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Wissmann S, Stolp B, Jímenez AM, Stein JV. DOCK2 and phosphoinositide-3 kinase δ mediate two complementary signaling pathways for CXCR5-dependent B cell migration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982383. [PMID: 36341455 PMCID: PMC9627044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Naive B cells use the chemokine receptor CXCR5 to enter B cell follicles, where they scan CXCL13-expressing ICAM-1+ VCAM-1+ follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) for the presence of antigen. CXCL13-CXCR5-mediated motility is mainly driven by the Rac guanine exchange factor DOCK2, which contains a binding domain for phosphoinositide-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) and other phospholipids. While p110δ, the catalytic subunit of the class IA phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) δ, contributes to CXCR5-mediated B cell migration, the precise interdependency of DOCK2, p110δ, or other PI3K family members during this process remains incompletely understood. Here, we combined in vitro chemotaxis assays and in vivo imaging to examine the contribution of these two factors during murine naïve B cell migration to CXCL13. Our data confirm that p110δ is the main catalytic subunit mediating PI3K-dependent migration downstream CXCR5, whereas it does not contribute to chemotaxis triggered by CXCR4 or CCR7, two other chemokine receptors expressed on naïve B cells. The contribution of p110δ activity to CXCR5-driven migration was complementary to that of DOCK2, and pharmacological or genetic interference with both pathways completely abrogated B cell chemotaxis to CXCL13. Intravital microscopy of control and gene-deficient B cells migrating on FDCs confirmed that lack of DOCK2 caused a profound migration defect, whereas p110δ contributed to cell speed and directionality. B cells lacking active p110δ also displayed defective adhesion to ICAM-1; yet, their migration impairment was maintained on ICAM-1-deficient FDCs. In sum, our data uncover two complementary signaling pathways mediated by DOCK2 and p110δ, which enable CXCR5-driven naïve B cell examination of FDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wissmann
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Stolp
- Department for Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Marcos Jímenez
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Dendritic cell migration in inflammation and immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2461-2471. [PMID: 34302064 PMCID: PMC8298985 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key link between innate immunity and adaptive immunity and play crucial roles in both the promotion of immune defense and the maintenance of immune tolerance. The trafficking of distinct DC subsets across lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues is essential for DC-dependent activation and regulation of inflammation and immunity. DC chemotaxis and migration are triggered by interactions between chemokines and their receptors and regulated by multiple intracellular mechanisms, such as protein modification, epigenetic reprogramming, metabolic remodeling, and cytoskeletal rearrangement, in a tissue-specific manner. Dysregulation of DC migration may lead to abnormal positioning or activation of DCs, resulting in an imbalance of immune responses and even immune pathologies, including autoimmune responses, infectious diseases, allergic diseases and tumors. New strategies targeting the migration of distinct DC subsets are being explored for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases and the development of novel DC-based vaccines. In this review, we will discuss the migratory routes and immunological consequences of distinct DC subsets, the molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms of migratory signaling in DCs, and the association of DC migration with the pathogenesis of autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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3
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Johansen KH, Golec DP, Thomsen JH, Schwartzberg PL, Okkenhaug K. PI3K in T Cell Adhesion and Trafficking. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708908. [PMID: 34421914 PMCID: PMC8377255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K signalling is required for activation, differentiation, and trafficking of T cells. PI3Kδ, the dominant PI3K isoform in T cells, has been extensively characterised using PI3Kδ mutant mouse models and PI3K inhibitors. Furthermore, characterisation of patients with Activated PI3K Delta Syndrome (APDS) and mouse models with hyperactive PI3Kδ have shed light on how increased PI3Kδ activity affects T cell functions. An important function of PI3Kδ is that it acts downstream of TCR stimulation to activate the major T cell integrin, LFA-1, which controls transendothelial migration of T cells as well as their interaction with antigen-presenting cells. PI3Kδ also suppresses the cell surface expression of CD62L and CCR7 which controls the migration of T cells across high endothelial venules in the lymph nodes and S1PR1 which controls lymph node egress. Therefore, PI3Kδ can control both entry and exit of T cells from lymph nodes as well as the recruitment to and retention of T cells within inflamed tissues. This review will focus on the regulation of adhesion receptors by PI3Kδ and how this contributes to T cell trafficking and localisation. These findings are relevant for our understanding of how PI3Kδ inhibitors may affect T cell redistribution and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer H Johansen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dominic P Golec
