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Pollenus E, Prenen F, Possemiers H, Knoops S, Mitera T, Lamote J, De Visscher A, Vandermosten L, Pham TT, Matthys P, Van den Steen PE. Aspecific binding of anti-NK1.1 antibodies on myeloid cells in an experimental model for malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Malar J 2024; 23:110. [PMID: 38637828 PMCID: PMC11025177 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional natural killer (cNK) cells play an important role in the innate immune response by directly killing infected and malignant cells and by producing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Studies on their role in malaria and its complications have resulted in conflicting results. METHODS Using the commonly used anti-NK1.1 depletion antibodies (PK136) in an in-house optimized experimental model for malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS), the role of cNK cells was investigated. Moreover, flow cytometry was performed to characterize different NK cell populations. RESULTS While cNK cells were found to be dispensable in the development of MA-ARDS, the appearance of a NK1.1+ cell population was observed in the lungs upon infection despite depletion with anti-NK1.1. Detailed characterization of the unknown population revealed that this population consisted of a mixture of monocytes and macrophages that bind the anti-NK1.1 antibody in an aspecific way. This aspecific binding may occur via Fcγ receptors, such as FcγR4. In contrast, in vivo depletion using anti-NK1.1 antibodies was proved to be specific for cNK cells. CONCLUSION cNK cells are dispensable in the development of experimental MA-ARDS. Moreover, careful flow cytometric analysis, with a critical mindset in relation to potential aspecific binding despite the use of commercially available Fc blocking reagents, is critical to avoid misinterpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pollenus
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fran Prenen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Possemiers
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Knoops
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Mitera
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jochen Lamote
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amber De Visscher
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandermosten
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Currently at Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Rodriguez-Mogeda C, van Ansenwoude CMJ, van der Molen L, Strijbis EMM, Mebius RE, de Vries HE. The role of CD56 bright NK cells in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:48. [PMID: 38350967 PMCID: PMC10865604 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a potential role for natural killer (NK) cells in neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the precise function of NK cells in these diseases remains ambiguous. The existence of two NK cell subsets, CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells, complicates the understanding of the contribution of NK cells in neurodegeneration as their functions within the context of neurodegenerative diseases may differ significantly. CD56bright NK cells are potent cytokine secretors and are considered more immunoregulatory and less terminally differentiated than their mostly cytotoxic CD56dim counterparts. Hence, this review focusses on NK cells, specifically on CD56bright NK cells, and their role in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it explores the mechanisms underlying their ability to enter the central nervous system. By consolidating current knowledge, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of CD56bright NK cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Elucidating their impact on neurodegeneration may have implications for future therapeutic interventions, potentially ameliorating disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rodriguez-Mogeda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chaja M J van Ansenwoude
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart van der Molen
- IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M M Strijbis
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Wassmer SC, de Koning-Ward TF, Grau GER, Pai S. Unravelling mysteries at the perivascular space: a new rationale for cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:28-44. [PMID: 38065791 PMCID: PMC11072469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological complication caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites; it is characterized by the sequestration of infected red blood cells within the cerebral microvasculature. New findings, combined with a better understanding of the central nervous system (CNS) barriers, have provided greater insight into the players and events involved in CM, including site-specific T cell responses in the human brain. Here, we review the updated roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in CM, with a focus on the role of the perivascular macrophage-endothelium unit in antigen presentation, in the vascular and perivascular compartments. We suggest that these events may be pivotal in the development of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Tania F de Koning-Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Saparna Pai
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
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4
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Lakkavaram AL, Maymand S, Naser W, Ward AC, de Koning-Ward TF. Cish knockout mice exhibit similar outcomes to malaria infection despite altered hematopoietic responses. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1288876. [PMID: 38029163 PMCID: PMC10653303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1288876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cytokine-inducible Src homology 2 domain-containing (CISH) protein is a negative feedback regulator induced by cytokines that play key roles in immunity and erythropoiesis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human CISH gene have been associated with increased susceptibility to severe malaria disease. To directly assess how CISH might influence outcomes in the BALB/c model of malaria anemia, CISH knockout (Cish-/-) mice on this background were infected with Plasmodium berghei and their hematopoietic responses, cytokine production and ability to succumb to severe malaria disease evaluated. Despite basal erythrocytic disruption, upon P. berghei infection, the Cish -/- mice were better able to maintain peripheral blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels and a steady-state pattern of erythroid differentiation compared to wild-type (Cish+/+) mice. Ablation of CISH, however, did not influence the outcome of acute malaria infections in either the BALB/c model or the alternative C57BL/6 model of experimental cerebral malaria, with the kinetics of infection, parasite load, weight loss and cytokine responses being similar between Cish+/+ and Cish-/- mice, and both genotypes succumbed to experimental cerebral malaria within a comparable timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Maymand
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Wasan Naser
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Tania F. de Koning-Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Hadjilaou A, Brandi J, Riehn M, Friese MA, Jacobs T. Pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment targets in cerebral malaria. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:688-709. [PMID: 37857843 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, the most prevalent mosquito-borne infectious disease worldwide, has accompanied humanity for millennia and remains an important public health issue despite advances in its prevention and treatment. Most infections are asymptomatic, but a small percentage of individuals with a heavy parasite burden develop severe malaria, a group of clinical syndromes attributable to organ dysfunction. Cerebral malaria is an infrequent but life-threatening complication of severe malaria that presents as an acute cerebrovascular encephalopathy characterized by unarousable coma. Despite effective antiparasite drug treatment, 20% of patients with cerebral malaria die from this disease, and many survivors of cerebral malaria have neurocognitive impairment. Thus, an important unmet clinical need is to rapidly identify people with malaria who are at risk of developing cerebral malaria and to develop preventive, adjunctive and neuroprotective treatments for cerebral malaria. This Review describes important advances in the understanding of cerebral malaria over the past two decades and discusses how these mechanistic insights could be translated into new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Protozoen Immunologie, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany.
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Brandi
- Protozoen Immunologie, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Riehn
- Protozoen Immunologie, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoen Immunologie, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
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6
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de Almeida SM, Beltrame MP, Tang B, Rotta I, Justus JLP, Schluga Y, da Rocha MT, Martins E, Liao A, Abramson I, Vaida F, Schrier R, Ellis RJ. CD3 +CD56 + and CD3 -CD56 + lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of persons with HIV-1 subtypes B and C. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 377:578067. [PMID: 36965365 PMCID: PMC10817703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The transactivator of transcription (Tat) is a HIV regulatory protein which promotes viral replication and chemotaxis. HIV-1 shows extensive genetic diversity, HIV-1 subtype C being the most dominant subtype in the world. Our hypothesis is the frequency of CSF CD3+CD56+ and CD3-CD56dim is reduced in HIV-1C compared to HIV-1B due to the Tat C30S31 substitution in HIV-1C. 34 CSF and paired blood samples (PWH, n = 20; PWoH, n = 14) were studied. In PWH, the percentage of CD3+CD56+ was higher in CSF than in blood (p < 0.001), comparable in both compartments in PWoH (p = 0.20). The proportion of CD3-CD56dim in CSF in PWH was higher than PWoH (p = 0.008). There was no subtype differences. These results showed CNS compartmentalization of NKT cell response in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M de Almeida
- Virology Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Bin Tang
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Indianara Rotta
- Virology Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Julie Lilian P Justus
- Immunophenotyping Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Yara Schluga
- Immunophenotyping Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Tadeu da Rocha
- Immunophenotyping Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Edna Martins
- Immunophenotyping Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Antony Liao
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian Abramson
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Florin Vaida
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Schrier
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Reciprocal expression of the immune response genes CXCR3 and IFI44L as module hubs are associated with patient survivals in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2023; 28:468-481. [PMID: 36607476 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-022-02285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Here, we investigated expression modules reflecting the reciprocal expression of the cancer microenvironment and immune response-related genes associated with poor prognosis in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). METHODS Weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed representative modules, including neurogenesis, immune response, anti-virus, microenvironment, gene expression and translation, extracellular matrix, morphogenesis, and cell adhesion in the transcriptome data of 31 PCNSL samples. RESULTS : Gene expression networks were also reflected by protein-protein interaction networks. In particular, some of the hub genes were highly expressed in patients with PCNSL with prognoses as follows: AQP4, SLC1A3, GFAP, CXCL9, CXCL10, GBP2, IFI6, OAS2, IFIT3, DCN, LRP1, and LUM with good prognosis; and STAT1, IFITM3, GZMB, ISG15, LY6E, TGFB1, PLAUR, MMP4, FTH1, PLAU, CSF3R, FGR, POSTN, CCR7, TAS1R3, small ribosomal subunit genes, and collagen type 1/3/4/6 genes with poor prognosis. Furthermore, prognosis prediction formulae were constructed using the Cox proportional-hazards regression model, which demonstrated that the IP-10 receptor gene CXCR3 and type I interferon-induced protein gene IFI44L could predict patient survival in PCNSL. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the differential expression and balance of immune response and microenvironment genes may be required for PCNSL tumor growth or prognosis prediction, which would help understanding the mechanism of tumorigenesis and potential therapeutic targets in PCNSL.
