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Baig MS, Barmpoutsi S, Bharti S, Weigert A, Hirani N, Atre R, Khabiya R, Sharma R, Sarup S, Savai R. Adaptor molecules mediate negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory pathways: a closer look. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355012. [PMID: 38482001 PMCID: PMC10933033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in initiating, maintaining, and terminating inflammation. For that, macrophages respond to various external stimuli in changing environments through signaling pathways that are tightly regulated and interconnected. This process involves, among others, autoregulatory loops that activate and deactivate macrophages through various cytokines, stimulants, and other chemical mediators. Adaptor proteins play an indispensable role in facilitating various inflammatory signals. These proteins are dynamic and flexible modulators of immune cell signaling and act as molecular bridges between cell surface receptors and intracellular effector molecules. They are involved in regulating physiological inflammation and also contribute significantly to the development of chronic inflammatory processes. This is at least partly due to their involvement in the activation and deactivation of macrophages, leading to changes in the macrophages' activation/phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the 20 adaptor molecules and proteins that act as negative regulators of inflammation in macrophages and effectively suppress inflammatory signaling pathways. We emphasize the functional role of adaptors in signal transduction in macrophages and their influence on the phenotypic transition of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1-like states to anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes. This endeavor mainly aims at highlighting and orchestrating the intricate dynamics of adaptor molecules by elucidating the associated key roles along with respective domains and opening avenues for therapeutic and investigative purposes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza S. Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Spyridoula Barmpoutsi
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shreya Bharti
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nik Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Atre
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rakhi Khabiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Shivmuni Sarup
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Tariq F, Khan W, Ahmad W, Riaz SK, Khan M, Sherwani S, Haque S, Malik MFA, Iftikhar MJ, Khan S, Haq F. Effect of MHC Linked 7-Gene Signature on Delayed Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111129. [PMID: 34834481 PMCID: PMC8625636 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated immune response significantly affects hepatocellular carcinoma's (HCC) prognosis. Human Leukocyte Antigens are key in devising immune responses against HCC. Here, we investigated how HLAs modulate HCC development at the transcriptomic level. RNA-seq data of 576 patients from two independent cohorts was retrieved. The clinicopathological relevance of all HLA genes was investigated using Fisher-Exact, correlation, and Kaplan-Meier and cox regression survival tests. Clustering of ~800 immune-related genes against HLAs was completed using a ward-agglomerative method. Networks were generated using 40 HLA associated unique genes and hub genes were investigated. HLAs including HLA-DMA, HLA-DMB, HLA-DOA and HLA-DRB6 were associated with delayed recurrence in both discovery (204 HCC cases) and validation (372 HCC cases) cohorts. Clustering analyses revealed 40 genes associated with these four HLAs in both cohorts. A set of seven genes (NCF4, TYROBP, LCP2, ZAP70, PTPRC, FYN and WAS) was found co-expressed at gene-gene interaction level in both cohorts. Furthermore, survival analysis revealed seven HLA-linked genes as predictors of delayed recurrence. Multivariate analysis also predicted that mean expression of 7-gene is an independent predictor of delayed recurrence in both cohorts. We conclude that the expression of 7-gene signature may lead to improved patient prognosis. Further studies are required for consideration in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fomaz Tariq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.T.); (W.K.); (W.A.); (S.K.R.); (M.F.A.M.)
| | - Walizeb Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.T.); (W.K.); (W.A.); (S.K.R.); (M.F.A.M.)
| | - Washaakh Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.T.); (W.K.); (W.A.); (S.K.R.); (M.F.A.M.)
| | - Syeda Kiran Riaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.T.); (W.K.); (W.A.); (S.K.R.); (M.F.A.M.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840-77845, USA
| | - Mahvish Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Ha’il University, Ha’il 55211, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Subuhi Sherwani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Ha’il University, Ha’il 55211, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Görükle Campus, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Faraz Arshad Malik
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.T.); (W.K.); (W.A.); (S.K.R.); (M.F.A.M.)
| | | | - Saif Khan
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha’il University, Ha’il 55211, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (F.H.)
| | - Farhan Haq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.T.); (W.K.); (W.A.); (S.K.R.); (M.F.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (F.H.)
