addition of B2 cells in an IgE-dependent manner. This enhanced clearance was impeded by reconstitution with IgE sufficient B1 cells. Mucosal mast cells mediated the B2 cell enhancement of clearance in the absence of B1 cells. The data support B1 cell IgE secretion as a regulatory response exploited by the helminth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sheela R Damle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yolander A Valentine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matthew P Zellner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Briana N James
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Joseph C Lownik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrea J Luker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Elijah H Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Martha M DeMeules
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Laura M Khandjian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Medicine Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Ohori J, Jimura T, Kurono Y. Role of Phosphorylcholine-Specific Immunoglobulin M in Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019; 128:111S-116S. [PMID: 31092031 DOI: 10.1177/0003489419835568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to clarify the role of serum phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) as a natural antibody against infectious diseases. METHODS The relationship between serum PC-specific IgM level and C-reactive protein level or white blood cell counts was examined in patients with severe upper respiratory tract infections (ie, acute epiglottitis and peritonsillar abscess). RESULTS PC-specific IgM level was significantly negatively correlated with C-reactive protein level and white blood cell count. In addition, C-reactive protein level and white blood cell count was significantly lower in women than in men, whereas PC-specific IgM level was significantly higher in women. CONCLUSIONS PC-specific IgM is suggested to have protective and suppressive effects against the progression of infectious and inflammatory reactions. Higher levels of PC-specific IgM in women might be one of the reasons why the incidence and severity of acute epiglottitis and peritonsillar abscess are lower in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Ohori
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Jimura
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kurono
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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12
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Perdijk O, Marsland BJ. The microbiome: toward preventing allergies and asthma by nutritional intervention. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:10-18. [PMID: 31078013 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergies and asthma have increased in prevalence over recent decades while the development of therapies to treat or prevent them has stagnated. Genetic predisposition and lifestyle changes influence the constituents of the microbiome and these host-environment-microbe interactions represent a key underlying pressure influencing disease susceptibility. Consequently, there has been a surge of interest in shaping the microbiome to a health-promoting state particularly through nutritional intervention strategies. However, mechanistic insights into the nutrition-microbe-host interplay are still needed in order for such approaches to succeed. In addition, little is known about how trans-kingdom interactions might influence disease susceptibility and progression. Future steps toward revealing the underlying mechanisms of host-microbe interactions will be pivotal for the development of effective dietary intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Perdijk
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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13
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Fereidan-Esfahani M, Nayfeh T, Warrington A, Howe CL, Rodriguez M. IgM Natural Autoantibodies in Physiology and the Treatment of Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:53-81. [PMID: 30539466 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are vital components of the adaptive immune system for the recognition and response to foreign antigens. However, some antibodies recognize self-antigens in healthy individuals. These autoreactive antibodies may modulate innate immune functions. IgM natural autoantibodies (IgM-NAAs) are a class of primarily polyreactive immunoglobulins encoded by germline V-gene segments which exhibit low affinity but broad specificity to both foreign and self-antigens. Historically, these autoantibodies were closely associated with autoimmune disease. Nevertheless, not all human autoantibodies are pathogenic and compelling evidence indicates that IgM-NAAs may exert a spectrum of effects from injurious to protective depending upon cellular and molecular context. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the potential physiological and therapeutic roles of IgM-NAAs in different disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmune disease. We also describe the discovery of two reparative IgM-NAAs by our laboratory and delineate their proposed mechanisms of action in central nervous system (CNS) disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Nayfeh
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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14
