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Rane G, Kuan VLS, Wang S, Mok MMH, Khanchandani V, Hansen J, Norvaisaite I, Zulkaflee N, Yong WK, Jahn A, Mukundan VT, Shi Y, Osato M, Li F, Kappei D. ZBTB48 is a priming factor regulating B-cell-specific CIITA expression. EMBO J 2024; 43:6236-6263. [PMID: 39562739 PMCID: PMC11649694 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The class-II transactivator (CIITA) is the master regulator of MHC class-II gene expression and hence the adaptive immune response. Three cell type-specific promoters (pI, pIII, and pIV) are involved in the regulation of CIITA expression, which can be induced by IFN-γ in non-immune cells. While key regulatory elements have been identified within these promoters, our understanding of the transcription factors regulating CIITA expression is incomplete. Here, we demonstrate that the telomere-binding protein and transcriptional activator ZBTB48 directly binds to both critical activating elements within the B-cell-specific promoter CIITA pIII. ZBTB48 knockout impedes the CIITA/MHC-II expression program induced in non-APC cells by IFN-γ, and loss of ZBTB48 in mice silences MHC-II expression in pro-B and immature B cells. Transcriptional regulation of CIITA by ZBTB48 is enabled by ZBTB48-dependent chromatin opening at CIITA pIII upstream of activating H3K4me3 marks. We conclude that ZBTB48 primes CIITA pIII by acting as a molecular on-off-switch for B-cell-specific CIITA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grishma Rane
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivian L S Kuan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suman Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Michelle Meng Huang Mok
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vartika Khanchandani
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julia Hansen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ieva Norvaisaite
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naasyidah Zulkaflee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Khang Yong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arne Jahn
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- ERN-GENTURIS, Hereditary Cancer Syndrome Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vineeth T Mukundan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yunyu Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fudong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Forlani G, Shallak M, Gatta A, Shaik AKB, Accolla RS. The NLR member CIITA: Master controller of adaptive and intrinsic immunity and unexpected tool in cancer immunotherapy. Biomed J 2023; 46:100631. [PMID: 37467968 PMCID: PMC10505679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLR) include a large family of proteins that have important functions in basic physio-pathological processes like inflammation, cell death and regulation of transcription of key molecules for the homeostasis of the immune system. They are all characterized by a common backbone structure (the STAND ATPase module consisting in a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD), an helical domain 1 (HD1) and a winged helix domain (WHD), used by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as defense mechanism. In this review, we will focus on the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA), the master regulator of MHC class II (MHC-II) gene expression and the founding member of NLR. Although a consistent part of the described NLR family components is often recalled as innate or intrinsic immune sensors, CIITA in fact occupies a special place as a unique example of regulator of both intrinsic and adaptive immunity. The description of the discovery of CIITA and the genetic and molecular characterization of its expression will be followed by the most recent studies that have unveiled this dual role of CIITA, key molecule in intrinsic immunity as restriction factor for human retroviruses and precious tool to induce the expression of MHC-II molecules in cancer cells, rendering them potent surrogate antigen presenting cells (APC) for their own tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Mariam Shallak
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Gatta
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Amruth K B Shaik
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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Ma X, Deng J, Han L, Song Y, Miao Y, Du X, Dang G, Yang D, Zhong B, Jiang C, Kong W, Xu Q, Feng J, Wang X. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals B cell-T cell interactions in vascular adventitia of hyperhomocysteinemia-accelerated atherosclerosis. Protein Cell 2022; 13:540-547. [PMID: 35175542 PMCID: PMC9226200 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Center of Vascular Regeneration, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lulu Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yutong Miao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xing Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guohui Dang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dongmin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bitao Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Zhu D, Tang Q, Yu B, Meng M, Liu W, Li J, Zhu T, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SW, Zhang Y, Shi Y. Major histocompatibility complexes are up-regulated in glomerular endothelial cells via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in 5/6 nephrectomy mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5131-5147. [PMID: 32830316 PMCID: PMC7589013 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study aims to explore the mechanism underlying the up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in glomerular endothelial cells in 5/6 nephrectomy mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57/BL6 mice were randomly allocated to sham-operated (2K) and 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) groups. Mouse splenic lymphocytes, from either syngeneic or allogeneic background, were injected into 5/6Nx mice after total body irradiation. Human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs) were cultured for experiments in vitro. Western blots, PCR, immunohistochemical and fluorescent staining were used, along with assays of tissue cytokines, lymphocyte migration and renal function. KEY RESULTS Four weeks after nephrectomy, expression of both mRNA and protein of MHC II, CD80, and CD86 were increased in 5/6Nx glomerular endothelial cells. After total body irradiation, 5/6Nx mice injected with lymphocytes from Balb/c mice, but not those from C57/BL6 mice, exhibited increased creatinine levels, indicating that allograft lymphocyte transfer impaired renal function. In HGECs, the protein levels of MHC and MHC Class II transactivator (CIITA) were increased by stimulation with TNF-α or IFN-γ, which promoted human lymphocytes movement. These increases were reduced by JNK inhibitors. In the 5/6Nx mice, JNK inhibition down-regulated MHC II protein in glomerular endothelial cells, suggesting that JNK signalling participates in the regulation of MHC II protein. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic inflammation in mice subjected to nephrectomy induces the up-regulation of MHC molecules in glomerular endothelial cells. This up-regulation is reduced by inhibition of JNK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of UrologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qunye Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of UrologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Baixue Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Clinical ScienceZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mei Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Clinical ScienceZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Clinical ScienceZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiawei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of UrologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of UrologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Paul M. Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Susan W.S. Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Clinical ScienceZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Clinical ScienceZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Huang J, Hang JJ, Qin XR, Huang J, Wang XY. Interaction of H. pylori with toll-like receptor 2-196 to -174 ins/del polymorphism is associated with gastric cancer susceptibility in southern China. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:494-500. [PMID: 30554285 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors play important roles in gastric carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of TLR2-196 to -174 ins/del polymorphism in gastric cancer susceptibility and prognosis. METHODS This study included 520 people from southern China. Samples were genotyped by the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, among which 10% were randomly selected for sequencing. The serological method was used to determine Helicobacter pylori. RESULTS The TLR2 genotype was not associated with the risk of H. pylori infection. The del/del genotype exhibited significantly higher gastric cancer risk (adjusted OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.33‒5.07) than that of the ins/ins genotype. Further stratification analyses demonstrated that the del/del genotype was associated with a risk of intestinal gastric cancer (adjusted OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.34-5.14). In addition, the presence of the del/del genotype and the H. pylori infection conferred a synergistic effect (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.33‒6.98) for the development of gastric cancer. The del/del genotype was not associated with a poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. CONCLUSION The del/del genotype is associated with an increased gastric cancer risk in the southern Chinese population. However, TLR2 polymorphism is neither associated with H. pylori infection, nor with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hang
