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Xing E, Ma F, Wasikowski R, Billi AC, Gharaee-Kermani M, Fox J, Dobry C, Victory A, Sarkar MK, Xing X, Plazyo O, Chen HW, Barber G, Jacobe H, Tsou PS, Modlin RL, Varga J, Kahlenberg JM, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE, Khanna D. Pansclerotic morphea is characterized by IFN-γ responses priming dendritic cell fibroblast crosstalk to promote fibrosis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e171307. [PMID: 37471168 PMCID: PMC10543736 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pansclerotic morphea (PSM) is a rare, devastating disease characterized by extensive soft tissue fibrosis, secondary contractions, and significant morbidity. PSM pathogenesis is unknown, and aggressive immunosuppressive treatments rarely slow disease progression. We aimed to characterize molecular mechanisms driving PSM and to identify therapeutically targetable pathways by performing single-cell and spatial RNA-Seq on 7 healthy controls and on lesional and nonlesional skin biopsies of a patient with PSM 12 months apart. We then validated our findings using immunostaining and in vitro approaches. Fibrotic skin was characterized by prominent type II IFN response, accompanied by infiltrating myeloid cells, B cells, and T cells, which were the main IFN-γ source. We identified unique CXCL9+ fibroblasts enriched in PSM, characterized by increased chemokine expression, including CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL2. CXCL9+ fibroblasts were related to profibrotic COL8A1+ myofibroblasts, which had enriched TGF-β response. In vitro, TGF-β and IFN-γ synergistically increased CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression, contributing to the perpetuation of IFN-γ responses. Furthermore, cell-to-cell interaction analyses revealed cDC2B DCs as a key communication hub between CXCL9+ fibroblasts and COL8A1+ myofibroblasts. These results define PSM as an inflammation-driven condition centered on type II IFN responses. This work identified key pathogenic circuits between T cells, cDC2Bs, and myofibroblasts, and it suggests that JAK1/2 inhibition is a potential therapeutic option in PSM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Dermatology
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine; and
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda Victory
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine; and
| | | | | | | | - Henry W. Chen
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Grant Barber
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Heidi Jacobe
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine; and
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine; and
- University of Michigan SSc Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Dermatology
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine; and
- Taubman Institute, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine; and
- Taubman Institute, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine; and
- University of Michigan SSc Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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2
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Agrez M, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Mason RS, Chandler C, Piva TJ, Thurecht K, Fletcher N, Liu F, Subramaniam G, Howard CB, Blyth B, Parker S, Turner D, Rzepecka J, Knox G, Nika A, Hall A, Gooding H, Gallagher L. An immunomodulating peptide to counteract solar radiation-induced immunosuppression and DNA damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11702. [PMID: 37474630 PMCID: PMC10359417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces immunosuppression and DNA damage, both of which contribute to the rising global incidence of skin cancer including melanoma. Nucleotide excision repair, which is activated upon UVR-induced DNA damage, is linked to expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) which serves to limit immunosuppression and augment the DNA repair process. Herein, we report an immunomodulating peptide, designated IK14800, that not only elicits secretion of IL-12, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) but also reduces DNA damage in the skin following exposure to UVR. Combined with re-invigoration of exhausted CD4+ T cells, inhibition of UVR-induced MMP-1 release and suppression of B16F10 melanoma metastases, IK14800 offers an opportunity to gain further insight into mechanisms underlying the development and progression of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Agrez
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Terrence J Piva
- Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristofer Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Feifei Liu
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gayathri Subramaniam
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Parker
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Gavin Knox
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Andrew Hall
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Schmidt JR, Haupt J, Riemschneider S, Kämpf C, Löffler D, Blumert C, Reiche K, Koehl U, Kalkhof S, Lehmann J. Transcriptomic signatures reveal a shift towards an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile but also the induction of type I and type II interferon signaling networks through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in murine macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156493. [PMID: 37287978 PMCID: PMC10242070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates a broad range of target genes involved in the xenobiotic response, cell cycle control and circadian rhythm. AhR is constitutively expressed in macrophages (Mϕ), acting as key regulator of cytokine production. While proinflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, are suppressed through AhR activation, anti-inflammatory IL-10 is induced. However, the underlying mechanisms of those effects and the importance of the specific ligand structure are not yet completely understood. Methods Therefore, we have compared the global gene expression pattern in activated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) subsequently to exposure with either benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or indole-3-carbinol (I3C), representing high-affinity vs. low-affinity AhR ligands, respectively, by means of mRNA sequencing. AhR dependency of observed effects was proved using BMMs from AhR-knockout (Ahr-/-) mice. Results and discussion In total, more than 1,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) could be mapped, covering a plethora of AhR-modulated effects on basal cellular processes, i.e., transcription and translation, but also immune functions, i.e., antigen presentation, cytokine production, and phagocytosis. Among DEGs were genes that are already known to be regulated by AhR, i.e., Irf1, Ido2, and Cd84. However, we identified DEGs not yet described to be AhR-regulated in Mϕ so far, i.e., Slpi, Il12rb1, and Il21r. All six genes likely contribute to shifting the Mϕ phenotype from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory. The majority of DEGs induced through BaP were not affected through I3C exposure, probably due to higher AhR affinity of BaP in comparison to I3C. Mapping of known aryl hydrocarbon response element (AHRE) sequence motifs in identified DEGs revealed more than 200 genes not possessing any AHRE, and therefore being not eligible for canonical regulation. Bioinformatic approaches modeled a central role of type I and type II interferons in the regulation of those genes. Additionally, RT-qPCR and ELISA confirmed a AhR-dependent expressional induction and AhR-dependent secretion of IFN-γ in response to BaP exposure, suggesting an auto- or paracrine activation pathway of Mϕ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R. Schmidt
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Haupt
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sina Riemschneider
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Kämpf
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dennis Löffler
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Conny Blumert
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Reiche
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Lehmann
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Korchagina AA, Shein SA, Koroleva E, Tumanov AV. Transcriptional control of ILC identity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146077. [PMID: 36969171 PMCID: PMC10033543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are heterogeneous innate immune cells which participate in host defense, mucosal repair and immunopathology by producing effector cytokines similarly to their adaptive immune cell counterparts. The development of ILC1, 2, and 3 subsets is controlled by core transcription factors: T-bet, GATA3, and RORγt, respectively. ILCs can undergo plasticity and transdifferentiate to other ILC subsets in response to invading pathogens and changes in local tissue environment. Accumulating evidence suggests that the plasticity and the maintenance of ILC identity is controlled by a balance between these and additional transcription factors such as STATs, Batf, Ikaros, Runx3, c-Maf, Bcl11b, and Zbtb46, activated in response to lineage-guiding cytokines. However, how interplay between these transcription factors leads to ILC plasticity and the maintenance of ILC identity remains hypothetical. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding transcriptional regulation of ILCs in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions.
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Xiao J, Sun F, Wang YN, Liu B, Zhou P, Wang FX, Zhou HF, Ge Y, Yue TT, Luo JH, Yang CL, Rong SJ, Xiong ZZ, Ma S, Zhang Q, Xun Y, Yang CG, Luan Y, Wang SG, Wang CY, Wang ZH. UBC9 deficiency enhances immunostimulatory macrophage activation and subsequent antitumor T cell response in prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:158352. [PMID: 36626227 PMCID: PMC9927932 DOI: 10.1172/jci158352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), along with the regulatory mechanisms underlying distinct macrophage activation states, remains poorly understood in prostate cancer (PCa). Herein, we report that PCa growth in mice with macrophage-specific Ubc9 deficiency is substantially suppressed compared with that in wild-type littermates, an effect partially ascribed to the augmented CD8+ T cell response. Biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a crucial UBC9-mediated SUMOylation target, with lysine residue 350 (K350) as the major modification site. Site-directed mutation of STAT4 (K350R) enhanced its nuclear translocation and stability, thereby facilitating the proinflammatory activation of macrophages. Importantly, administration of the UBC9 inhibitor 2-D08 promoted the antitumor effect of TAMs and increased the expression of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells, supporting a synergistic antitumor efficacy once it combined with the immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Together, our results demonstrate that ablation of UBC9 could reverse the immunosuppressive phenotype of TAMs by promoting STAT4-mediated macrophage activation and macrophage-CD8+ T cell crosstalk, which provides valuable insights to halt the pathogenic process of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Department of Urology;,Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery;,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Urology;,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Oncology; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Fa-Xi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
| | - Hai-Feng Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Tian-Tian Yue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
| | - Chun-Liang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
| | | | | | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; and
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6
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Sengupta S, Bhattacharya G, Mohanty S, Shaw SK, Jogdand GM, Jha R, Barik PK, Parida JR, Devadas S. IL-21, Inflammatory Cytokines and Hyperpolarized CD8 + T Cells Are Central Players in Lupus Immune Pathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010181. [PMID: 36671045 PMCID: PMC9855022 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder, broadly characterized by systemic inflammation along with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, severe morbidity, moribund organ failure and eventual mortality. In our study, SLE patients displayed a higher percentage of activated, inflamed and hyper-polarized CD8+ T cells, dysregulated CD8+ T cell differentiation, significantly elevated serum inflammatory cytokines and higher accumulation of cellular ROS when compared to healthy controls. Importantly, these hyper-inflammatory/hyper-polarized CD8+ T cells responded better to an antioxidant than to an oxidant. Terminally differentiated Tc1 cells also showed plasticity upon oxidant/antioxidant treatment, but that was in contrast to the SLE CD8+ T cell response. Our studies suggest that the differential phenotype and redox response of SLE CD8+ T cells and Tc1 cells could be attributed to their cytokine environs during their respective differentiation and eventual activation environs. The polarization of Tc1 cells with IL-21 drove hyper-cytotoxicity without hyper-polarisation suggesting that the SLE inflammatory cytokine environment could drive the extreme aberrancy in SLE CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sengupta
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Gargee Bhattacharya
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Shubham K. Shaw
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Rohila Jha
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Jyoti R. Parida
- Odisha Arthritis & Rheumatology Centre (OARC), Bhubaneswar 751006, Odisha, India
- Correspondence: (J.R.P.); (S.D.); Tel.: +0091-955-6980101 (J.R.P.); +0091-674-2300701 (S.D.); Fax: +0091-674-2300728 (S.D.)