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3
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Rowaiye AB, Asala T, Oli AN, Uzochukwu IC, Akpa A, Esimone CO. The Activating Receptors of Natural Killer Cells and Their Inter-Switching Potentials. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:1733-1751. [PMID: 32914713 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200910160929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of cancer is on the increase and researchers are prospecting for specific and non-selective therapies derived from the immune system. The killer activating receptors of NK cells are known to be involved in immunosurveillance against tumor and virally-infected cells. These receptors belong to two main categories, namely the immunoglobulin like and C-lectin like families. Though they have different signal pathways, all the killer activating receptors have similar effector functions which include direct cytotoxicity and the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. To transduce signals that exceed the activation threshold for cytotoxicity, most of these receptors require synergistic effort. This review profiles 21 receptors: 13 immunoglobulin-like, 5 lectin-like, and 3 others. It critically explores their structural uniqueness, role in disease, respective transduction signal pathways and their status as current and prospective targets for cancer immunotherapy. While the native ligands of most of these receptors are known, much work is required to prospect for specific antibodies, peptides and multi-target small molecules with high binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Titilayo Asala
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria
| | - Ikemefuna Chijioke Uzochukwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria
| | - Alex Akpa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Charles Okechukwu Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria
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4
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Cox A, Cevik H, Feldman HA, Canaday LM, Lakes N, Waggoner SN. Targeting natural killer cells to enhance vaccine responses. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:789-801. [PMID: 34311992 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination serves as a cornerstone of global health. Successful prevention of infection or disease by vaccines is achieved through elicitation of pathogen-specific antibodies and long-lived memory T cells. However, several microbial threats to human health have proven refractory to past vaccine efforts. These shortcomings have been attributed to either inefficient triggering of memory T and B cell responses or to the unfulfilled need to stimulate non-conventional forms of immunological memory. Natural killer (NK) cells have recently emerged as both key regulators of vaccine-elicited T and B cell responses and as memory cells that contribute to pathogen control. We discuss potential methods to modulate these functions of NK cells to enhance vaccine success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cox
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Hilal Cevik
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H Alex Feldman
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura M Canaday
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nora Lakes
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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5
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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6
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Zhong L, Zhang ZL, Li X, Liao C, Mou P, Wang T, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei M, Xu H, Bu G, Chen XF. TREM2/DAP12 Complex Regulates Inflammatory Responses in Microglia via the JNK Signaling Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:204. [PMID: 28680398 PMCID: PMC5478682 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) is a signaling adapter protein expressed in cells that participate in innate immune responses. By pairing with different triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cell (TREM) proteins, DAP12 can mediate both positive and negative cellular responses. In particular, TREM1 acts as an amplifier of the immune response, while TREM2 functions as a negative regulator. TREM2 has also been shown to stimulate the phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and define the barrier function in microglia. Notably, loss-of-function mutations of either DAP12 or TREM2 result in a disorder known as Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD); and mutations of these genes have been associated with the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting that TREM2 and DAP12 may regulate common signaling pathways in the disease pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated an anti-inflammatory role of DAP12 in murine microglia that depends on the presence of TREM2. We also uncovered the JNK signaling pathway as the underlying molecular mechanism by which the TREM2/DAP12 complex suppresses the hyperactivation of microglia upon LPS stimulation. Interestingly, LPS down-regulates the expression of Trem2 via the activation of JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways, resulting in a vicious cycle that synergistically promotes the inflammatory responses. Our study provides insights into mechanism-based therapy for neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Zhen-Lian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Xinxiu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Chunyan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Pengfei Mou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Zongqi Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Min Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China.,Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo ClinicJacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen UniversityShenzhen, China
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7
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Huang YQ, Li PY, Wang JB, Zhou HQ, Yang ZR, Yang RC, Bai ZF, Wang LF, Li JY, Liu HH, Zhao YL, Xiao XH. Inhibition of Sophocarpine on Poly I: C/D-GalN-Induced Immunological Liver Injury in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:256. [PMID: 27570511 PMCID: PMC4981750 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the pathogenesis of human immunological liver injury (ILI). Previous studies have demonstrated that Sophocarpine exerts activity in immune modulation. It also has a therapeutic effect on liver protection in that it can alleviate liver fibrosis by suppressing both the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the proliferation of the activated hepatic stellate cells. However, whether Sophocarpine protects the liver by regulating NK cell activity remains unclear. In this study, the modulating effect of Sophocarpine on NK cells in the liver was investigated. The results showed that Sophocarpine dramatically decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuated the liver injury induced by Poly I: C/D-GalN in C57BL/6- mice. More importantly, Sophocarpine pre-treatment significantly suppressed NK cell activation and downregulated the expression of NKG2D, a receptor responsible for NK cell activation. Moreover, the protein levels of DAP12, ZAP76 and Syk decreased, as did their corresponding mRNA levels. Overall, our study demonstrates that Sophocarpine inhibits NK cell activity, thus making it a promising therapy for ILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Qiu Huang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of ChinaBeijing, China
| | - Peng-Yan Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Qin Zhou
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of ChinaBeijing, China
| | - Zhi-Rui Yang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of ChinaBeijing, China
| | - Rui-Chuang Yang
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Fang Bai
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China Beijing, China
| | - Li-Fu Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Center, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Yu Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Center, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Hong Liu
- Department of Integrative Medical Center, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China Beijing, China
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8
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Saunders PM, Vivian JP, O'Connor GM, Sullivan LC, Pymm P, Rossjohn J, Brooks AG. A bird's eye view of NK cell receptor interactions with their MHC class I ligands. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:148-66. [PMID: 26284476 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The surveillance of target cells by natural killer (NK) cells utilizes an ensemble of inhibitory and activating receptors, many of which interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. NK cell recognition of MHC class I proteins is important developmentally for the acquisition of full NK cell effector capacity and during target cell recognition, where the engagement of inhibitory receptors and MHC class I molecules attenuates NK cell activation. Human NK cells have evolved two broad strategies for recognition of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules: (i) direct recognition of polymorphic classical HLA class I proteins by diverse receptor families such as the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), and (ii) indirect recognition of conserved sets of HLA class I-derived peptides displayed on the non-classical HLA-E for recognition by CD94-NKG2 receptors. In this review, we assess the structural basis for the interaction between these NK receptors and their HLA class I ligands and, using the suite of published KIR and CD94-NKG2 ternary complexes, highlight the features that allow NK cells to orchestrate the recognition of a range of different HLA class I proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Geraldine M O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip Pymm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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9
