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Geng S, Xie H, Chen L, Chen D, Lu S, Zhao N, Yang R, Wang Z, He S, Zhang H. Altered Expression of Substance P and NK1R in CCR3 + and CD123 +HLA-DR − Basophils Under Airway Allergic Conditions. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 14:687-712. [DOI: 10.4168/aair.2022.14.6.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Geng
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of the PLA Center of Respiratory and Allergic Disease Diagnosing Management, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Sijing Lu
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ruiming Yang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
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Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi M, Mori M, Sugimoto N, Suzukawa M, Iikura M, Nagase H, Ohta K. Eotaxin (CCL11) enhances mediator release from human basophils. Allergy 2021; 76:3549-3552. [PMID: 34086364 DOI: 10.1111/all.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Suzuki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Department of Medicine Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Masao Yamaguchi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine Third Department of Medicine Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center Chiba Japan
| | - Miki Mori
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Department of Medicine Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoya Sugimoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Department of Medicine Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Maho Suzukawa
- Clinical Research Center National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Motoyasu Iikura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine National Center for Global Health and Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Department of Medicine Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- Japan Anti‐Tuberculosis Association Fukujuji Hospital Tokyo Japan
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Lim SJ. CCL24 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1302:91-98. [PMID: 34286443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62658-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines with their network play an important role in cancer growth, metastasis, and host-tumor interactions. Of many chemokines, C-C motif chemokine ligand 24 (CCL24) has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis as well as inflammatory diseases like asthma, allergies, and eosinophilic esophagitis. CCL24 is expressed in some tumor cells such as colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cutaneous T cell lymphoma. CCL24 can be used as a potential biomarker in several cancers including colon cancer, non-small cell cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma as the plasma level of CCL24 is increased. The various functions of CCL24 contribute to the biology of cancer by M2 macrophage polarization, angiogenesis, invasion and migration, and recruitment of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jig Lim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, South Korea.
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Ge B, Li J, Wei Z, Sun T, Song Y, Khan NU. Functional expression of CCL8 and its interaction with chemokine receptor CCR3. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:54. [PMID: 29281969 PMCID: PMC5745793 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-017-0237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokines and their cognate receptors play important role in the control of leukocyte chemotaxis, HIV entry and other inflammatory diseases. Developing an effcient method to investigate the functional expression of chemokines and its interactions with specific receptors will be helpful to asses the structural and functional characteristics as well as the design of new approach to therapeutic intervention. Results By making systematic optimization study of expression conditions, soluble and functional production of chemokine C-C motif ligand 8 (CCL8) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been achieved with approx. 1.5 mg protein/l culture. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) analysis exhibited that the purified CCL8 could bind with C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3) with dissociation equilibrium constant (KD) as 1.2 × 10−7 M in vitro. Obvious internalization of CCR3 in vivo could be detected in 1 h when exposed to 100 nM of CCL8. Compared with chemokine C-C motif ligand 11 (CCL11) and chemokine C-C motif ligand 24 (CCL24), a weaker chemotactic effect of CCR3 expressing cells was observed when induced by CCL8 with same concentration. Conclusion This study delivers a simple and applicable way to produce functional chemokines in E. coli. The results clearly confirms that CCL8 can interact with chemokine receptor CCR3, therefore, it is promising area to develop drugs for the treatment of related diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-017-0237-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Ge
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiqiang Li
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijin Wei
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhuo Song
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Naseer Ullah Khan
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China
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Bernard M, Carrasco C, Laoubi L, Guiraud B, Rozières A, Goujon C, Duplan H, Bessou-Touya S, Nicolas JF, Vocanson M, Galliano MF. IL-1β induces thymic stromal lymphopoietin and an atopic dermatitis-like phenotype in reconstructed healthy human epidermis. J Pathol 2017; 242:234-245. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Bernard
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308; Lyon France. Allergology & Clinical Immunology; CH Lyon-Sud; Pierre-Benite France. In vitro Pharmacology, Department R&D; Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique; Toulouse France
| | - Cédric Carrasco
- In vitro Pharmacology, Department R&D; Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique; Toulouse France
| | - Léo Laoubi
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308; Lyon France
| | - Béatrice Guiraud
- In vitro Pharmacology, Department R&D; Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique; Toulouse France
| | - Aurore Rozières
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308; Lyon France. Allergology & Clinical Immunology; CH Lyon-Sud; Pierre-Benite France
| | - Catherine Goujon
- Allergology & Clinical Immunology; CH Lyon-Sud; Pierre-Benite France
| | - Hélène Duplan
- In vitro Pharmacology, Department R&D; Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique; Toulouse France
| | - Sandrine Bessou-Touya
- In vitro Pharmacology, Department R&D; Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique; Toulouse France
| | - Jean-François Nicolas
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308; Lyon France. Allergology & Clinical Immunology; CH Lyon-Sud; Pierre-Benite France
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308; Lyon France
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Ahmadi Z, Hassanshahi G, Khorramdelazad H, Zainodini N, Koochakzadeh L. An Overlook to the Characteristics and Roles Played by Eotaxin Network in the Pathophysiology of Food Allergies: Allergic Asthma and Atopic Dermatitis. Inflammation 2017; 39:1253-67. [PMID: 26861136 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigations revealed substantial parts accomplished by chemokines specifically eotaxins and their specific receptors. They are functionally involved in the modulation of the pathologic state of tissue inflammation which is as a result of allergic reactions. Chemokines as small proteins with approximately 8-10 kDa molecular weight are considered and fit in the bigger family of cytokines, containing basic heparin-binding polypeptide mediators. Chemokines actively interfere in the processes of selective, oriented leukocyte (including eosinophil) recruitment. As eminent from their name, more specifically, eotaxins are specialized for eosinophils' oriented locomotion toward allergic inflamed regions. To date, three members are defined for eotaxin subfamily as follows: eotaxin-1 (CCL11), eotaxin-2 (CCL24), and eotaxin-3 (CCL26), all of them bind to and activate CCR3 but have a low level of homology and appear to exhibit different physiological potentials. Allergy is described as a clinical state in which a pathologic hypersensitivity reaction is always initiated throughout an immunologic mechanism; similar to other immunologic reactions, an allergic reaction could also either be antibody or cell mediated. This type of allergic reactions occurs in all age groups and damages several different organs, having a significant impact on the emotional and social health of patients and their families and relatives. Concerning introductory comments introduced above, the authors of the present review attempted to collect and provide the latest evidences and information regarding the correlation between expression of eotaxin family members and allergy, in a wider extent, in two important allergic disorders: atopic asthma (AA) and atopic dermatitis (AD). Overall, concerning the most recent articles published within the database in the life sciences literature regarding the fundamental role(s) played by eotaxins in the pathogenesis of AA and AD, the authors of the current article propose that eotaxins (CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26) play key role(s) during symptomatic inflammatory responses raised in response to allergic crisis of these two clinical states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ahmadi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Nahid Zainodini
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Leila Koochakzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Montaño-Velázquez BB, Flores-Rojas EB, García-Vázquez FJ, Jurado-Hernandez S, Venancio Hernández MA, Alanis Flores AK, Jáuregui-Renaud K. Effect of cigarette smoke on counts of immunoreactive cells to eotaxin-1 and eosinophils on the nasal mucosa in young patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 83:420-425. [PMID: 27287302 PMCID: PMC9442755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In teenagers with perennial allergic rhinitis, exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke increases the count of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa; the recruitment of eosinophils arises from the combined action of a number of cellular and molecular signals, including eotaxin. Objective To assess the effect of exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke on the count of immunoreactive cells to eotaxin-1 and eosinophils on the nasal mucosa of children and teenagers with perennial allergic rhinitis. Methods In a cross-sectional study, forty-four patients were evaluated (aged 7–19 years old): 22 with and 22 with no exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke. After replying to 2 validated questionnaires, on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood and on the severity of nasal symptoms, nasal mucosal samples were obtained by scraping the middle one-third of the inferior turbinates. Then counts of immunoreactive cells to eotaxin-1 and eosinophils were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results Patients with exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke showed higher cell counts of both eotaxin-1 and eosinophils than patients with no exposure to the smoke, with no correlation between the two variables. However, both counts, of eotaxin-1 and eosinophils, were related to the cotinine/creatinine ratio. Conclusions Exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke can increase eotaxin-1 and the count of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa of young patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eulalia Beatriz Flores-Rojas
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Service of Otorhinolaryngology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Silvio Jurado-Hernandez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Service of Otorhinolaryngology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Venancio Hernández
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, CMN La Raza, Hospital de Especialidades, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Kathya Alanis Flores
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, CMN La Raza, Hospital de Especialidades, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kathrine Jáuregui-Renaud
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional sXXI, P.B. Edificio C Salud en el Trabajo, Medical Research Unit in Otoneurology, Mexico City, Mexico.