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Julie H Thomsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Eckert N, Permanyer M, Yu K, Werth K, Förster R. Chemokines and other mediators in the development and functional organization of lymph nodes. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:62-83. [PMID: 30977201 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes (LNs) are the main inductive sites for adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes are constantly entering LNs, scanning the environment for their cognate antigen and get replenished by incoming cells after a certain period of time. As only a minor percentage of lymphocytes recognizes cognate antigen, this mechanism of permanent recirculation ensures fast and effective immune responses when necessary. Thus, homing, positioning, and activation as well as egress require precise regulation within LNs. In this review we discuss the mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others that are involved in the formation of the LN anlage and subsequent functional organization of LNs. We highlight very recent findings in the fields of LN development, steady-state migration in LNs, and the intranodal processes during an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Lämmermann T, Kastenmüller W. Concepts of GPCR-controlled navigation in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:205-231. [PMID: 30977203 PMCID: PMC6487968 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G‐protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is essential for the spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics during immune responses. For efficient navigation through mammalian tissues, most leukocyte types express more than one GPCR on their surface and sense a wide range of chemokines and chemoattractants, leading to basic forms of leukocyte movement (chemokinesis, haptokinesis, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and chemorepulsion). How leukocytes integrate multiple GPCR signals and make directional decisions in lymphoid and inflamed tissues is still subject of intense research. Many of our concepts on GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation in the presence of multiple GPCR signals derive from in vitro chemotaxis studies and lower vertebrates. In this review, we refer to these concepts and critically contemplate their relevance for the directional movement of several leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, T cells, and dendritic cells) in the complexity of mouse tissues. We discuss how leukocyte navigation can be regulated at the level of only a single GPCR (surface expression, competitive antagonism, oligomerization, homologous desensitization, and receptor internalization) or multiple GPCRs (synergy, hierarchical and non‐hierarchical competition, sequential signaling, heterologous desensitization, and agonist scavenging). In particular, we will highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation by intravital microscopy of immune cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Ackerknecht M, Gollmer K, Germann P, Ficht X, Abe J, Fukui Y, Swoger J, Ripoll J, Sharpe J, Stein JV. Antigen Availability and DOCK2-Driven Motility Govern CD4+ T Cell Interactions with Dendritic Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:520-530. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Katakai T, Kinashi T. Microenvironmental Control of High-Speed Interstitial T Cell Migration in the Lymph Node. Front Immunol 2016; 7:194. [PMID: 27242799 PMCID: PMC4865483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are highly concentrated in the lymph node (LN) paracortex, which serves an important role in triggering adoptive immune responses. Live imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy revealed vigorous and non-directional T cell migration within this area at average velocity of more than 10 μm/min. Active interstitial T cell movement is considered to be crucial for scanning large numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) to find rare cognate antigens. However, the mechanism by which T cells achieve such high-speed movement in a densely packed, dynamic tissue environment is not fully understood. Several new findings suggest that fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and DCs control T cell movement in a multilateral manner. Chemokines and lysophosphatidic acid produced by FRCs cooperatively promote the migration, while DCs facilitate LFA-1-dependent motility via expression of ICAM-1. Furthermore, the highly dense and confined microenvironment likely plays a key role in anchorage-independent motility. We propose that T cells dynamically switch between two motility modes; anchorage-dependent and -independent manners. Unique tissue microenvironment and characteristic migration modality of T cells cooperatively generate high-speed interstitial movement in the LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University , Hirakata , Japan
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8
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PI3Kδ promotes CD4(+) T-cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells by increasing LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:486-95. [PMID: 26740009 PMCID: PMC4829101 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T lymphocytes by peptide/major histocompatibility complex on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) involves dynamic contacts between the two cells, during which T cells undergo marked morphological changes. These interactions are facilitated by integrins. Activation of the T cells increases the binding of the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) expressed by T cells to intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-2 expressed by APCs. The signalling pathways that control integrin affinities are incompletely defined. The phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) generate second-messenger signalling molecules that control cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and trafficking. Here we show that in T cells, PI3Kδ attenuates the activation of Rac1, but sustains the activation of Rap1. Consequently, PI3Kδ increases LFA-1-dependent adhesion to form stable conjugates with APCs. Increased Rap1 activity and LFA-1 adhesion were only in part mediated by the downstream kinase Akt, suggesting the involvement of additional phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)P3-binding proteins. These results establish a link between PI3K activity, cytoskeletal changes and integrin binding and help explain the impaired T-cell-dependent immune responses in PI3Kδ-deficient mice.
