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Hassett KJ, Rajlic IL, Bahl K, White R, Cowens K, Jacquinet E, Burke KE. mRNA vaccine trafficking and resulting protein expression after intramuscular administration. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102083. [PMID: 38161733 PMCID: PMC10755037 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The mRNA vaccine route from injection site to critical immunologic tissues, as well as the localization of protein antigen following intramuscular (i.m.) administration, is crucial to generating an effective immune response. Here, we quantified mRNA at the injection site, lymph nodes, and in select tissues. mRNA was primarily present 24 h after administration and then rapidly degraded from local and systemic tissues. Histological analyses of mRNA and expressed protein at the site of administration and in the lymph nodes following i.m. administration of our vaccine in rodents and nonhuman primates (NHPs) were completed, and mRNA and protein expression were detected in tissue resident and infiltrating immune cells at the injection site. In addition, high levels of protein expression were observed within subcapsular and medullary sinus macrophages in draining lymph nodes. More important, results were similar between rodents and NHPs, indicating cross-species similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kapil Bahl
- Orbital Therapeutics, 21 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca White
- ReNAgade Therapeutics, 640 Memorial Drive, Suite 2300, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kristen Cowens
- Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Jacquinet
- Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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2
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Ferslew BC, Smulders R, Zhu T, Blauwet MB, Kusawake T, Spence A, Aldridge K, DeBerg HA, Khosa S, Wambre E, Chichili GR. Safety and immunopharmacology of ASP0892 in adults or adolescents with peanut allergy: two randomized trials. Allergy 2024; 79:456-470. [PMID: 38010254 DOI: 10.1111/all.15931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New treatment options with improved safety and novel mechanisms of actions are needed for patients with peanut allergy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of ASP0892, a peanut DNA vaccine, after intradermal (id) or intramuscular (im) administration in adult or adolescent patients with peanut allergy in two phase 1 studies. METHODS ASP0892 or placebo was administered every 2 weeks for a total of 4 doses. The doses were 1 mg or 4 mg id or 4 mg im for adults, and 1 mg or 4 mg id for adolescents. Immunologic parameters were assessed longitudinally. RESULTS Thirty-one adults (mean age 24.3 years, 17 males) received ASP0892 (9, 8, 8 patients for 1 mg id, 4 mg id or 4 mg im, respectively) or placebo (2 patients/group). Twenty adolescents (mean age 14.2 years, 11 males) received ASP0892 (8 patients/group) or placebo (2 patients/group). In both studies, the most common treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was injection site pruritus. No deaths or treatment withdrawal were related to TEAEs. No serious TEAEs related to treatment were observed in adult or adolescent patients. ASP0892 treatment led to modest increases in allergen-specific IgG and/or IgG4 in adults (1 mg id, 4 mg im) and adolescents (1 mg id, 4 mg id). No improvements in clinical outcomes, including double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge, were found after ASP0892 treatment. CONCLUSIONS In two phase 1 studies, ASP0892 was well tolerated with modest but not clinically relevant changes in immune responses. CLINICALTRIALS GOV IDENTIFIERS NCT02851277, NCT03755713.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Ferslew
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronald Smulders
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA
| | - Mary B Blauwet
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Anna Spence
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly Aldridge
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sugandhika Khosa
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Shi Y, Weng W, Chen M, Huang H, Chen X, Peng Y, Hu Y. Improving DNA vaccination performance through a new microbubble design and an optimized sonoporation protocol. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106685. [PMID: 37976565 PMCID: PMC10692915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
As a non-viral transfection method, ultrasound and microbubble-induced sonoporation can achieve spatially targeted gene delivery with synergistic immunostimulatory effects. Here, we report for the first time the application of sonoporation for improving DNA vaccination performance. This study developed a new microbubble design with nanoscale DNA/PEI complexes loaded onto cationic microbubbles to attain significant increases in DNA-loading capacity (0.25 pg per microbubble) and in vitro transfection efficiency. Using live-cell imaging, we revealed the membrane perforation and cellular delivery characteristics of sonoporation. Using luciferase reporter gene for in vivo transfection, we showed that sonoporation increased the transfection efficiency by 40.9-fold when compared with intramuscular injection. Moreover, we comprehensively optimized the sonoporation protocol and further increased the transfection efficiency by 43.6-fold. Immunofluorescent staining results showed that sonoporation effectively activated the MHC-II+ immune cells. Using a hepatitis B DNA vaccine, sonoporation induced significantly higher serum antibody levels when compared with intramuscular injection, and the antibodies sustained for 56 weeks. In addition, we recorded the longest reported expression period (400 days) of the sonoporation-delivered gene. Whole genome resequencing confirmed that the gene with stable expression existed in an extrachromosomal state without integration. Our results demonstrated the potential of sonoporation for efficient and safe DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixiong Weng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoqiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaxin Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Qin H, Chen J, Bouchekioua-Bouzaghou K, Meng YM, Griera JB, Jiang X, Kong X, Wang M, Xu Q, Wong PP. Immunization with a multi-antigen targeted DNA vaccine eliminates chemoresistant pancreatic cancer by disrupting tumor-stromal cell crosstalk. J Transl Med 2023; 21:702. [PMID: 37814317 PMCID: PMC10561406 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised by limited responses to chemoimmunotherapy attributed to highly desmoplastic tumor microenvironment. Disrupting the tumor-stromal cell crosstalk is considered as an improved PDAC treatment strategy, whereas little progress has been made due to poor understanding of its underlying mechanism. Here, we examined the cellular role of melanoma associated antigen A isoforms (MAGEA) in regulating tumor-stromal crosstalk mediated chemoresistance. METHODS We used clinical samples to explore the correlation between MAGEA expression and patient prognosis in multiple cancers. We utilized cancer cell lines, patient derived organoids and orthotopic PDAC model to examine the function of MAGEA in chemoresistance. We performed biochemical, proteome profiler array and transcriptional analysis to uncover a mechanism that governs tumor-stromal crosstalk. We developed a multi-MAGEA antigen targeted DNA vaccine and tested its effect on PDAC tumor growth. RESULTS We establish MAGEA as a regulator of the tumor-stromal crosstalk in PDAC. We provide strong clinical evidence indicating that high MAGEA expression, including MAGEA2, MAGEA3 and MAGEA10, correlates with worse chemotherapeutic response and poor prognosis in multiple cancers, while their expression is up-regulated in chemoresistant PDAC patient derived organoids and cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, MAGEA2 prohibits gemcitabine-induced JNK-c-Jun-p53 mediated cancer cell apoptosis, while gemcitabine stimulated pancreatic stellate cells secretes GDF15 to further enhance the gemcitabine resistance of MAGEA2 expressing cells by activating GFRAL-RET mediated Akt and ERK1/2 dependent survival pathway. Strikingly, immunization with a DNA vaccine that targeting multiple MAGEA antigens, including MAGEA2, MAGEA3 and MAGEA10, elicits robust immune responses against the growth of gemcitabine resistant tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that targeting MAGEA-mediated paracrine regulation of chemoresistance by immunotherapy can be an improved pancreatic cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Katia Bouchekioua-Bouzaghou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ya-Ming Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Reserach Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jordi Bach Griera
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiangzhan Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Ping-Pui Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Khalid K, Poh CL. The development of DNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Adv Med Sci 2023; 68:213-226. [PMID: 37364379 PMCID: PMC10290423 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic exerted significant impacts on public health and global economy. Research efforts to develop vaccines at warp speed against SARS-CoV-2 led to novel mRNA, viral vectored, and inactivated vaccines being administered. The current COVID-19 vaccines incorporate the full S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain but rapidly emerging variants of concern (VOCs) have led to significant reductions in protective efficacies. There is an urgent need to develop next-generation vaccines which could effectively prevent COVID-19. METHODS PubMed and Google Scholar were systematically reviewed for peer-reviewed papers up to January 2023. RESULTS A promising solution to the problem of emerging variants is a DNA vaccine platform since it can be easily modified. Besides expressing whole protein antigens, DNA vaccines can also be constructed to include specific nucleotide genes encoding highly conserved and immunogenic epitopes from the S protein as well as from other structural/non-structural proteins to develop effective vaccines against VOCs. DNA vaccines are associated with low transfection efficiencies which could be enhanced by chemical, genetic, and molecular adjuvants as well as delivery systems. CONCLUSIONS The DNA vaccine platform offers a promising solution to the design of effective vaccines. The challenge of limited immunogenicity in humans might be solved through the use of genetic modifications such as the addition of nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptide gene, strong promoters, MARs, introns, TLR agonists, CD40L, and the development of appropriate delivery systems utilizing nanoparticles to increase uptake by APCs in enhancing the induction of potent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Khalid
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