| | - Satish Devadas
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
- Correspondence: (J.R.P.); (S.D.); Tel.: +0091-955-6980101 (J.R.P.); +0091-674-2300701 (S.D.); Fax: +0091-674-2300728 (S.D.)
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7
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Wong GL, Manore SG, Doheny DL, Lo HW. STAT family of transcription factors in breast cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:84-106. [PMID: 35995341 PMCID: PMC9714692 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second-leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) promote metastasis and therapeutic resistance contributing to tumor relapse. Through activating genes important for BCSCs, transcription factors contribute to breast cancer metastasis and therapeutic resistance, including the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors. The STAT family consists of six major isoforms, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5, and STAT6. Canonical STAT signaling is activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell-surface receptor followed by STAT phosphorylation, leading to STAT nuclear translocation and transactivation of target genes. It is important to note that STAT transcription factors exhibit diverse effects in breast cancer; some are either pro- or anti-tumorigenic while others maintain dual, context-dependent roles. Among the STAT transcription factors, STAT3 is the most widely studied STAT protein in breast cancer for its critical roles in promoting BCSCs, breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion. Consequently, there have been substantial efforts in developing cancer therapeutics to target breast cancer with dysregulated STAT3 signaling. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize the diverse roles that each STAT family member plays in breast cancer pathobiology, as well as, the opportunities and challenges in pharmacologically targeting STAT proteins and their upstream activators in the context of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sara G Manore
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Doheny
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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8
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Sawyer RP, Stone HK, Salim H, Lu X, Weirauch MT, Kottyan L. Frontotemporal degeneration genetic risk loci and transcription regulation as a possible mechanistic link to disease risk. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31078. [PMID: 36253972 PMCID: PMC9575772 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Frontotemporal Degeneration (FTD) is not well understood. Genetic studies have established common genetic variants (GVs) that are associated with increased FTD risk. We review previous genome wide association studies (GWAS) of FTD and nominate specific transcriptional regulators as potential key players in the etiology of this disease. A list of GVs associated with FTD was compiled from published GWAS. The regulatory element locus intersection (RELI) tool was used to calculate the enrichment of the overlap between disease risk GVs and the genomic coordinates of data from a collection of >10,000 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) experiments. After linkage disequilibrium expansion of the previously reported tag associated GVs, we identified 914 GV at 47 independent risk loci. Using the RELI algorithm, we identified several transcriptional regulators with enriched binding at FTD risk loci (0.05 < corrected P value <1.18 × 10-27), including Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28) and Chromodomain-Helicase DNA-binding 1 (CHD1) which have previously observed roles in FTD. FTD is a complex disease, and immune dysregulation has been previously implicated as a potential underlying cause. This assessment of established FTD risk loci and analysis of possible function implicates transcriptional dysregulation, and specifically particular transcriptional regulators with known roles in the immune response as important in the genetic etiology of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P. Sawyer
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Russell P. Sawyer, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA (e-mail: )
| | - Hillarey K. Stone
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hanan Salim
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew T. Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leah Kottyan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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9
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Horeth E, Oyelakin A, Song EAC, Che M, Bard J, Min S, Kiripolsky J, Kramer JM, Sinha S, Romano RA. Transcriptomic and Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Regulatory Networks and Cellular Heterogeneity in Mouse Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Salivary Glands. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729040. [PMID: 34912329 PMCID: PMC8666453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology which primarily affects the salivary and lacrimal glands resulting in the loss of secretory function. Treatment options for SS have been hampered due to the lack of a better understanding of the underlying gene regulatory circuitry and the interplay between the myriad pathological cellular states that contribute to salivary gland dysfunction. To better elucidate the molecular nature of SS, we have performed RNA-sequencing analysis of the submandibular glands (SMG) of a well-established primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS) mouse model. Our comprehensive examination of global gene expression and comparative analyses with additional SS mouse models and human datasets, have identified a number of important pathways and regulatory networks that are relevant in SS pathobiology. To complement these studies, we have performed single-cell RNA sequencing to examine and identify the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of the diseased cell populations of the mouse SMG. Interrogation of the single-cell transcriptomes has shed light on the diversity of immune cells that are dysregulated in SS and importantly, revealed an activated state of the salivary gland epithelial cells that contribute to the global immune mediated responses. Overall, our broad studies have not only revealed key pathways, mediators and new biomarkers, but have also uncovered the complex nature of the cellular populations in the SMG that are likely to drive the progression of SS. These newly discovered insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular states of SS will better inform targeted therapeutic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Horeth
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Akinsola Oyelakin
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eun-Ah Christine Song
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Monika Che
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Bard
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Sangwon Min
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jeremy Kiripolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jill M Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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10
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van der Vlist M, Ramos MIP, van den Hoogen LL, Hiddingh S, Timmerman LM, de Hond TAP, Kaan ED, van der Kroef M, Lebbink RJ, Peters FMA, Khoury-Hanold W, Fritsch-Stork R, Radstake TRDJ, Meyaard L. Signaling by the inhibitory receptor CD200R is rewired by type I interferon. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabb4324. [PMID: 34637328 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD200 receptor 1 (CD200R) is an inhibitory immunoreceptor that suppresses Toll-like receptor (TLR)–induced cytokine production through the adaptor protein Dok2 and the GTPase activating protein (GAP) p120-RasGAP, which can be cleaved during mild cellular stress. We found that in the presence of cleaved p120-RasGAP, CD200R lost its capacity to inhibit phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 protein (rpS6), suggesting the reduced activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Furthermore, treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with interferon-α (IFN-α) resulted in increased amounts of cleaved p120-RasGAP. Upon pretreatment of cells with increasing concentrations of IFN-α, CD200R switched from inhibiting to potentiating the TLR7- and TLR8-induced expression of the gene encoding IFN-γ, a cytokine that is important for innate and adaptive immunity and is implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. PBMC from patients with SLE, a prototypic type I IFN disease, had an increased abundance of cleaved p120-RasGAP compared to that in cells from healthy controls. In a subset of SLE patients, CD200R stopped functioning as an inhibitory receptor or potentiated TLR-induced IFNG mRNA expression. Thus, our data suggest that type I IFN rewires CD200R signaling to be proinflammatory, which could contribute to the perpetuation of inflammation in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van der Vlist
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Inês Pascoal Ramos
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lucas L van den Hoogen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Hiddingh
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura M Timmerman
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Titus A P de Hond
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen D Kaan
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Kroef
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Florence M A Peters
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - William Khoury-Hanold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruth Fritsch-Stork
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Alvarez CA, Jones MB, Hambor J, Cobb BA. Characterization of Polysaccharide A Response Reveals Interferon Responsive Gene Signature and Immunomodulatory Marker Expression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:556813. [PMID: 33193325 PMCID: PMC7649347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.556813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide A (PSA), a capsular carbohydrate from the commensal gut bacteria Bacteroides fragilis, has been shown to possess both potent T cell-dependent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. PSA is able to induce abscess and adhesion formation in sepsis models, but can also inhibit asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through MHCII-dependent activation of CD4+ T cells. Yet, despite decades of study, the ability of PSA to balance both these pro- and anti-inflammatory responses remains poorly understood. Here, we utilized an unbiased systems immunology approach consisting of RNAseq transcriptomics, high-throughput flow cytometry, and Luminex analysis to characterize the full impact of PSA-mediated stimulation of CD4+ T cells. We found that exposure to PSA resulted in the upregulation and secretion of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-6, and CXCL10, consistent with an interferon responsive gene (IRG) signature. Importantly, PSA stimulation also led to expression of immune checkpoint markers Lag3, Tim3, and, especially, PD1, which were also enriched and sustained in the gut associated lymphoid tissue of PSA-exposed mice. Taken together, PSA responding cells display an unusual mixture of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory surface receptors, consistent with the ability to both cause and inhibit inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark B. Jones
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - John Hambor
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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12
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Yang C, Mai H, Peng J, Zhou B, Hou J, Jiang D. STAT4: an immunoregulator contributing to diverse human diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1575-1585. [PMID: 32226303 PMCID: PMC7097918 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.41852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a member of the STAT family and localizes to the cytoplasm. STAT4 is phosphorylated after a variety of cytokines bind to the membrane, and then dimerized STAT4 translocates to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. We reviewed the essential role played by STAT4 in a wide variety of cells and the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases, especially many kinds of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, via activation by different cytokines through the Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Haoming Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Jinxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Deke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, China