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Abdelbaky HH, Mitsuhashi S, Watanabe K, Ushio N, Miyakawa M, Furuoka H, Nishikawa Y. Involvement of chemokine receptor CXCR3 in the defense mechanism against Neospora caninum infection in C57BL/6 mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1045106. [PMID: 36704563 PMCID: PMC9873264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1045106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) is an important receptor controlling the migration of leukocytes, although there is no report regarding its role in Neospora caninum infection. Herein, we investigated the relevance of CXCR3 in the resistance mechanism to N. caninum infection in mice. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and CXCR3-knockout (CXCR3KO) mice were used in all experiments. WT mice displayed a high survival rate (100%), while 80% of CXCR3KO mice succumbed to N. caninum infection within 50 days. Compared with WT mice, CXCR3KO mice exhibited significantly lower body weights and higher clinical scores at the subacute stage of infection. Flow cytometric analysis revealed CXCR3KO mice as having significantly increased proportions and numbers of CD11c-positive cells compared with WT mice at 5 days post infection (dpi). However, levels of interleukin-6 and interferon-γ in serum and ascites were similar in all groups at 5 dpi. Furthermore, no differences in parasite load were detected in brain, spleen, lungs or liver tissue of CXCR3KO and WT mice at 5 and 21 dpi. mRNA analysis of brain tissue collected from infected mice at 30 dpi revealed no changes in expression levels of inflammatory response genes. Nevertheless, the brain tissue of infected CXCR3KO mice displayed significant necrosis and microglial activation compared with that of WT mice at 21 dpi. Interestingly, the brain tissue of CXCR3KO mice displayed significantly lower numbers of FoxP3+ cells compared with the brain tissue of WT mice at 30 dpi. Accordingly, our study suggests that the lack of active regulatory T cells in brain tissue of infected CXCR3KO mice is the main cause of these mice having severe necrosis and lower survival compared with WT mice. Thus, CXCR3+ regulatory T cells may play a crucial role in control of neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H. Abdelbaky
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Mitsuhashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Division of Pathobiological Science, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nanako Ushio
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Miku Miyakawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Furuoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan,*Correspondence: Yoshifumi Nishikawa, ✉
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Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Chaudhary A, Kataria P, Surela N, Das J. Pathophysiology of Cerebral Malaria: Implications of MSCs as A Regenerative Medicinal Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060263. [PMID: 35735506 PMCID: PMC9219920 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe form of malaria, i.e., cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is a complex neurological syndrome. Surviving persons have a risk of behavioral difficulties, cognitive disorders, and epilepsy. Cerebral malaria is associated with multiple organ dysfunctions. The adhesion and accumulation of infected RBCs, platelets, and leucocytes (macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and monocytes) in the brain microvessels play an essential role in disease progression. Micro-vascular hindrance by coagulation and endothelial dysfunction contributes to neurological damage and the severity of the disease. Recent studies in human cerebral malaria and the murine model of cerebral malaria indicate that different pathogens as well as host-derived factors are involved in brain microvessel adhesion and coagulation that induces changes in vascular permeability and impairment of the blood-brain barrier. Efforts to alleviate blood-brain barrier dysfunction and de-sequestering of RBCs could serve as adjunct therapies. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria, the role of some factors (NK cells, platelet, ANG-2/ANG-1 ratio, and PfEMP1) in disease progression and various functions of Mesenchymal stem cells. This review also highlighted the implications of MSCs as a regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Chaudhary
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India; (A.C.); (P.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Poonam Kataria
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India; (A.C.); (P.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Neha Surela
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India; (A.C.); (P.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Jyoti Das
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India; (A.C.); (P.K.); (N.S.)
- AcSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-25307203; Fax: +91-25307177
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Zhang Y, Grazda R, Yang Q. Interaction Between Innate Lymphoid Cells and the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1365:135-148. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8387-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Karin N. Chemokines in the Landscape of Cancer Immunotherapy: How They and Their Receptors Can Be Used to Turn Cold Tumors into Hot Ones? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6317. [PMID: 34944943 PMCID: PMC8699256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, monoclonal antibodies to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), also known as immune checkpoint blockers (ICB), have been the most successful approach for cancer therapy. Starting with mAb to cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors in metastatic melanoma and continuing with blockers of the interactions between program cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand program cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1) or program cell death ligand 2 (PDL-2), that have been approved for about 20 different indications. Yet for many cancers, ICI shows limited success. Several lines of evidence imply that the limited success in cancer immunotherapy is associated with attempts to treat patients with "cold tumors" that either lack effector T cells, or in which these cells are markedly suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Chemokines are a well-defined group of proteins that were so named due to their chemotactic properties. The current review focuses on key chemokines that not only attract leukocytes but also shape their biological properties. CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor with 3 ligands. We suggest using Ig-based fusion proteins of two of them: CXL9 and CXCL10, to enhance anti-tumor immunity and perhaps transform cold tumors into hot tumors. Potential differences between CXCL9 and CXCL10 regarding ICI are discussed. We also discuss the possibility of targeting the function or deleting a key subset of Tregs that are CCR8+ by monoclonal antibodies to CCR8. These cells are preferentially abundant in several tumors and are likely to be the key drivers in suppressing anti-cancer immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P.O. Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Scheunemann JF, Reichwald JJ, Korir PJ, Kuehlwein JM, Jenster LM, Hammerschmidt-Kamper C, Lewis MD, Klocke K, Borsche M, Schwendt KE, Soun C, Thiebes S, Limmer A, Engel DR, Mueller AK, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP, Schumak B. Eosinophils Suppress the Migration of T Cells Into the Brain of Plasmodium berghei-Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice and Protect Them From Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711876. [PMID: 34659202 PMCID: PMC8514736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a potentially lethal disease, which is caused by excessive inflammatory responses to Plasmodium parasites. Here we use a newly developed transgenic Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbAAma1OVA) parasite that can be used to study parasite-specific T cell responses. Our present study demonstrates that Ifnar1-/- mice, which lack type I interferon receptor-dependent signaling, are protected from experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) when infected with this novel parasite. Although CD8+ T cell responses generated in the spleen are essential for the development of ECM, we measured comparable parasite-specific cytotoxic T cell responses in ECM-protected Ifnar1-/- mice and wild type mice suffering from ECM. Importantly, CD8+ T cells were increased in the spleens of ECM-protected Ifnar1-/- mice and the blood-brain-barrier remained intact. This was associated with elevated splenic levels of CCL5, a T cell and eosinophil chemotactic chemokine, which was mainly produced by eosinophils, and an increase in eosinophil numbers. Depletion of eosinophils enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration into the brain and increased ECM induction in PbAAma1OVA-infected Ifnar1-/- mice. However, eosinophil-depletion did not reduce the CD8+ T cell population in the spleen or reduce splenic CCL5 concentrations. Our study demonstrates that eosinophils impact CD8+ T cell migration and proliferation during PbAAma1OVA-infection in Ifnar1-/- mice and thereby are contributing to the protection from ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F Scheunemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia J Reichwald
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia Jebett Korir
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janina M Kuehlwein
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea-Marie Jenster
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Matthew D Lewis
- Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Klocke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Borsche
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim E Schwendt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Camille Soun
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Thiebes
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Ghazanfari N, Gregory JL, Devi S, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Beattie L, Mueller SN, Heath WR. CD8 + and CD4 + T Cells Infiltrate into the Brain during Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection and Form Long-Term Resident Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1578-1590. [PMID: 34400523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the Plasmodium berghei ANKA mouse model of malaria, accumulation of CD8+ T cells and infected RBCs in the brain promotes the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). In this study, we used malaria-specific transgenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to track evolution of T cell immunity during the acute and memory phases of P. berghei ANKA infection. Using a combination of techniques, including intravital multiphoton and confocal microscopy and flow cytometric analysis, we showed that, shortly before onset of ECM, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations exit the spleen and begin infiltrating the brain blood vessels. Although dominated by CD8+ T cells, a proportion of both T cell subsets enter the brain parenchyma, where they are largely associated with blood vessels. Intravital imaging shows these cells moving freely within the brain parenchyma. Near the onset of ECM, leakage of RBCs into areas of the brain can be seen, implicating severe damage. If mice are cured before ECM onset, brain infiltration by T cells still occurs, but ECM is prevented, allowing development of long-term resident memory T cell populations within the brain. This study shows that infiltration of malaria-specific T cells into the brain parenchyma is associated with cerebral immunopathology and the formation of brain-resident memory T cells. The consequences of these resident memory populations is unclear but raises concerns about pathology upon secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia L Gregory
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and .,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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The Enigma of Low-Density Granulocytes in Humans: Complexities in the Characterization and Function of LDGs during Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091091. [PMID: 34578124 PMCID: PMC8470838 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density granulocytes (LDGs) have been characterized as important immune cells during healthy and disease states in humans, including microbial infections, cancer, and autoimmune dysfunction. However, the classification of this cell type is similar to other immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and ambiguous functional standards have rendered LDG identification and isolation daunting. Furthermore, most research involving LDGs has mainly focused on adult cells and subjects, leaving increased uncertainty surrounding younger populations, especially in vulnerable neonatal groups where LDG numbers are elevated. This review aims to bring together the current research in the field of LDG biology in the context of immunity to disease, with a focus on infection. In addition, we propose to highlight the gaps in the field that, if filled, could improve upon isolation techniques and functional characterizations for LDGs separate from neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This will not only enhance understanding of LDGs during disease processes and how they differ from other cell types but will also aid in the interpretation of comparative studies and results with the potential to inform development of novel therapeutics to improve disease states in patients.