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8
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Salter BM, Oliveria JP, Nusca G, Smith SG, Tworek D, Mitchell PD, Watson RM, Sehmi R, Gauvreau GM. IL-25 and IL-33 induce Type 2 inflammation in basophils from subjects with allergic asthma. Respir Res 2016; 17:5. [PMID: 26762527 PMCID: PMC4712475 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alarmin cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 are key promoters of type 2 inflammation. Basophils respond to alarmin cytokines, however the relationship of these cytokines with basophil activation and recruitment in human studies of allergic asthma has not been well characterized. This study investigated the effect of IL-25 and IL-33 on basophils in a model of allergic asthma. METHODS 10 mild allergic asthmatics underwent allergen and diluent inhalation challenges. Bone marrow aspirates were collected at pre-challenge and 24 h (h) post challenge. Peripheral blood and sputum samples were collected at pre-challenge, 7 h, and 24 h post-challenge to measure basophil expression of IL-17RB, ST2, and intracellular IL-25. Freshly isolated peripheral blood basophils from allergic donors were incubated overnight with IL-25 and IL-33, or sputum supernatant collected post-allergen to assess pro-inflammatory effects of mediators released in the airways. RESULTS There were increased percentage of basophils expressing IL-17RB, ST2, and intracellular IL-25 collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, and sputum after allergen inhalation challenge. In vitro stimulation with IL-25 and IL-33 increased the percentage of basophils expressing intracellular type 2 cytokines and surface activation markers, and primed eotaxin-induced migratory potential of basophils, which was mediated directly through IL-17RB and ST2, respectively. Stimulation of basophils with sputum supernatants collected post-allergen challenge up-regulated the percentage of basophils expressing markers of activation and intracellular type 2 cytokines, which was reversed following blockade of the common β chain (βc). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the alarmin cytokines IL-33 and IL-25 increase basophil activation and migratory potential, and may pose as a novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Salter
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John Paul Oliveria
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Graeme Nusca
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steve G Smith
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Damian Tworek
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Internal Diseases, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrick D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rick M Watson
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3U26, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Sweeney S, Berhanu D, Ruenraroengsak P, Thorley AJ, Valsami-Jones E, Tetley TD. Nano-titanium dioxide bioreactivity with human alveolar type-I-like epithelial cells: Investigating crystalline phase as a critical determinant. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:482-92. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinbad Sweeney
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,
| | - Deborah Berhanu
- Physical Sciences Department, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK, and
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,
| | - Andrew J. Thorley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK, and
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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Barry J, Loh Z, Collison A, Mazzone S, Lalwani A, Zhang V, Davidson S, Wybacz E, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Mattes J, Foster PS, Phipps S. Absence of Toll-IL-1 receptor 8/single immunoglobulin IL-1 receptor-related molecule reduces house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:481-90. [PMID: 23614768 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0425oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease predominately associated with the activation of CD4(+) T helper Type 2 (Th2) cells. Innate pattern recognition receptors are widely acknowledged to shape the adaptive immune response. For example, the activation of airway epithelial Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is necessary for the generation of house dust mite (HDM)-specific Th2 responses and the development of asthma in mice. Here we sought to determine whether the absence of Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-8, a negative regulator of TLR4 signaling that is highly expressed in airway epithelial cells, would exacerbate HDM-induced asthma in a murine model. We found that Th2 but not Th1 or Th17 cytokine expression was significantly reduced in the lung and draining lymph nodes in HDM-sensitized/challenged TIR8 gene-deleted mice. Mucus-producing goblet cells, HDM-specific IgG1, and airway hyperreactivity were also significantly reduced in HDM-exposed, TIR8-deficient mice. Consistent with the attenuated Th2 response, eotaxin-2/CCL24 expression and airway and peribronchial eosinophils were significantly reduced in the absence of TIR8. In contrast, IL-17A-responsive chemokines and neutrophil numbers were unaffected. Similar findings were obtained for cockroach allergen. HDM sensitization alone up-regulated the expression of IL-1F5, a putative TIR8 ligand and inducer of IL-4. Of note, innate IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 cytokine expression was reduced during HDM sensitization in the absence of TIR8, as was the recruitment of conventional dendritic cells and basophils to the draining lymph nodes. Our findings suggest that TIR8 enhances the development of HDM-induced innate and adaptive Th2, but not Th1 or Th17 type immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Barry
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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The deleterious role of basophils in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:704-11. [PMID: 24209595 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease of multifactorial origins. All compartments of the immune system appear to be affected, at least in some way, and to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Because of an escape from negative selection autoreactive T and B cells accumulate in SLE patients leading to the production of autoantibodies mainly raised against nuclear components and their subsequent deposition into target organs. We recently showed that basophils, in an IgE and IL-4 dependent manner, contribute to SLE pathogenesis by amplifying autoantibody production. Here, we summarize what we have learned about the deleterious role of basophils in lupus both in a mouse model and in SLE patients. We discuss which possible pathways could be involved in basophil activation and recruitment to secondary lymphoid organs during SLE, and how basophils may amplify autoantibody production.