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Rajasekaran K, Riese MJ, Rao S, Wang L, Thakar MS, Sentman CL, Malarkannan S. Signaling in Effector Lymphocytes: Insights toward Safer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:176. [PMID: 27242783 PMCID: PMC4863891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors on T and NK cells systematically propagate highly complex signaling cascades that direct immune effector functions, leading to protective immunity. While extensive studies have delineated hundreds of signaling events that take place upon receptor engagement, the precise molecular mechanism that differentially regulates the induction or repression of a unique effector function is yet to be fully defined. Such knowledge can potentiate the tailoring of signal transductions and transform cancer immunotherapies. Targeted manipulations of signaling cascades can augment one effector function such as antitumor cytotoxicity while contain the overt generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to treatment-related toxicity such as “cytokine storm” and “cytokine-release syndrome” or lead to autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarize how individual signaling molecules or nodes may be optimally targeted to permit selective ablation of toxic immune side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Transcriptional Regulation, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Synthetic Immunity at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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10
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Krzywinska E, Cornillon A, Allende-Vega N, Vo DN, Rene C, Lu ZY, Pasero C, Olive D, Fegueux N, Ceballos P, Hicheri Y, Sobecki M, Rossi JF, Cartron G, Villalba M. CD45 Isoform Profile Identifies Natural Killer (NK) Subsets with Differential Activity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150434. [PMID: 27100180 PMCID: PMC4839597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The leucocyte-specific phosphatase CD45 is present in two main isoforms: the large CD45RA and the short CD45RO. We have recently shown that distinctive expression of these isoforms distinguishes natural killer (NK) populations. For example, co-expression of both isoforms identifies in vivo the anti tumor NK cells in hematological cancer patients. Here we show that low CD45 expression associates with less mature, CD56bright, NK cells. Most NK cells in healthy human donors are CD45RA+CD45RO-. The CD45RA-RO+ phenotype, CD45RO cells, is extremely uncommon in B or NK cells, in contrast to T cells. However, healthy donors possess CD45RAdimRO- (CD45RAdim cells), which show immature markers and are largely expanded in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Blood borne cancer patients also have more CD45RAdim cells that carry several features of immature NK cells. However, and in opposition to their association to NK cell progenitors, they do not proliferate and show low expression of the transferrin receptor protein 1/CD71, suggesting low metabolic activity. Moreover, CD45RAdim cells properly respond to in vitro encounter with target cells by degranulating or gaining CD69 expression. In summary, they are quiescent NK cells, with low metabolic status that can, however, respond after encounter with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Krzywinska
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Amelie Cornillon
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Nerea Allende-Vega
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, 34295, France
| | - Dang-Nghiem Vo
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Celine Rene
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhao-Yang Lu
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Pasero
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Plateforme d'Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Plateforme d'Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Fegueux
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier I, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Ceballos
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier I, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Yosr Hicheri
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier I, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Michal Sobecki
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Genome Biology Department CNRS - UMR9198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-François Rossi
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier I, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier I, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
- CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Villalba
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, 34295, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Gerbec ZJ, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. The Fyn-ADAP Axis: Cytotoxicity Versus Cytokine Production in Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:472. [PMID: 26441977 PMCID: PMC4584950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte signaling cascades responsible for anti-tumor cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine production must be tightly regulated in order to control an immune response. Disruption of these cascades can cause immune suppression as seen in a tumor microenvironment, and loss of signaling integrity can lead to autoimmunity and other forms of host-tissue damage. Therefore, understanding the distinct signaling events that exclusively control specific effector functions of “killer” lymphocytes (T and NK cells) is critical for understanding disease progression and formulating successful immunotherapy. Elucidation of divergent signaling pathways involved in receptor-mediated activation has provided insights into the independent regulation of cytotoxicity and cytokine production in lymphocytes. Specifically, the Fyn signaling axis represents a branch point for killer cell effector functions and provides a model for how cytotoxicity and cytokine production are differentially regulated. While the Fyn–PI(3)K pathway controls multiple functions, including cytotoxicity, cell development, and cytokine production, the Fyn–ADAP pathway preferentially regulates cytokine production in NK and T cells. In this review, we discuss how the structure of Fyn controls its function in lymphocytes and the role this plays in mediating two facets of lymphocyte effector function, cytotoxicity and production of inflammatory cytokines. This offers a model for using mechanistic and structural approaches to understand clinically relevant lymphocyte signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Gerbec
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
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12
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Krzywinska E, Allende-Vega N, Cornillon A, Vo DN, Cayrefourcq L, Panabieres C, Vilches C, Déchanet-Merville J, Hicheri Y, Rossi JF, Cartron G, Villalba M. Identification of Anti-tumor Cells Carrying Natural Killer (NK) Cell Antigens in Patients With Hematological Cancers. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1364-76. [PMID: 26629531 PMCID: PMC4634619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, a cytotoxic lymphocyte lineage, are able to kill tumor cells in vitro and in mouse models. However, whether these cells display an anti-tumor activity in cancer patients has not been demonstrated. Here we have addressed this issue in patients with several hematological cancers. We found a population of highly activated CD56dimCD16+ NK cells that have recently degranulated, evidence of killing activity, and it is absent in healthy donors. A high percentage of these cells expressed natural killer cell p46-related protein (NKp46), natural-killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) and killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) and a low percentage expressed NKG2A and CD94. They are also characterized by a high metabolic activity and active proliferation. Notably, we found that activated NK cells from hematological cancer patients have non-NK tumor cell antigens on their surface, evidence of trogocytosis during tumor cell killing. Finally, we found that these activated NK cells are distinguished by their CD45RA+RO+ phenotype, as opposed to non-activated cells in patients or in healthy donors displaying a CD45RA+RO− phenotype similar to naïve T cells. In summary, we show that CD45RA+RO+ cells, which resemble a unique NK population, have recognized tumor cells and degranulate in patients with hematological neoplasias. Expression of both CD45 isoforms RA and RO identifies anti-leukemia NK cells. Anti-leukemia NK cells proliferate, degranulate and perform trogocytosis in vivo. The presence of CD45RARO population identifies hematological cancer patients.
