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Lin Y, Liu Y, Gao Z, Jing D, Bi R, Cui X, Cao Q, Zhao Q, Gao R, Su Y, Liu S, Zhao M, Yang Y, Chen A, Dai B, Gao X. Beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol triggers anti-tumor immunity and enhances irinotecan therapy in mice colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175718. [PMID: 37054937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with limited available medicines. While drug repurposing comes as a promising strategy for cancer treatment, we discovered that propranolol (Prop), a non-selective β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor blocker, significantly inhibited the development of subcutaneous CT26 CRC and AOM/DSS-induced CRC models. The RNA-seq analysis highlighted the activated immune pathways after Prop treatment, with GO analysis enriched in T-cell differentiation, leukocyte-mediated immunity, regulation of leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, and interferon-gamma production. Routine analyses of blood revealed a decrease in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, a biomarker of systemic inflammation, and a prognostic indicator in the Prop-treated groups in both CRC models. Analysis of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells exhibited that Prop regressed the exhaustion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the CT26-derived graft models, which was further corroborated in the AOM/DSS-induced models. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis fitted well with the experimental data, showing that β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) was positively correlated with T-cell exhaustion signature in various tumors. The in vitro experiment showed no direct effect of Prop on CT26 cell viability, while T cells were activated with significantly-upregulated production of IFN-γ and Granzyme B. Consistently, Prop was unable to restrain CT26 tumor growth in nude mice. At last, the combination of Prop and the chemotherapeutic drug Irinotecan acted out the strongest inhibition in CT26 tumor progress. Collectively, we repurpose Prop as a promising and economical therapeutic drug for CRC treatment and highlight T-cell as its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Lin
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongquan Jing
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Ran Bi
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Xinmeng Cui
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Qiuhua Cao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Qixiang Zhao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Rui Gao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Yali Su
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Siliang Liu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Beiying Dai
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China.
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China.
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Sranujit RP, Noysang C, Tippayawat P, Kooltheat N, Luetragoon T, Usuwanthim K. Phytochemicals and Immunomodulatory Effect of Nelumbo nucifera Flower Extracts on Human Macrophages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2007. [PMID: 34685815 PMCID: PMC8537166 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This research characterizes phytochemicals inherent in lotus flower and investigates the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of ethyl acetate (EA) and ethyl alcohol (ET) lotus petal extracts. In the experiment, human monocytes-derived macrophages were stimulated by lipopoly-saccharide to mimic bacteria-induced inflammation. The results showed that ferulic acid, couma-rin, and chlorogenic acid were three dominant polyphenols. The EA and ET lotus petal extracts also possessed high antioxidant capability. Furthermore, the extracts exhibited immunomodulatory properties by suppressing TNF-α secretion in inflammatory-induced human macrophages by in-hibiting NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response. In essence, the lotus petal extracts possess reme-dial attributes beneficial to individuals afflicted with declined immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Pankla Sranujit
- Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12130, Thailand;
| | - Chanai Noysang
- Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12130, Thailand;
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Nateelak Kooltheat
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Thitiya Luetragoon
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; (T.L.); (K.U.)
| | - Kanchana Usuwanthim
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; (T.L.); (K.U.)
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Sharma D, Farrar JD. Adrenergic regulation of immune cell function and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:709-717. [PMID: 33219396 PMCID: PMC7678770 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system integrates the functions of multiple organ systems by regulating their autonomic physiological activities. The immune system is regulated both locally and systemically by the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland and local sympathetic neurons. Immune cells respond by activation of adrenergic receptors, primarily the β2-adrenergic receptor, which signal through heterotrimeric G-proteins. Depending upon the cell type, adrenergic signaling regulates a variety of functions in immune cells ranging from cellular migration to cytokine secretion. Furthermore, due to the diurnal oscillation of systemic norepinephrine levels, various immune functions follow a circadian rhythmic pattern. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of how the sympathetic nervous system regulates both innate and adaptive immune functions and how this regulation is linked to circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drashya Sharma
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Mariani MK, Dasmeh P, Fortin A, Caron E, Kalamujic M, Harrison AN, Hotea DI, Kasumba DM, Cervantes-Ortiz SL, Mukawera E, Serohijos AWR, Grandvaux N. The Combination of IFN β and TNF Induces an Antiviral and Immunoregulatory Program via Non-Canonical Pathways Involving STAT2 and IRF9. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080919. [PMID: 31426476 PMCID: PMC6721756 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) β and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) are key players in immunity against viruses. Compelling evidence has shown that the antiviral and inflammatory transcriptional response induced by IFNβ is reprogrammed by crosstalk with TNF. IFNβ mainly induces interferon-stimulated genes by the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway involving the canonical ISGF3 transcriptional complex, composed of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. The signaling pathways engaged downstream of the combination of IFNβ and TNF remain elusive, but previous observations suggested the existence of a response independent of STAT1. Here, using genome-wide transcriptional analysis by RNASeq, we observed a broad antiviral and immunoregulatory response initiated in the absence of STAT1 upon IFNβ and TNF costimulation. Additional stratification of this transcriptional response revealed that STAT2 and IRF9 mediate the expression of a wide spectrum of genes. While a subset of genes was regulated by the concerted action of STAT2 and IRF9, other gene sets were independently regulated by STAT2 or IRF9. Collectively, our data supports a model in which STAT2 and IRF9 act through non-canonical parallel pathways to regulate distinct pool of antiviral and immunoregulatory genes in conditions with elevated levels of both IFNβ and TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa K Mariani