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Mezouar S, Chantran Y, Michel J, Fabre A, Dubus JC, Leone M, Sereme Y, Mège JL, Ranque S, Desnues B, Chanez P, Vitte J. Microbiome and the immune system: From a healthy steady-state to allergy associated disruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Totten AH, Xiao L, Luo D, Briles D, Hale JY, Crabb DM, Schoeb TR, Alishlash AS, Waites KB, Atkinson TP. Allergic airway sensitization impairs antibacterial IgG antibody responses during bacterial respiratory tract infections. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1183-1197.e7. [PMID: 30092287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma pneumoniae, an atypical human pathogen, has been associated with asthma initiation and exacerbation. Asthmatic patients have been reported to have higher carriage rates of M pneumoniae compared with nonasthmatic subjects and are at greater risk for invasive respiratory infections. OBJECTIVE We sought to study whether prior allergen sensitization affects the host response to chronic bacterial infection. METHODS BALB/cJ and IL-4 receptor α-/- mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and then infected with M pneumoniae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Immune parameters were analyzed at 30 days postinfection and included cellular profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum IgG and IgE antibody levels to whole bacterial lysate, recombinant P1 adhesin, and OVA. Total lung RNA was examined for transcript levels, and BALF was examined for cytokine protein profiles. RESULTS Anti-M pneumoniae antibody responses were decreased in allergen-sensitized, M pneumoniae-infected animals compared with control animals, but OVA-specific IgG responses were unaffected. Similar decreases in anti-S pneumoniae antibody levels were found in OVA-sensitized animals. However, M pneumoniae, but not S pneumoniae, infection augmented anti-OVA IgE antibody responses. Loss of IL-4 receptor signaling partially restored anti-M pneumoniae antibody responses in IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses. Inflammatory cytokine levels in BALF from OVA-sensitized, M pneumoniae-infected or S pneumoniae-infected animals were reduced compared with those in uninfected OVA-sensitized control animals. Unexpectedly, airway hyperreactivity to methacholine was essentially ablated in M pneumoniae-infected, OVA-sensitized animals. CONCLUSIONS An established type 2-biased host immune response impairs the host immune response to respiratory bacterial infection in a largely pathogen-independent manner. Some pathogens, such as M pneumoniae, can augment ongoing allergic responses and inhibit pulmonary type 2 cytokine responses and allergic airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H Totten
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Danlin Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - David Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Joanetha Y Hale
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Donna M Crabb
- Department of Pathology, Diagnostic Mycoplasma Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | | | - Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, Diagnostic Mycoplasma Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala.
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16
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Lee F, Lawrence DA. From Infections to Anthropogenic Inflicted Pathologies: Involvement of Immune Balance. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 21:24-46. [PMID: 29252129 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1412212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A temporal trend can be seen in recent human history where the dominant causes of death have shifted from infectious to chronic diseases in industrialized societies. Human influences in the current "Anthropocene" epoch are exponentially impacting the environment and consequentially health. Changing ecological niches are suggested to have created health transitions expressed as modifications of immune balance from infections inflicting pathologies in the Holocene epoch (12,000 years ago) to human behaviors inflicting pathologies beginning in the Anthropocene epoch (300 years ago). A review of human immune health and adaptations responding to environmental (biological, chemical, physical, and psychological) stresses, which are influenced by social conditions, emphasize the involvement of fluctuations in immune cell subsets affecting influential gene-environment interactions. The literature from a variety of fields (anthropological, immunological, and environmental) is incorporated to present an expanded perspective on shifts in diseases within the context of immune balance and function and environmental immunology. The influences between historical and contemporary human ecology are examined in relation to human immunity. Several examples of shifts in human physiology and immunity support the premise that increased incidences of chronic diseases are a consequence of human modification of environment and lifestyle. Although the development of better health care and a broader understanding of human health have helped with better life quality and expectancy, the transition of morbidity and mortality rates from infections to chronic diseases is a cause for concern. Combinations of environmental stressors/pollutants and human behaviors and conditions are modulating the immune-neuroendocrine network, which compromises health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lee
- a Department of Anthropology , University at Albany , Albany , NY , USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- b Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health , Albany , NY , USA
- c Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Health Sciences , University at Albany, School of Public Health , Albany , NY , USA
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17
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Hernandez AM, Holodick NE. Editorial: Natural Antibodies in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1795. [PMID: 29326696 PMCID: PMC5733483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Hernandez
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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18