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16
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Du Y, Yan H, Zou S, Khera T, Li J, Han M, Yang X, Wang B, Liu J, Sun S, Zheng X, Dittmer U, Lu M, Yang D, Wedemeyer H, Wu J. Natural Killer Cells Regulate the Maturation of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Thereby Promoting Intrahepatic T-Cell Responses in a Mouse Model. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:865-881. [PMID: 34027274 PMCID: PMC8122378 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional maturation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) plays an important role in intrahepatic T-cell activation and control of viral infections. Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to prompt the maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), especially for dendritic cells (DCs), but the interaction between NK cells and LSECs is elusive. Here, we investigated whether and how NK cells are involved in regulating LSEC maturation and if this has a role in controlling hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a mouse model. A chronic HBV replication mouse model was established by hydrodynamic injection (HI) of 6 µg adeno-associated virus plasmid (pAAV)/HBV 1.2. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) ligand diaminopemelic acid (DAP) was imported into liver by HI at day 14 after plasmid injection. We found that HI of DAP recruited conventional NK cells (cNK) into the liver and promoted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production of NK cells in a chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)-dependent manner. Importantly, the maturation of LSECs and the anti-HBV effects of DAP were impaired in CXCR3-/- mice; this possibly was associated with the decreased number of intrahepatic cNK cells. Consistently, depleting cNK cells but not liver-resident NK cells also impaired the maturation and antigen-presenting function of LSECs, which reduced intrahepatic HBV-specific T-cell responses and thus inhibited HBV clearance both in wild-type and in Rag1-/- mice. Moreover, TNF-α or IFN-γ stimulation as well as coculture with intrahepatic NK cells partly promoted LSEC phenotypic and functional maturation in vitro. Conclusion: NOD1-triggered NK cell activation may lead to the enhancement of intrahepatic T-cell responses by promoting maturation of LSECs through soluble cytokines and cell-cell contact, thereby controlling HBV replication and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina.,Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany
| | - Hu Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research GroupState Key Laboratory of VirologyWuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Shi Zou
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tanvi Khera
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Meihong Han
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shuilin Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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17
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Qin J, Lovelace MD, Mitchell AJ, de Koning-Ward T, Grau GE, Pai S. Perivascular macrophages create an intravascular niche for CD8 + T cell localisation prior to the onset of fatal experimental cerebral malaria. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1273. [PMID: 33854773 PMCID: PMC8026342 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The immunologic events that build up to the fatal neurological stage of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) are incompletely understood. Here, we dissect immune cell behaviour occurring in the central nervous system (CNS) when Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)‐infected mice show only minor clinical signs. Methods A 2‐photon intravital microscopy (2P‐IVM) brain imaging model was used to study the spatiotemporal context of early immunological events in situ during ECM. Results Early in the disease course, antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells came in contact and arrested on the endothelium of post‐capillary venules. CD8+ T cells typically adhered adjacent to, or were in the near vicinity of, perivascular macrophages (PVMs) that line post‐capillary venules. Closer examination revealed that CD8+ T cells crawled along the inner vessel wall towards PVMs that lay on the abluminal side of large post‐capillary venules. ‘Activity hotspots’ in large post‐capillary venules were characterised by T‐cell localisation, activated morphology and clustering of PVM, increased abutting of post‐capillary venules by PVM and augmented monocyte accumulation. In the later stages of infection, when mice exhibited neurological signs, intravascular CD8+ T cells increased in number and changed their behaviour, actively crawling along the endothelium and displaying frequent, short‐term interactions with the inner vessel wall at hotspots. Conclusion Our study suggests an active interaction between PVM and CD8+ T cells occurs across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in early ECM, which may be the initiating event in the inflammatory cascade leading to BBB alteration and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Lovelace
- Applied Neurosciences Program Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia.,UNSW St Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform Department of Chemical Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | | | - Georges Er Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit Discipline of Pathology School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Saparna Pai
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Cairns QLD Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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18
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Digitale JC, Callaway PC, Martin M, Nelson G, Viard M, Rek J, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya M, Carrington M, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Feeney ME. Association of Inhibitory Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Ligands With Higher Plasmodium falciparum Parasite Prevalence. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:175-183. [PMID: 33165540 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their HLA ligands influence the outcome of many infectious diseases. We analyzed the relationship of compound KIR-HLA genotypes with risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection in a longitudinal cohort of 890 Ugandan individuals. We found that presence of HLA-C2 and HLA-Bw4, ligands for inhibitory KIR2DL1 and KIR3DL1, respectively, increased the likelihood of P. falciparum parasitemia in an additive manner. Individuals homozygous for HLA-C2, which mediates strong inhibition via KIR2DL1, had the highest odds of parasitemia, HLA-C1/C2 heterozygotes had intermediate odds, and individuals homozygous for HLA-C1, which mediates weaker inhibition through KIR2DL2/3, had the lowest odds of parasitemia. In addition, higher surface expression of HLA-C, the ligand for inhibitory KIR2DL1/2/3, was associated with a higher likelihood of parasitemia. Together these data indicate that stronger KIR-mediated inhibition confers a higher risk of P. falciparum parasitemia and suggest that KIR-expressing effector cells play a role in mediating antiparasite immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Digitale
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Perri C Callaway
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Infectious Disease and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maureen Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George Nelson
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mathias Viard
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Arinaitwe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Moses Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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19
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Lima MN, Oliveira HA, Fagundes PM, Estato V, Silva AYO, Freitas RJRX, Passos BABR, Oliveira KS, Batista CN, Vallochi AL, Rocco PRM, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Maron-Gutierrez T. Mesenchymal stromal cells protect against vascular damage and depression-like behavior in mice surviving cerebral malaria. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:367. [PMID: 32843073 PMCID: PMC7448996 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the most critical global infectious diseases. Severe systemic inflammatory diseases, such as cerebral malaria, lead to the development of cognitive and behavioral alterations, such as learning disabilities and loss of memory capacity, as well as increased anxiety and depression. The consequences are profound and usually contribute to reduce the patient's quality of life. There are no therapies to treat the neurological sequelae of cerebral malaria. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may be an alternative, since they have been used as therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic lesions of the central nervous system. So far, no study has investigated the effects of MSC therapy on the blood-brain barrier, leukocyte rolling and adherence in the brain, and depression like-behavior in experimental cerebral malaria. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA, 1 × 106 PbA-parasitized red blood cells, intraperitoneally). At day 6, PbA-infected animals received chloroquine (25 mg/kg orally for seven consecutive days) as the antimalarial treatment and were then randomized to receive MSCs (1 × 105 cells in 0.05 ml of saline/mouse) or saline (0.05 ml) intravenously. Parasitemia, clinical score, and survival rate were analyzed throughout the experiments. Evans blue assay was performed at 6, 7, and 15 days post-infection (dpi). Behavioral tests were performed at 5 and 15 dpi. Intravital microscopy experiments and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression analyses were performed at 7 dpi, whereas inflammatory mediators were measured at 15 dpi. In vitro, endothelial cells were used to evaluate the effects of conditioned media derived from MSCs (CMMSC) on cell viability by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. RESULTS PbA-infected mice presented increased parasitemia, adherent leukocytes, blood-brain barrier permeability, and reduced BDNF protein levels, as well as depression-like behavior. MSCs mitigated behavioral alterations, restored BDNF and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β protein levels, and reduced blood-brain barrier dysfunction and leukocyte adhesion in the brain microvasculature. In a cultured endothelial cell line stimulated with heme, CMMSC reduced LDH release, suggesting a paracrine mechanism of action. CONCLUSION A single dose of MSCs as adjuvant therapy protected against vascular damage and improved depression-like behavior in mice that survived experimental cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara N Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Helena A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Paula M Fagundes