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Baghban R, Ghasemian A, Mahmoodi S. Nucleic acid-based vaccine platforms against the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:150. [PMID: 36995507 PMCID: PMC10062302 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has infected 673,010,496 patients and caused the death of 6,854,959 cases globally until today. Enormous efforts have been made to develop fundamentally different COVID-19 vaccine platforms. Nucleic acid-based vaccines consisting of mRNA and DNA vaccines (third-generation vaccines) have been promising in terms of rapid and convenient production and efficient provocation of immune responses against the COVID-19. Several DNA-based (ZyCoV-D, INO-4800, AG0302-COVID19, and GX-19N) and mRNA-based (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ARCoV) approved vaccine platforms have been utilized for the COVID-19 prevention. mRNA vaccines are at the forefront of all platforms for COVID-19 prevention. However, these vaccines have lower stability, while DNA vaccines are needed with higher doses to stimulate the immune responses. Intracellular delivery of nucleic acid-based vaccines and their adverse events needs further research. Considering re-emergence of the COVID-19 variants of concern, vaccine reassessment and the development of polyvalent vaccines, or pan-coronavirus strategies, is essential for effective infection prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayyeh Baghban
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Smeekens JM, Kesselring JR, Frizzell H, Bagley KC, Kulis MD. Induction of food-specific IgG by Gene Gun-delivered DNA vaccines. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:969337. [PMID: 36340020 PMCID: PMC9632862 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.969337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shellfish and tree nut allergies are among the most prevalent food allergies, now affecting 2%–3% and 1% of the US population, respectively. Currently, there are no approved therapies for shellfish or tree nut allergies, with strict avoidance being the standard of care. However, oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy and subcutaneous immunotherapy for environmental allergens are efficacious and lead to the production of allergen-specific IgG, which causes suppression of allergen effector cell degranulation. Since allergen-specific IgG is a desired response to alleviate IgE-mediated allergies, we tested transcutaneously-delivered DNA vaccines targeting shellfish and tree nut allergens for their ability to induce antigen-specific IgG, which would have therapeutic potential for food allergies. Methods We assessed Gene Gun-delivered DNA vaccines targeting either crustacean shellfish or walnut/pecan allergens, with or without IL-12, in naïve mice. Three strains of mice, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ and CC027/GeniUnc, were evaluated for IgG production following vaccination. Vaccines were administered twice via Gene Gun, three weeks apart and then blood was collected three weeks following the final vaccination. Results Vaccination with shellfish allergen DNA led to increased shrimp-specific IgG in all three strains, with the highest production in C3H/HeJ from the vaccine alone, whereas the vaccine with IL-12 led to the highest IgG production in BALB/cJ and CC027/GeniUnc mice. Similar IgG production was also induced against lobster and crab allergens. For walnut/pecan vaccines, BALB/cJ and C3H/HeJ mice produced significantly higher walnut- and pecan-specific IgG with the vaccine alone compared to the vaccine with IL-12, while the CC027 mice made significantly higher IgG with the addition of IL-12. Notably, intramuscular administration of the vaccines did not lead to increased antigen-specific IgG production, indicating that Gene Gun administration is a superior delivery modality. Conclusions Overall, these data demonstrate the utility of DNA vaccines against two lifelong food allergies, shellfish and tree nuts, suggesting their potential as a food allergy therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Smeekens
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Food Allergy Initiative, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Correspondence: Johanna M. Smeekens
| | - Janelle R. Kesselring
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Food Allergy Initiative, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Michael D. Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Food Allergy Initiative, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Wang Y, Chen-Mayfield TJ, Li Z, Younis MH, Cai W, Hu Q. Harnessing DNA for immunotherapy: Cancer, infectious diseases, and beyond. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2112273. [PMID: 36304724 PMCID: PMC9595111 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of immunotherapy, low response rates, poor therapeutic outcomes and severe side effects still limit their implementation, making the augmentation of immunotherapy an important goal for current research. DNA, which has principally been recognized for its functions of encoding genetic information, has recently attracted research interest due to its emerging role in immune modulation. Inspired by the intrinsic DNA-sensing signaling that triggers the host defense in response to foreign DNA, DNA or nucleic acid-based immune stimulators have been used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Besides that, DNA vaccines allow the synthesis of target proteins in host cells, subsequently inducing recognition of these antigens to provoke immune responses. On this basis, researchers have designed numerous vehicles for DNA and nucleic acid delivery to regulate immune systems. Additionally, DNA nanostructures have also been implemented as vaccine delivery systems to elicit strong immune responses against pathogens and diseased cells. This review will introduce the mechanism of harnessing DNA-mediated immunity for the prevention and treatment of diseases, summarize recent progress, and envisage their future applications and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Ting-Jing Chen-Mayfield
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Zhaoting Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Muhsin H. Younis
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Weibo Cai
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Immunogenicity of candidate SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccines based on the spike protein. Virology 2022; 573:118-123. [PMID: 35751974 PMCID: PMC9185170 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the novel human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently a major threat to public health worldwide. To deal with the needs of vaccine, we developed four DNA vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2, based on the full-length spike (S) or truncated S protein. Following mice vaccination, we measured T-cell response and antigen-specific neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer. All four candidates induced humoral immune responses, including elevated levels of total IgG and NAbs, and cell-mediated immune responses, including multiple cytokine expression. However, the full-length S DNA vaccine enhanced the immune responses most significantly. We then evaluated its appropriate antigen dose and vaccination schedule. Although all immunized groups showed higher immune response than the control group, inoculation with 50 μg antigen led to the highest NAb titer. Immunity was significantly increased after the third inoculation. Thus, the full-length S DNA vaccine can potentially prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Hughes DC, Hardee JP, Waddell DS, Goodman CA. CORP: Gene delivery into murine skeletal muscle using in vivo electroporation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:41-59. [PMID: 35511722 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy of gene delivery into skeletal muscles has provided exciting avenues in identifying new potential therapeutics towards muscular disorders and addressing basic research questions in muscle physiology through overexpression and knockdown studies. In vivo electroporation methodology offers a simple, rapidly effective technique for the delivery of plasmid DNA into post-mitotic skeletal muscle fibers and the ability to easily explore the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle plasticity. The purpose of this review is to describe how to robustly electroporate plasmid DNA into different hindlimb muscles of rodent models. Further, key parameters (e.g., voltage, hyaluronidase, plasmid concentration) which contribute to the successful introduction of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle fibers will be discussed. In addition, details on processing tissue for immunohistochemistry and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) analysis will be outlined. The overall goal of this review is to provide the basic and necessary information needed for successful implementation of in vivo electroporation of plasmid DNA and thus open new avenues of discovery research in skeletal muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Waddell
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Khairkhah N, Bolhassani A, Najafipour R. Current and future direction in treatment of HPV-related cervical disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:829-845. [PMID: 35478255 PMCID: PMC9045016 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in the world. About 70% of cervical cancers are caused by the most oncogenic HPV genotypes of 16 and 18. Since available prophylactic vaccines do not induce immunity in those with established HPV infections, the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines using E6 and E7 oncogenes, or both as the target antigens remains essential. Also, knocking out the E6 and E7 oncogenes in host genome by genome-editing CRISPR/Cas system can result in tumor growth suppression. These methods have shown promising results in both preclinical and clinical trials and can be used for controlling the progression of HPV-related cervical diseases. This comprehensive review will detail the current treatment of HPV-related cervical precancerous and cancerous diseases. We also reviewed the future direction of treatment including different kinds of therapeutic methods and vaccines, genome-editing CRISPR/Cas system being studied in clinical trials. Although the progress in the development of therapeutic HPV vaccine has been slow, encouraging results from recent trials showed vaccine-induced regression in high-grade CIN lesions. CRISPR/Cas genome-editing system is also a promising strategy for HPV cancer therapy. However, its safety and specificity need to be optimized before it is used in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Khairkhah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Najafipour