NK cells are thought to have an intrinsic anti-tumor activity. However, the presence of anti-leukemia NK cells in patients is unknown. We present a relatively simple protocol to identify and characterize them. This is based on differential protein expression and on the fact that they gain tumor cell proteins by the process of trogocytosis. These phenotypic differences should be taken into account in analysis to identify different NK cell subpopulations. Hence, NK cells are actively recognizing tumor cells in leukemia patients; but this seems to be insufficient to eradicate disease. Future efforts should enhance the antitumor activity of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Krzywinska
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Nerea Allende-Vega
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Amelie Cornillon
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Dang-Nghiem Vo
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Cayrefourcq
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), Department of Cellular and Tissular Biopathology of Tumors, University Medical Centre, Montpellier, France ; EA2415 - Help for Personalized Decision: Methodological Aspects, University Institute of Clinical Research, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Panabieres
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), Department of Cellular and Tissular Biopathology of Tumors, University Medical Centre, Montpellier, France ; EA2415 - Help for Personalized Decision: Methodological Aspects, University Institute of Clinical Research, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Inmunogenética-HLA, Hospital Univ. Puerta de Hierro, Manuel de Falla 1, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yosr Hicheri
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Rossi
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Villalba
- INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France ; Institut for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34295, France
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13
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Viral interference with functions of the cellular receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Viruses 2015; 7:1540-57. [PMID: 25807057 PMCID: PMC4379584 DOI: 10.3390/v7031540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is expressed on the surface of almost all cells of hematopoietic origin. CD45 functions are central to the development of T cells and determine the threshold at which T and B lymphocytes can become activated. Given this pivotal role of CD45 in the immune system, it is probably not surprising that viruses interfere with the activity of CD45 in lymphocytes to dampen the immune response and that they also utilize this molecule to accomplish their replication cycle. Here we report what is known about the interaction of viral proteins with CD45. Moreover, we debate putative interactions of viruses with CD45 in myeloid cells and the resulting consequences-subjects that remain to be investigated. Finally, we summarize the evidence that pathogens were the driving force for the evolution of CD45.
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14
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Fernandes A, Miller-Fleming L, Pais TF. Microglia and inflammation: conspiracy, controversy or control? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3969-85. [PMID: 25008043 PMCID: PMC11113719 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells contribute to normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). Besides playing a role in the innate immunity, they are also involved in neuronal plasticity and homeostasis of the CNS. While microglial cells get activated and undergo phenotypic changes in different disease contexts, they are far from being the "villains" in the CNS. Mounting evidence indicates that microglial dysfunction can exacerbate the pathogenesis of several diseases in the CNS. Several molecular mechanisms tightly regulate the production of inflammatory and toxic factors released by microglia. These mechanisms involve the interaction with other glial cells and neurons and the fine regulation of signaling and transcription activation pathways. The purpose of this review is to discuss microglia activation and to highlight the molecular pathways that can counteract the detrimental role of microglia in several neurologic diseases. Recent work presented in this review support that the understanding of microglial responses can pave the way to design new therapies for inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonor Miller-Fleming
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Present Address: Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd, CB21GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa F. Pais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Nabekura T, Kanaya M, Shibuya A, Fu G, Gascoigne NRJ, Lanier LL. Costimulatory molecule DNAM-1 is essential for optimal differentiation of memory natural killer cells during mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Immunity 2014; 40:225-34. [PMID: 24440149 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells have adaptive immune features. Here, we investigated the role of the costimulatory molecule DNAM-1 in the differentiation of NK cells in a mouse model of cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Antibody blockade of DNAM-1 suppressed the expansion of MCMV-specific Ly49H(+) cells during viral infection and inhibited the generation of memory NK cells. Similarly, DNAM-1-deficient (Cd226(-/-)) Ly49H(+) NK cells exhibited intrinsic defects in expansion and differentiation into memory cells. Src-family tyrosine kinase Fyn and serine-threonine protein kinase C isoform eta (PKCη) signaling through DNAM-1 played distinct roles in the generation of MCMV-specific effector and memory NK cells. Thus, cooperative signaling through DNAM-1 and Ly49H are required for NK cell-mediated host defense against MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nabekura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Minoru Kanaya
- Department of Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Guo Fu
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The functions of Natural Killer (NK) cells are regulated by a highly redundant set of germline-encoded surface receptors that can inhibit or activate NK cell activities. NK cells can be activated by cytokines or through the interaction with transformed or infected cells. This typically results in the production of cytokines, chemokines, and the induction of cellular cytotoxicity. However, the reactivity of NK cells is modulated on various levels and shaped by processes such as development, education, priming, exposure to antigens and cytokines, and the formation of memory-like phenotypes. Here, I will summarize our current understanding of these processes and describe how they influence NK cell reactivity on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, IfADo, Dortmund, Germany.
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17
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Signaling by Fyn-ADAP via the Carma1-Bcl-10-MAP3K7 signalosome exclusively regulates inflammatory cytokine production in NK cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1127-36. [PMID: 24036998 PMCID: PMC3855032 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component of the immune response. However, acute or chronic inflammation can be highly destructive. Uncontrolled inflammation forms the basis for allergy, asthma, and multiple autoimmune disorders. Here, we identify a signaling pathway that is exclusively responsible for inflammatory cytokine production but not for cytotoxicity. Recognition of H60+ or CD137L+ tumor cells by murine NK cells led to efficient cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine production. Both of these effector functions required Lck, Fyn, PI(3)K-p85α, PI(3)K-p110δ, and PLC-γ2. However, the complex of Fyn and the adapter ADAP exclusively regulated inflammatory cytokine production but not cytotoxicity in NK cells. This unique function of ADAP required a Carma1-Bcl10-MAP3K7 signaling axis. Our results identify molecules that can be targeted to regulate inflammation without compromising NK cell cytotoxicity.