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13
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Tang L, Li X, Wan L, Wang H, Mai Q, Deng Z, Ding H. Ameliorative effect of orally administered different linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratios in a mouse model of DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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14
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Dulson SJ, Watkins EE, Crossman DK, Harrington LE. STAT4 Directs a Protective Innate Lymphoid Cell Response to Gastrointestinal Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2472-2484. [PMID: 31562212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are strategically positioned at mucosal barrier surfaces where they respond quickly to infection or injury. Therefore, we hypothesized that ILCs are key contributors to the early immune response in the intestine against Listeria monocytogenes Using a modified strain of L. monocytogenes that mimics human gastrointestinal listeriosis in mice, we find ILCs to be essential for control of early replication of L. monocytogenes in the intestine as well as for restricted dissemination of bacteria to peripheral tissues. Specifically, group 1 ILCs (ILC1s) and group 3 ILCs (ILC3s) respond to infection with proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-22 production. Mechanistically, we show that the transcription factor STAT4 is required for the proliferative and IFN-γ effector response by ILC1s and ILC3s, and loss of STAT4 signaling in the innate immune compartment results in an inability to control bacterial growth and dissemination. Interestingly, STAT4 acts acutely as a transcription factor to promote IFN-γ production. Together, these data illustrate a critical role for ILCs in the early responses to gastrointestinal infection with L. monocytogenes and identify STAT4 as a central modulator of ILC-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Dulson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Emily E Watkins
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and.,Heflin Center for Genomic Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Laurie E Harrington
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
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15
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Downmodulation of Effector Functions in NK Cells upon Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00069-17. [PMID: 28760930 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00069-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii can actively infect any nucleated cell type, including cells from the immune system. The rapid transfer of T. gondii from infected dendritic cells to effector natural killer (NK) cells may contribute to the parasite's sequestration and shielding from immune recognition shortly after infection. However, subversion of NK cell functions, such as cytotoxicity or production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ), upon parasite infection might also be beneficial to the parasite. In the present study, we investigated the effects of T. gondii infection on NK cells. In vitro, infected NK cells were found to be poor at killing target cells and had reduced levels of IFN-γ production. This could be attributed in part to the inability of infected cells to form conjugates with their target cells. However, even upon NK1.1 cross-linking of NK cells, the infected NK cells also exhibited poor degranulation and IFN-γ production. Similarly, NK cells infected in vivo were also poor at killing target cells and producing IFN-γ. Increased levels of transforming growth factor β production, as well as increased levels of expression of SHP-1 in the cytosol of infected NK cells upon infection, were observed in infected NK cells. However, the phosphorylation of STAT4 was not altered in infected NK cells, suggesting that transcriptional regulation mediates the reduced IFN-γ production, which was confirmed by quantitative PCR. These data suggest that infection of NK cells by T. gondii impairs NK cell recognition of target cells and cytokine release, two mechanisms that independently could enhance T. gondii survival.
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16
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Li H, Reksten TR, Ice JA, Kelly JA, Adrianto I, Rasmussen A, Wang S, He B, Grundahl KM, Glenn SB, Miceli-Richard C, Bowman S, Lester S, Eriksson P, Eloranta ML, Brun JG, Gøransson LG, Harboe E, Guthridge JM, Kaufman KM, Kvarnström M, Cunninghame Graham DS, Patel K, Adler AJ, Farris AD, Brennan MT, Chodosh J, Gopalakrishnan R, Weisman MH, Venuturupalli S, Wallace DJ, Hefner KS, Houston GD, Huang AJW, Hughes PJ, Lewis DM, Radfar L, Vista ES, Edgar CE, Rohrer MD, Stone DU, Vyse TJ, Harley JB, Gaffney PM, James JA, Turner S, Alevizos I, Anaya JM, Rhodus NL, Segal BM, Montgomery CG, Scofield RH, Kovats S, Mariette X, Rönnblom L, Witte T, Rischmueller M, Wahren-Herlenius M, Omdal R, Jonsson R, Ng WF, Nordmark G, Lessard CJ, Sivils KL. Identification of a Sjögren's syndrome susceptibility locus at OAS1 that influences isoform switching, protein expression, and responsiveness to type I interferons. PLoS Genet 2017. [PMID: 28640813 PMCID: PMC5501660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a common, autoimmune exocrinopathy distinguished by keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. Patients frequently develop serious complications including lymphoma, pulmonary dysfunction, neuropathy, vasculitis, and debilitating fatigue. Dysregulation of type I interferon (IFN) pathway is a prominent feature of SS and is correlated with increased autoantibody titers and disease severity. To identify genetic determinants of IFN pathway dysregulation in SS, we performed cis-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses focusing on differentially expressed type I IFN-inducible transcripts identified through a transcriptome profiling study. Multiple cis-eQTLs were associated with transcript levels of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) peaking at rs10774671 (PeQTL = 6.05 × 10-14). Association of rs10774671 with SS susceptibility was identified and confirmed through meta-analysis of two independent cohorts (Pmeta = 2.59 × 10-9; odds ratio = 0.75; 95% confidence interval = 0.66-0.86). The risk allele of rs10774671 shifts splicing of OAS1 from production of the p46 isoform to multiple alternative transcripts, including p42, p48, and p44. We found that the isoforms were differentially expressed within each genotype in controls and patients with and without autoantibodies. Furthermore, our results showed that the three alternatively spliced isoforms lacked translational response to type I IFN stimulation. The p48 and p44 isoforms also had impaired protein expression governed by the 3' end of the transcripts. The SS risk allele of rs10774671 has been shown by others to be associated with reduced OAS1 enzymatic activity and ability to clear viral infections, as well as reduced responsiveness to IFN treatment. Our results establish OAS1 as a risk locus for SS and support a potential role for defective viral clearance due to altered IFN response as a genetic pathophysiological basis of this complex autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Tove Ragna Reksten
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - John A. Ice
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Indra Adrianto
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Astrid Rasmussen
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Bo He
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kiely M. Grundahl
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stuart B. Glenn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Corinne Miceli-Richard
- Université Paris-Sud, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, INSERM U1012, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Simon Bowman
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Lester
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maija-Leena Eloranta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, SciLIfeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan G. Brun
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lasse G. Gøransson
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Erna Harboe
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Joel M. Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | | | - Ketan Patel
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Developmental and Surgical Science, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Adler
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - A. Darise Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Brennan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rajaram Gopalakrishnan
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Weisman
- Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Swamy Venuturupalli
- Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly S. Hefner
- Hefner Eye Care and Optical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Glen D. Houston
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Heartland Pathology Consultants, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. W. Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Hughes
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Developmental and Surgical Science, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David M. Lewis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Lida Radfar
- Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department, University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Evan S. Vista
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Contessa E. Edgar
- The Biology Department, Oklahoma Baptist University, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Rohrer
- Hard Tissue Research Laboratory, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Donald U. Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John B. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sean Turner
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nelson L. Rhodus
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Barbara M. Segal
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Courtney G. Montgomery
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Université Paris-Sud, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, INSERM U1012, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, SciLIfeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Witte
- Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maureen Rischmueller
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Roald Omdal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wan-Fai Ng
- Institute of Cellular Medicine & NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, SciLIfeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher J. Lessard
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kathy L. Sivils
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Amir M, Aqdas M, Nadeem S, Siddiqui KF, Khan N, Sheikh JA, Agrewala JN. Diametric Role of the Latency-Associated Protein Acr1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Modulating the Functionality of Pre- and Post-maturational Stages of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:624. [PMID: 28611779 PMCID: PMC5447689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is instrumental for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist within its host in dormancy. Mtb represses most of its metabolic machinery during latency, but upregulates the expression of latency-associated protein alpha-crystallin protein (Acr1). Therefore, it is imperative to understand how throughout dormancy, Mtb employs Acr1 to regulate the host immunity. This study reveals that Acr1 exhibits divergent effect on the pre- and post-maturation stages of dendritic cells (DCs). In the current study, we demonstrate that early encounter of bone marrow cells with Acr1 while differentiating into DCs (AcrDCpre), leads to impairment in their maturation. In contrast, when exposed to Acr1 after maturation (AcrDCpost), DCs show augmentation in their activity, secretion of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and activation of T cells. Additionally, AcrDCpost promoted the polarization of naïve CD4 T cells to Th1 cells and Th17 cells and restricted the intracellular growth of Mtb. Furthermore, these DCs upregulated the expression of CCR7 and exhibited enhanced migratory capabilities. The discrete impact of Acr1 on DCs is mediated through a mechanism involving STAT-1, SOCS-3, ERK, TLR-4, and NF-κB signaling pathways. This study reveals the unprecedented role of Acr1 in distinctly modulating the function of DCs at different stages of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kaneez F Siddiqui