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Ulrich-Lewis JT, Draves KE, Roe K, O’Connor MA, Clark EA, Fuller DH. STING Is Required in Conventional Dendritic Cells for DNA Vaccine Induction of Type I T Helper Cell- Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861710. [PMID: 35529875 PMCID: PMC9072870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines elicit antibody, T helper cell responses and CD8+ T cell responses. Currently, little is known about the mechanism that DNA vaccines employ to induce adaptive immune responses. Prior studies have demonstrated that stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) play critical roles in DNA vaccine induced antibody and T cell responses. STING activation by double stranded (dsDNA) sensing proteins initiate the production of type I interferon (IFN),but the DC-intrinsic effect of STING signaling is still unclear. Here, we investigated the role of STING within cDCs on DNA vaccine induction of antibody and T cell responses. STING knockout (STING-/- ) and conditional knockout mice that lack STING in cDCs (cDC STING cKO), were immunized intramuscularly with a DNA vaccine that expressed influenza A nucleoprotein (pNP). Both STING-/- and cDC STING cKO mice had significantly lower type I T helper (Th1) type antibody (anti-NP IgG2C) responses and lower frequencies of Th1 associated T cells (NP-specific IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells) post-immunization than wild type (WT) and cDC STING littermate control mice. In contrast, all mice had similar Th2-type NP-specific (IgG1) antibody titers. STING-/- mice developed significantly lower polyfunctional CD8+ T cells than WT, cDC STING cKO and cDC STING littermate control mice. These findings suggest that STING within cDCs mediates DNA vaccine induction of type I T helper responses including IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells, and Th1-type IgG2C antibody responses. The induction of CD8+ effector cell responses also require STING, but not within cDCs. These findings are the first to show that STING is required within cDCs to mediate DNA vaccine induced Th1 immune responses and provide new insight into the mechanism whereby DNA vaccines induce Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Theophilus Ulrich-Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelsey Roe
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Seattle Children's Hospital Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Megan A. O’Connor
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Deborah Heydenburg Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Deborah Heydenburg Fuller,
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13
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Florio F, Accordini S, Libergoli M, Biressi S. Targeting Muscle-Resident Single Cells Through in vivo Electro-Enhanced Plasmid Transfer in Healthy and Compromised Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834705. [PMID: 35431987 PMCID: PMC9010744 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is composed of syncytial muscle fibers, and by various mononucleated cellular types, such as muscle stem cells, immune cells, interstitial and stromal progenitors. These cell populations play a crucial role during muscle regeneration, and alterations of their phenotypic properties have been associated with defective repair and fibrosis in aging and dystrophic muscle. Studies involving in vivo gene modulation are valuable to investigate the mechanisms underlining cell function and dysfunction in complex pathophysiological settings. Electro-enhanced transfer of plasmids using square-wave generating devices represents a cost-effective approach that is widely used to transport DNA to muscle fibers efficiently. Still, it is not clear if this method can also be applied to mononuclear cells present in muscle. We demonstrate here that it is possible to efficiently deliver DNA into different muscle–resident cell populations in vivo. We evaluated the efficiency of this approach not only in healthy muscle but also in muscles of aging and dystrophic animal models. As an exemplificative application of this method, we used a strategy relying on a reporter gene-based plasmid containing regulatory sequences from the collagen 1 locus, and we determined collagen expression in various cell types reportedly involved in the production of fibrotic tissue in the dystrophic settings. The results enclosed in this manuscript reveal the suitability in applying electro-enhanced transfer of plasmid DNA to mononucleated muscle-resident cells to get insights into the molecular events governing diseased muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Florio
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Accordini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michela Libergoli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefano Biressi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefano Biressi,
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14
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Sachdev S, Potočnik T, Rems L, Miklavčič D. Revisiting the role of pulsed electric fields in overcoming the barriers to in vivo gene electrotransfer. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 144:107994. [PMID: 34930678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapies are revolutionizing medicine by providing a way to cure hitherto incurable diseases. The scientific and technological advances have enabled the first gene therapies to become clinically approved. In addition, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing record speeds in the development and distribution of gene-based vaccines. For gene therapy to take effect, the therapeutic nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) need to overcome several barriers before they can execute their function of producing a protein or silencing a defective or overexpressing gene. This includes the barriers of the interstitium, the cell membrane, the cytoplasmic barriers and (in case of DNA) the nuclear envelope. Gene electrotransfer (GET), i.e., transfection by means of pulsed electric fields, is a non-viral technique that can overcome these barriers in a safe and effective manner. GET has reached the clinical stage of investigations where it is currently being evaluated for its therapeutic benefits across a wide variety of indications. In this review, we formalize our current understanding of GET from a biophysical perspective and critically discuss the mechanisms by which electric field can aid in overcoming the barriers. We also identify the gaps in knowledge that are hindering optimization of GET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Sachdev
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Potočnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Rems
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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15
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Clinical Development of mRNA Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 440:167-186. [PMID: 35906319 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of safe and effective mRNA platform-based COVID-19 vaccines from the recent pandemic has changed the face of vaccine development. Compared with conventional technologies used historically, mRNA-based vaccines offer a rapid flexible and robust approach to preventing disease caused by transient viral strains such as SAR2-CoV-2 variants of concern and seasonal influenza. Adaptations in the formulation of the mRNA delivery systems such as with lipid nanoparticle delivery (LNP) used in mRNA-1273 and BNT16b2b have enabled this technology to flourish under the urgent collective response and collaborative regulatory understanding derived from COVID-19 vaccine development. The application of mRNA-based therapeutics in other areas holds potential promise including combination vaccines that might deliver protections against multiple infectious diseases. Future studies and further advances in mRNA-based technologies will provide insight into the clinical efficacy and real-world effectiveness of vaccines as well as provisions with respect to the impact of reactogenicity profiles. Overall, the success of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has helped unlock a platform likely to result in many more candidate vaccines entering clinical evaluation to address the unmet medical needs of other diseases including viral respiratory diseases, herpesviruses, and historically challenging vaccine targets such as HIV.
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16
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An ultra-low-cost electroporator with microneedle electrodes (ePatch) for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110817118. [PMID: 34670842 PMCID: PMC8609327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110817118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-cost and rapidly distributable vaccines are urgently needed to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics, especially for developing countries and other low-resource settings. DNA vaccines are inexpensive, rapidly developed, and safe, but require bulky and expensive electroporation devices for effective vaccination, which presents challenges to affordable and mass vaccination. We developed an ultra-low-cost (<1 USD), handheld (<50 g), battery-free electroporation system combining a thumb-actuated piezoelectric pulser and a microneedle electrode array skin interface for DNA vaccination against COVID-19, which was shown to be immunogenic and well-tolerated in animal studies. This study provides a proof-of-concept that DNA vaccination against epidemics can be achieved using an ultra-low-cost electroporator that is inexpensive enough for single use and robust enough for repeated use if desired. Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other pathogens with pandemic potential requires safe, protective, inexpensive, and easily accessible vaccines that can be developed and manufactured rapidly at a large scale. DNA vaccines can achieve these criteria, but induction of strong immune responses has often required bulky, expensive electroporation devices. Here, we report an ultra-low-cost (<1 USD), handheld (<50 g) electroporation system utilizing a microneedle electrode array (“ePatch”) for DNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The low cost and small size are achieved by combining a thumb-operated piezoelectric pulser derived from a common household stove lighter that emits microsecond, bipolar, oscillatory electric pulses and a microneedle electrode array that targets delivery of high electric field strength pulses to the skin’s epidermis. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 induced by this electroporation system in mice were strong and enabled at least 10-fold dose sparing compared to conventional intramuscular or intradermal injection of the DNA vaccine. Vaccination was well tolerated with mild, transient effects on the skin. This ePatch system is easily portable, without any battery or other power source supply, offering an attractive, inexpensive approach for rapid and accessible DNA vaccination to combat COVID-19, as well as other epidemics.