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18
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Requirement and redundancy of the Src family kinases Fyn and Lyn in perforin-dependent killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by NK cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3912-22. [PMID: 23918783 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00533-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells directly recognize and kill fungi, such as the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, via cytolytic mechanisms. However, the precise signaling pathways governing this NK cell microbicidal activity and the implications for fungal recognition are still unknown. Previously, it was reported that NK cell anticryptococcal activity is mediated through a conserved phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (PI3K-ERK1/2) pathway. Using YT (a human NK-like cell line) and primary human NK cells, we sought to identify the upstream, receptor-proximal signaling elements that led to fungal cytolysis. We demonstrate that Src family kinases were activated in response to C. neoformans. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition with an Src kinase inhibitor blocked C. neoformans-induced downstream activation of PI3K and ERK1/2 and abrogated cryptococcal killing. At the same time, the inhibitor disrupted the polarization of perforin-containing granules toward the NK cell-cryptococcal synapse but had no effect on conjugate formation between the organism and the NK cell. Finally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) double (but not single) knockdown of two Src family kinases, Fyn and Lyn, blocked cryptococcal killing. Together these data demonstrate a mechanism whereby the Src family kinases, Fyn and Lyn, redundantly mediate anticryptococcal activity through the activation of PI3K and ERK1/2, which in turn facilitates killing by inducing the polarization of perforin-containing granules to the NK cell-cryptococcal synapse.
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19
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Different combinations of cytokines and activating receptor stimuli are required for human natural killer cell functional diversity. Cytokine 2013; 62:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Rapid activation receptor- or IL-2-induced lytic granule convergence in human natural killer cells requires Src, but not downstream signaling. Blood 2013; 121:2627-37. [PMID: 23380740 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-437012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells participate in host defense by surveying for and ultimately killing virally infected or malignant target cells. NK cell cytotoxicity is a tightly regulated process that proceeds stepwise from adhesion and activation to the secretion of preformed lytic granule contents onto a diseased or stressed cell. We previously characterized rapid dynein-dependent lytic granule convergence to the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) as an early, prerequisite step in NK cell cytotoxicity. Although multiple activating receptors can trigger granule convergence, the specific signal or signals responsible remained unknown. Using live cell confocal microscopy, NK cell lytic granule movement after NK cell activation was captured and measured. Using inhibitors of common early signaling mediators, we show that Src kinases are required for lytic granule convergence, but downstream signals that promote actin rearrangement, MTOC polarization, and calcium mobilization are not. Exposure to interleukin 2 was also sufficient to induce lytic granule convergence, which required noncanonical Src-dependent signaling. Thus, NK cell lytic granule convergence, prompted by specific receptor-mediated and soluble cytokine signals, depends on a directly downstream early Src kinase-dependent signal and emphasizes the importance of this step in readying NK cells for cytotoxicity.
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21
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Kwon HJ, Kim HS. Signaling for synergistic activation of natural killer cells. Immune Netw 2012; 12:240-6. [PMID: 23396805 PMCID: PMC3566418 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.6.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in early surveillance against virus infection and cellular transformation, and are also implicated in the control of inflammatory response through their effector functions of direct lysis of target cells and cytokine secretion. NK cell activation toward target cell is determined by the net balance of signals transmitted from diverse activating and inhibitory receptors. A distinct feature of NK cell activation is that stimulation of resting NK cells with single activating receptor on its own cannot mount natural cytotoxicity. Instead, specific pairs of co-activation receptors are required to unleash NK cell activation via synergy-dependent mechanism. Because each co-activation receptor uses distinct signaling modules, NK cell synergy relies on the integration of such disparate signals. This explains why the study of the mechanism underlying NK cell synergy is important and necessary. Recent studies revealed that NK cell synergy depends on the integration of complementary signals converged at a critical checkpoint element but not on simple amplification of the individual signaling to overcome intrinsic activation threshold. This review focuses on the signaling events during NK cells activation and recent advances in the study of NK cell synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Joon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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22
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Myosin II-dependent exclusion of CD45 from the site of Fcγ receptor activation during phagocytosis. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Rhee I, Veillette A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:439-47. [PMID: 22513334 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation must be tightly regulated to ensure sufficient immunity to pathogens and prevent autoimmunity. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) serve critical roles in this regulation by controlling the functions of key receptors and intracellular signaling molecules in lymphocytes. In some cases, PTPs inhibit lymphocyte activation, whereas in others they promote it. Here we discuss recent progress in elucidating the roles and mechanisms of action of PTPs in lymphocyte activation. We also review the accumulating evidence that genetic alterations in PTPs are involved in human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmoo Rhee
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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24
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Mesecke S, Urlaub D, Busch H, Eils R, Watzl C. Integration of activating and inhibitory receptor signaling by regulated phosphorylation of Vav1 in immune cells. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra36. [PMID: 21632469 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the immune system whose activation is carefully regulated by the interplay of signals from activating and inhibitory receptors. Signals from activating receptors induce phosphorylation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1, whereas those from inhibitory receptors lead to the dephosphorylation of Vav1 by the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1). Here, we used mathematical modeling and experiments with NK cells to gain insight into this integration of positive and negative signals at a molecular level. Our data showed a switch-like regulation of Vav1 phosphorylation, the extent of which correlated with the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Comparison of our experimental results with the predictions that we derived from an ensemble of 72 mathematical models showed that a physical association between Src family kinases and activating receptors on NK cells was essential to generate the cytotoxic response. Our data support a central role for Vav1 in determining the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and provide insight into the molecular mechanism of the integration of positive and negative signals during lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Mesecke
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Bolanos FD, Tripathy SK. Activation receptor-induced tolerance of mature NK cells in vivo requires signaling through the receptor and is reversible. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2765-71. [PMID: 21263069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cell responses are determined by signals received through activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors. Ly49H is an NK cell-specific activating receptor that accounts for the genetic resistance to murine CMV (MCMV). The Ly49H receptor has been shown to interact with two adaptor proteins (DAP12 and DAP10). In the context of MCMV infection, interaction of m157 (the MCMV-encoded ligand for Ly49H) with Ly49H results in activation of Ly49H-expressing NK cells. Chronic exposure of Ly49H with m157, however, induces tolerance in these same cells. The mechanism of this tolerance remains poorly understood. Using a transgenic mouse model, we demonstrate that induction of tolerance in Ly49H(+) NK cells by chronic exposure to m157, in vivo, requires signaling through the Ly49H adaptor protein DAP12, but not the DAP10 adaptor protein. Furthermore, mature Ly49H-expressing NK cells from wild-type mice can acquire a tolerant phenotype by 24 h posttransfer into a transgenic C57BL/6 mouse that expresses m157. The tolerant phenotype can be reversed, in vivo, if tolerant NK cells are transferred to mice that do not express the m157 protein. Thus, continuous activating receptor engagement can induce a transient tolerance in mature NK cells in vivo. These observations provide new insight into how activating receptor engagement shapes NK cell function and has important implications in how NK cells respond to tumors and during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Bolanos
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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26
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Differential requirements for CD45 in NK-cell function reveal distinct roles for Syk-family kinases. Blood 2011; 117:3087-95. [PMID: 21245479 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-292219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is an important regulator of Src-family kinase activity. We found that in the absence of CD45, natural killer (NK) cells are defective in protecting the host from mouse cytomegalovirus infection. We show that although CD45 is necessary for all immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-specific NK-cell functions and processes such as degranulation, cytokine production, and expansion during viral infection, the impact of CD45 deficiency on ITAM signaling differs depending on the downstream function. CD45-deficient NK cells are normal in their response to inflammatory cytokines when administered ex vivo and in the context of viral infection. Syk and ζ chain-associated protein kinase 70 (Zap70) are thought to play redundant roles in transmitting ITAM signals in NK cells. We show that Syk, but not Zap70, controls the remaining CD45-independent, ITAM-specific NK-cell functions, demonstrating a functional difference between these 2 Syk-kinase family members in primary NK cells.