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nargis Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javaid A Sheikh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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18
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Freudenberg MA, Kalis C, Chvatchko Y, Merlin T, Gumenscheimer M, Galanos C. Role of interferons in LPS hypersensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090050601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response to Gram-negative bacteria depends mainly on the ability of the host to respond to the LPS component. Consequently, the state of LPS sensitivity at the time of infection and the numbers of invading bacteria ( i.e. the amounts of LPS) are primary factors determining the innate responses provoked by Gram-negative pathogens. LPS sensitivity increases following treatment of mice with live or killed micro-organisms. Two types of sensitization have been recognized, strong, IFN-γ-dependent and moderate IFN-γ-independent. IL-12 and IL-18 are intimately involved in the induction of IFN-γ by bacteria. We showed that Gram-negative bacteria induce IFN-γ in mice also by an IFN-β-dependent pathway that requires IL-18 and is independent of IL-12 signaling. This pathway is STAT4 dependent, the activation of which is directly linked to IFN-β. Further, IFN-β can be replaced by IFN-α. While different components of Gram-negative bacteria induce IL-12 and IL-18, LPS seems to be the only component in these bacteria capable of inducing IFN-β. Therefore, the IFN-β pathway of IFN-γ induction, unlike the IL-12 pathway, proceeds only in LPS responder mice. The IFN-α/β-dependent pathway is expected to play a role whenever IFN-α or IFN-β, and IL-18 are produced concomitantly during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yolande Chvatchko
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Merlin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Chris Galanos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Abstract
The genes associated with Sjögren syndrome (SS) can be assigned to the NF-kB pathway, the IFN signaling pathway, lymphocyte signaling, and antigen presentation. The frequencies of risk variants show they are common with modest genetic effects. The strongest genetic association outside the human leukocyte antigen region is in IRF5, a gene relevant in the IFN signaling pathway and for B cell differentiation. Although no association has been found with the NF-kB gene itself, associations in TNFAIP3 and TNIP1 (both genome-wide significant), VCAM1 and IRAK1BP (both suggestive), point to genetic explanations for dysregulation of the NF-kB pathway in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Ragna Reksten
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 Northeast 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, The Laboratory Building, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher J Lessard
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 Northeast 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, MBSB 451, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kathy L Sivils
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 Northeast 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, MBSB 451, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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20
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Caza T, Landas S. Functional and Phenotypic Plasticity of CD4(+) T Cell Subsets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:521957. [PMID: 26583116 PMCID: PMC4637038 DOI: 10.1155/2015/521957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable plasticity of CD4(+) T cells allows individuals to respond to environmental stimuli in a context-dependent manner. A balance of CD4(+) T cell subsets is critical to mount responses against pathogen challenges to prevent inappropriate activation, to maintain tolerance, and to participate in antitumor immune responses. Specification of subsets is a process beginning in intrathymic development and continuing within the circulation. It is highly flexible to adapt to differences in nutrient availability and the tissue microenvironment. CD4(+) T cell subsets have significant cross talk, with the ability to "dedifferentiate" given appropriate environmental signals. This ability is dependent on the metabolic status of the cell, with mTOR acting as the rheostat. Autoimmune and antitumor immune responses are regulated by the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. When a homeostatic balance of subsets is not maintained, immunopathology can result. CD4(+) T cells carry complex roles within tumor microenvironments, with context-dependent immune responses influenced by oncogenic drivers and the presence of inflammation. Here, we examine the signals involved in CD4(+) T cell specification towards each subset, interconnectedness of cytokine networks, impact of mTOR signaling, and cellular metabolism in lineage specification and provide a supplement describing techniques to study these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Caza
- Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Steve Landas
- Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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21
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Karpuzoglu E, Schmiedt CW, Pardo J, Hansen M, Guo TL, Holladay SD, Gogal RM. Serine protease inhibition attenuates rIL-12-induced GZMA activity and proinflammatory events by modulating the Th2 profile from estrogen-treated mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2909-23. [PMID: 24840346 PMCID: PMC4097994 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen has potent immunomodulatory effects on proinflammatory responses, which can be mediated by serine proteases. We now demonstrate that estrogen increased the extracellular expression and IL-12-induced activity of a critical member of serine protease family Granzyme A, which has been shown to possess a novel inflammatory persona. The inhibition of serine protease activity with inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride significantly diminished enhanced production of proinflammatory interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-1α, and Granzyme A activity even in the presence of a Th1-inducing cytokine, IL-12 from splenocytes from in vivo estrogen-treated mice. Inhibition of serine protease activity selectively promoted secretion of Th2-specific IL-4, nuclear phosphorylated STAT6A, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6A translocation, and STAT6A DNA binding in IL-12-stimulated splenocytes from estrogen-treated mice. Inhibition with 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride reversed the down-regulation of Th2 transcription factors, GATA3 and c-Maf in splenocytes from estrogen-exposed mice. Although serine protease inactivation enhanced the expression of Th2-polarizing factors, it did not reverse estrogen-modulated decrease of phosphorylated STAT5, a key factor in Th2 development. Collectively, data suggest that serine protease inactivity augments the skew toward a Th2-like profile while down-regulating IL-12-induced proinflammatory Th1 biomolecules upon in vivo estrogen exposure, which implies serine proteases as potential regulators of inflammation. Thus, these studies may provide a potential mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of estrogen and insight into new therapeutic strategies for proinflammatory and female-predominant autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging (E.K., T.L.G., S.D.H., R.M.G.), and Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (C.W.S., M.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Immune Effector Cells Group (J.P.), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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22
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Kyläniemi MK, Kaukonen R, Myllyviita J, Rasool O, Lahesmaa R. The regulation and role of c-FLIP in human Th cell differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102022. [PMID: 25019384 PMCID: PMC4096760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The early differentiation of T helper (Th) cells is a tightly controlled and finely balanced process, which involves several factors including cytokines, transcription factors and co-stimulatory molecules. Recent studies have shown that in addition to the regulation of apoptosis, caspase activity is also needed for Th cell proliferation and activation and it might play a role in Th cell differentiation. The isoforms of the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) are regulators of CASPASE-8 activity and the short isoform, c-FLIPS, has been shown to be up-regulated by IL-4, the Th2 driving cytokine. In this work, we have studied the expression and functional role of three c-FLIP isoforms during the early Th cell differentiation. Only two of the isoforms, c-FLIPS and c-FLIPL, were detected at the protein level although c-FLIPR was expressed at the mRNA level. The knockdown of c-FLIPL led to enhanced Th1 differentiation and elevated IL-4 production by Th2 cells, whereas the knockdown of c-FLIPS diminished GATA3 expression and IL-4 production by Th2 cells. In summary, our results provide new insight into the role of c-FLIP proteins in the early differentiation of human Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna K. Kyläniemi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- National Doctoral Programme in Informational and Structural Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyviita
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Omid Rasool
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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23
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Kallal LE, Biron CA. Changing partners at the dance: Variations in STAT concentrations for shaping cytokine function and immune responses to viral infections. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23504. [PMID: 24058795 PMCID: PMC3670271 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential use of cellular and molecular components shapes immune responses, but understanding of how these are regulated to promote defense and health during infections is still incomplete. Examples include signaling from members of the Janus activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) cytokine family. Following receptor stimulation, individual JAK-STAT cytokines have preferences for particular key STAT molecules to lead to specific cellular responses. Certain of these cytokines, however, can conditionally activate alternative STATs as well as elicit pleiotropic and paradoxical effects. Studies examining basal and infection conditions are revealing intrinsic and induced cellular differences in various intracellular STAT concentrations to control the biological consequences of cytokine exposure. The system can be likened to changing partners at a dance based on competition and relative availability, and sets a framework for understanding the particular conditions promoting subset biological functions of cytokines as needed during evolving immune responses to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E Kallal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Division of Biology and Medicine and Warren Alpert Medical School; Brown University; Providence, RI USA
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24