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Marks SD, Tullus K. Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:1855-68. [PMID: 22193636 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-2078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial disorder with multigenic inheritance and various environmental factors implicated in its aetiopathogenesis. Despite the multiple mechanisms involved in the aetiology of SLE being elusive, recent studies have made progress in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms via abnormal regulation of cell-mediated and humoral immunity that lead to tissue damage. The heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations probably reflects the complexity of the disease pathogenesis itself. The immune system in SLE is characterised by a complex interplay between overactive B cells, abnormally activated T cells and antigen-presenting cells. This interplay leads to the production of an array of inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic cells, diverse autoantibodies and immune complexes that in turn activate effector cells and the complement system, leading to tissue injury and damage which are the hallmarks of the clinical manifestations. SLE patients have dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and immune response-related genes, as well as of the genes involved in apoptosis, signal transduction and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Marks
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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15
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Expression of eotaxins in the material from nasal brushing in asthma, allergic rhinitis and COPD patients. Cytokine 2012; 60:393-9. [PMID: 22846146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and COPD are non-infectious inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. Allergic rhinitis can be assumed as an intermediate condition between healthy and asthmatic state. Eotaxins are important indicators of allergic reaction. They are strong chemoattractants mainly for eosinophils but also for other cells. OBJECTIVE We measured the level of eotaxin expression and inflammatory cell count in the material from nasal brushing in healthy controls and in patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma, and COPD. We studied the correlation between the eotaxin gene expression level in the material from nasal brushing and respiratory tests in asthma and COPD patients. METHODS Expression of eotaxins was measured using quantitative RT-PCR. Number of eotaxin transcript copies was evaluated using real time PCR standard curve method. RESULTS Of all eotaxins CCL24 had the highest expression in the material from nasal brushing, and its level was increased in allergic asthma. CCL11 was significantly increased in the material from nasal brushing of COPD patients. Increased levels of all three eotaxins were observed in the material from nasal brushing of patients with allergic rhinitis in season. The levels of CCL26 expression and FEV1/FVC factor were correlated negatively in the asthma group and positively in the COPD group. CONCLUSIONS Eotaxins are crucial factors of allergic, asthmatic and also COPD inflammatory reactions. Our results suggest a dual role of CCL26 - it can act as a negative regulator for neutrophils in COPD, while in asthma it may act as a chemoatractant of eosinophils and other cells into the lung.
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C-C motif chemokine CCL3 and canonical neutrophil attractants promote neutrophil extravasation through common and distinct mechanisms. Blood 2012; 120:880-90. [PMID: 22674804 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-402164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial observations suggested that C-C motif chemokines exclusively mediate chemotaxis of mononuclear cells. In addition, recent studies also implicated these chemotactic cytokines in the recruitment of neutrophils. The underlying mechanisms remained largely unknown. Using in vivo microscopy on the mouse cremaster muscle, intravascular adherence and subsequent paracellular transmigration of neutrophils elicited by the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3, synonym MIP-1α) were significantly diminished in mice with a deficiency of the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 (Ccr1(-/-)) or 5 (Ccr5(-/-)). Using cell-transfer techniques, neutrophil responses required leukocyte CCR1 and nonleukocyte CCR5. Furthermore, neutrophil extravasation elicited by CCL3 was almost completely abolished on inhibition of G protein-receptor coupling and PI3Kγ-dependent signaling, while neutrophil recruitment induced by the canonical neutrophil attractants chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1, synonym KC) or the lipid mediator platetelet-activating factor (PAF) was only partially reduced. Moreover, Ab blockade of β(2) integrins, of α(4) integrins, or of their putative counter receptors ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 significantly attenuated CCL3-, CXCL1-, or PAF-elicited intravascular adherence and paracellular transmigration of neutrophils. These data indicate that the C-C motif chemokine CCL3 and canonical neutrophil attractants exhibit both common and distinct mechanisms for the regulation of intravascular adherence and transmigration of neutrophils.
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Chen JJ, Budelsky AL. Prostaglandin D₂ receptor CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 50:49-107. [PMID: 21315928 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381290-2.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jeffrey Chen
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr. Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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18
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Abstract
The directed migration of cells in response to chemical cues is known as chemoattraction, and plays a key role in the temporal and spatial positioning of cells in lower- and higher-order life forms. Key molecules in this process are the chemotactic cytokines, or chemokines, which, in humans, constitute a family of approx. 40 molecules. Chemokines exert their effects by binding to specific GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) which are present on a wide variety of mature cells and their progenitors, notably leucocytes. The inappropriate or excessive generation of chemokines is a key component of the inflammatory response observed in several clinically important diseases, notably allergic diseases such as asthma. Consequently, much time and effort has been directed towards understanding which chemokine receptors and ligands are important in the allergic response with a view to therapeutic intervention. Such strategies can take several forms, although, as the superfamily of GPCRs has historically proved amenable to blockade by small molecules, the development of specific antagonists has been has been a major focus of several groups. In the present review, I detail the roles of chemokines and their receptors in allergic disease and also highlight current progress in the development of relevant chemokine receptor antagonists.
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Rodriguez Gomez M, Talke Y, Goebel N, Hermann F, Reich B, Mack M. Basophils support the survival of plasma cells in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7180-5. [PMID: 21068399 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that basophils support humoral memory immune responses by increasing B cell proliferation and Ig production as well as inducing a Th2 and B helper phenotype in T cells. Based on the high frequency of basophils in spleen and bone marrow, in this study we investigated whether basophils also support plasma cell survival and Ig production. In the absence of basophils, plasma cells of naive or immunized mice rapidly undergo apoptosis in vitro and produce only low amounts of Igs. In contrast, in the presence of basophils and even more in the presence of activated basophils, the survival of plasma cells is markedly increased and continuous production of Igs enabled. This effect is partially dependent on IL-4 and IL-6 released from basophils. Similar results were obtained when total bone marrow cells or bone marrow cells depleted of basophils were cultured in the presence or absence of substances activating basophils. When basophils were depleted in vivo 6 mo after immunization with an Ag, specific Ig production in subsequent bone marrow cultures was significantly reduced. In addition, depletion of basophils for 18 d in naive mice significantly reduced the number of plasma cells in the spleen. These data indicate that basophils are important for survival of plasma cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Shin HS, Yoo IH, Kim YJ, Lee JY, Kim HB, Jin S, Ha UH. MKP1 regulates the induction of MCP1 by Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumolysin in human epithelial cells. Mol Cells 2010; 30:263-70. [PMID: 20803086 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells act as the first line of host defense against microbes by producing a range of different molecules for clearance. Chemokines facilitate the clearance of invaders through the recruitment of leukocytes. Thus, upregulation of chemokine expression represents an important innate host defense response against invading microbes such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. In this study, we report that the expression of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 (MCP1) was highly induced in response to S. pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo. Among numerous virulence factors, pneumococcal pneumolysin was found to be the major factor responsible for this induction. Furthermore, MCP1 induction was mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) whose activation was controlled by MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP1). Therefore, this study reveals novel roles of pneumolysin in mediating MKP1 expression for the regulation of MCP1 expression in human epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Shin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Yeongi, 339-700, Korea
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21