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Pouria Dasmeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre Robert Cedergren en Bioinformatique et Génomique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Audray Fortin
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Elise Caron
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mario Kalamujic
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexander N Harrison
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Diana I Hotea
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dacquin M Kasumba
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sandra L Cervantes-Ortiz
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Espérance Mukawera
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Adrian W R Serohijos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre Robert Cedergren en Bioinformatique et Génomique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Brey CU, Proff J, Teufert N, Salzer B, Brozy J, Münz M, Pendzialek J, Ensser A, Holter W, Lehner M. A gB/CD3 bispecific BiTE antibody construct for targeting Human Cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17453. [PMID: 30487534 PMCID: PMC6261951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) antibody constructs are successfully used as cancer therapeutics. We hypothesized that this treatment strategy could also be applicable for therapy of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, since HCMV-encoded proteins are abundantly expressed on the surface of infected cells. Here we show that a BiTE antibody construct directed against HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) and CD3 efficiently triggers T cells to secrete IFN-γ and TNF upon co-culture with fibroblasts infected with HCMV strain AD169, Towne or Toledo. Titration of gB expression levels in non-infected cells confirmed that already low levels of gB are sufficient for efficient triggering of T cells in presence of the BiTE antibody construct. Comparison of redirecting T cells with the bispecific antibody versus a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based on the same scFv showed a similar sensitivity for gB expression. Although lysis of infected target cells was absent, the BiTE antibody construct inhibited HCMV replication by triggering cytokine production. Notably, even strongly diluted supernatants of the activated T cells efficiently blocked the replication of HCMV in infected primary fibroblasts. In summary, our data prove the functionality of the first BiTE antibody construct targeting an HCMV-encoded glycoprotein for inhibiting HCMV replication in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Proff
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natascha Teufert
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Münz
- AMGEN Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Holter
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Kinderspital, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Lehner
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.
- St. Anna Kinderspital, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Ağaç D, Gill MA, Farrar JD. Adrenergic Signaling at the Interface of Allergic Asthma and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:736. [PMID: 29696025 PMCID: PMC5904268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory viral infections are a major etiologic instigator of allergic asthma, and they drive severe exacerbations of allergic inflammation in the lower airways of asthma sufferers. Rhinovirus (RV), in particular, is the main viral instigator of these pathologies. Asthma exacerbations due to RV infections are the most frequent reasons for hospitalization and account for the majority of morbidity and mortality in asthma patients. In both critical care and disease control, long- and short-acting β2-agonists are the first line of therapeutic intervention, which are used to restore airway function by promoting smooth muscle cell relaxation in bronchioles. While prophylactic use of β2-agonists reduces the frequency and pathology of exacerbations, their role in modulating the inflammatory response is only now being appreciated. Adrenergic signaling is a component of the sympathetic nervous system, and the natural ligands, epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE), regulate a multitude of autonomic functions including regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune response. NE is the primary neurotransmitter released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate most all peripheral tissues including lung and secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, the adrenergic signaling pathways are in direct contact with both the central and peripheral immune compartments. We present a perspective on how the adrenergic signaling pathway controls immune function and how β2-agonists may influence inflammation in the context of virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ağaç
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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7
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Proff J, Brey CU, Ensser A, Holter W, Lehner M. Turning the tables on cytomegalovirus: targeting viral Fc receptors by CARs containing mutated CH2-CH3 IgG spacer domains. J Transl Med 2018; 16:26. [PMID: 29422056 PMCID: PMC5804023 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) several viral proteins occur on cell surfaces in high quantity. We thus pursue an HLA-independent approach for immunotherapy of HCMV using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and bispecific BiTE® antibody constructs. In this context, HCMV-encoded proteins that mediate viral immune evasion and bind human IgG might represent particularly attractive target antigens. Unlike in observations of similar approaches for HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses, however, HCMV-infected cells develop a striking resistance to cytotoxic effector functions at later stages of the replication cycle. In our study we therefore wanted to test two hypotheses: (1) CAR T cells can efficiently inhibit HCMV replication independently from cytotoxic effector functions, and (2) HCMV can be targeted by CH2–CH3 IgG spacer domains that contain mutations previously reported to prevent exhaustion and to rescue CAR T cell function in vivo. Methods Replication of GFP-encoding recombinant HCMV in fibroblasts in the presence and absence of supernatants from T cell co-cultures plus/minus cytokine neutralizing antibodies was analyzed by flow cytometry. CARs with wild type and mutated CH2–CH3 domains were expressed in human T cells by mRNA electroporation, and the function of the CARs was assessed by quantifying T cell cytokine secretion. Results We confirm and extend previous evidence of antiviral cytokine effects and demonstrate that CAR T cells strongly block HCMV replication in fibroblasts mainly by combined secretion of IFN-γ and TNF. Furthermore, we show that fibroblasts infected with HCMV strains AD169 and Towne starting from day 3 have a high capacity for binding of human IgG1 and also strongly activate T cells expressing a CAR with CH2–CH3 domain. Importantly, we further show that mutations in the CH2–CH3 domain of IgG1 and IgG4, which were previously reported to rescue CAR T cell function by abrogating interaction with endogenous Fc receptors (FcRs), still enable recognition of FcRs encoded by HCMV. Conclusions Our findings identify HCMV-encoded FcRs as an attractive additional target for HCMV immunotherapy by CARs and possibly bispecific antibodies. The use of specifically mutated IgG domains that bind to HCMV-FcRs without recognizing endogenous FcRs may supersede screening for novel binders directed against individual HCMV-FcRs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1394-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Proff