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION STAT4, which acts as the major signaling transducing STATs in response to IL-12, is a central mediator in generating inflammation during protective immune responses and immune-mediated diseases. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes that STAT4 is essential for the differentiation and function of a wide variety of immune cells, including natural killer cells, mast cells, dendritic cells and T helper cells. In addition, STAT4-mediated signaling promoted the production of autoimmune-associated components, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and psoriasis. EXPERT OPINION Due to its crucial roles in inflammation and autoimmunity, STAT4 may have promise as an effective therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving STAT4, together with knowledge on the ability of current immunosuppressive treatment to target this process, may open an avenue to novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Anhui Medical University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Anhui, PR China
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25
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Litvinov IV, Cordeiro B, Fredholm S, Ødum N, Zargham H, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Pehr K, Kupper TS, Woetmann A, Sasseville D. Analysis of STAT4 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) patients and patient-derived cell lines. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2975-82. [PMID: 25486484 PMCID: PMC4614388 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.947759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of STAT signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis for a variety of cancers, including CTCL. Recent reports indicate that loss of STAT4 expression is an important prognostic marker for CTCL progression and is associated with the acquisition of T helper 2 cell phenotype by malignant cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism behind the downregulation of STAT4 in this cancer. In the current work we test the expression of STAT4 and STAT6 via RT-PCR and/or Western Blot in CTCL lesional skin samples and in immortalized patient-derived cell lines. In these malignant cell lines we correlate the expression of STAT4 and STAT6 with the T helper (Th) phenotype markers and test the effect of Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knock down of miR-155 on STAT4 expression. Our findings demonstrate that STAT4 expression correlates with Th1 phenotype, while STAT6 is associated with the Th2 phenotype. Our results further document that STAT4 and STAT6 genes are inversely regulated in CTCL. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors upregulates STAT4 expression, while at the same time decreases STAT6 expression in MyLa cells. Also, siRNA-mediated knock down of miR-155 leads to upregulation in STAT4 expression in MyLa cells. In summary, our results suggest that loss of STAT4 expression and associated switch to Th2 phenotype during Mycosis Fungoides progression may be driven via aberrant histone acetylation and/or upregulation of oncogenic miR-155 microRNA.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Depsipeptides/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Healthy Volunteers
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- STAT4 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT4 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Diseases/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Vorinostat
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, QC Canada
- These authors have contributed equally to this work
| | - Brendan Cordeiro
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, QC Canada
- These authors have contributed equally to this work
| | - Simon Fredholm
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
- These authors have contributed equally to this work
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanieh Zargham
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Yuanshen Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Kevin Pehr
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center; Department of Dermatology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Boston, MA USA
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, QC Canada
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26
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Mollo SB, Ingram JT, Kress RL, Zajac AJ, Harrington LE. Virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in the absence of Th1-associated transcription factors. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:705-713. [PMID: 24231259 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0813429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector and memory CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are critical for the control of many intracellular pathogens. The development of these populations is governed by transcription factors that molecularly control their differentiation, function, and maintenance. Two transcription factors known to be involved in these processes are Tbet and STAT4. Although Tbet has been shown to regulate CD8 T cell fate decisions and effector CD4 T cell choices, the contribution of STAT4 is less well understood. To address this, we examined the impact of STAT4 on T cell responses in the presence or absence of Tbet, following LCMV infection by using mice lacking Tbet, STAT4, or both transcription factors. STAT4 was not required for Tbet or Eomes expression; however, virus-specific effector CD8 T cells are skewed toward a memory-precursor phenotype in the absence of STAT4. This altered proportion of memory precursors did not result in an increase in memory CD8 T cells after the resolution of the infection. We also demonstrate that virus-specific effector and memory CD4 T cells formed independently of Tbet and STAT4, although a slight reduction in the number of antigen-specific CD4 T cells was apparent in mice lacking both transcription factors. Collectively, we have discovered distinct roles for Tbet and STAT4 in shaping the phenotype and function of virus-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Mollo
- Departments of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology
| | - Jennifer T Ingram
- Biology, and.,Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert L Kress
- Departments of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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27
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Tahvanainen J, Kyläniemi MK, Kanduri K, Gupta B, Lähteenmäki H, Kallonen T, Rajavuori A, Rasool O, Koskinen PJ, Rao KVS, Lähdesmäki H, Lahesmaa R. Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases promote human T helper 1 cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3048-58. [PMID: 23209281 PMCID: PMC3561529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.361709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human primary T helper 1 (Th1) cells from naïve precursor cells is regulated by a complex, interrelated signaling network. The identification of factors regulating the early steps of Th1 cell polarization can provide important insight in the development of therapeutics for many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The serine/threonine-specific proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases PIM1 and PIM2 have been implicated in the cytokine-dependent proliferation and survival of lymphocytes. We have established that the third member of this family, PIM3, is also expressed in human primary Th cells and identified a new function for the entire PIM kinase family in T lymphocytes. Although PIM kinases are expressed more in Th1 than Th2 cells, we demonstrate here that these kinases positively influence Th1 cell differentiation. Our RNA interference results from human primary Th cells also suggest that PIM kinases promote the production of IFNγ, the hallmark cytokine produced by Th1 cells. Consistent with this, they also seem to be important for the up-regulation of the critical Th1-driving factor, T box expressed in T cells (T-BET), and the IL-12/STAT4 signaling pathway during the early Th1 differentiation process. In summary, we have identified PIM kinases as new regulators of human primary Th1 cell differentiation, thus providing new insights into the mechanisms controlling the selective development of human Th cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tahvanainen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, 20520 Turku, Finland
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28
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Regulating type 1 IFN effects in CD8 T cells during viral infections: changing STAT4 and STAT1 expression for function. Blood 2012; 120:3718-28. [PMID: 22968462 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-428672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 IFNs can conditionally activate all of the signal transducers and activators of transcription molecules (STATs), including STAT4. The best-characterized signaling pathways use STAT1, however, and type 1 IFN inhibition of cell proliferation is STAT1 dependent. We report that type 1 IFNs can basally stimulate STAT1- and STAT4-dependent effects in CD8 T cells, but that CD8 T cells responding to infections of mice with lymphocytic choriomenigitis virus have elevated STAT4 and lower STAT1 expression with significant consequences for modifying the effects of type 1 IFN exposure. The phenotype was associated with preferential type 1 IFN activation of STAT4 compared with STAT1. Stimulation through the TCR induced elevated STAT4 expression, and STAT4 was required for peak expansion of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, low STAT1 levels, and resistance to type 1 IFN-mediated inhibition of proliferation. Thus, a mechanism is discovered for regulating the consequences of type 1 IFN exposure in CD8 T cells, with STAT4 acting as a key molecule in driving optimal antigen-specific responses and overcoming STAT1-dependent inhibition of proliferation.
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29
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Linard C, Billiard F, Benderitter M. Intestinal Irradiation and Fibrosis in a Th1-Deficient Environment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:266-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E, Klunker S, Meyer N, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Rhyner C, Ouaked N, Quaked N, Schaffartzik A, Van De Veen W, Zeller S, Zimmermann M, Akdis CA. Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:701-21.e1-70. [PMID: 21377040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections could lead to effective and targeted therapies. Subsets of immune and inflammatory cells interact via ILs and IFNs; reciprocal regulation and counter balance among T(h) and regulatory T cells, as well as subsets of B cells, offer opportunities for immune interventions. Here, we review current knowledge about ILs 1 to 37 and IFN-γ. Our understanding of the effects of ILs has greatly increased since the discoveries of monocyte IL (called IL-1) and lymphocyte IL (called IL-2); more than 40 cytokines are now designated as ILs. Studies of transgenic or knockout mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided important information about IL and IFN functions. We discuss their signaling pathways, cellular sources, targets, roles in immune regulation and cellular networks, roles in allergy and asthma, and roles in defense against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
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31
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The multi-faceted influences of estrogen on lymphocytes: toward novel immuno-interventions strategies for autoimmunity management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 40:16-26. [PMID: 19943123 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early studies of the immune system disclosed that, generally, females exhibit stronger responses to a variety of antigens than males. Perhaps as a result of this response, women are more prone to developing autoimmune diseases than men. Yet, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms remain under investigation. Recently, interferon-gamma and the related pro-inflammatory interleukin-12 were found to be under effects of sex steroid hormones, with potential implications in regulating immune cells and autoimmune responses. In B lymphocytes, functional binding sites for estrogen receptors were identified in the promoter of the gene encoding activation-induced deaminase, an enzyme required for somatic hypermutation, and class-switch recombination. The observation that estrogen exerts direct impacts on antibody affinity-maturation provides a potential mechanism that could account for generating pathogenic high-affinity auto-antibodies. Further deciphering the multi-faceted influences of sex hormones on the responsiveness of immune cells could lead to novel therapeutic interventions for autoimmunity management.