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Estato
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Adriano Y O Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo J R X Freitas
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A B R Passos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Karina S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Camila N Batista
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Adriana L Vallochi
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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20
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Yui K, Inoue SI. Host-pathogen interaction in the tissue environment during Plasmodium blood-stage infection. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12763. [PMID: 32497249 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human malarial infection occurs after an infectious Anopheles mosquito bites. Following the initial liver-stage infection, parasites transform into merozoites, infecting red blood cells (RBCs). Repeated RBC infection then occurs during the blood-stage infection, while patients experience various malarial symptoms. Protective immune responses are elicited by this systemic infection, but excessive responses are sometimes harmful for hosts. As parasites infect only RBCs and their immediate precursors during this stage, direct parasite-host interactions occur primarily in the environment surrounded by endothelial lining of blood vessels. The spleen is the major organ where the immune system encounters infected RBCs, causing immunological responses. Its tissue structure is markedly altered during malarial infection in mice and humans. Plasmodium falciparum parasites inside RBCs express proteins, such as PfEMP-1 and RIFIN, transported to the RBC surfaces in order to evade immunological attack by sequestering themselves in the peripheral vasculature avoiding spleen or by direct immune cell inhibition through inhibitory receptors. Host cell production of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-27 limits excessive immune responses, avoiding tissue damage. The regulation of the protective and inhibitory immune responses through host-parasite interactions allows chronic Plasmodium infection. In this review, we discuss underlying interaction mechanisms relevant for developing effective strategies against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Yui
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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21
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PD-1 Expression on NK Cells in Malaria-Exposed Individuals Is Associated with Diminished Natural Cytotoxicity and Enhanced Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00711-19. [PMID: 31907195 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00711-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key effector cells of innate resistance capable of destroying tumors and virus-infected cells through cytotoxicity and rapid cytokine production. The control of NK cell responses is complex and only partially understood. PD-1 is an inhibitory receptor that regulates T cell function, but a role for PD-1 in regulating NK cell function is only beginning to emerge. Here, we investigated PD-1 expression on NK cells in children and adults in Mali in a longitudinal analysis before, during, and after infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. We found that NK cells transiently upregulate PD-1 expression and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in some individuals during acute febrile malaria. Furthermore, the percentage of PD-1 expressing NK cells increases with age and cumulative malaria exposure. Consistent with this, NK cells of malaria-naive adults upregulated PD-1 following P. falciparum stimulation in vitro Additionally, functional in vitro studies revealed that PD-1 expression on NK cells is associated with diminished natural cytotoxicity but enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). These data indicate that PD-1+ NK cells expand in the context of chronic immune activation and suggest that PD-1 may contribute to skewing NK cells toward enhanced ADCC during infections such as malaria.
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22
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Cardoso Alves L, Berger MD, Koutsandreas T, Kirschke N, Lauer C, Spörri R, Chatziioannou A, Corazza N, Krebs P. Non-apoptotic TRAIL function modulates NK cell activity during viral infection. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48789. [PMID: 31742873 PMCID: PMC6945065 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of death receptor signaling for pathogen control and infection-associated pathogenesis is multifaceted and controversial. Here, we show that during viral infection, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) modulates NK cell activity independently of its pro-apoptotic function. In mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Trail deficiency led to improved specific CD8+ T-cell responses, resulting in faster pathogen clearance and reduced liver pathology. Depletion experiments indicated that this effect was mediated by NK cells. Mechanistically, TRAIL expressed by immune cells positively and dose-dependently modulates IL-15 signaling-induced granzyme B production in NK cells, leading to enhanced NK cell-mediated T cell killing. TRAIL also regulates the signaling downstream of IL-15 receptor in human NK cells. In addition, TRAIL restricts NK1.1-triggered IFNγ production by NK cells. Our study reveals a hitherto unappreciated immunoregulatory role of TRAIL signaling on NK cells for the granzyme B-dependent elimination of antiviral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Cardoso Alves
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Thodoris Koutsandreas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
- e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Nick Kirschke
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
- e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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23
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Jensen AR, Adams Y, Hviid L. Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria: The role of PfEMP1 in its pathogenesis and immunity, and PfEMP1-based vaccines to prevent it. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:230-252. [PMID: 31562653 PMCID: PMC6972667 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium continues to be a major health problem worldwide. The unicellular Plasmodium-parasites have the unique capacity to infect and replicate within host erythrocytes. By expressing variant surface antigens Plasmodium falciparum has evolved to avoid protective immune responses; as a result in endemic areas anti-malaria immunity develops gradually over many years of multiple and repeated infections. We are studying the role of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) expressed by asexual stages of P. falciparum responsible for the pathogenicity of severe malaria. The immunopathology of falciparum malaria has been linked to cyto-adhesion of infected erythrocytes to specific host receptors. A greater appreciation of the PfEMP1 molecules important for the development of protective immunity and immunopathology is a prerequisite for the rational discovery and development of a safe and protective anti-disease malaria vaccine. Here we review the role of ICAM-1 and EPCR receptor adhering falciparum-parasites in the development of severe malaria; we discuss our current research to understand the factors involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and the feasibility of developing a vaccine targeted specifically to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ramstedt Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Infectious DiseasesRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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24
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Transcription Factor T-bet in B Cells Modulates Germinal Center Polarization and Antibody Affinity Maturation in Response to Malaria. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2257-2269.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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25
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Transcriptional Modulation of the Host Immunity Mediated by Cytokines and Transcriptional Factors in Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Patients of North-East India. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100600. [PMID: 31614626 PMCID: PMC6843480 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications due to malaria are caused mostly by host immunological responses. Plasmodium falciparum subverts host immunity by various strategies, including modulation in the host immune responses by regulating cytokines. The transcriptional alterations of major cytokines and immunoregulators were analyzed in this study through gene expression profiling in clinically defined subgroups of P. falciparum patients. Malaria patients were included from Dhalai district hospital of Tripura with uncomplicated malaria (UC) and severe malaria (SM) and healthy controls from endemic and non-endemic areas of India. qPCR gene expression analysis was performed for all factors and they were grouped into three clusters based on their altered expressions. The first cluster was downregulated with an increased parasitic burden which included T-BET, GATA3, EOMES, TGF-β, STAT4, STAT6 and cytokines IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. RANTES, IL-8, CCR8, and CXCR3 were decreased in the SM group. The second cluster was upregulated with severity and included TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β and IL-7. PD-1 and BCL6 were increased in the SM group. The third cluster comprised of NF-κB and was not altered. The level of perforin was suppressed while GrB expression was elevated in SM. P. falciparum malaria burden is characterized by the modulation of host immunity via compromization of T cell-mediated responses and suppression of innate immune-regulators.