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Sturm EM, Kranzelbinder B, Heinemann A, Groselj-Strele A, Aberer W, Sturm GJ. CD203c-based basophil activation test in allergy diagnosis: Characteristics and differences to CD63 upregulation. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2010; 78:308-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chand HS, Schuyler M, Joste N, Hensler C, Tesfaigzi Y, Masten B, Schrader R, Lipscomb MF. Anti-IgE therapy results in decreased myeloid dendritic cells in asthmatic airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1157-1158.e5. [PMID: 20304471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The chemokine network, comprised of mediators of inflammation, has been implicated in the development of a number of human cancers. The eosinophil chemoattractant CCL11 was recently shown to play a role in the development of ovarian cancer. Here we review findings regarding CCL11 and discuss its use as a target in the treatment of ovarian cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We review published findings related to the physiological actions of CCL11, its tumourigenic effects, the chemokine network and inflammatory response present in ovarian cancer, and the current state of therapeutics targeting CCL11 and its receptors. Findings published within the last 10 years receive particular attention. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the emerging role of the chemokine network in malignancy and a review of the role of CCL11 in ovarian tumourigenesis. The reader will be presented with a description of the unique aspects of CCL11 action and the inflammatory environment in the setting of ovarian malignancy that make this chemokine an attractive target for intervention. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Targeting CCL11 and its receptors through the use of monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors may represent a beneficial new avenue of ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Nolen
- University of Pittsburgh, Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Suite 1.19d, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kim S, Prout M, Ramshaw H, Lopez AF, LeGros G, Min B. Cutting edge: basophils are transiently recruited into the draining lymph nodes during helminth infection via IL-3, but infection-induced Th2 immunity can develop without basophil lymph node recruitment or IL-3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1143-7. [PMID: 20038645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are recognized as immune modulators through their ability to produce IL-4, a key cytokine required for Th2 immunity. It has also recently been reported that basophils are transiently recruited into the draining lymph node (LN) after allergen immunization and that the recruited basophils promote the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th2 effector cells. Using IL-3(-/-) and IL-3Rbeta(-/-) mice, we report in this study that the IL-3/IL-3R system is absolutely required to recruit circulating basophils into the draining LN following helminth infection. Unexpectedly, the absence of IL-3 or of basophil LN recruitment played little role in helminth-induced Th2 immune responses. Moreover, basophil depletion in infected mice did not diminish the development of IL-4-producing CD4 T cells. Our results reveal a previously unknown role of IL-3 in recruiting basophils to the LN and demonstrate that basophils are not necessarily associated with the development of Th2 immunity during parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Kim
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Stich S, Haag M, Häupl T, Sezer O, Notter M, Kaps C, Sittinger M, Ringe J. Gene expression profiling of human mesenchymal stem cells chemotactically induced with CXCL12. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:225-36. [PMID: 19296133 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In situ tissue engineering is a promising approach in regenerative medicine, with the possibility that adult stem or progenitor cells will be guided chemotactically to a tissue defect and subsequently differentiate into the surrounding tissue type. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent attractive candidate cells. Chemokines such as CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) chemoattract MSC, but little is known about the molecular processes involved in the chemotaxis and migration of MSC. In this study, MSC recruitment by CXCL12 was investigated by genome-wide microarray analysis. The dose-dependent migration potential of bone-marrow-derived MSC toward CXCL12 was measured in an in vitro assay, with a maximum being recorded at a concentration of 1,000 nM CXCL12. Microarray analysis of MSC stimulated with CXCL12 and non-stimulated controls showed 30 differentially expressed genes (24 induced and six repressed). Pathway analysis revealed 11 differentially expressed genes involved in cellular movement and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, including those for migratory inducers such as the chemokines CXCL8 and CCL26, the leukocyte inhibitory factor, secretogranin II, and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. These results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for selected genes. The obtained data provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in chemotactic processes in cell migration and designate CXCL12 as a promising candidate for in situ recruitment in regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stich
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Gene expression in the skin of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle infested with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Muise ES, Azzolina B, Kuo DW, El-Sherbeini M, Tan Y, Yuan X, Mu J, Thompson JR, Berger JP, Wong KK. Adipose fibroblast growth factor 21 is up-regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and altered metabolic states. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:403-12. [PMID: 18467542 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.044826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a metabolically responsive endocrine organ that secretes a myriad of adipokines. Antidiabetic drugs such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonists target adipose tissue gene expression and correct hyperglycemia via whole-body insulin sensitization. The mechanism by which altered gene expression in adipose tissue affects liver and muscle insulin sensitivity (and thus glucose homeostasis) is not fully understood. One possible mechanism involves the alteration in adipokine secretion, in particular the up-regulation of secreted factors that increase whole-body insulin sensitivity. Here, we report the use of transcriptional profiling to identify genes encoding for secreted proteins the expression of which is regulated by PPARgamma agonists. Of the 379 genes robustly regulated by two structurally distinct PPARgamma agonists in the epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) of db/db mice, 33 encoded for known secreted proteins, one of which was FGF21. Although FGF21 was recently reported to be up-regulated in cultured adipocytes by PPARgamma agonists and in liver by PPARalpha agonists and induction of ketotic states, we demonstrate that the protein is transcriptionally up-regulated in adipose tissue in vivo by PPARgamma agonist treatment and under a variety of physiological conditions, including fasting and high fat diet feeding. In addition, we found that circulating levels of FGF21 protein were increased upon treatment with PPARgamma agonists and under ketogenic states. These results suggest a role for FGF21 in mediating the antidiabetic activities of PPARgamma agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Muise
- Departments of Molecular Profiling, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Kaliora AC, Stathopoulou MG, Triantafillidis JK, Dedoussis GV, Andrikopoulos NK. Alterations in the function of circulating mononuclear cells derived from patients with Crohn's disease treated with mastic. World J Gastroenterol 2008. [PMID: 18023095 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.13.6031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of mastic administration on cytokine production of circulating mononuclear cells of patients with active Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS The study was conducted in patients with established mildly to moderately active CD, attending the outpatient clinics of the hospital, and in healthy controls. Recruited to a 4 wk treatment with mastic caps (6 caps/d, 0.37 g/cap) were 10 patients and 8 controls, all of who successfully completed the protocol. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after treatment. RESULTS Treating CD patients with mastic resulted in the reduction of TNF-alpha secretion (2.1 +/- 0.9 ng/mL vs 0.5 +/- 0.4 ng/mL, P = 0.028). MIF release was significantly increased (1.2 +/- 0.4 ng/mL vs 2.5 +/- 0.7 ng/mL, P = 0.026) meaning that random migration and chemotaxis of monocytes/macrophages was inhibited. No significant changes were observed in IL-6, MCP-1 and GSH concentrations. CONCLUSION This study shows that mastic acts as an immunomodulator on PBMC, acting as a TNF-alpha inhibitor and a MIF stimulator. Although further double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in a large number of patients is required to clarify the role of this natural product, this finding provides strong evidence that mastic might be an important regulator of immunity in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana-C Kaliora
- Department of Science of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou ave., Kallithea 17671, Athens, Greece.
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Kaliora AC, Stathopoulou MG, Triantafillidis JK, Dedoussis GV, Andrikopoulos NK. Alterations in the function of circulating mononuclear cells derived from patients with Crohn's disease treated with mastic. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 13:6031-6. [PMID: 18023095 PMCID: PMC4250886 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.45.6031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of mastic administration on cytokine production of circulating mononuclear cells of patients with active Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS The study was conducted in patients with established mildly to moderately active CD, attending the outpatient clinics of the hospital, and in healthy controls. Recruited to a 4 wk treatment with mastic caps (6 caps/d, 0.37 g/cap) were 10 patients and 8 controls, all of who successfully completed the protocol. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after treatment. RESULTS Treating CD patients with mastic resulted in the reduction of TNF-alpha secretion (2.1 +/- 0.9 ng/mL vs 0.5 +/- 0.4 ng/mL, P = 0.028). MIF release was significantly increased (1.2 +/- 0.4 ng/mL vs 2.5 +/- 0.7 ng/mL, P = 0.026) meaning that random migration and chemotaxis of monocytes/macrophages was inhibited. No significant changes were observed in IL-6, MCP-1 and GSH concentrations. CONCLUSION This study shows that mastic acts as an immunomodulator on PBMC, acting as a TNF-alpha inhibitor and a MIF stimulator. Although further double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in a large number of patients is required to clarify the role of this natural product, this finding provides strong evidence that mastic might be an important regulator of immunity in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana-C Kaliora
- Department of Science of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou ave., Kallithea 17671, Athens, Greece.