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Miyashita K, Ohori J, Nagano H, Fukuyama S, Kurono Y. Intranasal immunization with phosphorylcholine suppresses allergic rhinitis in mice. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:E234-E240. [PMID: 29193138 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Intranasal immunization with phosphorylcholine (PC) is known to reduce immunoglobulin (Ig)E production. However, its effects on the occurrence of allergic rhinitis (AR) are unknown. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (PC-KLH) and to examine the effects on the occurrence of AR in a murine model of AR. STUDY DESIGN In vivo study using an animal model. METHODS Forty-five female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups; those pretreated with intranasal administration of PC-KLH followed by intraperitoneal sensitization and nasal challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) (group A), those untreated with PC-KLH followed by sensitization and nasal challenge with OVA (group B), and those untreated with PC-KLH or OVA as controls (group C). Nasal symptoms, allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa, OVA specific IgE production, and cytokine profile were compared among those three groups. Dendritic cells (DCs) were isolated from splenic cells and PC-KLH-stimulated interleukin (IL)-12p40 production was measured. RESULTS The mice pretreated with PC-KLH showed lower allergic nasal symptoms and inflammation compared to untreated mice. The levels of total IgE and OVA-specific IgE in serum, and IL-4 production by nasal and splenic CD4+ T cells were significantly reduced by PC-KLH pretreatment. Furthermore, IL-12p40 production by DCs was induced by PC-KLH in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal administration of PC-KLH suppressed allergic inflammation in nasal mucosa and antigen-specific IgE production by downregulating Th2-type immune response. Intranasal immunization with PC might be useful to prevent AR and upper airway bacterial infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E234-E240, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Miyashita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Junichiro Ohori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nagano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kurono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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19
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Baumgarth N. A Hard(y) Look at B-1 Cell Development and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3387-3394. [PMID: 29109178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A small population of B cells exists in lymphoid tissues and body cavities of mice that is distinct in development, phenotype, and function from the majority (B-2) B cell population. This population, originally termed "Ly-1" and now "B-1," has received renewed interest as an innate-like B cell population of fetal-derived hematopoiesis, responsible for natural Ab production and rapid immune responses. Molecular analyses have begun to define fetal and adult hematopoiesis, while cell-fate mapping studies have revealed complex developmental origins of B-1 cells. Together the studies provide a more detailed understanding of B-1 cell regulation and function. This review outlines studies that defined B-1 cells as natural Ab- and cytokine-producing B cells of fetal origin, with a focus on work conducted by R.R. Hardy, an early pioneer and codiscoverer of B-1 cells, whose seminal contributions enhanced our understanding of this enigmatic B cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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20
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The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1076-1083. [PMID: 28926539 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunology of the hygiene hypothesis of allergy is complex and involves the loss of cellular and humoral immunoregulatory pathways as a result of the adoption of a Western lifestyle and the disappearance of chronic infectious diseases. The influence of diet and reduced microbiome diversity now forms the foundation of scientific thinking on how the allergy epidemic occurred, although clear mechanistic insights into the process in humans are still lacking. Here we propose that barrier epithelial cells are heavily influenced by environmental factors and by microbiome-derived danger signals and metabolites, and thus act as important rheostats for immunoregulation, particularly during early postnatal development. Preventive strategies based on this new knowledge could exploit the diversity of the microbial world and the way humans react to it, and possibly restore old symbiotic relationships that have been lost in recent times, without causing disease or requiring a return to an unhygienic life style.
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21
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Castro R, Navelsaker S, Krasnov A, Du Pasquier L, Boudinot P. Describing the diversity of Ag specific receptors in vertebrates: Contribution of repertoire deep sequencing. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:28-37. [PMID: 28259700 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, gene and cDNA cloning identified TCR and Ig genes across vertebrates; genome sequencing of TCR and Ig loci in many species revealed the different organizations selected during evolution under the pressure of generating diverse repertoires of Ag receptors. By detecting clonotypes over a wide range of frequency, deep sequencing of Ig and TCR transcripts provides a new way to compare the structure of expressed repertoires in species of various sizes, at different stages of development, with different physiologies, and displaying multiple adaptations to the environment. In this review, we provide a short overview of the technologies currently used to produce global description of immune repertoires, describe how they have already been used in comparative immunology, and we discuss the future potential of such approaches. The development of these methodologies in new species holds promise for new discoveries concerning particular adaptations. As an example, understanding the development of adaptive immunity across metamorphosis in frogs has been made possible by such approaches. Repertoire sequencing is now widely used, not only in basic research but also in the context of immunotherapy and vaccination. Analysis of fish responses to pathogens and vaccines has already benefited from these methods. Finally, we also discuss potential advances based on repertoire sequencing of multigene families of immune sensors and effectors in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Castro