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26
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Burrack KS, Hart GT, Hamilton SE. Contributions of natural killer cells to the immune response against Plasmodium. Malar J 2019; 18:321. [PMID: 31533835 PMCID: PMC6751859 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate effector cells that are well described in their ability to kill virally-infected cells and tumors. However, there is increasing appreciation for the role of NK cells in the control of other pathogens, including intracellular parasites such as Plasmodium, the cause of malaria. NK cells may be beneficial during the early phase of Plasmodium infection—prior to the activation and expansion of antigen-specific T cells—through cooperation with myeloid cells to produce inflammatory cytokines like IFNγ. Recent work has defined how Plasmodium can activate NK cells to respond with natural cytotoxicity, and inhibit the growth of parasites via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mechanisms (ADCC). A specialized subset of adaptive NK cells that are negative for the Fc receptor γ chain have enhanced ADCC function and correlate with protection from malaria. Additionally, production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 by NK cells prevents overt pathology and death during experimental cerebral malaria. Now that conditional NK cell mouse models have been developed, previous studies need to be reevaluated in the context of what is now known about other immune populations with similarity to NK cells (i.e., NKT cells and type I innate lymphoid cells). This brief review summarizes recent findings which support the potentially beneficial roles of NK cells during Plasmodium infection in mice and humans. Also highlighted are how the actions of NK cells can be explored using new experimental strategies, and the potential to harness NK cell function in vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Burrack
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Hart
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
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27
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Sierro F, Grau GER. The Ins and Outs of Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis: Immunopathology, Extracellular Vesicles, Immunometabolism, and Trained Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:830. [PMID: 31057552 PMCID: PMC6478768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications from malaria parasite infections still cost the lives of close to half a million people every year. The most severe is cerebral malaria (CM). Employing murine models of CM, autopsy results, in vitro experiments, neuroimaging and microscopic techniques, decades of research activity have investigated the development of CM immunopathology in the hope of identifying steps that could be therapeutically targeted. Yet important questions remain. This review summarizes recent findings, primarily mechanistic insights on the essential cellular and molecular players involved gained within the murine experimental cerebral malaria model. It also highlights recent developments in (a) cell-cell communication events mediated through extracellular vesicles (EVs), (b) mounting evidence for innate immune memory, leading to “trained“ increased or tolerised responses, and (c) modulation of immune cell function through metabolism, that could shed light on why some patients develop this life-threatening condition whilst many do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Sierro
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Human Health, Nuclear Science, Technology, and Landmark Infrastructure, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Berretta F, Piccirillo CA, Stevenson MM. Plasmodium chabaudi AS Infection Induces CD4 + Th1 Cells and Foxp3 +T-bet + Regulatory T Cells That Express CXCR3 and Migrate to CXCR3 Ligands. Front Immunol 2019; 10:425. [PMID: 30915078 PMCID: PMC6422055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Control and elimination of blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection requires CD4+ Th1 cells that secrete IFN-γ and T follicular help (Tfh) cells together with B cell production of antibody. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are also crucial to protect the host from immunopathology and severe disease, but these cells can suppress protective immune responses to malaria. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 expressed by activated T cells is important for trafficking of CD4+ Th1 cells to sites of inflammation and infection. Previous studies demonstrated CXCR3 is expressed on CD4+ T cells in the spleen during malaria, but the phenotype was not defined. We identified the phenotype of CD4+ T cells that expressed CXCR3 in C57BL/6 (B6) mice during acute P. chabaudi AS infection by analyzing expression of the transcription factors T-bet and Foxp3. We also investigated if CXCR3 contributes to control of parasite replication and survival. The frequency and number of CD4+CXCR3+ T cells increased dramatically in the spleen of infected B6 mice coincident with increased CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells. CXCR3 was up-regulated on effector CD4+Foxp3− T cells as well as Foxp3+ Tregs. Consistent with our previous observations, CD4+T-bet+Foxp3− T cells increased in B6 mice during acute infection. T-bet+Foxp3+ Tregs also increased significantly and a high frequency of these cells expressed CXCR3 supporting the notion that these cells may be Th1-like Tregs. Despite this, the percentage of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs from infected B6 mice that migrated in vitro to the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10 was significantly less than naïve mice. To investigate the in vivo contribution of CXCR3 to control of acute blood-stage malaria, we compared the course and outcome of P. chabaudi AS infection in wild-type (WT) B6 and CXCR3-deficient mice. Parasitemia levels were significantly higher around the time of peak parasitemia in CXCR3−/− compared to WT mice but survival was similar suggesting a role for CXCR3 in controlling parasite replication during acute P. chabaudi AS infection. Together, our findings indicate Th1-like CD4+T-bet+Foxp3+ Tregs that express CXCR3 are induced during acute blood-stage malaria and suggest CXCR3 expression on CD4+ Th1 cells may contribute to their migration to the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Berretta
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health and Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mary M Stevenson
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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29
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Ivanova DL, Denton SL, Fettel KD, Sondgeroth KS, Munoz Gutierrez J, Bangoura B, Dunay IR, Gigley JP. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Protection, Pathology, and Adaptive Immunity During Apicomplexan Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:196. [PMID: 30873151 PMCID: PMC6403415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a diverse and complex group of protozoan pathogens including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and Babesia spp. They infect a wide variety of hosts and are a major health threat to humans and other animals. Innate immunity provides early control and also regulates the development of adaptive immune responses important for controlling these pathogens. Innate immune responses also contribute to immunopathology associated with these infections. Natural killer (NK) cells have been for a long time known to be potent first line effector cells in helping control protozoan infection. They provide control by producing IL-12 dependent IFNγ and killing infected cells and parasites via their cytotoxic response. Results from more recent studies indicate that NK cells could provide additional effector functions such as IL-10 and IL-17 and might have diverse roles in immunity to these pathogens. These early studies based their conclusions on the identification of NK cells to be CD3–, CD49b+, NK1.1+, and/or NKp46+ and the common accepted paradigm at that time that NK cells were one of the only lymphoid derived innate immune cells present. New discoveries have lead to major advances in understanding that NK cells are only one of several populations of innate immune cells of lymphoid origin. Common lymphoid progenitor derived innate immune cells are now known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and comprise three different groups, group 1, group 2, and group 3 ILC. They are a functionally heterogeneous and plastic cell population and are important effector cells in disease and tissue homeostasis. Very little is known about each of these different types of ILCs in parasitic infection. Therefore, we will review what is known about NK cells in innate immune responses during different protozoan infections. We will discuss what immune responses attributed to NK cells might be reconsidered as ILC1, 2, or 3 population responses. We will then discuss how different ILCs may impact immunopathology and adaptive immune responses to these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Stephen L Denton
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Kevin D Fettel
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | | | - Juan Munoz Gutierrez
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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30
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Palomo J, Quesniaux VFJ, Togbe D, Reverchon F, Ryffel B. Unravelling the roles of innate lymphoid cells in cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Parasite Immunol 2019; 40. [PMID: 29117626 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is one complication of Plasmodium parasite infection that can lead to strong inflammatory immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS), accompanied by lung inflammation and anaemia. Here, we focus on the role of the innate immune response in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) caused by blood-stage murine Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. While T cells are important for ECM pathogenesis, the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is only emerging. The role of ILCs and non-lymphoid cells, such as neutrophils and platelets, contributing to the host immune response and leading to ECM and human cerebral malaria (HCM) is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Palomo
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS, University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex2, France.,Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - V F J Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS, University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex2, France
| | - D Togbe
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS, University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex2, France.,Artimmune SAS, Orléans, France
| | - F Reverchon
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS, University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex2, France
| | - B Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS, University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex2, France.,IDM, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
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31
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Ghazanfari N, Mueller SN, Heath WR. Cerebral Malaria in Mouse and Man. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2016. [PMID: 30250468 PMCID: PMC6139318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is an acute encephalopathy caused by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which develops in a small minority of infected patients and is responsible for the majority of deaths in African children. Despite decades of research on CM, the pathogenic mechanisms are still relatively poorly defined. Nevertheless, many studies in recent years, using a combination of animal models, in vitro cell culture work, and human patients, provide significant insight into the pathologic mechanisms leading to CM. In this review, we summarize recent findings from mouse models and human studies on the pathogenesis of CM, understanding of which may enable development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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32