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Alterations in the function of circulating mononuclear cells derived from patients with Crohn’s disease treated with mastic. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:6031-6036. [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i45.6031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effects of mastic administration on cytokine production of circulating mononuclear cells of patients with active Crohn's disease (CD).
METHODS: The study was conducted in patients with established mildly to moderately active CD, attending the outpatient clinics of the hospital, and in healthy controls. Recruited to a 4 wk treatment with mastic caps (6 caps/d,0.37 g/cap) were 10 patients and 8 controls, all of who successfully completed the protocol. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after treatment.
RESULTS: Treating CD patients with mastic resulted in the reduction of TNF-α secretion (2.1 ± 0.9 ng/mL vs 0.5 ± 0.4 ng/mL, P = 0.028). MIF release was significantly increased (1.2 ± 0.4 ng/mL vs 2.5 ± 0.7 ng/mL, P = 0.026) meaning that random migration and chemotaxis of monocytes/macrophages was inhibited. No significant changes were observed in IL-6, MCP-1 and GSH concentrations.
CONCLUSION: This study shows that mastic acts as an immunomodulator on PBMC, acting as a TNF-α inhibitor and a MIF stimulator. Although further double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in a large number of patients is required to clarify the role of this natural product, this finding provides strong evidence that mastic might be an important regulator of immunity in CD.
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Brühl H, Cihak J, Plachý J, Kunz-Schughart L, Niedermeier M, Denzel A, Rodriguez Gomez M, Talke Y, Luckow B, Stangassinger M, Mack M. Targeting of Gr-1+,CCR2+ monocytes in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2975-85. [PMID: 17763443 DOI: 10.1002/art.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemokine receptor CCR2 is highly expressed on monocytes and considered a promising target for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, blockade of CCR2 with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) during progression of collagen-induced arthritis results in a massive aggravation of the disease. In this study we investigated why CCR2 antibodies have proinflammatory effects, how these effects can be avoided, and whether CCR2+ monocytes are useful targets in the treatment of arthritis. METHODS Arthritis was induced in DBA/1 mice by immunization with type II collagen. Mice were treated with mAb against CCR2 (MC-21), IgE, or isotype control antibodies at various time points. Activation of basophils and depletion of monocyte subsets were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Crosslinkage of CCR2 activated basophils to release interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-4. In vivo, IL-6 release occurred only after exposure to high doses of MC-21, whereas application of low doses of the mAb circumvented the release of IL-6. Regardless of the dose level used, the antibody MC-21 efficiently depleted Gr-1+,CCR2+ monocytes from the synovial tissue, peripheral blood, and spleen of DBA/1 mice. Activation of basophils with high doses of MC-21 or with antibodies against IgE resulted in a marked aggravation of collagen-induced arthritis and an increased release of IL-6. In contrast, low-dose treatment with MC-21 in this therapeutic setting had no effect on IL-6 and led to marked improvement of arthritis. CONCLUSION These results show that depletion of CCR2+ monocytes may prove to be a therapeutic option in inflammatory arthritis, as long as the dose-dependent proinflammatory effects of CCR2 mAb are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Brühl
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Schuligoi R, Schmidt R, Geisslinger G, Kollroser M, Peskar BA, Heinemann A. PGD2 metabolism in plasma: Kinetics and relationship with bioactivity on DP1 and CRTH2 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Falcone FH, Zillikens D, Gibbs BF. The 21st century renaissance of the basophil? Current insights into its role in allergic responses and innate immunity. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:855-64. [PMID: 17002682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Basophils and mast cells express all the three subchains of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor Fc epsilon RI and contain preformed histamine in the cytoplasmic granules. However, it is increasingly clear that these cells play distinct roles in allergic inflammatory disease. Despite their presence throughout much of the animal kingdom, the physiological function of basophils remains obscure. As rodent mast cells are more numerous than basophils, and generate an assortment of inflammatory cytokines, basophils have often been regarded as minor players in allergic inflammation. In humans, however, basophils are the prime early producers of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, T helper (Th)2-type cytokines crucial for initiating and maintaining allergic responses. Basophils also express CD40 ligand which, in combination with IL-4 and IL-13, facilitates IgE class switching in B cells. They are the main cellular source for early IL-4 production, which is vital for the development of Th2 responses. The localization of basophils in various tissues affected by allergic inflammation has now been clearly demonstrated by using specific staining techniques and the new research is shedding light on their selective recruitment to the tissues. Finally, recent studies have shown that basophil activation is not restricted to antigen-specific IgE crosslinking, but can be caused in non-sensitized individuals by a growing list of parasitic antigens, lectins and viral superantigens, binding to non-specific IgE antibodies. This, together with novel IgE-independent routes of activation, imparts important new insights into the potential role of basophils in both adaptive and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco H Falcone
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Main S, Handy R, Wilton J, Smith S, Williams L, Fou LD, Andrews J, Conroy LA, May R, Anderson I, Vaughan TJ. A potent human anti-eotaxin1 antibody, CAT-213: isolation by phage display and in vitro and in vivo efficacy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1395-404. [PMID: 16973884 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine, eotaxin1 (CCL11) is an important regulator of eosinophil function. A marked accumulation of eosinophils in tissues has been correlated with the up-regulation of eotaxin1 expression in several diseases. The potential therapeutic value of neutralizing the effects of eotaxin1 in inflammatory conditions (including asthma) is under investigation. A human single-chain fragment variable antibody that neutralizes human eotaxin1 (CAT-212) was produced using antibody phage display and converted to whole antibody IgG4 format (CAT-213). A novel approach to lead optimization in which the length of the variable heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 was reduced by one amino acid resulted in an increase in potency of >1000-fold compared with the parent anti-eotaxin1 antibody. The optimized antibody binds eotaxin1 with high affinity (80.4 pM) and specificity. CAT-213 and CAT-212 do not bind or neutralize a range of other human proteins including human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, a structurally similar chemokine. CAT-213 neutralizes the ability of eotaxin1 to cause an increase in intracellular calcium signaling (with an IC(50) value of 2.86 nM), migration of CCR3-expressing L1.2 cells (with an IC(50) value of 0.48 nM), and inhibition of the eotaxin1-evoked shape change of human eosinophils in vitro (with an IC(50) of 0.71 nM). Local administration of CAT-213 to mice (1-100 microg kg(-1)) attenuates dermal eosinophilia induced by human eotaxin1, achieving >90% inhibition of eosinophil influx. CAT-213 may therefore be of therapeutic value in inhibiting diseases in which eotaxin1 and eosinophils play a major role, for example, severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Main
- Cambridge Antibody Technology, Granta Park CB1 6GH, UK