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9
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Hauser MA, Legler DF. Common and biased signaling pathways of the chemokine receptor CCR7 elicited by its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 in leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:869-82. [PMID: 26729814 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0815-380r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal regulators of cell migration during continuous immune surveillance, inflammation, homeostasis, and development. Chemokine binding to their 7-transmembrane domain, G-protein-coupled receptors causes conformational changes that elicit intracellular signaling pathways to acquire and maintain an asymmetric architectural organization and a polarized distribution of signaling molecules necessary for directional cell migration. Leukocytes rely on the interplay of chemokine-triggered migration modules to promote amoeboid-like locomotion. One of the most important chemokine receptors for adaptive immune cell migration is the CC-chemokine receptor CCR7. CCR7 and its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 control homing of T cells and dendritic cells to areas of the lymph nodes where T cell priming and the initiation of the adaptive immune response occur. Moreover, CCR7 signaling also contributes to T cell development in the thymus and to lymphorganogenesis. Although the CCR7-CCL19/CCL21 axis evolved to benefit the host, inappropriate regulation or use of these proteins can contribute or cause pathobiology of chronic inflammation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis, as well as autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it appears as the CCR7-CCL19/CCL21 axis is tightly regulated at numerous intersections. Here, we discuss the multiple regulatory mechanism of CCR7 signaling and its influence on CCR7 function. In particular, we focus on the functional diversity of the 2 CCR7 ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, as well as on their impact on biased signaling. The understanding of the molecular determinants of biased signaling and the multiple layers of CCR7 regulation holds the promise for potential future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hauser
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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10
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Dupré L, Houmadi R, Tang C, Rey-Barroso J. T Lymphocyte Migration: An Action Movie Starring the Actin and Associated Actors. Front Immunol 2015; 6:586. [PMID: 26635800 PMCID: PMC4649030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is composed of a dynamic filament meshwork that builds the architecture of the cell to sustain its fundamental properties. This physical structure is characterized by a continuous remodeling, which allows cells to accomplish complex motility steps such as directed migration, crossing of biological barriers, and interaction with other cells. T lymphocytes excel in these motility steps to ensure their immune surveillance duties. In particular, actin cytoskeleton remodeling is a key to facilitate the journey of T lymphocytes through distinct tissue environments and to tune their stop and go behavior during the scanning of antigen-presenting cells. The molecular mechanisms controlling actin cytoskeleton remodeling during T lymphocyte motility have been only partially unraveled, since the function of many actin regulators has not yet been assessed in these cells. Our review aims to integrate the current knowledge into a comprehensive picture of how the actin cytoskeleton drives T lymphocyte migration. We will present the molecular actors that control actin cytoskeleton remodeling, as well as their role in the different T lymphocyte motile steps. We will also highlight which challenges remain to be addressed experimentally and which approaches appear promising to tackle them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dupré
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
| | - Raïssa Houmadi
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
| | - Catherine Tang
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Master BIOTIN, Université Montpellier I , Montpellier , France
| | - Javier Rey-Barroso
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
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11
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Letendre K, Donnadieu E, Moses ME, Cannon JL. Bringing statistics up to speed with data in analysis of lymphocyte motility. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126333. [PMID: 25973755 PMCID: PMC4431811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon (2P) microscopy provides immunologists with 3D video of the movement of lymphocytes in vivo. Motility parameters extracted from these videos allow detailed analysis of lymphocyte motility in lymph nodes and peripheral tissues. However, standard parametric statistical analyses such as the Student's t-test are often used incorrectly, and fail to take into account confounds introduced by the experimental methods, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions about T cell motility. Here, we compare the motility of WT T cell versus PKCθ-/-, CARMA1-/-, CCR7-/-, and PTX-treated T cells. We show that the fluorescent dyes used to label T cells have significant effects on T cell motility, and we demonstrate the use of factorial ANOVA as a statistical tool that can control for these effects. In addition, researchers often choose between the use of "cell-based" parameters by averaging multiple steps of a single cell over time (e.g. cell mean speed), or "step-based" parameters, in which all steps of a cell population (e.g. instantaneous speed) are grouped without regard for the cell track. Using mixed model ANOVA, we show that we can maintain cell-based analyses without losing the statistical power of step-based data. We find that as we use additional levels of statistical control, we can more accurately estimate the speed of T cells as they move in lymph nodes as well as measure the impact of individual signaling molecules on T cell motility. As there is increasing interest in using computational modeling to understand T cell behavior in in vivo, these quantitative measures not only give us a better determination of actual T cell movement, they may prove crucial for models to generate accurate predictions about T cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Letendre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Melanie E. Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Munoz MA, Biro M, Weninger W. T cell migration in intact lymph nodes in vivo. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:17-24. [PMID: 24907445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the lymph node, T cells migrate rapidly and with striking versatility in a continuous scan for antigen presenting dendritic cells. The scanning process is greatly facilitated by the lymph node structure and composition. In vivo imaging has been instrumental in deciphering the spatiotemporal dynamics of intranodal T cell migration in both health and disease. Here we review recent developments in uncovering the migration modes employed by T cells in the lymph node, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the scanning strategies utilised by T cells to ensure a timely response to antigenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia A Munoz