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Axelrod ML, Cook RS, Johnson DB, Balko JM. Biological Consequences of MHC-II Expression by Tumor Cells in Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2392-2402. [PMID: 30463850 PMCID: PMC6467754 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a key pillar of cancer treatment. To build upon the recent successes of immunotherapy, intense research efforts are aimed at a molecular understanding of antitumor immune responses, identification of biomarkers of immunotherapy response and resistance, and novel strategies to circumvent resistance. These studies are revealing new insight into the intricacies of tumor cell recognition by the immune system, in large part through MHCs. Although tumor cells widely express MHC-I, a subset of tumors originating from a variety of tissues also express MHC-II, an antigen-presenting complex traditionally associated with professional antigen-presenting cells. MHC-II is critical for antigen presentation to CD4+ T lymphocytes, whose role in antitumor immunity is becoming increasingly appreciated. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that tumor-specific MHC-II associates with favorable outcomes in patients with cancer, including those treated with immunotherapies, and with tumor rejection in murine models. Herein, we will review current research regarding tumor-enriched MHC-II expression and regulation in a range of human tumors and murine models, and the possible therapeutic applications of tumor-specific MHC-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Axelrod
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca S Cook
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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7
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Suzuki K, Luo Y. Histone Acetylation and the Regulation of Major Histocompatibility Class II Gene Expression. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 106:71-111. [PMID: 28057216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are essential for processing and presenting exogenous pathogen antigens to activate CD4+ T cells. Given their central role in adaptive immune responses, MHC class II genes are tightly regulated in a tissue- and activation-specific manner. The regulation of MHC class II gene expression involves various transcription factors that interact with conserved proximal cis-acting regulatory promoter elements, as well as MHC class II transactivator that interacts with a variety of chromatin remodeling machineries. Recent studies also identified distal regulatory elements within MHC class II gene locus that provide enormous insight into the long-range coordination of MHC class II gene expression. Novel therapeutic modalities that can modify MHC class II genes at the epigenetic level are emerging and are currently in preclinical and clinical trials. This review will focus on the role of chromatin remodeling, particularly remodeling that involves histone acetylation, in the constitutive and inducible regulation of MHC class II gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Japan.
| | - Y Luo
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Japan
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Yau ACY, Piehl F, Olsson T, Holmdahl R. Effects of C2ta genetic polymorphisms on MHC class II expression and autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2016; 150:408-417. [PMID: 27861821 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by the MHC-II to CD4+ T cells is important in adaptive immune responses. The class II transactivator (CIITA in human and C2TA in mouse) is the master regulator of MHC-II gene expression. It coordinates the transcription factors necessary for the transcription of MHC-II molecules. In humans, genetic variations in CIITA have been associated with differential expression of MHC-II and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Here we made use of a C2ta congenic mouse strain (expressing MHC-II haplotype H-2q ) to investigate the effect of the natural genetic polymorphisms in type I promoter of C2ta on MHC-II expression and function. We demonstrate that an allelic variant in the type I promoter of C2ta resulted in an increased expression of MHC-II on macrophages (72-151% higher mean florescence intensity) and conventional dendritic cells (13-65% higher mean florescence intensity) in both spleen and peripheral blood. The increase in MHC-II expression resulted in an increase in antigen presentation to T cells in vitro and increased T-cell activation. The differential MHC-II expression in B6Q.C2ta, however, did not alter the disease development in models of rheumatoid arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis and human glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase325-339 -peptide-induced arthritis), or multiple sclerosis (MOG1-125 protein-induced and MOG79-96 peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis). This is the first study to address the role of an allelic variant in type I promoter of C2ta in MHC-II expression and autoimmune diseases; and shows that C2ta polymorphisms regulate MHC-II expression and T-cell responses but do not necessarily have a strong impact on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Y Yau
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bovine leukemia virus: a major silent threat to proper immune responses in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:103-14. [PMID: 25554478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is widespread in the US dairy industry and the majority of producers do not actively try to manage or reduce BLV incidence within their herds. However, BLV is estimated to cost the dairy industry hundreds of millions of dollars annually and this is likely a conservative estimate. BLV is not thought to cause animal distress or serious pathology unless infection progresses to leukemia or lymphoma. However, a wealth of research supports the notion that BLV infection causes widespread abnormal immune function. BLV infection can impact cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system and alter proper functioning of uninfected cells. Despite strong evidence of abnormal immune signaling and functioning, little research has investigated the large-scale effects of BLV infection on host immunity and resistance to other infectious diseases. This review focuses on mechanisms of immune suppression associated with BLV infection, specifically aberrant signaling, proliferation and apoptosis, and the implications of switching from BLV latency to activation. In addition, this review will highlight underdeveloped areas of research relating to BLV infection and how it causes immune suppression.
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10
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Activation of ERα signaling differentially modulates IFN-γ induced HLA-class II expression in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87377. [PMID: 24475282 PMCID: PMC3903652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordinate regulation of HLA class II (HLA-II) is controlled by the class II transactivator, CIITA, and is crucial for the development of anti-tumor immunity. HLA-II in breast carcinoma is associated with increased IFN-γ levels, reduced expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) and reduced age at diagnosis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that estradiol (E2) and ERα signaling contribute to the regulation of IFN-γ inducible HLA-II in breast cancer cells. Using a panel of established ER− and ER+ breast cancer cell lines, we showed that E2 attenuated HLA-DR in two ER+ lines (MCF-7 and BT-474), but not in T47D, while it augmented expression in ER− lines, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231. To further study the mechanism(s), we used paired transfectants: ERα+ MC2 (MDA-MB-231 c10A transfected with the wild type ERα gene) and ERα− VC5 (MDA-MB-231 c10A transfected with the empty vector), treated or not with E2 and IFN-γ. HLA-II and CIITA were severely reduced in MC2 compared to VC5 and were further exacerbated by E2 treatment. Reduced expression occurred at the level of the IFN-γ inducible CIITA promoter IV. The anti-estrogen ICI 182,780 and gene silencing with ESR1 siRNA reversed the E2 inhibitory effects, signifying an antagonistic role for activated ERα on CIITA pIV activity. Moreover, STAT1 signaling, necessary for CIITA pIV activation, and selected STAT1 regulated genes were variably downregulated by E2 in transfected and endogenous ERα positive breast cancer cells, whereas STAT1 signaling was noticeably augmented in ERα− breast cancer cells. Collectively, these results imply immune escape mechanisms in ERα+ breast cancer may be facilitated through an ERα suppressive mechanism on IFN-γ signaling.