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27
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in host defense against tumors and viruses and other infectious diseases. NK cell development is regulated by mechanisms that are both shared with and separate from other hematopoietic cell lineages. Functionally, NK cells use activating and inhibitory receptors to recognize both healthy and altered cells such as transformed or infected cells. Upon activation, NK cells produce cytokines and cytotoxic granules using mechanisms similar to other hematopoietic cell lineages especially cytotoxic T cells. Here we review the transcription factors that control NK cell development and function. Although many of these transcription factors are shared with other hematopoietic cell lineages, they control unexpected and unique aspects of NK cell biology. We review the mechanisms and target genes by which these transcriptional regulators control NK cell development and functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G T Hesslein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Smrz D, Iwaki S, McVicar DW, Metcalfe DD, Gilfillan AM. TLR-mediated signaling pathways circumvent the requirement for DAP12 in mast cells for the induction of inflammatory mediator release. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3557-69. [PMID: 21108475 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TLR, expressed on the surface of mast cells, respond to a variety of bacterial and viral components to induce and enhance high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated cytokine production. Recent reports have indicated that specific TLR-dependent responses in macrophages and dendritic cells are regulated by the ITAM-containing molecule, DAP12. When phosphorylated, DAP12 recruits Syk, which is a critical molecule for mast cell activation. We therefore examined whether DAP12 similarly regulates TLR-mediated responses in mast cells. DAP12 was confirmed to be expressed in both human and mouse mast cells and, upon phosphorylation, to recruit Syk. However, although TLR agonists induced cytokine production, and synergistically enhanced high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated cytokine production, surprisingly, they failed to increase DAP12 phosphorylation in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC). Furthermore, normal TLR-mediated responses were observed in DAP12(-/-) BMMC. However, DAP12 phosphorylation and subsequent Syk recruitment were observed in BMMC following Con A-induced aggregation of mannose-glycosylated receptors, and these responses, together with Con A-induced degranulation, were substantially reduced in the DAP12(-/-) BMMC. These data demonstrate that TLR have differential requirements for DAP12 for their function in different cell types and that the inability of TLR to influence mast cell degranulation may be linked to their inability to utilize DAP12 to recruit Syk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Smrz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1881, USA
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29
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Höglund P, Brodin P. Current perspectives of natural killer cell education by MHC class I molecules. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:724-34. [PMID: 20818413 DOI: 10.1038/nri2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
From the early days of natural killer (NK) cell research, it was clear that MHC genes controlled the specificity of mouse NK cell-dependent responses, such as the ability to reject transplanted allogeneic bone marrow and to kill tumour cells. Although several mechanisms that are involved in this 'education' process have been clarified, most of the mechanisms have still to be identified. Here, we review the current understanding of the processes that are involved in NK cell education, including how the host MHC class I molecules regulate responsiveness and receptor repertoire formation in NK cells and the signalling pathways that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Höglund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Watzl C, Long EO. Signal transduction during activation and inhibition of natural killer cells. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2010; Chapter 11:Unit 11.9B. [PMID: 20814939 PMCID: PMC3857016 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1109bs90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important for early immune responses to viral infections and cancer. Upon activation, NK cells secrete cytokines and chemokines, and kill sensitive target cells by releasing the content of cytolytic granules. This unit is focused on the signal transduction pathways that regulate NK cell activities in response to contact with other cells. We will highlight signals regulating NK cell adhesion to target cells and describe the induction of cellular cytotoxicity by the engagement of different NK cell activation receptors. Negative signaling induced by inhibitory receptors opposes NK cell activation and provides an important safeguard from NK cell reactivity toward normal, healthy cells. We will discuss the complex integration of the different signals that occur during interaction of NK cells with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Watzl
- Institute for Immunology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Brzostek J, Chai JG, Gebhardt F, Busch DH, Zhao R, van der Merwe PA, Gould KG. Ligand dimensions are important in controlling NK-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2050-9. [PMID: 20432238 PMCID: PMC2909396 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Size-dependent protein segregation at the cell-cell contact interface has been suggested to be critical for regulation of lymphocyte function. We investigated the role of ligand dimensions in regulation of mouse NK-cell activation and inhibition. Elongated forms of H60a, a mouse NKG2D ligand, were generated and expressed stably in the RMA cell line. RMA cells expressing the normal size H60a were lysed efficiently by both freshly isolated and IL-2 stimulated C57BL/6 mouse-derived NK cells; however the level of lysis decreased as the H60a ligand size increased. Importantly, H60a elongation did not affect NKG2D binding, as determined by soluble NKG2D tetramer staining, and by examining NK-cell target cell conjugate formation. CHO cells are efficient at activating NK cells from C57BL/6 mice, and expression of a single chain form of H-2K(b), a ligand for the mouse inhibitory receptor Ly49C, strongly inhibited such activation of Ly49C/I positive NK cells. Elongation of H-2K(b) resulted in decreased inhibition of both lysis and IFN-gamma production by NK cells. These results establish that small ligand dimensions are important for both NK-cell activation and inhibition, and suggest that there are shared features between the mechanisms of receptor triggering on different types of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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32