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17
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Lauterbach H, Schmidt S, Katchar K, Qing X, Iacobucci C, Hwang A, Schlienger K, Berka U, Raguz J, Ahmadi-Erber S, Schippers T, Stemeseder F, Pinschewer DD, Matushansky I, Orlinger KK. Development and Characterization of a Novel Non-Lytic Cancer Immunotherapy Using a Recombinant Arenavirus Vector Platform. Front Oncol 2021; 11:732166. [PMID: 34722273 PMCID: PMC8551556 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.732166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered viral vectors represent a promising strategy to trigger antigen-specific antitumor T cell responses. Arenaviruses have been widely studied because of their ability to elicit potent and protective T cell responses. Here, we provide an overview of a novel intravenously administered, replication-competent, non-lytic arenavirus-based vector technology that delivers tumor antigens to induce antigen-specific anti-cancer T cell responses. Preclinical studies in mice and cell culture experiments with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrate that arenavirus vectors preferentially infect antigen-presenting cells. This, in conjunction with a non-lytic functional activation of the infected antigen-presenting cells, leads to a robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response. T cell migration to, and infiltration of, the tumor microenvironment has been demonstrated in various preclinical tumor models with vectors encoding self- and non-self-antigens. The available data also suggest that arenavirus-based vector therapy can induce immunological memory protecting from tumor rechallenge. Based on promising preclinical data, a phase 1/2 clinical trial was initiated and is currently ongoing to test the activity and safety of arenavirus vectors, HB-201 and HB-202, created using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Pichinde virus, respectively. Both vectors have been engineered to deliver non-oncogenic versions of the human papilloma virus 16 (HPV16) antigens E7 and E6 and will be injected intravenously with or without an initial intratumoral dose. This dose escalation/expansion study is being conducted in patients with recurrent or metastatic HPV16+ cancers. Promising preliminary data from this ongoing clinical study have been reported. Immunogenicity data from several patients demonstrate that a single injection of HB-201 or HB-202 monotherapy is highly immunogenic, as evidenced by an increase in inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and the expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. This response can be further enhanced by alternating injections of HB-202 and HB-201, which has resulted in frequencies of circulating HPV16 E7/E6-specific CD8+ T cells of up to 40% of the total CD8+ T cell compartment in peripheral blood in analyses to date. Treatment with intravenous administration also resulted in a disease control rate of 73% among 11 evaluable patients with head and neck cancer dosed every three weeks, including 2 patients with a partial response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kia Katchar
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Andy Hwang
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Ursula Berka
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Josipa Raguz
- Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Kabir IM, Dutsinma UA, Bala JA, Yusuf L, Abubakar SD, Kumurya AS, Bulama HA, Bello ZM, Aliyu IA. The Need for Therapeutic HPV Vaccines as a Means of Curbing the Menace of Cervical Cancer. INDIAN JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40944-021-00590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Fathizadeh H, Afshar S, Masoudi MR, Gholizadeh P, Asgharzadeh M, Ganbarov K, Köse Ş, Yousefi M, Kafil HS. SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) vaccines structure, mechanisms and effectiveness: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:740-750. [PMID: 34403674 PMCID: PMC8364403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The world has been suffering from COVID-19 disease for more than a year, and it still has a high mortality rate. In addition to the need to minimize transmission of the virus through non-pharmacological measures such as the use of masks and social distance, many efforts are being made to develop a variety of vaccines to prevent the disease worldwide. So far, several vaccines have reached the final stages of safety and efficacy in various phases of clinical trials, and some, such as Moderna/NIAID and BioNTech/Pfizer, have reported very high safety and protection. The important point is that comparing different vaccines is not easy because there is no set standard for measuring neutralization. In this study, we have reviewed the common platforms of COVID-19 vaccines and tried to present the latest reports on the effectiveness of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of laboratory sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Saman Afshar
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Reza Masoudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | - Şükran Köse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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20
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Milani A, Bolhassani A, Rouhollah F, Naseroleslami M. Which one of the thermal approaches (heating DNA or cells) enhances the gene expression in mammalian cells? Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1955-1966. [PMID: 34482511 PMCID: PMC8418791 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heat treatment as a physical method could increase the cellular uptake of nucleic acids. In this study, the effects of heat shock were evaluated to enhance the transfection efficiency of three plasmid DNAs into HeLa and TC-1 cancerous, and HEK-293 T and Vero non-cancerous cell lines using lipofectamine 2000 reagent. METHODS Two methods of cell- and DNA-based heat treatment were used. Heating DNA solution was performed at 94 °C for 5, 10 and 15 min, and also 72 °C for 30, 60 and 120 min, individually. Moreover, heating the cells was done by incubation at 42 °C for 2 h in different times such as before, during and after DNA transfection. RESULTS Our data showed that the conformation of plasmid DNAs was changed at different temperatures with increasing time. The heat-treated plasmid DNAs (94 °C for 10 min or 72 °C for 30 min) indicated higher transfection efficiency than untreated plasmid DNAs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, heat treatment of cells before and during the transfection was higher than untreated cells (p < 0.01). Our results demonstrated that DNA transfection efficiency in cancerous cells was less than non-cancerous cells (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Generally, these findings showed that transfection mediated by thermal stimulation could enhance gene transfection in mammalian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Rouhollah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Naseroleslami
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Sun B, Zhao X, Gu W, Cao P, Movahedi F, Wu Y, Xu ZP, Gu W. ATP stabilised and sensitised calcium phosphate nanoparticles as effective adjuvants for a DNA vaccine against cancer. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7435-7446. [PMID: 34551058 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01408k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines based on DNA encoding oncogenes have shown great potential in preclinical studies. However, the efficacy of DNA vaccines is limited by their weak immunogenicity because of low cellular internalisation and insufficient activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Calcium phosphate (CP) nanoparticles (NPs) are biodegradable vehicles with low toxicity and high loading capacity of DNA but suffer from stability issues. Here we employed adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a dual functional agent, i.e. stabiliser for CP and immunological adjuvant, and applied the ATP-modified CP (ACP) NPs to the DNA vaccine. ACP NP-enhanced cellular uptake and improved transfection efficiency of DNA vaccine, and further showed the ability to activate DCs that are critical for them to prime T cells in cancer immunotherapy. As a result, a higher level of antigen-specific antibody with stronger tumour growth inhibition was achieved in mice immunised with the ACP-DNA vaccine. Overall, this one-step synthesised ACP NPs are an efficient nano-delivery system and nano-adjuvant for cancer DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of Cooper Road & College Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of Cooper Road & College Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. .,GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Wenxi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of Cooper Road & College Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. .,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Pei Cao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of Cooper Road & College Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Fatemeh Movahedi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of Cooper Road & College Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Yanheng Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of Cooper Road & College Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. .,Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of Cooper Road & College Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of Cooper Road & College Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. .,Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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22
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Abstract
Owing to the presence of known tumor-specific viral antigens, human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers are well suited for treatment with immunotherapy designed to unleash, amplify or replace the T cell arm of the adaptive immune system. Immune checkpoint blockade designed to unleash existing T cell immunity is currently Food and Drug Administration approved for certain HPV-associated cancers. More specific immunotherapies such as therapeutic vaccines and T cell receptor-engineered cellular therapy are currently in clinical development. Such therapies may offer more specific immune activation against viral tumor antigens and decrease the risk of immune-related adverse events. Current and planned clinical study of these treatments will determine their utility in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed advanced stage or relapsed HPV-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Y Lee
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Clint T Allen
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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23
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Stephens AJ, Burgess-Brown NA, Jiang S. Beyond Just Peptide Antigens: The Complex World of Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696791. [PMID: 34276688 PMCID: PMC8279810 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based cancer vaccines rely upon the strong activation of the adaptive immune response to elicit its effector function. They have shown to be highly specific and safe, but have yet to prove themselves as an efficacious treatment for cancer in the clinic. This is for a variety of reasons, including tumour heterogeneity, self-tolerance, and immune suppression. Importance has been placed on the overall design of peptide-based cancer vaccines, which have evolved from simple peptide derivatives of a cancer antigen, to complex drugs; incorporating overlapping regions, conjugates, and delivery systems to target and stimulate different components of antigen presenting cells, and to bolster antigen cross-presentation. Peptide-based cancer vaccines are increasingly becoming more personalised to an individual's tumour antigen repertoire and are often combined with existing cancer treatments. This strategy ultimately aids in combating the shortcomings of a more generalised vaccine strategy and provides a comprehensive treatment, taking into consideration cancer cell variability and its ability to avoid immune interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Stephens
- Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola A Burgess-Brown
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shisong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Ulmer JB, Liu MA. Path to Success and Future Impact of Nucleic Acid Vaccines: DNA and mRNA. MOLECULAR FRONTIERS JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2529732521400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 has both astonished the world and raised concerns about their safety, perhaps because many people do not realize the decades’ long efforts for nucleic acid vaccines, both mRNA and DNA vaccines, including the licensure of several veterinary DNA vaccines. This manuscript traces the milestones for nucleic acid vaccine research and development (R&D), with a focus on the immune and safety issues they both raised and answered. The characteristics of the two entities are compared, demonstrating the similarities and differences between them, the advantages and disadvantages, which might lead toward using one or the other technology for different indications. In addition, as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has once again highlighted the importance of One Health, that is, the interactions between animal and human pathogens, focus will also be given to how DNA vaccine utilization and studies both in large domestic animals and in wildlife pave the way for more integrated approaches for vaccines to respond quickly to, and prevent, the global impacts of emerging diseases.