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CIITA promoter I CARD-deficient mice express functional MHC class II genes in myeloid and lymphoid compartments. Genes Immun 2012; 13:299-310. [PMID: 22218223 PMCID: PMC3366023 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Three distinct promoters control the master regulator of MHC class II expression, CIITA, in a cell type specific manner. Promoter I (pI) CIITA, expressed primarily by dendritic cells and macrophages, expresses a unique isoform that contains a caspase recruitment domain. The activity and function of this isoform is not understood but has been thought to enhance the function of CIITA in antigen presenting cells. To determine if isoform I of CIITA has specific functions, CIITA mutant mice were created in which isoform I was replaced with isoform III sequences. Mice in which pI and the CARD encoding exon were deleted were also created. No defect in the formation of CD4 T cells, the ability to respond to a model antigen, or bacterial or viral challenge was observed in mice lacking CIITA isoform I. Although CIITA and MHC-II expression was decreased in splenic DC, the pI knockout animals expressed CIITA from downstream promoters, suggesting that control of pI activity is mediated by unknown s II distal elements that could act at the pIII, the B cell promoter. Thus, no critical function is linked to the CARD domain of CIITA isoform I with respect to basic immune system development, function and challenge.
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12
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Epigenetic regulation of CIITA expression in human T-cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1430-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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van den Elsen PJ. Expression regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II encoding genes. Front Immunol 2011; 2:48. [PMID: 22566838 PMCID: PMC3342053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and MHC-II molecules play an essential role in the immune response to pathogens by virtue of their ability to present peptides to CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. Given this critical role, MHC-I and MHC-II genes are regulated in a tight fashion at the transcriptional level by a variety of transcription factors that interact with conserved cis-acting regulatory promoter elements. In addition to the activities of these regulatory factors, modification of chromatin also plays an essential role in the efficient transcription of these genes to meet with local requirement for an effective immune response. The focus of this review is on the transcription factors that interact with conserved cis-acting promoter elements and the epigenetic mechanisms that modulate induced and constitutive expression of these MHC genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J van den Elsen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands.
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14
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Smith MA, Wright G, Wu J, Tailor P, Ozato K, Chen X, Wei S, Piskurich JF, Ting JPY, Wright KL. Positive regulatory domain I (PRDM1) and IRF8/PU.1 counter-regulate MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) expression during dendritic cell maturation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:7893-7904. [PMID: 21216962 PMCID: PMC3048676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.165431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key mediators of immune function through robust and tightly regulated presentation of antigen in the context of the MHC Class II. MHC Class II expression is controlled by the transactivator CIITA. CIITA expression in conventional DCs is uniquely dependent on an uncharacterized myeloid cell-specific promoter, CIITApI. We now identify in vivo the promoter structure and factors regulating CIITApI. In immature DCs transcription requires binding of PU.1, IRF8, NFκB, and Sp1 to the promoter. PU.1 binds independently at one site and in a required heterodimer with IRF8 at a composite element. DCs from IRF8-null mice have an unoccupied CIITApI promoter that can be rescued by reconstitution with IRF8 in vitro. Furthermore, mutation of either PU.1 site or the IFR8 site inhibits transcriptional activation. In vivo footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that DC maturation induces complete disassociation of the bound activators paralleled by recruitment of PRDM1/Blimp-1 to the promoter. PRDM1 is a transcriptional repressor with essential roles in B cells, T cells, NK cells, and DCs. We show that PRDM1 co-repressors, G9a and HDAC2, are recruited to CIITApI, leading to a loss of histone acetylation and acquisition of histone H3K9 dimethylation and heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP1γ). PRDM1 binding also blocks IRF8-mediated activation dependent on the PU.1/IRF composite element. Together these findings reveal the mechanisms regulating CIITA and, thus, antigen presentation in DCs, demonstrating that PRDM1 and IRF8/PU.1 counter-regulate expression. The activity of PRDM1 in silencing all three cell type-specific CIITA promoters places it as a central regulator of antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Smith
- From the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Gabriela Wright
- From the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Jian Wu
- From the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Prafullakumar Tailor
- the Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Keiko Ozato
- the Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Xianghong Chen
- From the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Sheng Wei
- From the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Janet F Piskurich
- the Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905, and
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- the Department of Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kenneth L Wright
- From the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612,.
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15
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Epigenetic Control in Immune Function. EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE 2011; 711:36-49. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8216-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Zhang C, Luo X, Ni X, Zhang Y, Li X. Functional characterization of cis-acting elements mediating flavone-inducible expression of CYP321A1. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:898-908. [PMID: 20854909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
How plant allelochemicals elicit herbivore counterdefense genes remains largely unknown. To define the cis-acting elements for flavone inducibility of the allelochemical-metabolizing CYP321A1 from Helicoverpa zea, functions of varying length of CYP321A1 promoter are examined in H. zea fatbody cells. Progressive 3' deletions reveal presence of positive elements in the 5' untranslated region (UTR). Progressive 5' deletions map out regions of one essential element, four enhancers, and two silencers. Further progressive 5'deletions localize the essential element to a 36-bp region from -109 to -74. This essential element, designated as xenobiotic response element to flavone (XRE-Fla), contains a 5' AT-only TAAT inverted repeat, a GCT mirror repeat and a 3' antioxidant response element-like element. Internal deletions and substitution mutations show that the TAAT repeat is only necessary for the maximal flavone inducibility, whereas the other two components are necessary for the basal and flavone-induced expression of CYP321A1. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrate that XRE-Fla specifically binds to H. zea fatbody cell nuclear extracts and flavone treatment increases the nuclear concentrations of the yet-to-be characterized transcription factors binding to XRE-Fla. Taken together, CYP321A1 expression is regulated primarily by XRE-Fla and secondarily by other cis elements scattered in its promoter and 5' UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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17
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Junpee A, Tencomnao T, Sanprasert V, Nuchprayoon S. Association between Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) polymorphisms and asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:807-16. [PMID: 20549240 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is mainly caused by the filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. Wolbachia, intracellular symbiotic bacteria in filarial parasite, is known to induce immune response predominantly through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). This study was performed to investigate the association between polymorphisms of the TLR2 gene and susceptibility to asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis. A total of 142 unrelated asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis patients and 151 endemic normal controls in Tak province, Thailand were recruited into this study. The -196 to -173 deletion (del) polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region was investigated by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms, +597 T>C and +1350 T>C, in exon 3 were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Furthermore, we analyzed the functional difference between the TLR2 -196 to -173 del and wild-type (wt) alleles using the luciferase reporter assay. All three polymorphisms were associated with a higher risk of asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis and were in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other. The TLR2 haplotype -196 to -173del/+597C/+1350C was strongly associated with an increased risk of asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis. The TLR2 -196 to -173 del allele had a significantly lower transcriptional activity than wt allele. The results of our study indicate that TLR2 -196 to -173 del, +597 T>C and +1350 T>C polymorphisms are associated with asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis in Thailand. Our functional study also supports this finding with respect to differential TLR2 gene expression by -196 to -173 del polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Junpee