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Saunders AE, Johnson P. Modulation of immune cell signalling by the leukocyte common tyrosine phosphatase, CD45. Cell Signal 2010; 22:339-48. [PMID: 19861160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte specific transmembrane glycoprotein and a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). CD45 can be expressed as several alternatively spliced isoforms that differ in the extracellular domain. The isoforms are regulated in a cell type and activation state-dependent manner, yet their function has remained elusive. The Src family kinase members Lck and Lyn are key substrates for CD45 in T and B lymphocytes, respectively. CD45 lowers the threshold of antigen receptor signalling, which impacts T and B cell activation and development. CD45 also regulates antigen triggered Fc receptor signalling in mast cells and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling in dendritic cells, thus broadening the role of CD45 to other recognition receptors involved in adaptive and innate immunity. In addition, CD45 can affect immune cell adhesion and migration and can modulate cytokine production and signalling. Here we review what is known about the substrate specificity and regulation of CD45 and summarise its effect on immune cell signalling pathways, from its established role in T and B antigen receptor signalling to its emerging role regulating innate immune cell recognition and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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33
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Whittaker GC, Orr SJ, Quigley L, Hughes L, Francischetti IMB, Zhang W, McVicar DW. The linker for activation of B cells (LAB)/non-T cell activation linker (NTAL) regulates triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2 signaling and macrophage inflammatory responses independently of the linker for activation of T cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2976-85. [PMID: 19948717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.038398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is rapidly emerging as a key regulator of the innate immune response via its regulation of macrophage inflammatory responses. Here we demonstrate that proximal TREM-2 signaling parallels other DAP12-based receptor systems in its use of Syk and Src-family kinases. However, we find that the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is severely reduced as monocytes differentiate into macrophages and that TREM-2 exclusively uses the linker for activation of B cells (LAB encoded by the gene Lat2(-/-)) to mediate downstream signaling. LAB is required for TREM-2-mediated activation of Erk1/2 and dampens proximal TREM-2 signals through a novel LAT-independent mechanism resulting in macrophages with proinflammatory properties. Thus, Lat2(-/-) macrophages have increased TREM-2-induced proximal phosphorylation, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of these cells leads to increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreased IL-12p40 production relative to wild type cells. Together these data identify LAB as a critical, LAT-independent regulator of TREM-2 signaling and macrophage development capable of controlling subsequent inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian C Whittaker
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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34
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Hermiston ML, Zikherman J, Zhu JW. CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:288-311. [PMID: 19290935 PMCID: PMC2739744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is central to normal immune cell function. Disruption of the equilibrium between PTK and PTP activity can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in both immune cell function and disease due to their proximal position in numerous signal transduction cascades including those emanating from integrin, T and B-cell antigen receptors, Fc, growth factor, and cytokine receptors. Given that tight regulation of SFKs activity is critical for appropriate responses to stimulation of these various signaling pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that multiple PTPs are involved in their regulation. Here, we focus on the role of three phosphatases, CD45, CD148, and LYP/PEP, which are critical regulators of SFKs in hematopoietic cells. We review our current understanding of their structures, expression, functions in different hematopoietic cell subsets, regulation, and putative roles in disease. Finally, we discuss remaining questions that must be addressed if we are to have a clearer understanding of the coordinated regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling networks in hematopoietic cells and how they could potentially be manipulated therapeutically in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-2413, Fax: 415-502-5127,
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
| | - Jing W. Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
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35
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Analysis of the linker for activation of T cells and the linker for activation of B cells in natural killer cells reveals a novel signaling cassette, dual usage in ITAM signaling, and influence on development of the Ly49 repertoire. Blood 2008; 112:2869-77. [PMID: 18645037 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and the linker for activation of B cells (LAB/NTAL/LAT2) are integral proteins in receptor coupling to downstream events. Both proteins are expressed in natural killer (NK) cells and LAT is phosphorylated during target cell interactions or ligation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-coupled CD16. Regardless, Lat(-/-) mice exhibit normal natural and antibody-mediated killing. Here we place both LAT and LAB in the DAP12 pathway of NK cells. Moreover, we unveil a LAT-independent pathway that requires expression of Syk. Mice lacking either LAT or LAB have a skewed Ly49 repertoire, and activated NK cells from Lat(-/-) mice have reduced responses to the ITAM-coupled receptor NK1.1. In contrast, resting Lat(-/-) NK cells show intact NK1.1 responses, whereas NK cells without LAB are hyperactive. Elimination of both adaptors severely reduces NK1.1 signaling under both conditions. Together these data show that NK ITAMs preferentially use a signaling cassette regulated by interplay between LAT and LAB. Activation by interleukin-2 causes a shift to greater dependency on LAT due to suppression of Syk signaling. The overlapping use of multiple adaptors permits fine-tuning of NK-cell ITAM responses over the course of an immune response.