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofie Navelsaker
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Adamstuen Campus, Oslo 0454, Norway; Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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22
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McKay JT, Haro MA, Daly CA, Yammani RD, Pang B, Swords WE, Haas KM. PD-L2 Regulates B-1 Cell Antibody Production against Phosphorylcholine through an IL-5-Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2020-2029. [PMID: 28768724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B-1 cells produce natural Abs which provide an integral first line of defense against pathogens while also performing important homeostatic housekeeping functions. In this study, we demonstrate that programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) regulates the production of natural Abs against phosphorylcholine (PC). Naive PD-L2-deficient (PD-L2-/-) mice produced significantly more PC-reactive IgM and IgA. This afforded PD-L2-/- mice with selectively enhanced protection against PC-expressing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, but not PC-negative nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, relative to wild-type mice. PD-L2-/- mice had significantly increased PC-specific CD138+ splenic plasmablasts bearing a B-1a phenotype, and produced PC-reactive Abs largely of the T15 Id. Importantly, PC-reactive B-1 cells expressed PD-L2 and irradiated chimeras demonstrated that B cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression regulated PC-specific Ab production. In addition to increased PC-specific IgM, naive PD-L2-/- mice and irradiated chimeras reconstituted with PD-L2-/- B cells had significantly higher levels of IL-5, a potent stimulator of B-1 cell Ab production. PD-L2 mAb blockade of wild-type B-1 cells in culture significantly increased CD138 and Blimp1 expression and PC-specific IgM, but did not affect proliferation. PD-L2 mAb blockade significantly increased IL-5+ T cells in culture. Both IL-5 neutralization and STAT5 inhibition blunted the effects of PD-L2 mAb blockade on B-1 cells. Thus, B-1 cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression inhibits IL-5 production by T cells and thereby limits natural Ab production by B-1 cells. These findings have broad implications for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at altering natural Ab levels critical for protection against infectious disease, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome T McKay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Marcela A Haro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rama D Yammani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Bing Pang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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23
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Holodick NE, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM. Defining Natural Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:872. [PMID: 28798747 PMCID: PMC5526850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense against infection thereby, allowing time for a specific antibody response to be mounted. The literature has a seemingly common definition of NAbs; however, as our knowledge of antibodies and B cells is refined, re-evaluation of the common definition of Nabs may be required. Defining Nabs becomes important as the function of NAb production is used to define B cell subsets (1) and as these important molecules are shown to play numerous roles in the immune system (Figure 1). Herein, we aim to briefly summarize our current knowledge of NAbs in the context of initiating a discussion within the field of how such an important and multifaceted group of molecules should be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
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24
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Patel PS, Kearney JF. CD36 and Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Promote House Dust Mite Allergy Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1184-1195. [PMID: 28667161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over 89% of asthmatic children in underdeveloped countries demonstrate sensitivity to house dust mites (HDMs). The allergic response to HDMs is partially mediated by epithelial cell-derived cytokines that activate group 2 innate lymphoid cells, induce migration and activation of dendritic cells, and promote effector differentiation of HDM-specific TH2 cells. However, the contribution of innate receptor engagement on epithelial or dendritic cells by HDMs that ultimately mediates said innate and adaptive allergic responses is poorly understood. We and other investigators have demonstrated that HDMs express phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties. The major PC receptors involved in immune responses include CD36 and platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). Because CD36 and PAFR are expressed by epithelial cells and dendritic cells, and expression of these receptors is higher in human asthmatics, we determined whether engagement of CD36 or PAFR on epithelial or dendritic cells contributes to HDM allergy development. Testing bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that CD36 engagement on radioresistant cells and PAFR engagement on radioresistant and radiosensitive cells in the lung promote allergic responses to HDMs. Additionally, passive anti-PC IgM Abs administered intratracheally with HDMs decreased allergen uptake by epithelial cells and APCs in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice but not CD36-/- or PAFR-/- mice. These results show that CD36 and PAFR are important mediators of HDM allergy development and that inhibiting HDM engagement with PC receptors in the lung protects against allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyam S Patel
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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25