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Fernandes P, Howland SW, Heiss K, Hoffmann A, Hernández-Castañeda MA, Obrová K, Frank R, Wiedemann P, Bendzus M, Rénia L, Mueller AK. A Plasmodium Cross-Stage Antigen Contributes to the Development of Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1875. [PMID: 30154793 PMCID: PMC6102508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a complex neurological syndrome caused by an infection with Plasmodium falciparum parasites and is exclusively attributed to a series of host–parasite interactions at the pathological blood-stage of infection. In contrast, the preceding intra-hepatic phase of replication is generally considered clinically silent and thereby excluded from playing any role in the development of neurological symptoms. In this study, however, we present an antigen PbmaLS_05 that is presented to the host immune system by both pre-erythrocytic and intra-erythrocytic stages and contributes to the development of cerebral malaria in mice. Although deletion of the endogenous PbmaLS_05 prevented the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in susceptible mice after both sporozoite and infected red blood cell (iRBC) infections, we observed significant differences in contribution of the host immune response between both modes of inoculation. Moreover, PbmaLS_05-specific CD8+ T cells contributed to the development of ECM after sporozoite but not iRBC-infection, suggesting that pre-erythrocytic antigens like PbmaLS_05 can also contribute to the development of cerebral symptoms. Our data thus highlight the importance of the natural route of infection in the study of ECM, with potential implications for vaccine and therapeutic strategies against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Fernandes
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kirsten Heiss
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Hoffmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Klára Obrová
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Frank
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wiedemann
- Department of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Bendzus
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Burrack KS, Huggins MA, Taras E, Dougherty P, Henzler CM, Yang R, Alter S, Jeng EK, Wong HC, Felices M, Cichocki F, Miller JS, Hart GT, Johnson AJ, Jameson SC, Hamilton SE. Interleukin-15 Complex Treatment Protects Mice from Cerebral Malaria by Inducing Interleukin-10-Producing Natural Killer Cells. Immunity 2018; 48:760-772.e4. [PMID: 29625893 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a deadly complication of Plasmodium infection and involves blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption following infiltration of white blood cells. During experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected red blood cells develop a fatal CM-like disease caused by CD8+ T cell-mediated pathology. We found that treatment with interleukin-15 complex (IL-15C) prevented ECM, whereas IL-2C treatment had no effect. IL-15C-expanded natural killer (NK) cells were necessary and sufficient for protection against ECM. IL-15C treatment also decreased CD8+ T cell activation in the brain and prevented BBB breakdown without influencing parasite load. IL-15C induced NK cells to express IL-10, which was required for IL-15C-mediated protection against ECM. Finally, we show that ALT-803, a modified human IL-15C, mediates similar induction of IL-10 in NK cells and protection against ECM. These data identify a regulatory role for cytokine-stimulated NK cells in the prevention of a pathogenic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Burrack
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Matthew A Huggins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Emily Taras
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Philip Dougherty
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Christine M Henzler
- Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Rendong Yang
- Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Sarah Alter
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Emily K Jeng
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Hing C Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Martin Felices
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Frank Cichocki
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Hart
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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Soon MSF, Haque A. Recent Insights into CD4+Th Cell Differentiation in Malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1965-1975. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Eeka P, Phanithi PB. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Granzyme-b mediates neuronal cell death during Plasmodium berghei ANKA induced experimental cerebral malaria. Neurosci Lett 2018; 664:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Riggle BA, Miller LH, Pierce SK. Do we know enough to find an adjunctive therapy for cerebral malaria in African children? F1000Res 2017; 6:2039. [PMID: 29250318 PMCID: PMC5701444 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12401.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication of malaria, a febrile infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasite. Any of the five human Plasmodium species can cause disease, but, for unknown reasons, in approximately 2 million cases each year P. falciparum progresses to severe disease, ultimately resulting in half a million deaths. The majority of these deaths are in children under the age of five. Currently, there is no way to predict which child will progress to severe disease and there are no adjunctive therapies to halt the symptoms after onset. Herein, we discuss what is known about the disease mechanism of one form of severe malaria, cerebral malaria, and how we might exploit this understanding to rescue children in the throes of cerebral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Riggle
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
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37
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A single rapamycin dose protects against late-stage experimental cerebral malaria via modulation of host immunity, endothelial activation and parasite sequestration. Malar J 2017; 16:455. [PMID: 29121917 PMCID: PMC5679345 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maladaptive immune responses during cerebral malaria (CM) result in high mortality despite opportune anti-malarial chemotherapy. Rapamycin, an FDA-approved immunomodulator, protects against experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in mice through effects on the host. However, the potential for reduced adaptive immunity with chronic use, combined with an incomplete understanding of mechanisms underlying protection, limit translational potential as an adjunctive therapy in CM. Results The results presented herein demonstrate that a single dose of rapamycin, provided as late as day 4 or 5 post-infection, protected mice from ECM neuropathology and death through modulation of distinct host responses to infection. Rapamycin prevented parasite cytoadherence in peripheral organs, including white adipose tissue, via reduction of CD36 expression. Rapamycin also altered the splenic immune response by reducing the number of activated T cells with migratory phenotype, while increasing local cytotoxic T cell activation. Finally, rapamycin reduced brain endothelial ICAM-1 expression concomitant with reduced brain pathology. Together, these changes potentially contributed to increased parasite elimination while reducing CD8 T cell migration to the brain. Conclusions Rapamycin exerts pleotropic effects on host immunity, vascular activation and parasite sequestration that rescue mice from ECM, and thus support the potential clinical use of rapamycin as an adjunctive therapy in CM.
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38
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Basilico N, Corbett Y, D' Alessandro S, Parapini S, Prato M, Girelli D, Misiano P, Olliaro P, Taramelli D. Malaria pigment stimulates chemokine production by human microvascular endothelium. Acta Trop 2017; 172:125-131. [PMID: 28476599 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe falciparum malaria is characterized by the sequestration of infected erythrocytes and leukocyte recruitment in the microvasculature, resulting in impaired blood flow and metabolic disturbances. Which parasite products cause chemokine production, thus contributing to the strong host inflammatory response and cellular recruitment are not well characterized. Here, we studied haemozoin (Hz), the end-product of haem, a ferriprotoporphyrin-IX crystal bound to host and parasite lipids, DNA, and proteins. We found that natural Hz isolated from Plasmodium falciparum cultures induces CXCL8 and CCL5 production in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) in a time-dependent manner. This up-regulation is not caused by haem but rather by Hz-generated lipoperoxidation products (15-HETE) and fibrinogen associated to Hz, and is, at least in part, triggered by the activation of NF-κB, as it was significantly inhibited by artemisinin and other NF-κB pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36-20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Yolanda Corbett
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sarah D' Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36-20133, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze Università di Torino, Corso Raffaello 30-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Girelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Misiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Olliaro
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme on Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36-20133, Milano, Italy
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39
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Dunst J, Kamena F, Matuschewski K. Cytokines and Chemokines in Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:324. [PMID: 28775960 PMCID: PMC5517394 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is among the major causes of malaria-associated mortality and effective adjunctive therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. Central pathophysiological processes involved in the development of cerebral malaria include an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to Plasmodium infection, endothelial cell activation, and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, the sequence of events, which initiates these pathophysiological processes as well as the contribution of their complex interplay to the development of cerebral malaria remain incompletely understood. Several cytokines and chemokines have repeatedly been associated with cerebral malaria severity. Increased levels of these inflammatory mediators could account for the sequestration of leukocytes in the cerebral microvasculature present during cerebral malaria, thereby contributing to an amplification of local inflammation and promoting cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Herein, we highlight the current knowledge on the contribution of cytokines and chemokines to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria with particular emphasis on their roles in endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment, as well as their implication in the progression to blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, in both human cerebral malaria and in the murine experimental cerebral malaria model. A better molecular understanding of these processes could provide the basis for evidence-based development of adjunct therapies and the definition of diagnostic markers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany
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40