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Pushparajah D, Jimenez S, Wong S, Alattas H, Nafissi N, Slavcev RA. Advances in gene-based vaccine platforms to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:113-141. [PMID: 33422546 PMCID: PMC7789827 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), has spread across the globe at an unprecedented rate since its first emergence in Wuhan City, China in December 2019. Scientific communities around the world have been rigorously working to develop a potent vaccine to combat COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), employing conventional and novel vaccine strategies. Gene-based vaccine platforms based on viral vectors, DNA, and RNA, have shown promising results encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in previous studies, supporting their implementation for COVID-19 vaccine development. In fact, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently authorized the emergency use of two RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. We review current gene-based vaccine candidates proceeding through clinical trials, including their antigenic targets, delivery vehicles, and route of administration. Important features of previous gene-based vaccine developments against other infectious diseases are discussed in guiding the design and development of effective vaccines against COVID-19 and future derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Pushparajah
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Salma Jimenez
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada; Theraphage, 151 Charles St W Suite # 199, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1H6, Canada
| | - Shirley Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Hibah Alattas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Nafissi
- Mediphage Bioceuticals, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1300, Toronto, ON, M5G 0B7, Canada
| | - Roderick A Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada; Mediphage Bioceuticals, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1300, Toronto, ON, M5G 0B7, Canada; Theraphage, 151 Charles St W Suite # 199, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1H6, Canada.
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Batty CJ, Heise MT, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Vaccine formulations in clinical development for the prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:168-189. [PMID: 33316346 PMCID: PMC7733686 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an unprecedented effort toward the development of an effective and safe vaccine. Aided by extensive research efforts into characterizing and developing countermeasures towards prior coronavirus epidemics, as well as recent developments of diverse vaccine platform technologies, hundreds of vaccine candidates using dozens of delivery vehicles and routes have been proposed and evaluated preclinically. A high demand coupled with massive effort from researchers has led to the advancement of at least 31 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, many using platforms that have never before been approved for use in humans. This review will address the approach and requirements for a successful vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the background of the myriad of vaccine platforms currently in clinical trials for COVID-19 prevention, and a summary of the present results of those trials. It concludes with a perspective on formulation problems which remain to be addressed in COVID-19 vaccine development and antigens or adjuvants which may be worth further investigation.
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Irvine DJ, Aung A, Silva M. Controlling timing and location in vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:91-115. [PMID: 32598970 PMCID: PMC7318960 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most powerful technologies supporting public health. The adaptive immune response induced by immunization arises following appropriate activation and differentiation of T and B cells in lymph nodes. Among many parameters impacting the resulting immune response, the presence of antigen and inflammatory cues for an appropriate temporal duration within the lymph nodes, and further within appropriate subcompartments of the lymph nodes– the right timing and location– play a critical role in shaping cellular and humoral immunity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how vaccine kinetics and biodistribution impact adaptive immunity, and the underlying immunological mechanisms that govern these responses. We discuss emerging approaches to engineer these properties for future vaccines, with a focus on subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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N-Terminal Fatty Acids of NEF MUT Are Required for the CD8 + T-Cell Immunogenicity of In Vivo Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020243. [PMID: 32456079 PMCID: PMC7350016 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) vaccine platform based on the intramuscular (i.m.) injection of DNA eukaryotic vectors expressing antigens of interest fused at the C-terminus of HIV-1 Nefmut, i.e., a functionally defective mutant that is incorporated at quite high levels into exosomes/extracellular vesicles (EVs). This system has been proven to elicit strong CTL immunity against a plethora of both viral and tumor antigens, as well as inhibit both transplantable and orthotopic tumors in mice. However, a number of open issues remain regarding the underlying mechanism. Here we provide evidence that hindering the uploading into EVs of Nefmut-derived products by removing the Nefmut N-terminal fatty acids leads to a dramatic reduction of the downstream antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell activation after i.m. injection of DNA vectors in mice. This result formally demonstrates that the generation of engineered EVs is part of the mechanism underlying the in vivo induced CD8+ T-cell immunogenicity. Gaining new insights on the EV-based vaccine platform can be relevant in view of its possible translation into the clinic to counteract both chronic and acute infections as well as tumors.
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A Novel Approach to Deliver a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Antigen in Eukaryotic Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:506-512. [PMID: 31020618 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to express and deliver a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigen to macrophages using salmonella as carrier. The coding sequence of a fibronectin attachment protein which is expressed by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cloned into pcDNA3.1 (+) plasmid. The construct was introduced into the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain SL7207 (ΔhisG, ΔaroA) as carrier. In order to evaluate the delivery capacity of Salmonella and gene expression by antigen-presenting cells, the THP-1 derived macrophages were infected with the salmonella carrier. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed the successful delivery and expression of targeted gene in THP-1 cell line. Although, in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Salmonella containing plasmid did not trigger IFNγ production significantly. But it seems that this carrier can increase plasmid uptake and antigen expression by host intestinal antigen-presenting cells after mucosal administration. So, the construct can be used for further in vivo studies on the Salmonella carrier's efficiency in mycobacterial DNA vaccines.
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Wayne EC, Long C, Haney MJ, Batrakova EV, Leisner TM, Parise LV, Kabanov AV. Targeted Delivery of siRNA Lipoplexes to Cancer Cells Using Macrophage Transient Horizontal Gene Transfer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900582. [PMID: 31728272 PMCID: PMC6839649 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of nucleic acids into solid tumor environments remains a pressing challenge. This study examines the ability of macrophages to horizontally transfer small interfering RNA (siRNA) lipoplexes to cancer cells. Macrophages are a natural candidate for a drug carrier because of their ability to accumulate at high densities into many cancer types, including, breast, prostate, brain, and colon cancer. Here, it is demonstrated that macrophages can horizontally transfer siRNA to cancer cells during in vitro coculture. The amount of transfer can be dosed depending on the amount of siRNA loaded and total number of macrophages delivered. Macrophages loaded with calcium integrin binding protein-1 (CIB1)-siRNA result in decreased tumorsphere growth and decreased mRNA expression of CIB1 and KI67 in MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells. Adoptive transfer of macrophages transfected with CIB1-siRNA localizes to the orthotopic MDA-MB-468 tumor. Furthermore, it is reported that macrophage activation can modulate this transfer process as well as intracellular trafficking protein Rab27a. As macrophages are heavily involved in tumor progression, understanding how to use macrophages for drug delivery can substantially benefit the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Wayne
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Christian Long
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Matthew J. Haney
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Tina M. Leisner
- Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Leslie V. Parise
- Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Laboratory of Chemical Design of BionanomaterialsFaculty of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow119992Russia
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Ivancic R, Iqbal H, deSilva B, Pan Q, Matrka L. Immunological tolerance of low-risk HPV in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:131-142. [PMID: 31628850 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is characterized by benign exophytic lesions of the respiratory tract caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), in particular low-risk HPV6 and HPV11. Aggressiveness varies greatly among patients. Surgical excision is the current standard of care for RRP, with adjuvant therapy used when surgery cannot control disease recurrence. Numerous adjuvant therapies have been used to control RRP with some success, but none are curative. Current literature supports a polarization of the adaptive immune response to a T helper type 2 (Th2)-like or T regulatory phenotype, driven by a complex interplay between innate immunity, adaptive immunity and HPV6/11 proteins. Additionally, certain immunogenetic polymorphisms can predispose individuals to an HPV6/11-tolerant microenvironment. As a result, immunomodulatory efforts are being made to restore the host immune system to a more balanced T cell phenotype and clear viral infection. Literature has shown exciting evidence for the role of HPV vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil-9 as both primary prevention, by decreasing incidence through childhood vaccinations, and secondary prevention, by treating active RRP disease. Multi-institution randomized clinical trials are needed to better assess their efficacy as treatment for active disease. Interestingly, a DNA vaccine has recently shown in-vitro success in generating a more robust CD8+ T cell response. Furthermore, clinical trials for programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors are under investigation for RRP management. Molecular insights into RRP, in particular the interplay between RRP and the immune system, are needed to advance our understanding of this disease and may lead to the identification of immunomodulatory agents to better manage RRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ivancic
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - H Iqbal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - B deSilva
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Q Pan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - L Matrka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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Sigaeva A, Ong Y, Damle VG, Morita A, van der Laan KJ, Schirhagl R. Optical Detection of Intracellular Quantities Using Nanoscale Technologies. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1739-1749. [PMID: 31187980 PMCID: PMC6639779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optical probes that can be used to measure certain quantities with subcellular resolution give us access to a new level of information at which physics, chemistry, life sciences, and medicine become strongly intertwined. The emergence of these new technologies is owed to great advances in the physical sciences. However, evaluating and improving these methods to new standards requires a joint effort with life sciences and clinical practice. In this Account, we give an overview of the probes that have been developed for measuring a few highly relevant parameters at the subcellular scale: temperature, pH, oxygen, free radicals, inorganic ions, genetic material, and biomarkers. Luminescent probes are available in many varieties, which can be used for measuring temperature, pH, and oxygen. Since they are influenced by virtually any metabolic process in the healthy or diseased cell, these quantities are extremely useful to understand intracellular processes. Probes for them can roughly be divided into molecular dyes with a parameter dependent fluorescence or phosphorescence and nanoparticle platforms. Nanoparticle probes can provide enhanced photostability, measurement quality, and potential for multiple functionalities. Embedding into coatings can improve biocompatibility or prevent nonspecific interactions between the probe and the cellular environment. These qualities need to be matched however with good uptake properties, colloidal properties and eventually intracellular targeting to optimize their practical applicability. Inorganic ions constitute a broad class of compounds or elements, some of which play specific roles in signaling, while others are toxic. Their detection is often difficult due to the cross-talk with similar ions, as well as other parameters. The detection of free radicals, DNA, and biomarkers at extremely low levels has significant potential for biomedical applications. Their presence is linked more directly to physiological and clinical manifestations. Since existing methods for free radical detection are generally poor in sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, new reliable methods that are generally applicable can contribute greatly to advancing this topic in biology. Optical methods that detect DNA or RNA and protein biomarkers exist for intracellular applications, but are mostly relevant for the development of rapid point-of-care sample testing. To elucidate the inner workings of cells, focused multidisciplinary research is required to define the validity and limitations of a nanoparticle probe, in both physical and biological terms. Multifunctional platforms and those that are easily made compatible with conventional research equipment have an edge over other techniques in growing the body of research evidencing their versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yori Ong