- Lymphatic Filariasis Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Chulalongkorn Medical Research Center (Chula MRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand,
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18
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Yoon H, Boss JM. PU.1 binds to a distal regulatory element that is necessary for B cell-specific expression of CIITA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5018-28. [PMID: 20363966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator CIITA regulates MHC class II genes. In the mouse, CIITA is expressed from three distinct promoters (pI, pIII, and pIV) in a developmental and cell type-specific manner with pIII being responsible for B lymphocyte-specific expression. Although the promoter proximal sequences that regulate CIITA in B cells have been described, nothing is known about additional distal elements that may regulate its expression in B cells. Sequence homology comparisons, DNase I hypersensitivity assays, and histone modification analysis revealed a potential regulatory element located 11 kb upstream of pIII. Deletion of this element, termed hypersensitive site 1 (HSS1), in a bacterial artificial chromosome encoding the entire CIITA locus and surrounding genes, resulted in a complete loss of CIITA expression from the bacterial artificial chromosome following transfection into B cells. HSS1 and pIII displayed open chromatin architecture features in B cell but not in plasma cell lines, which are silenced for CIITA expression. PU.1 was found to bind HSS1 and pIII in B cells but not in plasma cells. Depletion of PU.1 by short hairpin RNA reduced CIITA expression. Chromatin conformation capture assays showed that HSS1 interacted directly with pIII in B cells and that PU.1 was important for this interaction. These results provide evidence that HSS1 is required for B cell-specific expression of CIITA and that HSS1 functions by interacting with pIII, forming a long-distance chromatin loop that is partly mediated through PU.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesuk Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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19
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The B cell, arthritis, and the sympathetic nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:186-92. [PMID: 19616611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is still an unresolved puzzle. Many factors and inflammatory cells play together to initiate a chronic inflammatory process that, if untreated, leads to complete destruction of involved joints. Recent success in treating severe forms of RA with B cell-depleting or -modifying agents revived the concept that the B cell might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of some forms of arthritis. However, the rather unspecific treatment approach affecting all B cells, no matter if autoreactive or not, leads to potential harmful side-effects, e.g., severe infections. Therefore, finding regulatory systems that more specifically modulate B cell function is important to improve current treatment options. One such regulatory system is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which is known to modulate B cell function, but also profoundly influences arthritis development and severity. This review develops the hypothesis that the SNS via modulating B cell function influences arthritis development and progression. For this purpose data is presented that shows (1) how the SNS influences B cell function, (2) how the SNS influences arthritis development and severity, and (3) how B cells are involved in the disease process with an emphasis on possible contact points for SNS neuromodulation.
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20
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Baek IC, Kim JK, Cho KH, Cha DS, Cho JW, Park JK, Song CW, Yoon SK. A novel mutation in Hr causes abnormal hair follicle morphogenesis in hairpoor mouse, an animal model for Marie Unna Hereditary Hypotrichosis. Mamm Genome 2009; 20:350-8. [PMID: 19513791 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-009-9191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hairpoor mice (Hr(Hp)) were derived through N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis. These mice display sparse and short hair in the Hr(Hp)/+ heterozygous state and complete baldness in the Hr(Hp)/Hr(Hp) homozygous state. This phenotype was irreversible and was inherited in an autosomal semidominant manner. Hair follicles (HFs) of Hr(Hp)/+ mice underwent normal cycling and appeared normal, although smaller than those of the wild-type mice. In contrast, HFs of Hr(Hp)/Hr(Hp) mice became cyst-like structures by postnatal day (P) 21. The number and length of vibrissae decreased in a dose-dependent manner as the number of mutant alleles increased. A positional candidate gene approach was used to identify the gene responsible for the hairpoor phenotype. Genetic linkage analysis determined that the hairpoor locus is 2 cm from D14Mit34 on chromosome 14. Sequence analysis of the exons of the candidate gene hairless revealed a T-to-A transversion mutation at nucleotide position 403 (exon 2), presumably resulting in abolishment of an upstream open reading frame (uORF). In addition, we also found that the near-naked mouse (Hr(N)), a spontaneously arising mutant, harbors a A402G transition in its genome. Both mutations were in the uATG codon of the second uORF in the 5' UTR and corresponded to the mutations identified in Marie Unna Hereditary Hypotrichosis (MUHH) patients. In the present study we describe the phenotype, histological morphology, and molecular etiology of an animal model of MUHH, the hairpoor mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Cheol Baek
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Hsiao YW, Liao KW, Chung TF, Liu CH, Hsu CD, Chu RM. Interactions of host IL-6 and IFN-gamma and cancer-derived TGF-beta1 on MHC molecule expression during tumor spontaneous regression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1091-104. [PMID: 18259750 PMCID: PMC11029876 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many tumors down-regulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen expression to evade host immune surveillance. However, there are very few in vivo models to study MHC antigen expression during tumor spontaneous regression. In addition, the roles of transforming growth factor betal (TGF-beta1), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin (IL)-6 in modulating MHC antigen expression are ill understood. We previously reported that tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-derived IL-6 inhibits TGF-beta1 and restores natural killing (NK) activity. Using an in vivo canine-transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) tumor model, we presently assessed IL-6 and TGF-beta involvement associated with the MHC antigen expression that is commonly suppressed in cancers. IL-6, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta1, closely interacted with each other and modulated MHC antigen expression. In the presence of tumor-derived TGF-beta1, host IFN-gamma from TIL was not active and, therefore, there was low expression of MHC antigen during tumor progression. TGF-beta1-neutralizing antibody restored IFN-gamma-activated MHC antigen expression on tumor cells. The addition of exogenous IL-6 that has potent anti-TGF-beta1 activity restored IFN-gamma activity and promoted MHC antigen expression. IFN-gamma and IL-6 in combination acted synergistically to enhance the expression of MHC antigen. Thus, the three cytokines, IL-6, TGF-beta1, and IFN-gamma, closely interacted to modulate the MHC antigen expression. Furthermore, transcription factors, including STAT-1, STAT-3, IRF-1, NF-kappaB, and CREB, were significantly elevated after IL-6 and IFN-gamma treatment. We conclude that the host IL-6 derived from TIL works in combination with host IFN-gamma to enhance MHC molecule expression formerly inhibited by TGF-beta1, driving the tumor toward regression. It is suggested that the treatment of cancer cells that constitutively secrete TGF-beta1 should incorporate anti-TGF-beta activity. The findings in this in vivo tumor regression model have potential applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of the Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tien-Fu Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Da Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rea-Min Chu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Cancer Research Center, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106 Taiwan, ROC
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22
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CC chemokine receptor 5 gene promoter activation by the cyclic AMP response element binding transcription factor. Blood 2008; 112:1610-9. [PMID: 18511806 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-135111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 is implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, transplant rejection, and autoimmunity. In previous studies, we have shown that MS lesions are characterized by enhanced expression of transcription factors associated with stress responses, ie, IRF-1, NF-kappaB, and CREB-1, which modulate expression of both classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The expression of MHC-I and MHC-II molecules greatly overlaps with the expression of CCR5 in MS lesions. Therefore, we investigated whether these factors are also involved in the transcriptional regulation of CCR5. Using in vitro assays, we determined that neither IRF-1 nor NF-kappaB is involved in the activation of the CCR5 promoter. This is corroborated by the finding that these factors are not involved in the induction of endogenous CCR5 transcription in various cell types. In contrast, we show that CCR5 expression is regulated by the cAMP/CREB pathway and that interference in this pathway affects endogenous CCR5 transcription. From this, we conclude that the cAMP/CREB pathway is involved in the regulation of CCR5 transcription and that, given the ubiquitous nature of CREB-1 protein expression, additional regulatory mechanisms must contribute to cell type-specific expression of CCR5.