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32
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Bou Ghanem EN, Nelson CC, D’Orazio SEF. T Cell-Intrinsic Factors Contribute to the Differential Ability of CD8+ T Cells To Rapidly Secrete IFN-γ in the Absence of Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1703-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Klinke DJ. A multiscale systems perspective on cancer, immunotherapy, and Interleukin-12. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:242. [PMID: 20843320 PMCID: PMC3243044 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies represent some of the most promising molecular targeted immunotherapies. However, understanding mechanisms by which tumors evade elimination by the immune system of the host presents a significant challenge for developing effective cancer immunotherapies. The interaction of cancer cells with the host is a complex process that is distributed across a variety of time and length scales. The time scales range from the dynamics of protein refolding (i.e., microseconds) to the dynamics of disease progression (i.e., years). The length scales span the farthest reaches of the human body (i.e., meters) down to the range of molecular interactions (i.e., nanometers). Limited ranges of time and length scales are used experimentally to observe and quantify changes in physiology due to cancer. Translating knowledge obtained from the limited scales observed experimentally to predict patient response is an essential prerequisite for the rational design of cancer immunotherapies that improve clinical outcomes. In studying multiscale systems, engineers use systems analysis and design to identify important components in a complex system and to test conceptual understanding of the integrated system behavior using simulation. The objective of this review is to summarize interactions between the tumor and cell-mediated immunity from a multiscale perspective. Interleukin-12 and its role in coordinating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is used illustrate the different time and length scale that underpin cancer immunoediting. An underlying theme in this review is the potential role that simulation can play in translating knowledge across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Klinke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6102, USA.
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Yagi R, Junttila IS, Wei G, Urban JF, Zhao K, Paul WE, Zhu J. The transcription factor GATA3 actively represses RUNX3 protein-regulated production of interferon-gamma. Immunity 2010; 32:507-17. [PMID: 20399120 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA3 is crucial for the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Here, we show that deletion of Gata3 allowed the appearance of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing cells in the absence of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IFN-gamma. Such IFN-gamma production was transcription factor T-bet independent. Another T-box-containing transcription factor Eomes, but not T-bet, was induced both in GATA3-deficient CD4(+) T cells differentiated under Th2 cell conditions and in Th2 cells with enforced Runx3 expression, contributing to IFN-gamma production. GATA3 overexpression blocked Runx3-mediated Eomes induction and IFN-gamma production, and GATA3 protein physically interacted with Runx3 protein. Furthermore, we found that Runx3 directly bound to multiple regulatory elements of the Ifng gene and that blocking Runx3 function in either Th1 or GATA3-deficient "Th2" cells results in diminished IFN-gamma production by these cells. Thus, the Runx3-mediated pathway, actively suppressed by GATA3, induces IFN-gamma production in a STAT4- and T-bet-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Yagi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Kang H, Moon JY, Sohn NW. Regulation of interferon-γ, interleukin-4 and interleukin-2 by Schizonepeta tenuifolia through differential effects on nuclear factor-κB, NFATc2 and STAT4/6. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:230-6. [PMID: 20404039 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2009.008357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact with antigen on T-cells is made via the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex plus CD28, resulting in the production of cytokines including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ. In particular, dysregulation of IFN-γ and IL-4 accounts in part for organ-specific autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation and other chronic inflammatory disorders. The dried above-ground parts of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq are used for the treatment of common cold and skin rashes observed in allergic dermatitis, psoriasis and other dermatological disorders in oriental medicine. In the present study, we investigated whether S. tenuifolia water extract (STE) may modulate systemic levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-2 in anti-CD3-stimulated mice and the production of those cytokines in anti-CD3-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, the effects of STE on anti-CD3-induced activation of several transcription factors were examined. Oral administration of STE significantly reduced the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 from anti-CD3-treated mice but enhanced those of IL-2. Similar patterns were demonstrated in anti-CD3-stimulated splenocytes and PBMCs in vitro. Further analysis showed that STE enhanced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)c2 but reduced that of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB. The downregulation of IFN-γ and IL-4 was not mediated by its effects on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 and STAT6 activation. These results suggest that the differential regulation of STE on IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-2 may be due to its suppression of NF-κB, concomitant with its enhancement of NFATc2. Further mechanistic work is required to investigate the role of STE on its modulation of anti-CD3-induced cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kang
- Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyunghee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Ja-Young Moon
- Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyunghee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Nak-Won Sohn
- Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyunghee University, Yongin, South Korea
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36
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Intracellular staining for analysis of the expression and phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in NK cells. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 612:159-75. [PMID: 20033640 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-362-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines stimulate biological responses by activating intracellular signaling pathways. We have been adapting flow cytometric techniques to measure the levels of expression and activation of signaling molecules within mixed populations containing NK cells and to characterize their differences within NK cell subpopulations. Approaches for evaluating the total levels of the signal transducers and activators of transcription STAT1 and STAT4, of STAT1 in cells expressing IFNgamma, and of the type 1 interferon (type 1 IFN) activation by phosphorylation, i.e., induction of pSTAT1 and pSTAT4, have been developed. The results of experiments using these techniques have demonstrated that an unusual feature of NK cells is high basal expression of STAT4 but reduced STAT1 levels. The condition predisposes for pSTAT4 activation by type 1 IFNs. The work has also shown, however, that total STAT1 levels are induced during viral infections as a result of IFN exposure, and that this change acts to promote the activation of STAT1 but limit both the activation of STAT4 and IFNgamma expression. The intracellular staining approaches used for the studies described here have utility in characterizing other mechanisms regulating cytokine-mediated signaling, and defining additional pathways shaping cellular responses to cytokines.