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Viraj G. Damle
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aryan Morita
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dept. Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Kiran J. van der Laan
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Co-administration and Evaluation of Immune Responses of Three DNA Vaccines Encoding Immunogenic Antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.79496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang R, Gao N, Li Y, Fan D, Zhen Z, Feng K, Chen H, An J. Cross-Protection Against Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus in Mice Conferred by a Zika DNA Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:147. [PMID: 31139577 PMCID: PMC6517860 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Zika virus (ZIKV) and four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1–4) are antigenically related mosquito-borne flaviviruses that co-circulate in overlapping geographic distributions. The considerable amino acid sequence homology and structural similarities between ZIKV and DENV1–4 may be responsible for the complicated immunological cross-reactivity observed for these viruses. Thus, a successful Zika vaccine needs to not only confer protection from ZIKV infection but must also be safe during secondary exposures with other flavivirus, especially DENVs. In this study, we used a Zika DNA vaccine candidate (pV-ZME) expressing the ZIKV premembrane and envelop proteins to immunize BALB/c mice and evaluated the potential cross-reactive immune responses to DENV1–4. We observed that three doses of the pV-ZME vaccine elicited the production of cross-reactive antibodies, cytokines and CD8+ T cell responses and generated cross-protection against DENV1–4. Our results demonstrate a novel approach for design and development of safe Zika and/or dengue vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongying Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zida Zhen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaihao Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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Liu MA. A Comparison of Plasmid DNA and mRNA as Vaccine Technologies. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E37. [PMID: 31022829 PMCID: PMC6631684 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comparison of the theoretical issues and experimental findings for plasmid DNA and mRNA vaccine technologies. While both have been under development since the 1990s, in recent years, significant excitement has turned to mRNA despite the licensure of several veterinary DNA vaccines. Both have required efforts to increase their potency either via manipulating the plasmid DNA and the mRNA directly or through the addition of adjuvants or immunomodulators as well as delivery systems and formulations. The greater inherent inflammatory nature of the mRNA vaccines is discussed for both its potential immunological utility for vaccines and for the potential toxicity. The status of the clinical trials of mRNA vaccines is described along with a comparison to DNA vaccines, specifically the immunogenicity of both licensed veterinary DNA vaccines and select DNA vaccine candidates in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Liu
- ProTherImmune, 3656 Happy Valley Road, Lafayette, CA 94549, USA.
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A multi-epitope DNA vaccine enables a broad engagement of diabetogenic T cells for tolerance in Type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2018; 98:13-23. [PMID: 30454875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by diabetogenic T cells that evaded tolerance mechanisms and react against multiple β-cell antigens. Antigen-specific therapy to reinstate tolerance (typically using a single β-cell antigen) has so far proved unsuccessful in T1D patients. Plasmid DNA (pDNA)-mediated expression of proinsulin has demonstrated transient protection in clinical trials, but long-lasting tolerance is yet to be achieved. We aimed to address whether pDNA delivery of multiple epitopes/mimotopes from several β-cell antigens efficiently presented to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells could also induce tolerance. This approach significantly delayed T1D development, while co-delivery of pDNA vectors expressing four full antigens protected more mice. Delivery of multiple epitopes resulted in a broad engagement of specific T cells, eliciting a response distinct from endogenous epitopes draining from islets. T-cell phenotypes also varied with antigen specificity. Unexpectedly, the repertoire of T cells reactive to the same epitope was highly polyclonal. Despite induction of some CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, protection from disease did not persist after treatment discontinuation. These data demonstrate that epitope-based tolerogenic DNA vaccines constitute effective precision medicine tools to target a broad range of specific CD4+ and CD8+ diabetogenic T-cell populations for prevention or treatment of T1D.
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Hobernik D, Bros M. DNA Vaccines-How Far From Clinical Use? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113605. [PMID: 30445702 PMCID: PMC6274812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two decades ago successful transfection of antigen presenting cells (APC) in vivo was demonstrated which resulted in the induction of primary adaptive immune responses. Due to the good biocompatibility of plasmid DNA, their cost-efficient production and long shelf life, many researchers aimed to develop DNA vaccine-based immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of infections and cancer, but also autoimmune diseases and allergies. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the course of action of DNA vaccines, and which factors are responsible for the poor immunogenicity in human so far. Important optimization steps that improve DNA transfection efficiency comprise the introduction of DNA-complexing nano-carriers aimed to prevent extracellular DNA degradation, enabling APC targeting, and enhanced endo/lysosomal escape of DNA. Attachment of virus-derived nuclear localization sequences facilitates nuclear entry of DNA. Improvements in DNA vaccine design include the use of APC-specific promotors for transcriptional targeting, the arrangement of multiple antigen sequences, the co-delivery of molecular adjuvants to prevent tolerance induction, and strategies to circumvent potential inhibitory effects of the vector backbone. Successful clinical use of DNA vaccines may require combined employment of all of these parameters, and combination treatment with additional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Hobernik
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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de Lázaro I, Yilmazer A, Nam Y, Qubisi S, Razak FMA, Degens H, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Non-viral, Tumor-free Induction of Transient Cell Reprogramming in Mouse Skeletal Muscle to Enhance Tissue Regeneration. Mol Ther 2018; 27:59-75. [PMID: 30470628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc (OKSM) transcription factors can de-differentiate adult cells in vivo. While sustained OKSM expression triggers tumorigenesis through uncontrolled proliferation of toti- and pluripotent cells, transient reprogramming induces pluripotency-like features and proliferation only temporarily, without teratomas. We sought to transiently reprogram cells within mouse skeletal muscle with a localized injection of plasmid DNA encoding OKSM (pOKSM), and we hypothesized that the generation of proliferative intermediates would enhance tissue regeneration after injury. Intramuscular pOKSM administration rapidly upregulated pluripotency (Nanog, Ecat1, and Rex1) and early myogenesis genes (Pax3) in the healthy gastrocnemius of various strains. Mononucleated cells expressing such markers appeared in clusters among myofibers, proliferated only transiently, and did not lead to dysplasia or tumorigenesis for at least 120 days. Nanog was also upregulated in the gastrocnemius when pOKSM was administered 7 days after surgically sectioning its medial head. Enhanced tissue regeneration after reprogramming was manifested by the accelerated appearance of centronucleated myofibers and reduced fibrosis. These results suggest that transient in vivo reprogramming could develop into a novel strategy toward the acceleration of tissue regeneration after injury, based on the induction of transiently proliferative, pluripotent-like cells in situ. Further research to achieve clinically meaningful functional regeneration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene de Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Acelya Yilmazer
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yein Nam
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sara Qubisi
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Fazilah Maizatul Abdul Razak
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Zou J, Xie X, Luo H, Shan C, Muruato AE, Weaver SC, Wang T, Shi PY. A single-dose plasmid-launched live-attenuated Zika vaccine induces protective immunity. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:92-102. [PMID: 30201444 PMCID: PMC6197676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines are the most effective means to fight and eradicate infectious diseases. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) usually have the advantages of single dose, rapid onset of immunity, and durable protection. DNA vaccines have the advantages of chemical stability, ease of production, and no cold chain requirement. The ability to combine the strengths of LAV and DNA vaccines may transform future vaccine development by eliminating cold chain and cell culture with the potential for adventitious agents. METHODS A DNA-launched LAV was developed for ZIKV virus (ZIKV), a pathogen that recently caused a global public health emergency. The cDNA copy of a ZIKV LAV genome was engineered into a DNA plasmid. The DNA-LAV plasmid was delivered into mice using a clinically proven device TriGrid™ to launch the replication of LAV. FINDINGS A single-dose immunization as low as 0.5 μg of DNA-LAV plasmid conferred 100% seroconversion in A129 mice. All seroconverted mice developed sterilizing immunity, as indicated by no detectable infectious viruses and no increase of neutralizing antibody titers after ZIKV challenge. The immunization also elicited robust T cell responses. In pregnant mice, the DNA-LAV vaccination fully protected against ZIKV-induced disease and maternal-to-fetal transmission. High levels of neutralizing activities were detected in fetal serum, indicating maternal-to-fetal humoral transfer. In male mice, a single-dose vaccination completely prevented testis infection, injury, and oligospermia. INTERPRETATION The remarkable simplicity and potency of ZIKV DNA-LAV warrant further development of this vaccine candidate. The DNA-LAV approach may serve as a universal vaccine platform for other plus-sense RNA viruses. FUND: National Institute of Health, Kleberg Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio E. Muruato
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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40
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Non-human papillomaviruses for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198996. [PMID: 29912929 PMCID: PMC6005490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus capsids are known to have the ability to package DNA plasmids and deliver them both in vitro and in vivo. Of all known papillomavirus types, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are by far the most intensely studied. Although HPVs work well as gene transfer vectors, their use is limited as most individuals are exposed to this virus either through a HPV vaccination or natural infection. To circumvent these constraints, we produced pseudovirions (PsVs) of ten non-human papillomavirus types and tested their transduction efficiencies in vitro. PsVs based on Macaca fascicularis papillomavirus-11 and Puma concolor papillomavirus-1 were further tested in vivo. Intramuscular transduction by PsVs led to months-long expression of a reporter plasmid, indicating that PsVs have potential as gene delivery vectors.