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Toll-like receptor 4-activated B cells out-compete Toll-like receptor 9-activated B cells to establish peripheral immunological tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1258-66. [PMID: 22511718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205150109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell-induced peripheral T-cell tolerance is characterized by suppression of T-cell proliferation and T-cell-dependent antibody production. However, the cellular interactions that underlie tolerance induction have not been identified. Using two-photon microscopy of lymph nodes we show that tolerogenic LPS-activated membrane-bound ovalbumin (mOVA) B cells (LPS B cells) establish long-lived, highly motile conjugate pairs with responding antigen-specific OTII T cells but not with antigen-irrelevant T cells. Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 disrupts persistent B-cell-T-cell (B-T) contacts and suppresses antigen-specific tolerance. Nontolerogenic CpG-activated mOVA B cells (CpG B cells) also form prolonged, motile conjugates with responding OTII T cells when transferred separately. However, when both tolerogenic and nontolerogenic B-cell populations are present, LPS B cells suppress long-lived CpG B-OTII T-cell interactions and exhibit tolerogenic dominance. Contact of LPS B cells with previously established B-T pairs resulted in partner-swapping events in which LPS B cells preferentially migrate toward and disrupt nontolerogenic CpG mOVA B-cell-OTII T-cell pairs. Our results demonstrate that establishment of peripheral T-cell tolerance involves physical engagement of B cells with the responding T-cell population, acting in a directed and competitive manner to alter the functional outcome of B-T interactions.
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The role of PI3K/protein kinase B (PKB/c-akt) in migration and homing of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2011; 18:226-30. [PMID: 21519240 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e32834760e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is the most powerful treatment modality for a variety of hematological disorders. Successful hematopoietic recovery after transplantation depends on optimal homing of HSCs to the bone marrow and subsequent lodging in the HSC niche. The molecular mechanisms underlying bone marrow homing are, thus far, incompletely understood. This review focuses on recent studies that extended our understanding of how the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/c-akt) signaling module can regulate migration and homing of HSCs. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to regulation of HSC maintenance and lineage development, it has recently become apparent that the PI3K/PKB signaling module plays a critical role in regulation of migration and adhesion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Activation of this signaling pathway enhances firm adhesion, reduces migration and inhibits bone marrow homing, whereas inhibition of PKB conversely induces bone marrow homing. SUMMARY These findings clearly implicate the PI3K/PKB signaling module in playing a critical role in regulation of bone marrow homing, suggesting that pharmacological modulation of this signaling molecule prior to transplantation may provide a clinical means of improving engraftment levels and accelerating hematopoietic recovery.
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Matheu MP, Cahalan MD, Parker I. Immunoimaging: studying immune system dynamics using two-photon microscopy. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:pdb.top99. [PMID: 21285279 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONCells of the immune system explore a wider territory than any other cells in the body. Responses to a pathogen typically require long-range migration of cells, short-range communication by local chemical signaling, and direct cell-cell contact. Two-photon microscopy allows these processes to be visualized within native tissue environments. Immunoimaging is rapidly developing from a merely descriptive technique into a set of methods and analytical tools that can be used to quantify and to characterize an immune response at the cellular level. This article outlines the hardware required for immunoimaging and discusses methods for quantitative analysis of multidimensional image stacks.
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Abstract
Second messenger molecules relay, amplify, and diversify cell surface receptor signals. Two important examples are phosphorylated D-myo-inositol derivatives, such as phosphoinositide lipids within cellular membranes, and soluble inositol phosphates. Here, we review how phosphoinositide metabolism generates multiple second messengers with important roles in T-cell development and function. They include soluble inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate, long known for its Ca(2+)-mobilizing function, and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate, whose generation by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and turnover by the phosphatases PTEN and SHIP control a key "hub" of TCR signaling. More recent studies unveiled important second messenger functions for diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and soluble inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP(4)) in immune cells. Inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate acts as a soluble phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate analog to control protein membrane recruitment. We propose that phosphoinositide lipids and soluble inositol phosphates (IPs) can act as complementary partners whose interplay could have broadly important roles in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina H Huang
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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17
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Two-photon microscopy analysis of leukocyte trafficking and motility. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:215-25. [PMID: 20603709 PMCID: PMC2937149 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the last several years, live tissue imaging, in particular using two-photon laser microscopy, has advanced our understanding of leukocyte trafficking mechanisms. Studies using this technique are revealing distinct molecular requirements for leukocyte migration in different tissue environments. Also emerging from the studies are the ingenious infrastructures for leukocyte trafficking, which are produced by stromal cells. This review summarizes the recent imaging studies that provided novel mechanistic insights into in vivo leukocyte migration essential for immunosurveillance.