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37
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Good SR, Thieu VT, Mathur AN, Yu Q, Stritesky GL, Yeh N, O'Malley JT, Perumal NB, Kaplan MH. Temporal induction pattern of STAT4 target genes defines potential for Th1 lineage-specific programming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3839-47. [PMID: 19710469 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
STAT4 is a critical component in the development of inflammatory adaptive immune responses. It has been extensively characterized as a lineage-determining factor in Th1 development. However, the genetic program activated by STAT4 that results in an inflammatory cell type is not well defined. In this report, we use DNA isolated from STAT4-chromatin immunoprecipitation to perform chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip analysis of over 28,000 mouse gene promoters to identify STAT4 targets. We demonstrate that STAT4 binds multiple gene-sets that program distinct components of the Th1 lineage. Although many STAT4 target genes display STAT4-dependent IL-12-inducible expression, other genes displayed IL-12-induced histone modifications but lack induction, possibly due to high relative basal expression. In the subset of genes that STAT4 programs for expression in Th1 cells, IL-12-induced mRNA levels remain increased for a longer time than mRNA from genes that are not programmed. This suggests that STAT4 binding to target genes, while critical, is not the only determinant for STAT4-dependent gene programming during Th1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth R Good
- School of Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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38
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Acosta-Iborra B, Elorza A, Olazabal IM, Martín-Cofreces NB, Martin-Puig S, Miró M, Calzada MJ, Aragonés J, Sánchez-Madrid F, Landázuri MO. Macrophage oxygen sensing modulates antigen presentation and phagocytic functions involving IFN-gamma production through the HIF-1 alpha transcription factor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3155-64. [PMID: 19234213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen tension areas are found in inflamed or diseased tissues where hypoxic cells induce survival pathways by regulating the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF). Macrophages are essential regulators of inflammation and, therefore, we have analyzed their response to hypoxia. Murine peritoneal elicited macrophages cultured under hypoxia produced higher levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 mRNA and protein than those cultured under normoxia. A similar IFN-gamma increment was obtained with in vivo models using macrophages from mice exposed to atmospheric hypoxia. Our studies showed that IFN-gamma induction was mediated through HIF-1alpha binding to its promoter on a new functional hypoxia response element. The requirement of HIF-alpha in the IFN-gamma induction was confirmed in RAW264.7 cells, where HIF-1alpha was knocked down, as well as in resident HIF-1alpha null macrophages. Moreover, Ag presentation capacity was enhanced in hypoxia through the up-regulation of costimulatory and Ag-presenting receptor expression. Hypoxic macrophages generated productive immune synapses with CD8 T cells that were more efficient for activation of TCR/CD3epsilon, CD3zeta and linker for activation of T cell phosphorylation, and T cell cytokine production. In addition, hypoxic macrophages bound opsonized particles with a higher efficiency, increasing their phagocytic uptake, through the up-regulated expression of phagocytic receptors. These hypoxia-increased immune responses were markedly reduced in HIF-1alpha- and in IFN-gamma-silenced macrophages, indicating a link between HIF-1alpha and IFN-gamma in the functional responses of macrophages to hypoxia. Our data underscore an important role of hypoxia in the activation of macrophage cytokine production, Ag-presenting activity, and phagocytic activity due to an HIF-1alpha-mediated increase in IFN-gamma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Acosta-Iborra
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Karpuzoglu E, Phillips RA, Dai R, Graniello C, Gogal RM, Ahmed SA. Signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) 4beta, a shorter isoform of interleukin-12-induced STAT4, is preferentially activated by estrogen. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1310-20. [PMID: 18988675 PMCID: PMC2654738 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen, a natural immunomodulatory compound, has been shown to promote the induction of a prototype T helper 1 cytokine, interferon (IFN)-gamma, as well as to up-regulate IFNgamma-mediated proinflammatory molecules (nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase 2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1). Because IL-12 is a major IFNgamma-inducing cytokine, in this study we investigated whether estrogen treatment of wild-type C57BL/6 mice alters IL-12-mediated signaling pathways. A recent study has shown that IL-12 activates two isoforms of signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) 4, a normal-sized (full-length STAT4alpha) and a truncated form (STAT4beta). Interestingly, we found that estrogen treatment preferentially up-regulates the phosphorylation of STAT4beta in splenic lymphoid cells. Time kinetic data showed the differential activation of STAT4beta in splenic lymphoid cells from estrogen-treated mice, but not in cells from placebo controls. The activation of STAT4beta was mediated by IL-12 and not IFNgamma because deliberate addition or neutralization of IL-12, but not IFNgamma, affected the activation of STAT4beta. In contrast to IL-12-induced activation of STAT4beta in cells from estrogen-treated mice, STAT4alpha was not increased, rather it tended to be decreased. In this context, STAT4alpha-induced p27(kip1) protein was decreased in concanavalin A + IL-12-activated lymphocytes from estrogen-treated mice only. By using the in vitro DNA binding assay, we confirmed the ability of pSTAT4beta to bind to the IFNgamma-activated sites (IFNgamma activation sequences)/STAT4-binding sites in estrogen-treated mice. Our data are the first to show that estrogen apparently has selective effects on IL-12-mediated signaling by preferentially activating STAT4beta. These novel findings are likely to provide new knowledge with regard to estrogen regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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40
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O'Malley JT, Eri RD, Stritesky GL, Mathur AN, Chang HC, Hogenesch H, Srinivasan M, Kaplan MH. STAT4 isoforms differentially regulate Th1 cytokine production and the severity of inflammatory bowel disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5062-70. [PMID: 18802110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
STAT4, a critical regulator of inflammation in vivo, can be expressed as two alternative splice forms, a full-length STAT4alpha, and a STAT4beta isoform lacking a C-terminal transactivation domain. Each isoform is sufficient to program Th1 development through both common and distinct subsets of target genes. However, the ability of these isoforms to mediate inflammation in vivo has not been examined. Using a model of colitis that develops following transfer of CD4(+) CD45RB(high) T cells expressing either the STAT4alpha or STAT4beta isoform into SCID mice, we determined that although both isoforms mediate inflammation and weight loss, STAT4beta promotes greater colonic inflammation and tissue destruction. This correlates with STAT4 isoform-dependent expression of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF in vitro and in vivo, but not Th1 expression of IFN-gamma or Th17 expression of IL-17, which were similar in STAT4alpha- and STAT4beta-expressing T cells. Thus, higher expression of a subset of inflammatory cytokines from STAT4beta-expressing T cells correlates with the ability of STAT4beta-expressing T cells to mediate more severe inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T O'Malley
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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41
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Thieu VT, Yu Q, Chang HC, Yeh N, Nguyen ET, Sehra S, Kaplan MH. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 is required for the transcription factor T-bet to promote T helper 1 cell-fate determination. Immunity 2008; 29:679-90. [PMID: 18993086 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulatory networks direct the development of specialized cell types. The transcription factors signal tranducer and activator of transcription 4 (Stat4) and T-bet are required for the interleukin-12 (IL-12)-stimulated development of T helper 1 (Th1) cells, although the hierarchy of activity by these factors has not been clearly defined. In this report, we show that these factors did not function in a linear pathway and that each factor played a unique role in programming chromatin architecture for Th1 gene expression, with subsets of genes depending on Stat4, T-bet, or both for expression in Th1 cells. T-bet was not able to transactivate expression of Stat4-dependent genes in the absence of endogenous Stat4 expression. Thus, T-bet requires Stat4 to achieve complete IL-12-dependent Th1 cell-fate determination. These data provide a basis for understanding how transiently activated and lineage-specific transcription factors cooperate in promoting cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian T Thieu
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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42
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Yu Q, Chang HC, Ahyi ANN, Kaplan MH. Transcription factor-dependent chromatin remodeling of Il18r1 during Th1 and Th2 differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3346-52. [PMID: 18714006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The IL-18Ralpha-chain is expressed on Th1 but not Th2 cells. We have recently shown that Stat4 is an important component of programming the Il18r1 locus (encoding IL-18Ralpha) for maximal expression in Th1 cells. Il18r1 is reciprocally repressed during Th2 development. In this report, we demonstrate the establishment of DH patterns that are distinct among undifferentiated CD4 T, Th1, and Th2 cells. Stat6 is required for the repression of Il18r1 expression and in Stat6-deficient Th2 cultures, mRNA levels, histone acetylation, and H3K4 methylation levels are intermediate between levels observed in Th1 and Th2 cells. Despite the repressive effects of IL-4 during Th2 differentiation, we observed only modest binding of Stat6 to the Il18r1 locus. In contrast, we observed robust GATA-3 binding to a central region of the locus where DNase hypersensitivity sites overlapped with conserved non-coding sequences in Il18r1 introns. Ectopic expression of GATA-3 in differentiated Th1 cells repressed Il18r1 mRNA and surface expression of IL-18Ralpha. These data provide further mechanistic insight into transcription factor-dependent establishment of Th subset-specific patterns of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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43
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Lopez Roa RI, Guerrero Velásquez C, Alvarado Navarro A, Montoya Buelna M, Garcia Niebla C, Fafutis Morris M. Recovery of IFN-gamma levels in PBMCs from lepromatous leprosy patients through the synergistic actions of the cytokines IL-12 and IL-18. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1715-20. [PMID: 18708162 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The shift to the production of a Th1 cytokine profile during an intracellular infection has been shown to depend on antigen presenting cells-derived IL-12 and T-cell-derived IFN-gamma production. IL-18 facilitates Th1 priming in synergy with IL-12 through the stimulation of IFN-gamma production by T cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and DCs. A low level of IFN-gamma production in PBMC cultures from lepromatous leprosy patients (LL) has been previously reported by several groups. We evaluated the synthesis of this cytokine after exogenous addition of recombinant IL-12 and IL-18 (IL12/IL18) in order to induce recovery of the IFN-gamma levels with Mycobacterium leprae antigenic stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate if exogenous addition of IL12/IL18 to PBMC cell cultures in the presence of M. leprae antigens could induce recovery of IFN-gamma levels. We found that IFN-gamma levels in PBMCs cultured from LL patients were reestablished after exogenous addition of exogenous IL12/IL18 and we also observed a diminished IL-18R expression. Although the molecular mechanisms of IL12/IL18 synergy have not been clearly elucidated, we assume that recombinant cytokines can activate several transcription factors that induce IFN-gamma synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/drug effects