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Zeng C, Tang X, Du Y, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W. Dynamic distribution of formalin-inactivated Edwardsiella tarda in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) post intramuscular injection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 199:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Teixeira D, Ishimura ME, Apostólico JDS, Viel JM, Passarelli VC, Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS, Longo-Maugéri IM. Propionibacterium acnes Enhances the Immunogenicity of HIVBr18 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:177. [PMID: 29467764 PMCID: PMC5808300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization of BALB/c mice with HIVBr18, a DNA vaccine containing 18 CD4+ T cell epitopes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), induced specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in a broad, polyfunctional and persistent manner. With the aim of increasing the immunogenicity of this vaccine, the effect of Propionibacterium acnes as an adjuvant was evaluated. The adjuvant effects of this bacterium have been extensively demonstrated in both experimental and clinical settings. Herein, administration of two doses of HIVBr18, in the presence of P. acnes, increased the proliferation of HIV-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, the polyfunctional profile of CD4+ T cells, the production of IFN-γ, and the number of recognized vaccine-encoded peptides. One of the bacterial components responsible for most of the adjuvant effects observed was a soluble polysaccharide extracted from the P. acnes cell wall. Furthermore, within 10 weeks after immunization, the proliferation of specific T cells and production of IFN-γ were maintained when the whole bacterium was administered, demonstrating a greater effect on the longevity of the immune response by P. acnes. Even with fewer immunization doses, P. acnes was found to be a potent adjuvant capable of potentiating the effects of the HIVBr18 vaccine. Therefore, P. acnes may be a potential adjuvant to aid this vaccine in inducing immunity or for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Teixeira
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayari Eika Ishimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Souza Apostólico
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Miyuki Viel
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Cabelho Passarelli
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ieda Maria Longo-Maugéri
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hancock G, Hellner K, Dorrell L. Therapeutic HPV vaccines. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 47:59-72. [PMID: 29108943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is known to be a necessary factor for cervical and anogenital malignancies. Cervical cancers account for over a quarter of a million deaths annually. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPV infections remain extremely common worldwide. Furthermore, these vaccines are ineffective at clearing pre-existing infections and associated preinvasive lesions. As cervical dysplasia can regress spontaneously, a therapeutic HPV vaccine that boosts host immunity could have a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality associated with HPV. Therapeutic vaccines differ from prophylactic vaccines in that they are aimed at generating cell-mediated immunity rather than neutralising antibodies. This review will cover various therapeutic vaccine strategies in development for the treatment of HPV-associated lesions and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Hancock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - Karin Hellner
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Leyman B, Huysmans H, Mc Cafferty S, Combes F, Cox E, Devriendt B, Sanders NN. Comparison of the Expression Kinetics and Immunostimulatory Activity of Replicating mRNA, Nonreplicating mRNA, and pDNA after Intradermal Electroporation in Pigs. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:377-384. [PMID: 29297692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic mRNA is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to pDNA-based gene therapy. Currently, multiple synthetic mRNA platforms have been developed. In this study we investigated the expression kinetics and the changes in mRNA encoding cytokine and chemokine levels following intradermal electroporation in pigs of pDNA, self-replicating mRNA, and modified and unmodified mRNA. The self-replicating mRNA tended to induce the highest protein expression, followed by pDNA, modified mRNA, and unmodified mRNA. Interestingly, the self-replicating mRNA was able to maintain its high expression levels during at least 12 days. In contrast, the expression of pDNA and the nonreplicating mRNAs dropped after respectively one and two days. Six days after intradermal electroporation a dose-dependent expression was observed for all vectors. Again, also at lower doses, the self-replicating mRNA tended to show the highest expression. All the mRNA vectors, including the modified mRNA, induced elevated levels of mRNA encoding cytokines and chemokines in the porcine skin after intradermal electroporation, while no such response was noticed after intradermal electroporation of the pDNA vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje Leyman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics, and Ethology, Laboratory for Gene Therapy, Ghent University , Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hanne Huysmans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics, and Ethology, Laboratory for Gene Therapy, Ghent University , Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Séan Mc Cafferty
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics, and Ethology, Laboratory for Gene Therapy, Ghent University , Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute (CRIG), Ghent University , 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Francis Combes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics, and Ethology, Laboratory for Gene Therapy, Ghent University , Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute (CRIG), Ghent University , 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics, and Ethology, Laboratory for Gene Therapy, Ghent University , Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute (CRIG), Ghent University , 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Martins YA, Tsuchida CJ, Antoniassi P, Demarchi IG. Efficacy and Safety of the Immunization with DNA for Alzheimer's Disease in Animal Models: A Systematic Review from Literature. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:195-217. [PMID: 30480238 PMCID: PMC6159633 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that does not have a proven cure; however, one of the most promising strategies for its treatment has been DNA vaccines. OBJECTIVE The present review is aimed to report the new developments of the efficacy and safety of DNA vaccines for AD in animal models. METHOD The method PRISMA was used for this review. The article search was made in the electronic databases PubMed, LILACS, and Scopus using the descriptors ''Alzheimer disease" and ''Vaccine, DNA". Articles published between January 2001 and September 2017 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were included. RESULTS Upon the consensus, the researchers identified 28 original articles. The studies showed satisfying results as for the decrease of amyloid plaques in mouse, rabbits, and monkeys brains using mostly the DNA Aβ42 vaccine, AV-1955, and AdPEDI-(Aβ1-6)11, mainly with a gene gun. In addition to a reduction in tau by the first DNA vaccine (AV-1980D) targeting this protein. The use of adjuvants and boosters also had positive results as they increased the destruction of the amyloid plaques and induced an anti-inflammatory response profile without side effects. CONCLUSION The results of DNA vaccines targeting the amyloid-β and the tau protein with or without adjuvants and boosters were promising in reducing amyloid plaques and tau protein without side effects in animals. Although there are many vaccines being tested in animals, few reach clinical trials. Thus, as a future perspective, we suggest that clinical studies should be conducted with vaccines that have been promising in animal models (e.g., DNA Aβ42 vaccine, AV-1955, and AdPEDI-(Aβ1-6)11).