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Frezzolini A, Provini A, Teofoli P, Pomponi D, De Pità O. Serum-induced basophil CD63 expression by means of a tricolour flow cytometric method for the in vitro diagnosis of chronic urticaria. Allergy 2006; 61:1071-7. [PMID: 16918509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional autoantibodies against the alpha-chain of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRIalpha) identify a subset of patients with chronic urticaria (CU) due to autoreactivity, as assessed by an in vivo positive response to autologous serum skin test (ASST). We performed a study to standardize the serum-induced basophil activation assay by flow cytometry (FCM) using a new tricolour method, assessing the diagnostic performance of this test in discriminating between ASST+ and ASST- CU patients. METHODS Sera of 64 CU patients (22 ASST+ CU and 42 ASST- CU) and 10 healthy subjects were tested for their ability to induce basophil CD63 expression when incubated with whole blood of both atopic (DA) and non-atopic donors (DNA). Using a triple-labelled strategy with anti-CD123, anti-HLA-DR and anti-CD63 antibodies, CD63+ basophils were identified on a selected population of CD123+ HLA-DR- cells. In 3 ASST+ CU patients who underwent cyclosporine therapy, the assay was performed before and after treatment. RESULTS The ASST+ CU sera resulted in a significant higher induction of basophil CD63 expression compared with ASST- CU and healthy donors sera; when whole blood from DA was used, sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 95.5% and 90.5% respectively. ASST+ CU serum activity was significantly decreased during cyclosporine A treatment, in parallel with clinical remission. CONCLUSIONS Chronic urticaria serum-induced CD63 expression assay performed on DA whole blood by means of our tricolour FCM method could be the most useful tool for identification of a subset of patients with autoimmune CU and may become a promising tool also for monitoring treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Frezzolini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Allergology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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36
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Falcone FH, Zillikens D, Gibbs BF. The 21st century renaissance of the basophil? Current insights into its role in allergic responses and innate immunity. Exp Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2006.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Traditional screening paradigms often focus on single targets. To facilitate drug discovery in the more complex physiological environment of a cell or organism, powerful cellular imaging systems have been developed. The emergence of these detection technologies allows the quantitative analysis of cellular events and visualization of relevant cellular phenotypes. Cellular imaging facilitates the integration of complex biology into the screening process, and addresses both high-content and high-throughput needs. This review describes how cellular imaging technologies contribute to the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lang
- Department of Molecular Screening & Cellular Pharmacology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland.
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Sturm GJ, Schuligoi R, Sturm EM, Royer JF, Lang-Loidolt D, Stammberger H, Amann R, Peskar BA, Heinemann A. 5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid is a potent chemoattractant for human basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:1014-9. [PMID: 16275369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is a chemoattractant for eosinophils and neutrophils, and the messenger RNA for its receptor, the oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid receptor (OXE), has been detected in several tissues. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at clarifying the role of 5-oxo-ETE in the regulation of basophil function. METHODS Basophil responses were determined in assays of flow-cytometric shape change, Ca(2+) flux, chemotaxis, and histamine release. Messenger RNA for OXE was detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS We observed that human eosinophils were 3 to 10 times more sensitive to 5-oxo-ETE than neutrophils in flow-cytometric shape change and Ca(2+) flux assays, as estimated from the half-maximal responses of the cells. Basophils responded to 5-oxo-ETE in the shape change assay with a sensitivity similar to that of eosinophils. 5-Oxo-ETE was a weak inducer of Ca(2+) flux in basophils and did not cause histamine release but was a highly effective chemoattractant for basophils in the low nanomolar concentration range in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. In agreement with these functional studies, the messenger RNA for the 5-oxo-ETE receptor, OXE, was detectable in basophils as in monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, but not in fibroblasts. Specimens from sinus mucosa, tonsils, and adenoids also contained detectable levels of messenger RNA for OXE. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that 5-oxo-ETE is potentially involved in the regulation of basophil recruitment and might hence be a useful therapeutic target in atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter J Sturm
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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Heinemann A, Sturm GJ, Ofner M, Sturm EM, Weller C, Peskar BA, Hartnell A. Stem cell factor stimulates the chemotaxis, integrin upregulation, and survival of human basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:820-6. [PMID: 16210056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the selective recruitment of basophils to sites of allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVE Here we examine the role of stem cell factor (SCF) in the regulation of basophil function. METHODS Human basophils were isolated from peripheral blood, and their migration was investigated in chemotaxis assays. Apoptosis was detected by means of annexin V and propidium iodide staining. The expression of cell-surface molecules was measured by means of flow cytometry. RESULTS SCF amplified the chemotactic responsiveness of human peripheral blood basophils to the chemoattractants eotaxin, monocyte chemotactic protein 2 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha, and C5a, without being chemotactic or chemokinetic by itself. SCF synergized with chemoattractants in causing basophil upregulation of the integrin CD11b, and this effect was inhibited by a c-kit antibody, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI-571), and a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor but not by inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase. Basophils bound fluorescence-labeled SCF and expressed its receptor, c-kit, which was markedly upregulated in culture for 24 to 48 hours in the presence of IL-3. Moreover, SCF prolonged basophil survival in concert with IL-3 by delaying apoptosis. These effects of SCF were selective for basophils because chemotaxis and CD11b upregulation of eosinophils or neutrophils were unchanged. CONCLUSION SCF might be an important selective modulator of basophil function through a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Heinemann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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40
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Boumiza R, Debard AL, Monneret G. The basophil activation test by flow cytometry: recent developments in clinical studies, standardization and emerging perspectives. Clin Mol Allergy 2005; 3:9. [PMID: 15989690 PMCID: PMC1190199 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of immediate allergy is mainly based upon an evocative clinical history, positive skin tests (gold standard) and, if available, detection of specific IgE. In some complicated cases, functional in vitro tests are necessary. The general concept of those tests is to mimic in vitro the contact between allergens and circulating basophils. The first approach to basophil functional responses was the histamine release test but this has remained controversial due to insufficient sensitivity and specificity. During recent years an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that flow cytometry is a reliable tool for monitoring basophil activation upon allergen challenge by detecting surface expression of degranulation/activation markers (CD63 or CD203c). This article reviews the recent improvements to the basophil activation test made possible by flow cytometry, focusing on the use of anti-CRTH2/DP2 antibodies for basophil recognition. On the basis of a new triple staining protocol, the basophil activation test has become a standardized tool for in vitro diagnosis of immediate allergy. It is also suitable for pharmacological studies on non-purified human basophils. Multicenter studies are now required for its clinical assessment in large patient populations and to define the cut-off values for clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Boumiza
- Immunology Laboratory, Lyon-Sud University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Lise Debard
- Immunology Laboratory, Lyon-Sud University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Immunology Laboratory, Lyon-Sud University Hospital, Lyon, France
- Immunology Laboratory, Hôpital Neurologique, Lyon, France