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Patel P, Kearney JF. Immunological Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Glycans Shared between Microorganisms and Mammals. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4201-4209. [PMID: 27864551 PMCID: PMC5119654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycans constitute basic cellular components of living organisms across biological kingdoms, and glycan-binding Abs participate in many cellular interactions during immune defense against pathogenic organisms. Glycan epitopes are expressed as carbohydrate-only entities or as oligomers or polymers on proteins and lipids. Such epitopes on glycoproteins may be formed by posttranslational modifications or neoepitopes resulting from metabolic-catabolic processes and can be altered during inflammation. Pathogenic organisms can display host-like glycans to evade the host immune response. However, Abs to glycans, shared between microorganisms and the host, exist naturally. These Abs are able to not only protect against infectious disease, but also are involved in host housekeeping functions and can suppress allergic disease. Despite the reactivity of these Abs to glycans shared between microorganisms and host, diverse tolerance-inducing mechanisms permit the B cell precursors of these Ab-secreting cells to exist within the normal B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyam Patel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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26
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New JS, King RG, Kearney JF. Manipulation of the glycan-specific natural antibody repertoire for immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:32-50. [PMID: 26864103 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin derived from innate-like B lymphocytes plays important roles in the suppression of inflammatory responses and represents a promising therapeutic target in a growing number of allergic and autoimmune diseases. These antibodies are commonly autoreactive and incorporate evolutionarily conserved specificities, including certain glycan-specific antibodies. Despite this conservation, exposure to bacterial polysaccharides during innate-like B lymphocyte development, through either natural exposure or immunization, induces significant changes in clonal representation within the glycan-reactive B cell pool. Glycan-reactive natural antibodies (NAbs) have been reported to play protective and pathogenic roles in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. An understanding of the composition and functions of a healthy glycan-reactive NAb repertoire is therefore paramount. A more thorough understanding of NAb repertoire development holds promise for the design of both biological diagnostics and therapies. In this article, we review the development and functions of NAbs and examine three glycan specificities, represented in the innate-like B cell pool, to illustrate the complex roles environmental antigens play in NAb repertoire development. We also discuss the implications of increased clonal plasticity of the innate-like B cell repertoire during neonatal and perinatal periods, and the prospect of targeting B cell development with interventional therapies and correct defects in this important arm of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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27
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Lin TH, Cheng CC, Su HH, Huang NC, Chen JJ, Kang HY, Chang TH. Lipopolysaccharide Attenuates Induction of Proallergic Cytokines, Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin, and Interleukin 33 in Respiratory Epithelial Cells Stimulated with PolyI:C and Human Parechovirus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:440. [PMID: 27826297 PMCID: PMC5078322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies based on the "hygiene hypothesis" declare that the level of childhood exposure to environmental microbial products is inversely related to the incidence of allergic diseases in later life. Multiple types of immune cell-mediated immune regulation networks support the hygiene hypothesis. Epithelial cells are the first line of response to microbial products in the environment and bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems; however, their role in the hygiene hypothesis is unknown. To demonstrate the hygiene hypothesis in airway epithelial cells, we examined the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; toll-like receptor 4 ligand) on the expression of the proallergic cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin 33 (IL33) in H292 cells (pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells). Stimulation with the TLR ligand polyI:C and human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1) but not LPS-induced TSLP and IL33 through interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-κB activity, which was further validated by using inhibitors (dexamethasone and Bay 11-7082) and short hairpin RNA-mediated gene knockdown. Importantly, polyI:C and HPeV1-stimulated TSLP and IL33 induction was reduced by LPS treatment by attenuating TANK-binding kinase 1, IRF3, and NF-κB activation. Interestingly, the basal mRNA levels of TLR signaling proteins were downregulated with long-term LPS treatment of H292 cells, which suggests that such long-term exposure modulates the expression of innate immunity signaling molecules in airway epithelial cells to mitigate the allergic response. In contrast to the effects of LPS treatment, the alarmin high-mobility group protein B1 acts in synergy with polyI:C to promote TSLP and IL33 expression. Our data support part of the hygiene hypothesis in airway epithelia cells in vitro. In addition to therapeutic targeting of TSLP and IL33, local application of non-pathogenic LPS may be a rational strategy to prevent allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Hsiung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hao Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Nan-Chieh Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University , Pingtung , Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Menopause and Reproductive Medicine Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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28