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23
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Ströbel P, Chuang WY, Chuvpilo S, Zettl A, Katzenberger T, Kalbacher H, Rieckmann P, Nix W, Schalke B, Gold R, Müller-Hermelink HK, Peterson P, Marx A. Common cellular and diverse genetic basis of thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis: role of MHC class II and AIRE genes and genetic polymorphisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1132:143-56. [PMID: 18567864 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1405.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Generation of autoreactive CD4(+) effector T cells and defective production of regulatory CD4(+) T cells inside thymomas contribute to the development of myasthenia gravis (MG) in >90% of MG(+) thymomas. The molecular basis of these abnormalities is unknown. We report here that a) expression levels of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) genes are variably decreased in thymomas, most prominently in histological WHO types A and AB; b) epithelial cells of type A and AB thymomas exhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-1)-related defects of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) signaling and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression in vitro; c) the promoter III (pIII)- and pIV-driven splice variants of the MHCII transactivator (CIITA) play a key role in MHCII gene expression in thymus and thymomas; and d) the pIV CIITA promoter is heavily methylated in thymomas. Recently, we also found that expression of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene is absent from approximately 95% of thymomas. Among all theses abnormalities, only better preserved expression levels of MHCII (P < 0.001) in thymomas were significantly associated with the presence of MG. Taking the association of a gain-of-function polymorphism of the CTLA-4 and PTPN22 gene with MG in thymomas into account, we conclude that these acquired cellular abnormalities of the thymoma microenvironment in concert with inherited genetic high-risk polymorphisms of immunoregulatory genes have an impact on intratumorous thymopoiesis and appear to tip the balance toward central tolerance failure and development of MG. The findings imply that IFN-gamma and STAT-1 signaling play a role in MHCII expression in the human thymus and in the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany.
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24
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Kuipers HF, van den Elsen PJ. Immunomodulation by statins: Inhibition of cholesterol vs. isoprenoid biosynthesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2007; 61:400-7. [PMID: 17643927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol, statins are widely used in medical practice and are the principal therapy for hypercholesterolemia. In addition, various findings suggest that statins also exert anti-inflammatory properties and may so play a role in modulating the immune system. Because of these properties, statins could provide a potential treatment for various chronic inflammatory diseases, including neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we will review the effect of statins on the expression and function of a variety of immune relevant molecules and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the immunomodulatory properties of statins. In this discussion we will also evaluate the effects of statins on central nervous system cells to emphasize the potential of these agents in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Nguyên TLA, de Walque S, Veithen E, Dekoninck A, Martinelli V, de Launoit Y, Burny A, Harrod R, Van Lint C. Transcriptional regulation of the bovine leukemia virus promoter by the cyclic AMP-response element modulator tau isoform. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20854-67. [PMID: 17526487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703060200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) expression is controlled at the transcriptional level through three Tax(BLV)-responsive elements (TxREs) responsive to the viral transactivator Tax(BLV). The cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) has been shown to interact with CRE-like sequences present in the middle of each of these TxREs and to play critical transcriptional roles in both basal and Tax(BLV)-transactivated BLV promoter activity. In this study, we have investigated the potential involvement of the cAMP-response element modulator (CREM) in BLV transcriptional regulation, and we have demonstrated that CREM proteins were expressed in BLV-infected cells and bound to the three BLV TxREs in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using BLV-infected cell lines demonstrated in the context of chromatin that CREM proteins were recruited to the BLV promoter TxRE region in vivo. Functional studies, in the absence of Tax(BLV), indicated that ectopic CREMtau protein had a CRE-dependent stimulatory effect on BLV promoter transcriptional activity. Cross-link of the B-cell receptor potentiated CREMtau transactivation of the viral promoter. Further experiments supported the notion that this potentiation involved CREMtau Ser-117 phosphorylation and recruitment of CBP/p300 to the BLV promoter. Although CREB and Tax(BLV) synergistically transactivated the BLV promoter, CREMtau repressed this Tax(BLV)/CREB synergism, suggesting that a modulation of the level of Tax(BLV) transactivation through opposite actions of CREB and CREMtau could facilitate immune escape and allow tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Lien-Anh Nguyên
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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26
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Colmone A, Li S, Wang CR. Activating transcription factor/cAMP response element binding protein family member regulated transcription of CD1A. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2006; 177:7024-32. [PMID: 17082618 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CD1a has a unique expression pattern among Ag-presenting molecules, expressed specifically on cortical thymocytes and APCs. As autoimmune disease, infection, and tumors can all result in alteration of CD1a expression, we are attempting to characterize the transcriptional regulation, and thus shed some light on specific expression, of CD1A. In this study, we have identified a minimal proximal promoter region required for CD1A transcription. Computer searches within this region identified numerous potential binding sites for lymphoid-specific transcription factors, including the ETS transcription factors, C/EBP, GATA, and CREB. Deletion and site-specific mutant analysis revealed a critical role of a potential cAMP response element (CRE) 965 bp upstream of the CD1A translation start site. Two activating transcription factor (ATF)/CREB family members, CREB-1 and ATF-2, are able to bind this site in vitro and in vivo. Notably, activation of ATF/CREB family members decreases CD1A transcription, while decrease in ATF-2 expression results in increased CD1A RNA level. The fact that these factors also bind the CD1A promoter in human monocytes strongly suggests a role for ATF/CREB family members in regulation of CD1A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Colmone
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Holling TM, van Eggermond MCJA, Jager MJ, van den Elsen PJ. Epigenetic silencing of MHC2TA transcription in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1570-6. [PMID: 16879803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lack of expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules of both classes is frequently noted on tumour cells . It is thought that in this way tumour cells escape immunosurveillance. The genes encoding both classes of MHC molecules are localized on the distal part of chromosome 6 (6p21.3). The class II transactivator (CIITA), encoded by the MHC2TA gene, is essential for transcriptional activation of all MHC-II genes, while it has a helper function in the transcriptional regulation of MHC-I genes (with the exception of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G) and of the gene encoding beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) . Here we discuss our current knowledge on the expression characteristics of MHC2TA and argue for an important role of epigenetic factors and mechanisms in the transcriptional silencing of MHC2TA in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjadine M Holling
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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van der Stoep N, Quinten E, Alblas G, Plancke A, van Eggermond MCJA, Holling TM, van den Elsen PJ. Constitutive and IFNgamma-induced activation of MHC2TA promoter type III in human melanoma cell lines is governed by separate regulatory elements within the PIII upstream regulatory region. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:2036-46. [PMID: 17067677 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines established from tumor tissue of cutaneous melanoma biopsies often display constitutive and IFNgamma-inducible expression of MHC class II molecules. The expression of MHC class II molecules in melanoma is associated with an overall poor prognosis and unfavorable clinical outcome. We have analyzed the DNA elements and interacting transcription factors that control the constitutive and IFNgamma-inducible expression of the class II transactivator (CIITA), a co-activator essential for transcription of all MHC class II genes. Our studies reveal the activation of multiple CIITA promoter regions (CIITA-PII, -PIII and -PIV) in melanoma cell lines for both the constitutive and IFNgamma-inducible expression of MHC class II molecules. Furthermore, we show that constitutive and IFNgamma-inducible expression of the CIITA-PIII isoform is governed by separate regulatory elements within the PIII upstream regulatory region (PURR). Similarly constitutive activation in melanoma of CIITA-PII, CIITA-PIII, and CIITA-PIV does not require components of the IFNgamma signaling pathway. However, these components are readily recruited to the PURR and CIITA-PIV after exposure of cells to IFNgamma and account for the IFNgamma-induced expression of CIITA. Together, our data reveal the contribution of distinct elements and factors in the constitutive and IFNgamma-inducible expression of CIITA in melanoma cell lines of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van der Stoep