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Ruggeri RM, Vitarelli E, Barresi G, Trimarchi F, Benvenga S, Trovato M. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-met, its cognate ligand HGF and the tyrosine kinase receptor trasducers STAT3, PI3K and RHO in thyroid nodules associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an immunohistochemical characterization. Eur J Histochem 2010; 54:e24. [PMID: 20558345 PMCID: PMC3167304 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2010.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) exerts proliferative activities in thyrocytes upon binding to its tyrosine kinase receptor c-met and is also expressed in benign thyroid nodules as well as in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The simultaneous expression of HGF/c-met and three trasducers of tyrosine kinase receptors (STAT3, PI3K, RHO) in both the nodular and extranodular tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry in 50 benign thyroid nodules (NGs), 25 of which associated with HT. The ligand/tyrosine kinase receptor pair HGF/c-met and the two trasducers PI3K and RHO were expressed in NGs, regardless of association with HT, with a higher positive cases percentage in HT-associated NGs compared to not HT-associated NGs (25/25 or 100% vs 7/25 or 28%; P<0.001). HGF, PI3K and RHO expression was only stromal (fibroblasts and endothelial cells), in all 32 reactive NGs, while c-met localization was consistently epithelial (thyrocyes). Immunoreactions for HGF, c-met, PI3K and RHO were also apparent in the extra-nodular tissue of HT specimens, where HGF and PI3K were expressed not only in stromal cells but also in thyrocyes along with the c-met. Finally, a positive correlation was observed between the proportion of HGF, c-met, PI3K follicular cells and the grade of lymphoid aggregates in HT. In conclusion, HGF, c-met, PI3K are much more frequently and highly expressed in HT compared to NGs, and among all NGs in those present in the context of HT. A paracrine effect of HFG/c-met on nodule development, based on the prevalent stromal expression, may be suggested along with a major role of HGF/c-met and PI3K in HT. Finally, the expression of such molecules in HT may be regulated by lymphoid infiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ruggeri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Clinical-Experimental, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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19
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Okkenhaug K, Fruman DA. PI3Ks in lymphocyte signaling and development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 346:57-85. [PMID: 20563708 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte development and function are regulated by tyrosine kinase and G-protein coupled receptors. Each of these classes of receptors activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). In this chapter, we summarize current understanding of how PI3K contributes to key aspects of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Oak JS, Chen J, Peralta RQ, Deane JA, Fruman DA. The p85β regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase has unique and redundant functions in B cells. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:447-58. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930902911746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
CD4(+) T cells use the chemokine receptor CCR7 to home to and migrate within lymphoid tissue, where T-cell activation takes place. Using primary T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (tg) CD4(+) T cells, we explored the effect of CCR7 ligands, in particular CCL21, on T-cell activation. We found that the presence of CCL21 during early time points strongly increased in vitro T-cell proliferation after TCR stimulation, correlating with increased expression of early activation markers. CCL21 costimulation resulted in increased Ras- and Rac-GTP formation and enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, MEK, and ERK but not p38 or JNK. Kinase-dead PI3Kdelta(D910A/D910A) or PI3Kgamma-deficient TCR-tg CD4(+) T cells showed similar responsiveness to CCL21 costimulation as control CD4(+) T cells. Conversely, deficiency in the Rac guanine exchange factor DOCK2 significantly impaired CCL21-mediated costimulation in TCR-tg CD4(+) T cells, concomitant with impaired Rac- but not Ras-GTP formation. Using lymph node slices for live monitoring of T-cell behavior and activation, we found that G protein-coupled receptor signaling was required for early CD69 expression but not for Ca(2+) signaling. Our data suggest that the presence of CCL21 during early TCR signaling lowers the activation threshold through Ras- and Rac-dependent pathways leading to increased ERK phosphorylation.