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Patel PS, King RG, Kearney JF. Pulmonary α-1,3-Glucan-Specific IgA-Secreting B Cells Suppress the Development of Cockroach Allergy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:3175-3187. [PMID: 27581173 PMCID: PMC5101147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a higher incidence of allergic conditions among children living in industrialized countries than those in developing regions. One explanation for this is reduced neonatal exposure to microbes and the consequent lack of immune stimulation. Sensitivity to cockroach allergen is highly correlated with the development of severe asthma. In this study, we determined that an Ab to microbial α-1,3-glucan binds an Enterobacter species and cockroach allergen. Neonatal, but not adult, mice immunized with this α-1,3-glucan-bearing Enterobacter (MK7) are protected against cockroach allergy. Following exposure to cockroach allergen, α-1,3-glucan-specific IgA-secreting cells are present in the lungs of mice immunized with MK7 as neonates but not in the lungs of those immunized as adults. Mice that are unable to generate anti-α-1,3-glucan IgA Abs were immunized with MK7 as neonates and were no longer protected against cockroach allergy. Thus, neonatal, but not adult, exposure to α-1,3-glucan results in suppressed development of cockroach allergy via pulmonary α-1,3-glucan-specific IgA-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyam S Patel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Baumgarth N. B-1 Cell Heterogeneity and the Regulation of Natural and Antigen-Induced IgM Production. Front Immunol 2016; 7:324. [PMID: 27667991 PMCID: PMC5016532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A small subset of B cells, termed B-1 cells, with developmental origins, phenotypes, and functions that are distinct from those of conventional B cells exist in mice. It contributes the vast majority of spontaneously produced "natural" IgM. Natural IgM is constitutively produced, even in the absence of microbiota, and fulfills many distinct functions in tissue homeostasis and host defense. B-1 cells also respond with IgM production to innate signals and pathogen exposure, while maintaining steady-state levels natural IgM. Thus, within the B-1 cell pool, cells of distinct and heterogeneous functionality must exist to facilitate these different functions. This review considers three factors that may contribute to this heterogeneity: first, developmental differences regarding the origins of the precursors, second, tissue-specific signals that may differentially affect B-1 cells in the tissue compartments, and finally responsiveness to self-antigens as well as innate and antigen-specific signals. All three are likely to shape the repertoire and responsiveness of B-1 cells to homeostatic- and antigen-induced signals and thus contribute to the functional heterogeneity among these innate-like B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
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Thorburn AN, Tseng HY, Donovan C, Hansbro NG, Jarnicki AG, Foster PS, Gibson PG, Hansbro PM. TLR2, TLR4 AND MyD88 Mediate Allergic Airway Disease (AAD) and Streptococcus pneumoniae-Induced Suppression of AAD. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156402. [PMID: 27309732 PMCID: PMC4911048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to non-pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae and vaccination are inversely associated with asthma. Studies in animal models demonstrate that airway administration of S. pneumoniae (live or killed), or its vaccines or components, suppresses the characteristic features of asthma in mouse models of allergic airway disease (AAD). These components could be developed into immunoregulatory therapies. S. pneumoniae components are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and TLR4, and both induce inflammatory cell responses through the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). The involvement of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in the pathogenesis of AAD and asthma is incompletely understood, and has not been studied in S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD. We investigated the role of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in the development of AAD and S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD. Methods and Findings OVA-induced AAD and killed S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD were assessed in wild-type, TLR2-/-, TLR4-/-, TLR2/4-/- and MyD88-/- BALB/c mice. During OVA-induced AAD, TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 were variously involved in promoting eosinophil accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood, and T-helper type (Th)2 cytokine release from mediastinal lymph node T cells and splenocytes. However, all were required for the induction of airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD, TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 were variously involved in the suppression of eosinophilic and splenocyte Th2 responses but all were required for the reduction in AHR. Conclusions These results highlight important but complex roles for TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in promoting the development of OVA-induced AAD, but conversely in the S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD, with consistent and major contributions in both the induction and suppression of AHR. Thus, TLR signaling is likely required for both the development of asthma and the suppression of asthma by S. pneumoniae, and potentially other immunoregulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N. Thorburn
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hsin-Yi Tseng
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole G. Hansbro
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Jarnicki
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul S. Foster
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter G. Gibson
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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