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Building 1, E3-Q, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Green MR, Yoon H, Boss JM. Epigenetic Regulation during B Cell Differentiation Controls CIITA Promoter Accessibility. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3865-73. [PMID: 16951349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell to plasma cell maturation is marked by the loss of MHC class II expression. This loss is due to the silencing of the MHC class II transcriptional coactivator CIITA. In this study, experiments to identify the molecular mechanism responsible for CIITA silencing were conducted. CIITA is expressed from four promoters in humans, of which promoter III (pIII) controls the majority of B cell-mediated expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to establish the histone code for pIII and determine the differences between B cells and plasma cells. Specific histone modifications associated with accessible promoters and transcriptionally active genes were observed at pIII in B cells but not in plasma cells. A reciprocal exchange of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation to methylation was also observed between B cells and plasma cells. The lack of histone acetylation correlated with an absence of transcription factor binding to pIII, particularly that of Sp1, PU.1, CREB, and E47. Intriguingly, changes in chromatin architecture of the 13-kb region encompassing all CIITA promoters showed a remarkable deficit in histone H3 and H4 acetylation in plasma cells, suggesting that the mechanism of silencing is global. When primary B cells were differentiated ex vivo, most of the histone marks associated with pIII activation and expression were lost within 24 h. The results demonstrate that CIITA silencing occurs by controlling chromatin accessibility through a multistep mechanism that includes the loss of histone acetylation and transcription factor binding, and the acquisition of repressive histone methylation marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myesha R Green
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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30
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Kwon MJ, Soh JW, Chang CH. Protein kinase C delta is essential to maintain CIITA gene expression in B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:950-6. [PMID: 16818750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of MHC class II genes requires CIITA. Although the transactivation function of CIITA is well characterized, the signaling events that regulate CIITA expression are less understood. In this study, we report that CIITA expression in B cells depends on protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta). PKCdelta controls CIITA gene transcription mainly via modulating CREB recruitment to the CIITA promoter without affecting CIITA mRNA stability. Inhibition of PKCdelta by a pharmacological inhibitor or knocking down of endogenous PKCdelta expression by small interfering RNA reduced CREB binding to the CIITA promoter. The decrease of CIITA gene expression in the presence of the PKCdelta inhibitor was prevented by ectopically expressing a constitutively active form of CREB. In addition, histone acetylation of the CIITA promoter is regulated by PKCdelta since the PKCdelta inhibitor treatment or PKCdelta small interfering RNA resulted in decreased histone acetylation. Taken together, our study reveals that PKCdelta is an important signaling molecule necessary to maintain CIITA and MHC class II expression in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ja Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Lee JA, Sinkovits RS, Mock D, Rab EL, Cai J, Yang P, Saunders B, Hsueh RC, Choi S, Subramaniam S, Scheuermann RH, in collaboration with the Alliance for Cellular Signaling. Components of the antigen processing and presentation pathway revealed by gene expression microarray analysis following B cell antigen receptor (BCR) stimulation. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:237. [PMID: 16670020 PMCID: PMC1479375 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of naïve B lymphocytes by extracellular ligands, e.g. antigen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CD40 ligand, induces a combination of common and ligand-specific phenotypic changes through complex signal transduction pathways. For example, although all three of these ligands induce proliferation, only stimulation through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) induces apoptosis in resting splenic B cells. In order to define the common and unique biological responses to ligand stimulation, we compared the gene expression changes induced in normal primary B cells by a panel of ligands using cDNA microarrays and a statistical approach, CLASSIFI (Cluster Assignment for Biological Inference), which identifies significant co-clustering of genes with similar Gene Ontology™ annotation. Results CLASSIFI analysis revealed an overrepresentation of genes involved in ion and vesicle transport, including multiple components of the proton pump, in the BCR-specific gene cluster, suggesting that activation of antigen processing and presentation pathways is a major biological response to antigen receptor stimulation. Proton pump components that were not included in the initial microarray data set were also upregulated in response to BCR stimulation in follow up experiments. MHC Class II expression was found to be maintained specifically in response to BCR stimulation. Furthermore, ligand-specific internalization of the BCR, a first step in B cell antigen processing and presentation, was demonstrated. Conclusion These observations provide experimental validation of the computational approach implemented in CLASSIFI, demonstrating that CLASSIFI-based gene expression cluster analysis is an effective data mining tool to identify biological processes that correlate with the experimental conditional variables. Furthermore, this analysis has identified at least thirty-eight candidate components of the B cell antigen processing and presentation pathway and sets the stage for future studies focused on a better understanding of the components involved in and unique to B cell antigen processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Lee
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Robert S Sinkovits
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Dennis Mock
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Eva L Rab
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer Cai
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Brian Saunders
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Robert C Hsueh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92122, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92122, USA
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Bowser BS, Morris S, Song MJ, Sun R, Damania B. Characterization of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K1 promoter activation by Rta. Virology 2006; 348:309-27. [PMID: 16546233 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The K1 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a 46-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that possesses transforming properties, initiates signaling pathways in B cells, and prevents apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism for activation of the K1 promoter by the Rta transactivator. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis of the K1 promoter demonstrated that purified Rta protein bound to the K1 promoter at three locations, independent of other DNA-binding factors. Transcriptional assays revealed that only two of these Rta DNA-binding sites are functionally significant, and that they could impart Rta responsiveness to a heterologous E4 TATA box promoter. In addition, TATA-binding protein (TBP) bound to a TATA box element located 25 bp upstream of the K1 transcription start site and was also shown to associate with Rta by coimmunoprecipitation analysis. Rta transactivation may therefore be mediated in part through recruitment of TBP to target promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Bowser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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33