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Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family of lipid kinases regulates diverse aspects of lymphocyte behavior. This review discusses how genetic and pharmacological tools have yielded an increasingly detailed understanding of how PI3K enzymes function at different stages of lymphocyte development and activation. Following antigen receptor engagement, activated PI3K generates 3-phosphorylated inositol lipid products that serve as membrane targeting signals for numerous proteins involved in the assembly of multiprotein complexes, termed signalosomes, and immune synapse formation. In B cells, class IA PI3K is the dominant subgroup whose loss causes profound defects in development and antigen responsiveness. In T cells, both class IA and IB PI3K contribute to development and immune function. PI3K also regulates both chemokine responsiveness and antigen-driven changes in lymphocyte trafficking. PI3K modulates the function not only of effector T cells, but also regulatory T cells; these disparate functions culminate in unexpected autoimmune phenotypes in mice with PI3K-deficient T cells. Thus, PI3K signaling is not a simple switch to promote cellular activation, but rather an intricate web of interactions that must be properly balanced to ensure appropriate cellular responses and maintain immune homeostasis. Defining these complexities remains a challenge for pharmaceutical development of PI3K inhibitors to combat inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Center for Immunology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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23
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Abstract
T-lymphocyte trafficking is targeted to specific organs by selective molecular interactions depending on their differentiation and functional properties. Specific chemokine receptors have been associated with organ-specific trafficking of memory and effector T-cells, as well as the recirculation of naïve T-cells to secondary lymphoid organs. In addition to the acquisition of tissue-selective integrins and chemokine receptors, an additional level of specificity for T-cell trafficking into the tissue is provided by specific recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium involving the TCRs (T-cell antigen receptors) and co-stimulatory receptors. Activation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is a robust signalling event shared by most chemokine receptors as well as the TCR and co-stimulatory receptors, contributing to several aspects of T-lymphocyte homing as well as actin reorganization and other components of the general migratory machinery. Accordingly, inhibition of PI3K has been considered seriously as a potential therapeutic strategy by which to combat various T-lymphocyte-dependent pathologies, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as to prevent transplant rejection. However, there is substantial evidence for PI3K-independent mechanisms that facilitate T-lymphocyte migration. In this regard, several other signalling-pathway components, including small GTPases, PLC (phospholipase C) and PKC (protein kinase C) isoforms, have also been implicated in T-lymphocyte migration in response to chemokine stimulation. The present review will therefore examine the PI3K-dependent and -independent signal-transduction pathways involved in T-cell migration during distinct modes of T-cell trafficking in response to either chemokines or the TCR and co-stimulatory molecules.
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Kehrl JH, Hwang IY, Park C. Chemoattract receptor signaling and its role in lymphocyte motility and trafficking. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:107-27. [PMID: 19521683 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy has provided extraordinary glimpses of lymphocytes crossing high endothelial venules, detailed the movements and interactions of lymphocytes within lymph organs, and recorded lymphocytes crossing the lymphatic endothelium into the efferent lymph. Helping to orchestrate these movements are signals generated by the engagement of chemoattractants with their cognate receptors. Chemokines present on high endothelial venules and within lymph organs, and the high levels of sphingosine l-phosphate in the lymph, provide signposts to help guide lymphocytes and provide intracellular signals that affect lymphocyte polarity and motility. Within lymph nodes, T and B lymphocytes migrate along networks of fibroblastic reticular cells and follicular dendritic, respectively, which provide an adhesive platform and solid phased chemokines. Illustrating the importance of chemoattractant receptors in these processes, lymphocytes that lack CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7 or S1PR1, or which lack crucial signaling molecules activated by these receptors, exhibit defects in lymph node entrance, positioning, polarity, motility, and/or lymph node egress. This review will focus on the contributions of in vivo imaging of lymphocytes from various mouse mutants to our understanding of the roles chemoattractants play in lymphocyte entrance into and exit from lymph nodes, and in coordinating and facilitating the movements of lymphocytes within lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kehrl
- B-cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1876, USA.
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25
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Worbs T, Förster R. T cell migration dynamics within lymph nodes during steady state: an overview of extracellular and intracellular factors influencing the basal intranodal T cell motility. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:71-105. [PMID: 19521682 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Naive T lymphocytes continuously recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes until they are eventually activated by recognizing cognate peptide/MHC-complexes on the surface of antigen-protecting cells. The intranodal T cell migration behavior leading to these crucial--and potentially rare--encounters during the induction of an adaptive immune response could not be directly addressed until, in 2002, the use of two-photon microscopy also allowed the visualization of cellular dynamics deep within intact lymph nodes. Since then, numerous studies have confirmed that, by default, naive T cells are extremely motile, scanning the paracortical T cell zone for cognate antigen by means of an apparent random walk. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge of factors influencing the basal migration behavior of naive T lymphocytes within lymph nodes during steady state. Extracellular cues, such as the motility-promoting influence of CCR7 ligands and the role of integrins during interstitial migration, as well as intracellular signaling pathways involved in T cell motility, will be discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on structural features of the lymph node environment orchestrating T cell migration, namely the framework of fibroblastic reticular cells serving as migration "highways." Finally, new approaches to simulate the cellular dynamics within lymph nodes in silico by means of mathematical modeling will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany.