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Sabroe I, Jorritsma A, Stubbs VEL, Xanthou G, Jopling LA, Ponath PD, Williams TJ, Murphy PM, Pease JE. The carboxyl terminus of the chemokine receptor CCR3 contains distinct domains which regulate chemotactic signaling and receptor down-regulation in a ligand-dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1301-10. [PMID: 15739168 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR3 regulates the chemotaxis of leukocytes implicated in allergic disease, such as eosinophils. Incubation of eosinophils with CCL11, CCL13 or CCL5 resulted in a rapid decrease of cell-surface CCR3 which was replicated using CCR3 transfectants. Progressive truncation of the CCR3 C terminus by 15 amino acids produced three constructs, Delta340, Delta325 and Delta310. Delta340 and Delta325 were able to bind CCL11 with affinities similar to wild-type CCR3. Delta340 transfectants exhibited enhanced migration and reduced receptor down-regulation in response to CCL11 and CCL13. Delta325 transfectants displayed chemotactic responses to CCL11 and CCL13 similar to wild-type CCR3, and had impaired down-regulation when stimulated with CCL13 but not CCL11. In contrast, neither the Delta325 nor Delta340 truncation affected chemotaxis or receptor down-regulation induced by CCL5. Delta310 transfectants bound CCL11 poorly and were biologically inactive. Inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and PI3-kinase antagonized eosinophil shape change responses and chemotaxis of transfectants to CCL11 and CCL13. In contrast, shape change but not chemotaxis was sensitive to inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase pathway suggesting differential regulation of the two responses. Thus, the CCR3 C terminus contains distinct domains responsible for the regulation of receptor desensitization and for coupling to chemotactic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Sabroe
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College London, UK
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42
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Mack M, Schneider MA, Moll C, Cihak J, Brühl H, Ellwart JW, Hogarth MP, Stangassinger M, Schlöndorff D. Identification of antigen-capturing cells as basophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:735-41. [PMID: 15634893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Binding of intact Ag is a hallmark of Ag-specific B cells. Apart from B cells, a small number of non-B cells can bind Ag with comparable efficacy as B cells and are found in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow of mice. This population has been observed for a long time and recently named "Ag-capturing cells." Their identity remained enigmatic. In this study, we show that these cells are basophilic granulocytes. Their ability to capture Ags is dependent on surface IgE receptors and on Ag-specific plasma IgE molecules appearing after immunization. Several surface markers including surface bound IgE, IL-3R, CD45, CD16/32, and the chemokine receptor CCR2 were used to clearly identify these cells. Cross-linkage of surface Igs results in the release of large amounts of IL-4 and IL-6. The data identify basophils as Ag-capturing cells and support the concept of basophils as important regulators of humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mack
- Klinikum, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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43
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Pannellini T, Iezzi M, Di Carlo E, Eleuterio E, Coletti A, Modesti A, Rosini S, Neri M, Musiani P. The expression of LEC/CCL16, a powerful inflammatory chemokine, is upregulated in ulcerative colitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004; 17:171-80. [PMID: 15171818 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology and pathogenesis. The presence in the colonic mucosa of reactive cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines is associated with high levels of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Our aim was to investigate the role of IL-10 and the beta chemokine LEC/CCL16 selectively up-regulated by IL-10 in inflammatory cell recruitment and cytokine and chemokine production during UC. We studied histologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally colonic biopsies from 20 active UC patients and 10 control specimens taken far from any macroscopically detectable lesion in age and sex-matched patients with noninflammatory bowel disease. In active UC, immature dendritic cells (DCs) in the LP are associated with IL-10 in the T cell rich area. Furthermore, most of the LP-infiltrating macrophages strongly expressed LEC/CCL16, a chemokine upregulated by IL-10. To evaluate if LEC/CCL16 plays a role in the inflammatory reaction present in UC, we performed morphological studies in mice injected s.c. with syngeneic tumor cells engineered to produce LEC/CCL16. We found that the LEC protein locally released by LEC-gene-transfected tumor cells is a potent proinflammatory chemokine that induces the recruitment of a reactive infiltrate, and an angiogenic process mirroring that in human UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pannellini
- Ce.S.I. G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, University of Chieti, Italy
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44
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Hartnell A, Heinemann A, Conroy DM, Wait R, Sturm GJ, Caversaccio M, Jose PJ, Williams TJ. Identification of Selective Basophil Chemoattractants in Human Nasal Polyps as Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6448-57. [PMID: 15528386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a search for novel leukocyte chemoattractants at sites of allergic inflammation, we found basophil-selective chemoattractant activity in extracts of human nasal polyps. The extracts were fractionated by reverse phase HPLC, and the resulting fractions were tested for leukocyte-stimulating activity using sensitive shape change assays. The basophil-selective activity detected was not depleted by a poxvirus CC-chemokine-binding protein affinity column. This activity was further purified by HPLC, and proteins in the bioactive fractions were analyzed by tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) was identified in these HPLC fractions, and the basophil-stimulating activity was inhibited by an anti-IGF-2-neutralizing Ab. Recombinant IGF-2 induced a substantial shape change response in basophils, but not eosinophils, neutrophils, or monocytes. IGF-2 stimulated chemokinesis of basophils, but not eosinophils or neutrophils, and synergized with eotaxin-1/CCL11 in basophil chemotaxis. IGF-2 also caused up-regulation of basophil CD11b expression and inhibited apoptosis, but did not stimulate degranulation or Ca(2+) flux. Recombinant IGF-1 exhibited similar basophil-selective effects as IGF-2, and both growth factors were detected in nasal polyp extracts by ELISA. This is the first demonstration of chemokinetic factors that increase the motility of basophils, but do not act on other granulocytes or monocytes. IGF-1 and IGF-2 could play a role in the selective recruitment of basophils in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hartnell
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Science Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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45
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Sturm GJ, Böhm E, Trummer M, Weiglhofer I, Heinemann A, Aberer W. The CD63 basophil activation test in Hymenoptera venom allergy: a prospective study. Allergy 2004; 59:1110-7. [PMID: 15355471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basophil activation test (BAT), which relies on flow cytometric quantitation of the allergen-induced up-regulation of the granule-associated marker CD63 in peripheral blood basophils, has been suggested to be a useful approach in detecting responsiveness to allergens. The purpose of this study was to establish the usefulness of the BAT with regard to the clinical history and current diagnostic tools in Hymenoptera venom allergy using a prospective study design. METHODS Fifty-seven consecutive patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom as defined by a systemic reaction after an insect sting, and 30 age- and sex-matched control subjects with a negative history were included. The degree and nature of sensitization was confirmed by skin testing, specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), serum tryptase levels and BAT. In the nonallergic control group only analysis of specific IgE and BAT were performed. Correlation of BAT, skin test and specific IgE, respectively, with the clinical history in the allergic group was termed as sensitivity and in the control group as specificity. RESULTS Twenty one of 23 (91.3%) bee venom allergic patients and 29 of 34 (85.3%) patients allergic to wasp and hornet venom tested positive in BAT. The overall sensitivity of BAT, specific IgE and skin tests were 87.7, 91.2 and 93.0%, respectively. The overall specificities were 86.7% for BAT and 66.7% for specific IgE. No correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the magnitude of basophil activation was observed. CONCLUSION The BAT seems to be an appropriate method to identify patients allergic to bee or wasp venom with a comparable sensitivity to standard diagnostic regimens. The higher specificity of BAT as compared with specific IgE makes this test a useful tool in the diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Sturm
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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46