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Reith W, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Waldburger JM. Regulation of MHC class II gene expression by the class II transactivator. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:793-806. [PMID: 16200082 DOI: 10.1038/nri1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules are pivotal for the adaptive immune system, because they guide the development and activation of CD4+ T helper cells. Fulfilling these functions requires that the genes encoding MHC class II molecules are transcribed according to a strict cell-type-specific and quantitatively modulated pattern. This complex gene-expression profile is controlled almost exclusively by a single master regulatory factor, which is known as the class II transactivator. As we discuss here, differential activation of the three independent promoters that drive expression of the gene encoding the class II transactivator ultimately determines the exquisitely regulated pattern of MHC class II gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Schooten E, Klous P, van den Elsen PJ, Holling TM. Lack of MHC-II expression in activated mouse T cells correlates with DNA methylation at the CIITA-PIII region. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:795-9. [PMID: 16235089 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to activated human T cells, activated mouse T cells fail to express MHC class II molecules (MHC-II) at their cell surface. This is because mouse T cells hardly produce mRNA encoding the MHC-II molecules I-A and I-E, due to severely impaired expression levels upon T-cell activation of the mhc2ta gene, encoding the class II transactivator (CIITA). In humans, activated T cells express exclusively the CIITA promoter III (CIITA-PIII) isoform, which results in cell surface expression of all MHC-II isotypes (HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ). In this study, we demonstrate that methylation of CIITA-PIII contributes to the failure of mouse T cells to transcribe the mhc2ta and the resulting I-A/E genes, explaining the lack of I-A/E molecule expression at the cell surface following activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schooten
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kuipers HF, Biesta PJ, Groothuis TA, Neefjes JJ, Mommaas AM, van den Elsen PJ. Statins Affect Cell-Surface Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules by Disrupting Cholesterol-Containing Microdomains. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:653-65. [PMID: 15993711 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Statins, the main therapy for hypercholesterolemia, are currently considered as possible immunomodulatory agents. Statins inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduce the expression of several immunoregulatory molecules, including major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which simvastatin reduces the membrane expression of MHC-II molecules on several human cell types. We demonstrate that the reduction of MHC-II membrane expression by simvastatin correlates with disruption of cholesterol-containing microdomains, which transport and concentrate MHC-II molecules to the cell surface. In addition, we demonstrate that statins reduce cell-surface expression of other immunoregulatory molecules, which include MHC-I, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD40, CD80, CD86, and CD54. Our observations indicate that the downregulation of MHC-II at the cell surface contributes to the immunomodulatory properties of statins and is achieved through disruption of cholesterol-containing microdomains, which are involved in their intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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van der Stoep N, Quinten E, Marcondes Rezende M, van den Elsen PJ. E47, IRF-4, and PU.1 synergize to induce B-cell-specific activation of the class II transactivator promoter III (CIITA-PIII). Blood 2004; 104:2849-57. [PMID: 15242870 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn B cells, expression of CIITA and resulting major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) is mediated exclusively by promoter III (CIITA-PIII) activation. Recent studies have established that CIITA-PIII also participates in the expression of CIITA in activated human T cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. In this study we characterized the various regulatory elements and interacting factors of CIITA-PIII that account for specific activation in B lymphocytes. We identified 2 E-box motifs and an Ets/ISRE-consensus element (EICE) in CIITA-PIII as playing a crucial role in the B-cell-specific transcriptional regulation of CIITA. Abolishment of factor binding to these elements resulted in a strong reduction of CIITA-PIII activation in B cells only, whereas it did scarcely affect or not affect the activity of CIITA-PIII in activated T cells and monocytes. We show that in B cells, E47 and PU.1/IRF-4 interact with the E-box motifs and the EICE, respectively, and act synergistically in the activation of CIITA-PIII. Moreover, functional inhibition of either E47 or IRF-4 resulted in strong reduction of CIITA-PIII activity in B lymphocytes only. The finding that PU.1, IRF-4, and E47 play an important role in the B-cell-mediated activation of CIITA-PIII provides a link between antigen presentation functions and activation and differentiation events in B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van der Stoep
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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37
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Holling TM, Van der Stoep N, Van den Elsen PJ. Epigenetic control of CIITA expression in leukemic T cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1209-13. [PMID: 15313418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tjadine M Holling
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, E3-Q, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
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van den Elsen PJ, Holling TM, Kuipers HF, van der Stoep N. Transcriptional regulation of antigen presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16:67-75. [PMID: 14734112 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2003.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
MHC class I and class II molecules play essential roles in the adaptive immune response by virtue of their ability to present peptides to T lymphocytes. Given their central role in adaptive immunity, the genes encoding these peptide-presenting molecules are regulated in a tight fashion to meet with local requirements for an adequate immune response. In contrast to MHC class I gene products, which are expressed on almost all nucleated cells, constitutive expression of MHC class II molecules is found only in specialized antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. Expression of both classes of MHC molecules can be induced by immune regulators and upon cell activation. A set of conserved cis-acting regulatory promoter elements mediate the transcription of MHC class I and beta2-microglobulin genes. Of these regulatory elements, the promoters of MHC class II and accessory genes also have the SXY module. The MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) is essential for the activation of MHC class II promoters, and it functions through protein-protein interactions with regulatory factors bound to the SXY module. Given the central role of CIITA in these regulatory processes, it is of interest to identify the DNA-binding factors and co-activators that assemble on CIITA promoters in a cell-type-specific fashion. Accordingly, recent studies include investigations into chromatin remodeling and epigenetic control mechanisms that modulate cell-type-specific transcriptional regulation of genes involved in antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J van den Elsen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Building 1, E3-Q, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Noguchi E, Nishimura F, Fukai H, Kim J, Ichikawa K, Shibasaki M, Arinami T. An association study of asthma and total serum immunoglobin E levels for Toll-like receptor polymorphisms in a Japanese population. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:177-83. [PMID: 14987294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of atopic diseases has been increasing in developed countries. This could be explained by the hygiene hypothesis, which states that exposure to specific infections or endotoxins during infancy drives the maturing immune system towards a Th1 phenotype and away from the Th2 phenotype, which is associated with allergic diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in the signalling of many pathogen-related molecules and endogenous proteins associated with immune activation. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in genes encoding TLRs are associated with asthma or total serum IgE levels. METHODS We screened the 5' flanking and coding regions of the TLR2,TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 genes for polymorphisms by direct sequencing of DNA from 32 asthmatics, and analysed the effect of the polymorphisms on the development of atopic asthma and on total serum IgE levels. RESULTS We identified 16 variants in TLRs. The transmission disequilibrium test of the families revealed that none of the alleles or haplotypes were associated with asthma or total IgE levels (P>0.05). However, we found an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region of TLR2, and an expression construct containing the deletion allele showed lower luciferase activity than the wild-type alleles, suggesting that the deletion allele has reduced transcriptional activity. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that polymorphisms in TLRs are not likely to be associated with the development of atopy-related phenotypes in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken, Japan.