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-18/pharmacology
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit/drug effects
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/immunology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/microbiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Mycobacterium leprae/immunology
- Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Ivette Lopez Roa
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunologia y Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
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Cao Y, Doodes PD, Glant TT, Finnegan A. IL-27 induces a Th1 immune response and susceptibility to experimental arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:922-30. [PMID: 18178832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-27 is the newest member of the cytokine family comprised of IL-12 and IL-23. IL-27 was originally described as a cytokine that along with IL-12 induces the differentiation of naive precursor T cells into Th1 effector cells. This activity has been called into question based on evidence in infectious disease and autoimmune models in which IL-27 is not absolutely required for the generation of IFN-gamma, and IL-27 plays a regulatory role in controlling inflammation. We have previously reported in proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA), a model of rheumatoid arthritis, that severe arthritis is dependent on the production of IFN-gamma. In this study, we report that IL-27 was expressed in spleen and joint tissues of arthritic mice. We determined the involvement of IL-27 in PGIA by assessing the progression of arthritis in IL-27R-/- mice. Development of arthritis in IL-27R-/- mice was delayed and severity reduced in comparison with IL-27R+/+ littermate controls. Histology confirmed a reduction in joint cellularity, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. Diminished arthritis was associated with fewer T cells producing IFN-gamma and decreased IFN-gamma secretion overtime. Moreover, the frequency of IL-4- and IL-17-expressing T cells and the production of IL-4 and IL-17 were similar in IL-27R-/- mice and controls. Our results indicate that IL-27 is critically involved in the induction of inflammation in PGIA. IL-27 functions by inducing the differentiation of IFN-gamma-producing T cells in vivo that are essential for the development of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Cao
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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45
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Miyagi T, Gil MP, Wang X, Louten J, Chu WM, Biron CA. High basal STAT4 balanced by STAT1 induction to control type 1 interferon effects in natural killer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2383-96. [PMID: 17846149 PMCID: PMC2118450 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The best-characterized type 1 interferon (IFN) signaling pathway depends on signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2. The cytokines can, however, conditionally activate all STATs. Regulation of their access to particular signaling pathways is poorly understood. STAT4 is important for IFN-γ induction, and NK cells are major producers of this cytokine. We report that NK cells have high basal STAT4 levels and sensitivity to type 1 IFN–mediated STAT4 activation for IFN-γ production. Increases in STAT1, driven during viral infection by either type 1 IFN or IFN-γ, are associated with decreased STAT4 access. Both STAT1 and STAT2 are important for antiviral defense, but STAT1 has a unique role in protecting against sustained NK cell IFN-γ production and resulting disease. The regulation occurs with an NK cell type 1 IFN receptor switch from a STAT4 to a STAT1 association. Thus, a fundamental characteristic of NK cells is high STAT4 bound to the type 1 IFN receptor. The conditions of infection result in STAT1 induction with displacement of STAT4. These studies elucidate the critical role of STAT4 levels in predisposing selection of specific signaling pathways, define the biological importance of regulation within particular cell lineages, and provide mechanistic insights for how this is accomplished in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyagi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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46
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Yu Q, Thieu VT, Kaplan MH. Stat4 limits DNA methyltransferase recruitment and DNA methylation of the IL-18Ralpha gene during Th1 differentiation. EMBO J 2007; 26:2052-60. [PMID: 17380127 PMCID: PMC1852779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stat4 is required for Th1 development, although how a transiently activated factor generates heritable patterns of gene expression is still unclear. We examined the regulation of IL-18Ralpha expression to define a mechanism for Stat4-dependent genetic programming of a Th1-associated gene. Although Stat4 binds the Il18r1 promoter following IL-12 stimulation and transiently increases acetylated histones H3 and H4, patterns of histone acetylation alone in Th1 cells may not be sufficient to explain cell-type-specific patterns of gene expression. The level of DNA methylation and recruitment of Dnmt3a to Il18r1 inversely correlate with IL-18Ralpha expression, and blocking DNA methylation increases IL-18Ralpha expression. Moreover, there was decreased Il18r1-Dnmt3a association and DNA methylation following transient trichostatin A-induced histone hyperacetylation in Stat4-/-Th1 cultures. Increased association of Dnmt3a and the Dnmt3a cofactor Dnmt3L with the promoters of several Stat4-dependent genes was found in Stat4-/- Th1 cultures, providing a general mechanism for Stat4-dependent gene programming. These data support a mechanism wherein the transient hyperacetylation induced by Stat4 prevents the recruitment of DNA methyltransferases and the subsequent repression of the Il18r1 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pediatrics, Walther Oncology Center, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vivian T Thieu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pediatrics, Walther Oncology Center, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pediatrics, Walther Oncology Center, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Microbiology and Immunology, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Barnhill Dr, RI 2600, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Tel.: +1 317 278 3696; Fax: +1 317 274 5378; E-mail:
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47
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Berenson LS, Gavrieli M, Farrar JD, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Distinct characteristics of murine STAT4 activation in response to IL-12 and IFN-alpha. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:5195-203. [PMID: 17015705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of type I IFN in Th1 development, STAT4 activation, and IFN-gamma production in murine T cells has remained unresolved despite extensive examination. Initial studies indicated that IFN-alpha induced Th1 development and IFN-gamma production in human, but not murine, T cells, suggesting species-specific differences in signaling. Later studies suggested that IFN-alpha also induced Th1 development in mice, similar to IL-12. More recent studies have questioned whether IFN-alpha actually induces Th1 development even in the human system. In the present study, we compared the capacity of IL-12 and IFN-alpha to induce Th1 differentiation, STAT4 phosphorylation, and IFN-gamma production in murine T cells. First, we show that IFN-alpha, in contrast to IL-12, cannot induce Th1 development. However, in differentiated Th1 cells, IFN-alpha can induce transient, but not sustained, STAT4 phosphorylation and, in synergy with IL-18, can induce transient, but not sustained, IFN-gamma production in Th1 cells, in contrast to the sustained actions of IL-12. Furthermore, loss of STAT1 increases IFN-alpha-induced STAT4 phosphorylation, but does not generate levels of STAT4 activation or IFN-gamma production achieved by IL-12 or convert transient STAT4 activation into a sustained response. Our findings agree with recent observations in human T cells that IFN-alpha-induced STAT4 activation is transient and unable to induce Th1 development, and indicate that IFN-alpha may act similarly in human and murine T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Berenson
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Washington University of School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Wickstrum JR, Hong KJ, Bokhari S, Reed N, McWilliams N, Horvat RT, Parmely MJ. Coactivating signals for the hepatic lymphocyte gamma interferon response to Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1335-42. [PMID: 17178781 PMCID: PMC1828575 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01203-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis is capable of causing systemic infections in various hosts, including mice and humans. The liver is a major secondary site of F. tularensis infection, but hepatic immune responses to the pathogen remain poorly defined. Immune protection against the pathogen is thought to depend on the cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), but the cellular basis for this response has not been characterized. Here we report that natural killer cells from the livers of naïve uninfected mice produced IFN-gamma when challenged with live bacteria in vitro and that the responses were greatly increased by coactivation of the cells with either recombinant interleukin-12 (IL-12) or IL-18. Moreover, the two cytokines had strong synergistic effects on IFN-gamma induction. Neutralizing antibodies to either IL-12 or IL-18 inhibited IFN-gamma production in vitro, and mice deficient in the p35 subunit of IL-12 failed to show IFN-gamma responses to bacterial challenge either in vitro or in vivo. Clinical isolates of highly virulent type A Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis organisms were comparable to the live attenuated vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica in their ability to induce IL-12 and IFN-gamma expression. These findings demonstrate that cells capable of mounting IFN-gamma responses to F. tularensis are resident within the livers of uninfected mice and depend on coactivation by IL-12 and IL-18 for optimum responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Wickstrum
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Tortorella C, Stella I, Piazzolla G, Cappiello V, Simone O, Pisconti A, Antonaci S. Impaired interleukin-12-dependent T-cell functions during aging: role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61:125-35. [PMID: 16510856 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 is the major inducer of T helper cell (Th) 1-type responses. Despite a higher IL-12 production, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells from elderly donors released interferon (IFN)-gamma amounts similar to those observed in young controls, and underwent only a slight increase in IFN-gamma production after IL-12 costimulation. These findings were not due to an age-related reduction in IL-12 receptor expression. Interestingly, no difference in PHA-triggered signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) phosphorylation between young and elderly donors was found, and a significant IL-12-induced STAT4 activation occurred only in PHA-preactivated cells from the younger group. The age-related defect in IL-12 signaling was STAT4-restricted as it did not involve the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Finally, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression was significantly higher in unstimulated cells from elderly individuals, and it did not diminish after cell stimulation. These results indicate that a defective STAT4 activation, likely dependent on elevated SOCS3 levels, is involved in the impaired IL-12-dependent T-cell functions with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Tortorella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a central mediator in generating inflammation during protective immune responses and immune-mediated diseases. In the 8 yr since their first description, STAT4-deficient mice have defined the role of STAT4 in a variety of in vivo model systems. Despite the extensive study and use of these mice, the exact role of STAT4 in vivo is still unclear. In this review, I focus on describing the phenotypes of STAT4-deficient immune responses to pathogens and in diseases. Comparing the effects of STAT4 deficiency among numerous model systems will further enhance the development of a systemic model of STAT4 function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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