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Parody TR, Stone MJ. High level expression, activation, and antagonism of CC chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR3 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cytokine 2004; 27:38-46. [PMID: 15207250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The specificity of leukocyte trafficking in inflammation is controlled by the interactions of chemokines with chemokine receptors. Reliable structure-function studies of chemokine-receptor interactions would benefit from cell lines that express consistent high levels of chemokine receptors. We describe herein two new Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines in which the genes for chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR3 have been incorporated into identical positions in the host genome. CCR2 is the primary receptor for the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) whereas CCR3 is the primary receptor for the chemokines eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3. Both receptors are expressed at >5,000,000 copies per cell, substantially higher levels than in previous cell lines, and both are competent for binding and activation by the cognate chemokines for these receptors. Using these cell lines we confirm that eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-3 can act as an agonist and an antagonist, respectively, of CCR2. In addition, we show that eotaxin-2 is an antagonist of CCR2 and MCP-1 is an agonist of CCR3. Comparison of the chemokine sequences reveals several positions that are identical in MCP-1 and eotaxin-1 but different in eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3, suggesting that these amino acids play a role in CCR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Parody
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-0001, USA
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47
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Pease JE, Weller CL, Williams TJ. Regulation of eosinophil trafficking in asthma and allergy. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2004:85-100. [PMID: 14699796 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05403-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Pease
- Leucocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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48
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Böhm E, Sturm GJ, Weiglhofer I, Sandig H, Shichijo M, McNamee A, Pease JE, Kollroser M, Peskar BA, Heinemann A. 11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2, a stable thromboxane metabolite, is a full agonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) in human eosinophils and basophils. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:7663-70. [PMID: 14668348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310270200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboxane (TX) A(2), a cyclooxygenase-derived mediator involved in allergic responses, is rapidly converted in vivo to a stable metabolite, 11-dehydro-TXB(2), which is considered to be biologically inactive. In this study, we found that 11-dehydro-TXB(2), but not the TXA(2) analogue U46,619 or TXB(2), activated eosinophils and basophils, as assayed by flow cytometric shape change. 11-Dehydro-TXB(2) was also chemotactic for eosinophils but did not induce, nor inhibit, platelet aggregation. Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) is an important chemoattractant receptor expressed by eosinophils, basophils, and TH2 lymphocytes, and prostaglandin (PG)D(2) has been shown to be its principal ligand. 11-Dehydro-TXB(2) induced calcium flux mainly from intracellular stores in eosinophils, and this response was desensitized after stimulation with PGD(2) but not other eosinophil chemoattractants. Shape change responses of eosinophils and basophils to 11-dehydro-TXB(2) were inhibited by the thromboxane (TP)/CRTH2 receptor antagonist ramatroban, but not the selective TP antagonist SQ29,548, and were insensitive to pertussis toxin. The phospholipase C inhibitor U73,122 attenuated both 11-dehydro-TXB(2)- and PGD(2)-induced shape change. 11-Dehydro-TXB(2) also induced the chemotaxis of BaF/3 cells transfected with hCRTH2 but not naive BaF/3 cells. At a threshold concentration, 11-dehydro-TXB(2) had no antagonistic effect on CRTH2-mediated responses as induced by PGD2. These data show that 11-dehydro-TXB(2) is a full agonist of the CRTH2 receptor and hence might cause CRTH2 activation in cellular contexts where PGD-synthase is not present. Given its production in the allergic lung, antagonism of the 11-dehydro-TXB(2)/CRTH2axis may be of therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Böhm
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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49
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Buckland KF, Williams TJ, Conroy DM. Histamine induces cytoskeletal changes in human eosinophils via the H(4) receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:1117-27. [PMID: 14530216 PMCID: PMC1574117 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Histamine (0.004-2 microm) induced a concentration-dependent shape change of human eosinophils, but not of neutrophils or basophils, detected as an increase in forward scatter (FSC) in the gated autofluorescence/forward scatter (GAFS) assay. 2. The histamine-induced eosinophil shape change was completely abolished by thioperamide (10 microm), an H3/H4 receptor antagonist, but was not inhibited by pyrilamine or cimetidine (10 microm), H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, respectively. The H4 receptor agonists, clobenpropit and clozapine (0.004-2 microm), which are also H3 receptor antagonists, both induced eosinophil shape change, which was inhibited by thioperamide (10 microm). The H3/H4 receptor agonists, imetit, R-alpha-methyl histamine and N-alpha-methyl histamine (0.004-2 microm) also induced eosinophil shape change. 3. Histamine induced actin polymerisation (0.015-10 microm), intracellular calcium mobilisation (10-100 microm) and a significant upregulation of expression of the cell adhesion molecule CD11b (0.004-10 microm) in eosinophils, all of which were inhibited by thioperamide (10-100 microm). In addition, the H4 receptor agonist/H3 receptor antagonist clozapine (20 microm) stimulated a rise in intracellular calcium in eosinophils. 4. Activation of H4 receptors by histamine (1 microm) primed eosinophils for increased chemotactic responses to eotaxin, but histamine (0.1-10 microm) did not directly induce chemotaxis of eosinophils. 5. Pertussis toxin (1 microg ml-1) inhibited shape change and actin polymerisation responses induced by histamine showing that these effects are mediated by coupling to a Galphai/o G-protein. 6. This study demonstrates that human eosinophils express functional H4 receptors and may provide a novel target for allergic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Buckland
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ
| | - Timothy J Williams
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ
| | - Dolores M Conroy
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ
- Author for correspondence:
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Ogilvie P, Paoletti S, Clark-Lewis I, Uguccioni M. Eotaxin-3 is a natural antagonist for CCR2 and exerts a repulsive effect on human monocytes. Blood 2003; 102:789-94. [PMID: 12689946 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eotaxin-3 (CCL26) belongs to the group of CC chemokines that attract eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 lymphocytes. Like eotaxin (CCL11) and eotaxin-2 (CCL24), eotaxin-3 mediates its activity through CCR3. Here we show that eotaxin-3 also binds to CCR2 on monocytes and CCR2-transfected cells. In contrast to monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2), eotaxin-3 does not trigger intracellular calcium mobilization, enzyme release, or phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK and induces a weak chemotaxis in monocytes. Instead, eotaxin-3 inhibits MCP-1-mediated responses, thus acting as a natural antagonist for CCR2. This study also demonstrates that eotaxin-3 promotes active movement of monocytes away from a gradient of eotaxin-3 in vitro. This repellent effect is amplified when an additional gradient of MCP-1 is applied, demonstrating that the 2 mechanisms are synergistic. Eotaxin-3 effects on monocytes are largely abolished when cells are pretreated with MCP-1 or CCR2 antagonists. Like MCP-1-mediated migration, repulsion is sensitive to Bordetella pertussis toxin, indicating the involvement of Gi protein-coupled receptors. However, using transfected cells expressing CCR2 we could not detect F-actin formation or an active movement away induced by eotaxin-3, suggesting that either expression of a single receptor type is not sufficient to mediate cell repulsion or that the used transfected cell lines lack additional interaction molecules that are required for reverse migration. Eotaxin-3 was expressed by vascular endothelial cells and was essential for endothelial transmigration of eosinophils. Our data provide a mechanism by which 2 chemokine gradients that are oriented in opposite directions could cooperate in efficiently driving out monocytes from blood vessels into tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ogilvie
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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