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26
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Matheu MP, Beeton C, Garcia A, Chi V, Rangaraju S, Safrina O, Monaghan K, Uemura MI, Li D, Pal S, de la Maza LM, Monuki E, Flügel A, Pennington MW, Parker I, Chandy KG, Cahalan MD. Imaging of effector memory T cells during a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and suppression by Kv1.3 channel block. Immunity 2008; 29:602-14. [PMID: 18835197 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Effector memory T (Tem) cells are essential mediators of autoimmune disease and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), a convenient model for two-photon imaging of Tem cell participation in an inflammatory response. Shortly (3 hr) after entry into antigen-primed ear tissue, Tem cells stably attached to antigen-bearing antigen-presenting cells (APCs). After 24 hr, enlarged Tem cells were highly motile along collagen fibers and continued to migrate rapidly for 18 hr. Tem cells rely on voltage-gated Kv1.3 potassium channels to regulate calcium signaling. ShK-186, a specific Kv1.3 blocker, inhibited DTH and suppressed Tem cell enlargement and motility in inflamed tissue but had no effect on homing to or motility in lymph nodes of naive and central memory T (Tcm) cells. ShK-186 effectively treated disease in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. These results demonstrate a requirement for Kv1.3 channels in Tem cells during an inflammatory immune response in peripheral tissues. Targeting Kv1.3 allows for effector memory responses to be suppressed while central memory responses remain intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4561, USA
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27
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Kölsch V, Charest PG, Firtel RA. The regulation of cell motility and chemotaxis by phospholipid signaling. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:551-9. [PMID: 18287584 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.023333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), PTEN and localized phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] play key roles in chemotaxis, regulating cell motility by controlling the actin cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, produced by PI3K, acts via diverse downstream signaling components, including the GTPase Rac, Arf-GTPases and the kinase Akt (PKB). It has become increasingly apparent, however, that chemotaxis results from an interplay between the PI3K-PTEN pathway and other parallel pathways in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. In Dictyostelium, the phospholipase PLA2 acts in concert with PI3K to regulate chemotaxis, whereas phospholipase C (PLC) plays a supporting role in modulating PI3K activity. In adenocarcinoma cells, PLC and the actin regulator cofilin seem to provide the direction-sensing machinery, whereas PI3K might regulate motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kölsch
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
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28
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Cahalan MD, Parker I. Choreography of cell motility and interaction dynamics imaged by two-photon microscopy in lymphoid organs. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:585-626. [PMID: 18173372 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is the most diffuse cellular system in the body. Accordingly, long-range migration of cells and short-range communication by local chemical signaling and by cell-cell contacts are vital to the control of an immune response. Cellular homing and migration within lymphoid organs, antigen recognition, and cell signaling and activation are clearly vital during an immune response, but these events had not been directly observed in vivo until recently. Introduced to the field of immunology in 2002, two-photon microscopy is the method of choice for visualizing living cells deep within native tissue environments, and it is now revealing an elegant cellular choreography that underlies the adaptive immune response to antigen challenge. We review cellular dynamics and molecular factors that contribute to basal motility of lymphocytes in the lymph node and cellular interactions leading to antigen capture and recognition, T cell activation, B cell activation, cytolytic effector function, and antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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29
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Sinclair LV, Finlay D, Feijoo C, Cornish GH, Gray A, Ager A, Okkenhaug K, Hagenbeek TJ, Spits H, Cantrell DA. Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase and nutrient-sensing mTOR pathways control T lymphocyte trafficking. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:513-21. [PMID: 18391955 PMCID: PMC2857321 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) and the nutrient sensor mTOR are evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell metabolism. Here we show that PI(3)K and mTOR determined the repertoire of adhesion and chemokine receptors expressed by T lymphocytes. The key lymph node-homing receptors CD62L (L-selectin) and CCR7 were highly expressed on naive T lymphocytes but were downregulated after immune activation. CD62L downregulation occurred through ectodomain proteolysis and suppression of gene transcription. The p110delta subunit of PI(3)K controlled CD62L proteolysis through mitogen-activated protein kinases, whereas control of CD62L transcription by p110delta was mediated by mTOR through regulation of the transcription factor KLF2. PI(3)K-mTOR nutrient-sensing pathways also determined expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 and regulated lymphocyte trafficking in vivo. Hence, lymphocytes use PI(3)K and mTOR to match metabolism and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda V Sinclair
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David Finlay
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Carmen Feijoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Georgina H Cornish
- Immune Cell Biology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Alex Gray
- Division of Molecular Physiology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ann Ager
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB2 4AT, UK
| | - Thijs J Hagenbeek
- Department of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California CA 94080, USA
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California CA 94080, USA