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Stachyra A, Rak M, Redkiewicz P, Madeja Z, Gawarecka K, Chojnacki T, Świeżewska E, Masnyk M, Chmielewski M, Sirko A, Góra-Sochacka A. Effective usage of cationic derivatives of polyprenols as carriers of DNA vaccines against influenza virus. Virol J 2017; 14:168. [PMID: 28865454 PMCID: PMC5581428 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cationic derivatives of polyprenols (trimethylpolyprenylammonium iodides – PTAI) with variable chain length between 6 and 15 isoprene units prepared from naturally occurring poly-cis-prenols were tested as DNA vaccine carriers in chickens and mice. This study aimed to investigate if PTAI could be used as an efficient carrier of a DNA vaccine. Methods Several vaccine mixtures were prepared by combining different proportions of the vaccine plasmid (carrying cDNA encoding a vaccine antigen, hemagglutinin from H5N1 influenza virus) and various compositions of PTAI. The vaccines were delivered by intramuscular injection to either chickens or mice. The presence of specific antibodies in sera collected from the immunized animals was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Results The mixtures of PTAI with helper lipids, such as DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine), DC-cholesterol [{3ß-[N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol} hydrochloride] or DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine) induced strong humoral response to the antigen encoded by the DNA vaccine plasmid. Conclusion The animal immunization results confirmed that PTAI compositions, especially mixtures of PTAI with DOPE and DC-cholesterol, do work as effective carriers of DNA vaccines, comparable to the commercially available lipid transfection reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachyra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Rak
- Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Patrycja Redkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Chojnacki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Świeżewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Masnyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Chmielewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Góra-Sochacka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Luo F, Zheng L, Hu Y, Liu S, Wang Y, Xiong Z, Hu X, Tan F. Induction of Protective Immunity against Toxoplasma gondii in Mice by Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolase-II (NTPase-II) Self-amplifying RNA Vaccine Encapsulated in Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28424680 PMCID: PMC5380742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-based vaccine represents an irresistible and safe immunization strategy with decreasing theoretical risks of genomic integration and malignant cell transformation. To our knowledge, however, there is no report about development of RNA vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii infection. We have previously demonstrated that the recombinant T. gondii nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase-II (NTPase-II) protein is able to provide protective Th1 cell-mediated immunity against T. gondii. Herein, we evaluated the immunogenic potential of a self-amplifying RNA vaccine-encoding T. gondii NTPase-II gene, RREP-NTPase-II, delivered by a synthetic lipid nanoparticle (LNP). Immunization of mice with naked RREP-NTPase-II induced a strong cellular and humoral immune response with high-IgG antibody titers and IFN-γ production. The immunized mice displayed significantly prolonged survival time and reduction in brain parasite load (46.4%) compared with control group. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with RREP-NTPase-II-encapsulated LNP displayed significantly enhanced protection against acute infection as well as chronic infection with PRU cyst, which shows 62.1% reduction in brain cyst burden in comparison to control group. These results suggest that the combination of self-amplifying RNA and LNP ion would be beneficial to the development of a safe and long-acting vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuji People's HospitalZhuji, China
| | - Lina Zheng
- Institute of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Shuxian Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Zhongkui Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shaoxing Second HospitalShaoxing, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Basic Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Laboratory Science and School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
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Gasper DJ, Neldner B, Plisch EH, Rustom H, Carrow E, Imai H, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Effective Respiratory CD8 T-Cell Immunity to Influenza Virus Induced by Intranasal Carbomer-Lecithin-Adjuvanted Non-replicating Vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006064. [PMID: 27997610 PMCID: PMC5173246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for clearing many viral infections, and protective CTL memory can be induced by vaccination with attenuated viruses and vectors. Non-replicating vaccines are typically potentiated by the addition of adjuvants that enhance humoral responses, however few are capable of generating CTL responses. Adjuplex is a carbomer-lecithin-based adjuvant demonstrated to elicit robust humoral immunity to non-replicating antigens. We report that mice immunized with non-replicating Adjuplex-adjuvanted vaccines generated robust antigen-specific CTL responses. Vaccination by the subcutaneous or the intranasal route stimulated systemic and mucosal CTL memory respectively. However, only CTL memory induced by intranasal vaccination was protective against influenza viral challenge, and correlated with an enhancement of memory CTLs in the airways and CD103+ CD69+ CXCR3+ resident memory-like CTLs in the lungs. Mechanistically, Myd88-deficient mice mounted primary CTL responses to Adjuplex vaccines that were similar in magnitude to wild-type mice, but exhibited altered differentiation of effector cell subsets. Immune potentiating effects of Adjuplex entailed alterations in the frequency of antigen-presenting-cell subsets in vaccine draining lymph nodes, and in the lungs and airways following intranasal vaccination. Further, Adjuplex enhanced the ability of dendritic cells to promote antigen-induced proliferation of naïve CD8 T cells by modulating antigen uptake, its intracellular localization, and rate of processing. Taken together, we have identified an adjuvant that elicits both systemic and mucosal CTL memory to non-replicating antigens, and engenders protective CTL-based heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus in the respiratory tract. Further, findings presented in this manuscript have provided key insights into the mechanisms and factors that govern the induction and programming of systemic and protective memory CTLs in the respiratory tract. Current respiratory-virus vaccines typically employ non-replicating antigens and rely solely on the generation of humoral responses for protection. Viruses such as influenza can mutate and escape these responses, thereby limiting immunity and necessitating revaccination. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) could provide broader protection by targeting viral components that infrequently mutate, however non-replicating vaccines capable of inducing CMI are not available. Impediments to vaccine development include an incomplete understanding of the nature of protective respiratory CMI and a lack of vaccine adjuvants capable of eliciting CMI to non-replicating antigens. Using a mouse model, we characterized the protective immunity afforded by CMI responses to non-replicating vaccines formulated with the adjuvant Adjuplex. We found that vaccination via either the subcutaneous or intranasal route was capable of inducing potent CMI responses. However, only intranasal vaccination protected against challenge with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. This protection correlated with enhancement of T cells with a resident-memory phenotype in the lungs. Additionally, mechanistic studies showed that Adjuplex affects antigen-presenting cells via activation and alteration of antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. The current studies: (1) identified an adjuvant that elicits protective CMI to respiratory viral pathogens; (2) suggested that stimulation of protective CMI in the respiratory tract requires intranasal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandon Neldner
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin H Plisch
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hani Rustom
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Carrow
- Advanced Bioadjuvants, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hirotaka Imai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Yang A, Farmer E, Lin J, Wu TC, Hung CF. The current state of therapeutic and T cell-based vaccines against human papillomaviruses. Virus Res 2016; 231:148-165. [PMID: 27932207 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be a necessary factor for many gynecologic malignancies and is also associated with a subset of head and neck malignancies. This knowledge has created the opportunity to control these HPV-associated cancers through vaccination. However, despite the availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines, HPV infections remain extremely common worldwide. In addition, while prophylactic HPV vaccines have been effective in preventing infection, they are ineffective at clearing pre-existing HPV infections. Thus, there is an urgent need for therapeutic and T cell-based vaccines to treat existing HPV infections and HPV-associated lesions and cancers. Unlike prophylactic vaccines, which generate neutralizing antibodies, therapeutic, and T cell-based vaccines enhance cell-mediated immunity against HPV antigens. Our review will cover various therapeutic and T cell-based vaccines in development for the treatment of HPV-associated diseases. Furthermore, we review the strategies to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines and the latest clinical trials on therapeutic and T cell-based HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Emily Farmer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John Lin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.
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Yang A, Farmer E, Wu TC, Hung CF. Perspectives for therapeutic HPV vaccine development. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:75. [PMID: 27809842 PMCID: PMC5096309 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and associated diseases remain a serious burden worldwide. It is now clear that HPV serves as the etiological factor and biologic carcinogen for HPV-associated lesions and cancers. Although preventative HPV vaccines are available, these vaccines do not induce strong therapeutic effects against established HPV infections and lesions. These concerns create a critical need for the development of therapeutic strategies, such as vaccines, to treat these existing infections and diseases. Main Body Unlike preventative vaccines, therapeutic vaccines aim to generate cell-mediated immunity. HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 are responsible for the malignant progression of HPV-associated diseases and are consistently expressed in HPV-associated diseases and cancer lesions; therefore, they serve as ideal targets for the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines. In this review we revisit therapeutic HPV vaccines that utilize this knowledge to treat HPV-associated lesions and cancers, with a focus on the findings of recent therapeutic HPV vaccine clinical trials. Conclusion Great progress has been made to develop and improve novel therapeutic HPV vaccines to treat existing HPV infections and diseases; however, there is still much work to be done. We believe that therapeutic HPV vaccines have the potential to become a widely available and successful therapy to treat HPV and HPV-associated diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Farmer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB II Room 307, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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