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Nagarkatti R, B-Rao C, Vijayan V, Sharma SK, Ghosh B. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 haplotypes and asthma in the Indian population. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:317-21. [PMID: 15105161 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0128oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report for the first time the results of an investigation on the association of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) with asthma in the Indian population. A novel polymorphic CA-repeat in the proximal promoter region [R1] and a previously identified CA-repeat in the 5'-untranslated region [R3] were genotyped, and haplotypes [R1_R3] were generated using PHASE software. The 16 repeat allele at the R1 locus was positively associated (P = 0.01) with asthma. The 15 and 16 repeat alleles at the R3 locus were positively (P < 10(-4)) and negatively (P < 10(-5)) associated with asthma, respectively. Further, the 17_15 (P = 0.0031) and 16_15 (P = 0.001) haplotypes were found to be positively associated with asthma, whereas 17_14, 24_16, and 23_16 were negatively associated (P < 10(-5)). It appears that the R3 and R1 loci together play a bigger role in asthma than either of them alone, and the R3 locus has a larger effect than the R1 locus. Although alleles at the R1 locus appeared to be associated with total serum immunoglobulin E level, the genotypes showed no association, and the R3 locus showed no effect. As no exonic variants of STAT6 are known as yet, repeat polymorphisms in the regulatory regions and their haplotypes could be important in deciphering the genetic role of STAT6 in asthma and atopy.
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41
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van den Elsen PJ, Holling TM, van der Stoep N, Boss JM. DNA methylation and expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II transactivator genes in human developmental tumor cells and in T cell malignancies. Clin Immunol 2003; 109:46-52. [PMID: 14585275 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules play essential roles in the immune response by virtue of their ability to present peptides to T lymphocytes. Given their central role in adaptive immunity, the genes encoding these peptide-presenting molecules are regulated in a tight fashion to meet with local requirements for an adequate immune response. In contrast to MHC class I gene products, which are expressed on almost all nucleated cells, constitutive expression of MHC class II molecules is found in specialized antigen presenting cells of the immune system only. Transcription of both MHC class I and class II genes can be induced by immune regulators and upon cell activation. Transcription of MHC class I genes is mediated by a set of conserved cis acting regulatory elements in their promoters. Of these regulatory elements, MHC class II promoters share the SXY-module. Essential for activation of MHC class II promoters is the class II transactivator (CIITA), which acts through protein/protein interactions with regulatory factors bound to the SXY module. In this review, we discuss the role of DNA methylation in relation to altered expression of MHC class I and CIITA genes as observed in malignancies and in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J van den Elsen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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42
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Holling TM, Schooten E, Langerak AW, van den Elsen PJ. Regulation of MHC class II expression in human T-cell malignancies. Blood 2003; 103:1438-44. [PMID: 14563641 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in human activated T cells is under normal circumstances regulated exclusively by the CIITA-PIII subtype of the class II transactivator (CIITA). In this study, we show that the absence of MHC class II expression in leukemic T cells was due to a lack of expression of CIITA, whereas in T-lymphoma cells, expression of CIITA correlated with expression of MHC class II. Interestingly, activation of a CIITA-promoter (P)III-reporter construct was not affected in leukemic T cells. This revealed that the absence of endogenous CIITA expression was not caused by a lack of transcription factors critical for CIITA-PIII activation but suggests the involvement of an epigenetic silencing mechanism. Subsequent analysis showed that the lack of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) expression correlated with hypermethylation of CIITA-PIII in leukemic T-cell lines and in primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and a T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL). Treatment of leukemic T-cell lines with a demethylation agent showed re-expression of CIITA-PIII and HLA-DRA. Furthermore, in vitro methylation of CIITA-PIII and subsequent assessment of CIITA-PIII activity in Jurkat leukemic T cells resulted in reduction of constitutive and CREB-1 (cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP]-response element binding protein 1)-induced promoter activity. Together, these results argue for an important role of DNA hyper-methylation in the control of CIITA expression in leukemic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjadine M Holling
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Valor LM, Castillo M, Ortiz JA, Criado M. Transcriptional regulation by activation and repression elements located at the 5'-noncoding region of the human alpha9 nicotinic receptor subunit gene. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37249-55. [PMID: 12860975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307043200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha9 subunit is a component of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene superfamily that is expressed in very restricted locations. The promoter of the human gene has been analyzed in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y, where alpha9 subunit expression was detected, and in C2C12 cells that do not express alpha9. A proximal promoter region (from -322 to +113) showed maximal transcriptional activity in SH-SY5Y cells, whereas its activity in C1C12 cells was much lower. Two elements unusually located at the 5'-noncoding region exhibited opposite roles. A negative element located between +15 and +48 appears to be cell-specific because it was effective in C2C12 but not in SH-SY5Y cells, where it was counterbalanced by the presence of the promoter region 5' to the initiation site. An activating element located between +66 and +79 and formed by two adjacent Sox boxes increased the activity of the alpha9 promoter about 4-fold and was even able to activate other promoters. This element interacts with Sox proteins, probably through a cooperative mechanism in which the two Sox boxes are necessary. We propose that the Sox complex provides an initial scaffold that facilitates the recruiting of the transcriptional machinery responsible for alpha9 subunit expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Valor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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