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Pittet MJ, Mempel TR. Regulation of T-cell migration and effector functions: insights from in vivo imaging studies. Immunol Rev 2008; 221:107-29. [PMID: 18275478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the immune system are providing us with ever more detailed information on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie our evolutionarily conserved ability to fend off infectious pathogens. Progress has probably been fastest at two levels: the various basic biological functions of isolated cells on one side and the significance of individual molecules or cells to the organism as a whole on the other. In both cases, direct phenomenological observation has been an invaluable methodological approach. Where we know least is the middle ground, i.e. how immune functions are integrated through the dynamic interplay of immune cell subsets within the organism. Most of our knowledge in this area has been obtained through inference from static snapshots of dynamic processes, such as histological sections, or from surrogate cell co-culture models. The latter are employed under the assumption that an in vivo equivalent exists for each type of cellular contact artificially enforced in absence of anatomical compartmentalization. In this review, we summarize recent insights on migration and effector functions of T cells, focusing on observations gained from their dynamic microscopic visualization in physiological tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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31
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Jarmin SJ, David R, Ma L, Chai JG, Dewchand H, Takesono A, Ridley AJ, Okkenhaug K, Marelli-Berg FM. T cell receptor-induced phosphoinositide-3-kinase p110delta activity is required for T cell localization to antigenic tissue in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1154-64. [PMID: 18259608 PMCID: PMC2230659 DOI: 10.1172/jci33267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of T cell-mediated inflammation requires the migration of primed T lymphocytes from the blood stream and their retention in antigenic sites. While naive T lymphocyte recirculation in the lymph and blood is constitutively regulated and occurs in the absence of inflammation, the recruitment of primed T cells to nonlymphoid tissue and their retention at the site are enhanced by various inflammatory signals, including TCR engagement by antigen-displaying endothelium and resident antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we investigated whether signals downstream of TCR ligation mediated by the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) subunit p110delta contributed to the regulation of these events. T lymphocytes from mice expressing catalytically inactive p110delta displayed normal constitutive trafficking and migratory responses to nonspecific stimuli. However, these cells lost susceptibility to TCR-induced migration and failed to localize efficiently to antigenic tissue. Importantly, we showed that antigen-induced T cell trafficking and subsequent inflammation was abrogated by selective pharmacological inhibition of PI3K p110delta activity. These observations suggest that pharmacological targeting of p110delta activity is a viable strategy for the therapy of T cell-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Jarmin
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel David
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Guo Chai
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hamlata Dewchand
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aya Takesono
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Federica M. Marelli-Berg
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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32
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Lymphocyte cell motility: the twisting, turning tale of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 35:1109-13. [PMID: 17956290 DOI: 10.1042/bst0351109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) family of lipid kinases regulate cell motility in diverse organisms and cell types. In mammals, the main PI3K enzyme activated by chemokine receptor signalling is the class IB isoform, p110gamma. Studies of p110gamma-knockout mice have shown an essential function for this isoform in chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. However, the roles of p110gamma and other PI3K enzymes and regulatory subunits in lymphocyte motility have been more difficult to discern. Recent studies of adoptively transferred, fluorescently labelled lymphocytes have revealed complex and unexpected functions for PI3K in lymphocyte migration in vivo. In this review we highlight cell-type-specific roles for PI3K catalytic and regulatory subunits in the homing and basal motility of lymphocytes in the intact lymph node.
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33
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Matheu MP, Cahalan MD. Isolation of CD4+ T cells from mouse lymph nodes using Miltenyi MACS purification. J Vis Exp 2007:409. [PMID: 18989449 DOI: 10.3791/409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of cells from the primary source is a necessary step in many more complex protocols. Miltenyi offers kits to isolate cells from several organisms including humans, non-human primates, rat and, as we describe here, mice. Magnetic bead-based cell separation allows for either positive selection (or cell depletion) as well as negative selection. Here, we demonstrate negative selection of untouched or na ve CD4+ helper T cells. Using this standard protocol we typically purify cells that are > or = 96% pure CD4+/CD3+. This protocol is used in conjunction with the protocol Dissection and 2-Photon Imaging of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Mice published in issue 7 of JoVE, for purification of T cells and other cell types to adoptively transfer for imaging purposes. Although we did not demonstrate FACS analysis in this protocol video, it is highly recommended to check the overall purity of isolated cells using the appropriate antibodies via FACS. In addition, we demonstrate the non-sterile method of T cell isolation. If sterile cells are needed for your particular end-user application, be sure to do all of the demonstrated procedures in the tissue culture hood under standard sterile conditions. Thank you for watching and good luck with your own experiments!
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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