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Van Den Ham KM, Smith LK, Richer MJ, Olivier M. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibition Prevents Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Precluding CXCR3 Expression on T Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5478. [PMID: 28710387 PMCID: PMC5511231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection is dependent on the sequestration of cytotoxic T cells within the brain and augmentation of the inflammatory response. Herein, we demonstrate that inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity significantly attenuates T cell sequestration within the brain and prevents the development of neuropathology. Mechanistically, the initial upregulation of CXCR3 on splenic T cells upon T cell receptor stimulation was critically decreased through the reduction of T cell-intrinsic PTP activity. Furthermore, PTP inhibition markedly increased IL-10 production by splenic CD4+ T cells by enhancing the frequency of LAG3+CD49b+ type 1 regulatory cells. Overall, these findings demonstrate that modulation of PTP activity could possibly be utilized in the treatment of cerebral malaria and other CXCR3-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Van Den Ham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Logan K Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre and Associate Member, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada. .,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre and Associate Member, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada. .,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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41
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Mpina M, Maurice NJ, Yajima M, Slichter CK, Miller HW, Dutta M, McElrath MJ, Stuart KD, De Rosa SC, McNevin JP, Linsley PS, Abdulla S, Tanner M, Hoffman SL, Gottardo R, Daubenberger CA, Prlic M. Controlled Human Malaria Infection Leads to Long-Lasting Changes in Innate and Innate-like Lymphocyte Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:107-118. [PMID: 28576979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal model studies highlight the role of innate-like lymphocyte populations in the early inflammatory response and subsequent parasite control following Plasmodium infection. IFN-γ production by these lymphocytes likely plays a key role in the early control of the parasite and disease severity. Analyzing human innate-like T cell and NK cell responses following infection with Plasmodium has been challenging because the early stages of infection are clinically silent. To overcome this limitation, we examined blood samples from a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study in a Tanzanian cohort, in which volunteers underwent CHMI with a low or high dose of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The CHMI differentially affected NK, NKT (invariant NKT), and mucosal-associated invariant T cell populations in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in an altered composition of this innate-like lymphocyte compartment. Although these innate-like responses are typically thought of as short-lived, we found that changes persisted for months after the infection was cleared, leading to significantly increased frequencies of mucosal-associated invariant T cells 6 mo postinfection. We used single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR αβ-chain usage analysis to define potential mechanisms for this expansion. These single-cell data suggest that this increase was mediated by homeostatic expansion-like mechanisms. Together, these data demonstrate that CHMI leads to previously unappreciated long-lasting alterations in the human innate-like lymphocyte compartment. We discuss the consequences of these changes for recurrent parasite infection and infection-associated pathologies and highlight the importance of considering host immunity and infection history for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxmillian Mpina
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Masanao Yajima
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Chloe K Slichter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hannah W Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Mukta Dutta
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - John P McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; and
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | | | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Claudia A Daubenberger
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; .,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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42
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Wolf AS, Sherratt S, Riley EM. NK Cells: Uncertain Allies against Malaria. Front Immunol 2017; 8:212. [PMID: 28337195 PMCID: PMC5343013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, studies of natural killer (NK) cells in infection have focused almost entirely on their role in viral infections. However, there is an increasing awareness of the potential for NK cells to contribute to the control of a wider range of pathogens, including intracellular parasites such as Plasmodium spp. Given the high prevalence of parasitic diseases in the developing world and the devastating effects these pathogens have on large numbers of vulnerable people, investigating interactions between NK cells and parasitized host cells presents the opportunity to reveal novel immunological mechanisms with the potential to aid efforts to eradicate these diseases. The capacity of NK cells to produce inflammatory cytokines early after malaria infection, as well as a possible role in direct cytotoxic killing of malaria-infected cells, suggests a beneficial impact of NK cells in this disease. However, NK cells may also contribute to overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the consequent immunopathology. As comparatively little is known about the role of NK cells later in the course of infection, and growing evidence suggests that heterogeneity in NK cell responses to malaria may be influenced by KIR/HLA interactions, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which NK cells might directly interact with parasitized cells may reveal a new role for these cells in the course of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia-Sophia Wolf
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Samuel Sherratt
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
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43
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Silva-Filho JL, Caruso-Neves C, Pinheiro AAS. Targeting Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor (AT 1R) Inhibits the Harmful Phenotype of Plasmodium-Specific CD8 + T Cells during Blood-Stage Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:42. [PMID: 28261571 PMCID: PMC5311040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell response is critical in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria during blood-stage. Our group and other have been shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptor AT1 (AT1R), a key effector axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), have immune regulatory effects on T cells. Previously, we showed that inhibition of AT1R signaling protects mice against the lethal disease induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection However, most of the Ang II/AT1R actions were characterized by using only pharmacological approaches, the effects of which may not always be due to a specific receptor blockade. In addition, the mechanisms of action of the AT1R in inducing the pathogenic activity of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells during blood-stage were not determined. Here, we examined how angiotensin II/AT1R axis promotes the harmful response of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T-cell during blood-stage by using genetic and pharmacological approaches. We evaluated the response of wild-type (WT) and AT1R−/−Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells in mice infected with a transgenic PbA lineage expressing ovalbumin; and in parallel infected mice receiving WT Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells were treated with losartan (AT1R antagonist) or captopril (ACE inhibitor). Both, AT1R−/− OT-I cells and WT OT-I cells from losartan- or captopril-treated mice showed lower expansion, reduced IL-2 production and IL-2Rα expression, lower activation (lower expression of CD69, CD44 and CD160) and lower exhaustion profiles. AT1R−/− OT-I cells also exhibit lower expression of the integrin LFA-1 and the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3, known to play a key role in the development of cerebral malaria. Moreover, AT1R−/− OT-I cells produce lower amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α and show lower degranulation upon restimulation. In conclusion, our results show the pivotal mechanisms of AT1R-induced harmful phenotype of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells during blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia e Bioimagem, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana A S Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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44
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Swanson PA, Hart GT, Russo MV, Nayak D, Yazew T, Peña M, Khan SM, Janse CJ, Pierce SK, McGavern DB. CD8+ T Cells Induce Fatal Brainstem Pathology during Cerebral Malaria via Luminal Antigen-Specific Engagement of Brain Vasculature. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006022. [PMID: 27907215 PMCID: PMC5131904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection that results in thousands of deaths each year, mostly in African children. The in vivo mechanisms underlying this fatal condition are not entirely understood. Using the animal model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), we sought mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of CM. Fatal disease was associated with alterations in tight junction proteins, vascular breakdown in the meninges / parenchyma, edema, and ultimately neuronal cell death in the brainstem, which is consistent with cerebral herniation as a cause of death. At the peak of ECM, we revealed using intravital two-photon microscopy that myelomonocytic cells and parasite-specific CD8+ T cells associated primarily with the luminal surface of CNS blood vessels. Myelomonocytic cells participated in the removal of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) from cerebral blood vessels, but were not required for the disease. Interestingly, the majority of disease-inducing parasite-specific CD8+ T cells interacted with the lumen of brain vascular endothelial cells (ECs), where they were observed surveying, dividing, and arresting in a cognate peptide-MHC I dependent manner. These activities were critically dependent on IFN-γ, which was responsible for activating cerebrovascular ECs to upregulate adhesion and antigen-presenting molecules. Importantly, parasite-specific CD8+ T cell interactions with cerebral vessels were impaired in chimeric mice rendered unable to present EC antigens on MHC I, and these mice were in turn resistant to fatal brainstem pathology. Moreover, anti-adhesion molecule (LFA-1 / VLA-4) therapy prevented fatal disease by rapidly displacing luminal CD8+ T cells from cerebrovascular ECs without affecting extravascular T cells. These in vivo data demonstrate that parasite-specific CD8+ T cell-induced fatal vascular breakdown and subsequent neuronal death during ECM is associated with luminal, antigen-dependent interactions with cerebrovasculature. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe and potentially fatal complication of malaria in humans that results in swelling and bleeding within the brain. The mechanisms that cause this fatal disease in humans are not completely understood. We studied an animal model known as experimental cerebral malaria to learn more about the factors that drive this disease process. Using a technique referred to as intravital microscopy, we captured movies of immune cells operating in the living brain as the disease developed. At the peak of disease, we observed evidence of immune cells interacting with and aggregating along blood vessels throughout the brain. These interactions were directly associated vascular leakage. This caused the brain to swell, which gave rise to an unsustainable pressure that ultimately killed neurons responsible for heart and lung function. The fatal swelling was induced by immune cells (referred to as T cells) interacting with bits of parasite presented by blood vessels in the brain. Removal of this parasite presentation protected the mice from fatal disease. We also evaluated a straightforward therapy that involved intravenous administration of antibodies that interfered with T cell sticking to blood vessels. Our movies revealed that this therapeutic approach rapidly displaced T cells from the blood vessels in the brain and prevented fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A. Swanson