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36
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells circulate through the blood, lymphatics and tissues, on patrol for the presence of transformed or pathogen-infected cells. As almost all NK cell receptors bind to host-encoded ligands, signals are constantly being transmitted into NK cells, whether they interact with normal or abnormal cells. The sophisticated repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors that has evolved to regulate NK cell activity ensures that NK cells protect hosts against pathogens, yet prevents deleterious NK cell-driven autoimmune responses. Here I highlight recent advances in our understanding of the structural properties and signaling pathways of the inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors, with a particular focus on the ITAM-dependent activating receptors, the NKG2D-DAP10 receptor complexes and the CD244 receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA.
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37
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Bryceson YT, Long EO. Line of attack: NK cell specificity and integration of signals. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:344-52. [PMID: 18439809 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells possess potent cytolytic activity and secrete immune modulating cytokines. The large repertoire of NK cell receptors provides versatility for the identification of infected and transformed cells and for their elimination by NK cells. NK cell responses also stimulate and regulate the adaptive arm of the immune system. We review current knowledge about the molecular specificity of NK cell receptors and about the regulation of NK cell effector functions upon encounter with target cells. Mechanisms of recognition, interplay among receptors, signal integration, and the dynamic fine-tuning of NK cell responses are discussed. New insights into the molecular checkpoints for NK cell effector function are highlighted, and underlying reasons for the complexity in NK cell recognition and signaling are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan T Bryceson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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38
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Malarkannan S, Regunathan J, Chu H, Kutlesa S, Chen Y, Zeng H, Wen R, Wang D. Bcl10 plays a divergent role in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3752-62. [PMID: 17785812 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activating receptors such as NKG2D and Ly49D mediate a multitude of effector functions including cytotoxicity and cytokine generation in NK cells. However, specific signaling events that are responsible for the divergence of distinct effector functions have yet to be determined. In this study, we show that lack of caspase recruitment domain-containing protein Bcl10 significantly affected receptor-mediated cytokine and chemokine generation, but not cytotoxicity against tumor cells representing "missing-self" or "induced-self." Lack of Bcl10 completely abrogated the generation of GM-CSF and chemokines and it significantly reduced the generation of IFN-gamma (>75%) in NK cells. Commitment, development, and terminal maturation of NK cells were largely unaffected in the absence of Bcl10. Although IL-2-activated NK cells could mediate cytotoxicity to the full extent, the ability of the freshly isolated NK cells to mediate cytotoxicity was somewhat reduced. Therefore, we conclude that the Carma1-Bcl10-Malt1 signaling axis is critical for cytokine and chemokine generation, although it is dispensable for cytotoxic granule release depending on the activation state of NK cells. These results indicate that Bcl10 represents an exclusive "molecular switch" that links the upstream receptor-mediated signaling to cytokine and chemokine generations.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/physiology
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein
- CHO Cells
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Self Tolerance/genetics
- Self Tolerance/immunology
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39
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Osman MS, Burshtyn DN, Kane KP. Activating Ly-49 receptors regulate LFA-1-mediated adhesion by NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1261-7. [PMID: 17237371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are important for innate resistance to tumors and viruses. Engagement of activating Ly-49 receptors expressed by NK cells leads to rapid NK cell activation resulting in target cell lysis and cytokine production. The ITAM-containing DAP12 adapter protein stably associates with activating Ly-49 receptors, and couples receptor recognition with generation of NK responses. Activating Ly-49s are potent stimulators of murine NK cell functions, yet how they mediate such activities is not well understood. We demonstrate that these receptors trigger LFA-1-dependent tight conjugation between NK cells and target cells. Furthermore, we show that activating Ly-49 receptor engagement leads to rapid DAP12-dependent up-regulation of NK cell LFA-1 adhesiveness to ICAM-1 that is also dependent on tyrosine kinases of the Syk and Src families. These results indicate for the first time that activating Ly-49s control adhesive properties of LFA-1, and by DAP12-dependent inside-out signaling. Ly-49-driven mobilization of LFA-1 adhesive function may represent a fundamental proximal event during NK cell interactions with target cells involving activating Ly-49 receptors, leading to target cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Osman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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40
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Kirwan SE, Burshtyn DN. Regulation of natural killer cell activity. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19:46-54. [PMID: 17142026 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the response to viruses, intracellular bacteria and parasites continues to emerge. NK cells can directly lyse infected cells, secrete cytokines and interact with dendritic cells to drive the adaptive immune response. There are a large number of activating and inhibitory receptors that govern NK cell activity. Recent studies have revealed how signals are transmitted and integrated from the variety of receptors, how particular receptors influence NK development and functional status, and how NK cells access lymph nodes and sites of infection. The potential for NK cells to exhibit specific and memory-like responses has begun to blur the 'innate' definition of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl E Kirwan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
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41
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Tassi I, Klesney-Tait J, Colonna M. Dissecting natural killer cell activation pathways through analysis of genetic mutations in human and mouse. Immunol Rev 2007; 214:92-105. [PMID: 17100878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity is mediated by multiple germ line-encoded activating receptors that recognize specific ligands expressed by tumor cells and virally infected cells. These activating receptors are opposed by NK inhibitory receptors, which recognize major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on potential targets, raising the threshold for NK cell activation. Once an abnormal cell has been detected, NK cells are the sentinel source of cytolytic mediators, such as granzymes and perforins, as well as interferon-gamma, which can polarize the immune response to a T-helper 1 cell type. Activation signals are transmitted by adhesion-dependent pathways, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-dependent pathways, DAP10 ITAM-independent pathways, and by signaling through immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs. These pathways activate downstream signaling partners to trigger NK cell cytotoxicity. Some of these downstream molecules are unique to the various pathways, and some of these molecules are shared. Because of the complexity of signals involved in NK cell-target cell interaction, the generation of mice with targeted mutations in signaling molecules involved in adhesion, activation, or inhibition is essential for a precise dissection of the mechanisms regulating NK cell effector functions. Here we review recent advances in the genetic analysis of the signaling pathways that mediate NK cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Tassi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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