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey T. Hart
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew V. Russo
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Center for Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Takele Yazew
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mirna Peña
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shahid M. Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J. Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan K. Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Hansen DS, Obeng-Adjei N, Ly A, Ioannidis LJ, Crompton PD. Emerging concepts in T follicular helper cell responses to malaria. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:105-110. [PMID: 27866903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses to malaria and candidate malaria vaccines are short-lived in children, leaving them susceptible to repeated malaria episodes. Because T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide critical help to B cells to generate long-lived antibody responses, they have become the focus of recent studies of Plasmodium-infected mice and humans. The emerging data converge on common themes, namely, that malaria-induced TH1 cytokines are associated with the activation of (i) T-like memory TFH cells with impaired B cell helper function, and (ii) pre-TFH cells that acquire Th1-like features (T-bet expression, IFN-γ production), which impede their differentiation into fully functional TFH cells, thus resulting in germinal center dysfunction and suboptimal antibody responses. Deeper knowledge of TFH cells in malaria could illuminate strategies to improve vaccines through modulating TFH cell responses. This review summarizes emerging concepts in TFH cell responses to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nyamekye Obeng-Adjei
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Hirako IC, Ataide MA, Faustino L, Assis PA, Sorensen EW, Ueta H, Araújo NM, Menezes GB, Luster AD, Gazzinelli RT. Splenic differentiation and emergence of CCR5 +CXCL9 +CXCL10 + monocyte-derived dendritic cells in the brain during cerebral malaria. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13277. [PMID: 27808089 PMCID: PMC5097164 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells have an important role in immune surveillance. After being exposed to microbial components, they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs and activate T lymphocytes. Here we show that during mouse malaria, splenic inflammatory monocytes differentiate into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MO-DCs), which are CD11b+F4/80+CD11c+MHCIIhighDC-SIGNhighLy6c+ and express high levels of CCR5, CXCL9 and CXCL10 (CCR5+CXCL9/10+ MO-DCs). We propose that malaria-induced splenic MO-DCs take a reverse migratory route. After differentiation in the spleen, CCR5+CXCL9/10+ MO-DCs traffic to the brain in a CCR2-independent, CCR5-dependent manner, where they amplify the influx of CD8+ T lymphocytes, leading to a lethal neuropathological syndrome. Cerebral malaria is an often fatal complication of Plasmodium infection involving accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the central nervous system. Here the authors map the development and trafficking of CCR5+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells from the spleen to the brains of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Hirako
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Marco A Ataide
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas Faustino
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Patricia A Assis
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth W Sorensen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Hisashi Ueta
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Natalia M Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Establishment of a murine model of cerebral malaria in KunMing mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Parasitology 2016; 143:1672-80. [PMID: 27574013 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection resulting in high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Analysis of precise mechanisms of CM in humans is difficult for ethical reasons and animal models of CM have been employed to study malaria pathogenesis. Here, we describe a new experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model with Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in KunMing (KM) mice. KM mice developed ECM after blood-stage or sporozoites infection, and the development of ECM in KM mice has a dose-dependent relationship with sporozoites inoculums. Histopathological findings revealed important features associated with ECM, including accumulation of mononuclear cells and red blood cells in brain microvascular, and brain parenchymal haemorrhages. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) examination showed that BBB disruption was present in infected KM mice when displaying clinical signs of CM. In vivo bioluminescent imaging experiment indicated that parasitized red blood cells accumulated in most vital organs including heart, lung, spleen, kidney, liver and brain. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-10 were all remarkably increased in KM mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. This study indicates that P. berghei ANKA infection in KM mice can be used as ECM model to extend further research on genetic, pharmacological and vaccine studies of CM.
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Experimental Cerebral Malaria Spreads along the Rostral Migratory Stream. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005470. [PMID: 26964100 PMCID: PMC4786214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is poorly understood how progressive brain swelling in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) evolves in space and over time, and whether mechanisms of inflammation or microvascular sequestration/obstruction dominate the underlying pathophysiology. We therefore monitored in the Plasmodium berghei ANKA-C57BL/6 murine ECM model, disease manifestation and progression clinically, assessed by the Rapid-Murine-Coma-and-Behavioral-Scale (RMCBS), and by high-resolution in vivo MRI, including sensitive assessment of early blood-brain-barrier-disruption (BBBD), brain edema and microvascular pathology. For histological correlation HE and immunohistochemical staining for microglia and neuroblasts were obtained. Our results demonstrate that BBBD and edema initiated in the olfactory bulb (OB) and spread along the rostral-migratory-stream (RMS) to the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles, the dorsal-migratory-stream (DMS), and finally to the external capsule (EC) and brainstem (BS). Before clinical symptoms (mean RMCBS = 18.5±1) became evident, a slight, non-significant increase of quantitative T2 and ADC values was observed in OB+RMS. With clinical manifestation (mean RMCBS = 14.2±0.4), T2 and ADC values significantly increased along the OB+RMS (p = 0.049/p = 0.01). Severe ECM (mean RMCBS = 5±2.9) was defined by further spread into more posterior and deeper brain structures until reaching the BS (significant T2 elevation in DMS+EC+BS (p = 0.034)). Quantitative automated histological analyses confirmed microglial activation in areas of BBBD and edema. Activated microglia were closely associated with the RMS and neuroblasts within the RMS were severely misaligned with respect to their physiological linear migration pattern. Microvascular pathology and ischemic brain injury occurred only secondarily, after vasogenic edema formation and were both associated less with clinical severity and the temporal course of ECM. Altogether, we identified a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of microglial activation in ECM involving primarily the OB+RMS axis, a distinct pathway utilized by neuroblasts and immune cells. Our data suggest significant crosstalk between these two cell populations to be operative in deeper brain infiltration and further imply that the manifestation and progression of cerebral malaria may depend on brain areas otherwise serving neurogenesis. Brain swelling is difficult to detect ex vivo and has recently been identified as a strong predictor of death not only in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), but also in human cerebral malaria. As whole-brain in-vivo imaging methods have been widely underutilized in this disease model, little is known about the spatiotemporal evolution of brain swelling. To unravel this question, we monitored the evolution of ECM in vivo using high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with whole-brain coverage and have identified a distinct pattern of cerebral disease spread. Inflammatory disruption of the blood-brain-barrier and consecutive brain swelling initiates in the olfactory bulb and spreads from there along the rostral migratory stream—a neurogenic niche—deeper into the brain. When the brainstem is eventually reached, mice start to fall into a comatose state. Those findings correlate with previously published human MRI findings, which also show brain swelling of the brainstem in comatose children with cerebral malaria as well as early involvement of the striatum—recently recognized to serve neurogenesis in humans. Our study provides a novel link between neurogenic areas specifically permitting the spatiotemporal expansion of activated microglia, blood-brain-barrier disruption and consequent brain edema. Finally, the dominant role of the neurogenic axis in the transmission of inflammation may provide an explanation why children are more vulnerable to cerebral malaria.
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Ryg-Cornejo V, Ioannidis L, Ly A, Chiu C, Tellier J, Hill D, Preston S, Pellegrini M, Yu D, Nutt S, Kallies A, Hansen D. Severe Malaria Infections Impair Germinal Center Responses by Inhibiting T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Ioannidis LJ, Nie CQ, Ly A, Ryg-Cornejo V, Chiu CY, Hansen DS. Monocyte- and Neutrophil-Derived CXCL10 Impairs Efficient Control of Blood-Stage Malaria Infection and Promotes Severe Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1227-38. [PMID: 26718341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10, or IFN-γ-inducible protein 10, is a biomarker associated with increased risk for Plasmodium falciparum-mediated cerebral malaria (CM). Consistent with this, we have previously shown that CXCL10 neutralization or genetic deletion alleviates brain intravascular inflammation and protects Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice from CM. In addition to organ-specific effects, the absence of CXCL10 during infection was also found to reduce parasite biomass. To identify the cellular sources of CXCL10 responsible for these processes, we irradiated and reconstituted wild-type (WT) and CXCL10(-/-) mice with bone marrow from either WT or CXCL10(-/-) mice. Similar to CXCL10(-/-) mice, chimeras unable to express CXCL10 in hematopoietic-derived cells controlled infection more efficiently than WT controls. In contrast, expression of CXCL10 in knockout mice reconstituted with WT bone marrow resulted in high parasite biomass levels, higher brain parasite and leukocyte sequestration rates, and increased susceptibility to CM. Neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes were identified as the main cellular sources of CXCL10 responsible for the induction of these processes. The improved control of parasitemia observed in the absence of CXCL10-mediated trafficking was associated with a preferential accumulation of CXCR3(+)CD4(+) T follicular helper cells in the spleen and enhanced Ab responses to infection. These results are consistent with the notion that some inflammatory responses elicited in response to malaria infection contribute to the development of high parasite densities involved in the induction of severe disease in target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Catherine Q Nie
- Office for Research Ethics and Integrity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Victoria Ryg-Cornejo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Chris Y Chiu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
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