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte U Brey
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Holter
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Kinderspital, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Lehner
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,St. Anna Kinderspital, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Rowe RK, Gill MA. Effects of Allergic Sensitization on Antiviral Immunity: Allergen, Virus, and Host Cell Mechanisms. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28233152 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-017-0677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple clinical and epidemiological studies demonstrate links between allergic sensitization and virus-induced atopic disease exacerbations. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding allergen, viral, and host cellular mechanisms relevant to these observations. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have focused on the molecular pathways and genetic influences involved in allergen-mediated inhibition of innate antiviral immune responses. Multiple tissue and cell types from atopic individuals across the atopy spectrum exhibit deficient interferon responses to a variety of virus infections. Impairment in barrier function, viral RNA and DNA recognition by intracellular sensing molecules, and dysregulation of signaling components are broadly affected by allergic sensitization. Finally, genetic predisposition by numerous nucleotide polymorphisms also impacts immune pathways and potentially contributes to virus-associated atopic disease pathogenesis. Allergen-virus interactions in the setting of atopy involve complex tissue and cellular mechanisms. Future studies defining the pathways underlying these interactions could uncover potential therapeutic targets. Available data suggest that therapies tailored to restore specific components of antiviral responses will likely lead to improved clinical outcomes in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Rowe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Isono N, Imai Y, Watanabe A, Moriya K, Tamura H, Inokuchi K, Asano C, Masuda M, Shimura H, Mitsuhashi K, Kazama H, Sugimori H, Motoji T, Tanaka J. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in low-grade B-cell lymphoma patients treated with bendamustine. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:2204-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1126589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Daep CA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Eugenin EA. Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:539-60. [PMID: 25287260 PMCID: PMC4331079 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The flaviviruses dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis represent three major mosquito-borne viruses worldwide. These pathogens impact the lives of millions of individuals and potentially could affect non-endemic areas already colonized by mosquito vectors. Unintentional transport of infected vectors (Aedes and Culex spp.), traveling within endemic areas, rapid adaptation of the insects into new geographic locations, climate change, and lack of medical surveillance have greatly contributed to the increase in flaviviral infections worldwide. The mechanisms by which flaviviruses alter the immune and the central nervous system have only recently been examined despite the alarming number of infections, related deaths, and increasing global distribution. In this review, we will discuss the expansion of the geographic areas affected by flaviviruses, the potential threats to previously unaffected countries, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the potential therapeutic interventions to limit the devastating consequences of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Amorin Daep
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dengue Branch, 1324 Cañada Street, San Juan, PR 00971
| | - Eliseo Alberto Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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11
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Chowdhury FZ, Farrar JD. STAT2: A shape-shifting anti-viral super STAT. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23633. [PMID: 24058798 PMCID: PMC3670274 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT2 is unique among the STAT family of transcription factors in that its activation is driven predominantly by only two classes of cell surface receptors: Type I and III interferon receptors. As such, STAT2 plays a critical role in host defenses against viral infections. Viruses have evolved to target STAT2 by either inhibiting its expression, blocking its activity, or by targeting it for degradation. Consequently, these viral onslaughts have driven remarkable divergence in the STAT2 gene across species that is not observed in other STAT family members. Thus, the evolution of STAT2 may preserve its activity and protect each species in the face of an ever-changing viral community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Z Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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12
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Li C, Sun J, Gong Y, Ding X, Ruan H, Ye L, Yu Y. Transforming growth factor-β1-induced Treg cells inhibit the absorption of tissue-engineered cartilage caused by endogenous IFN-γ and TNF-α. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:573-81. [PMID: 24617422 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.896333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study, we showed that IFN-γ and TNF-α induce bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) apoptosis and absorption of tissue-engineered cartilage, but the induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) inhibit the function of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In this study, we investigated the effect of iTreg cells on the absorption of tissue-engineered cartilage caused by endogenous IFN-γ and TNF-α. METHODS We transfected the TGF-β1 gene into BMMSCs co-cultured with CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Then, we assessed the expression of iTreg cell markers (Foxp3, CD25 and CD 39) and IFN-γ and TNF-α and the level of apoptosis of BMMSCs. In addition, we characterized chondrogenic-committed cells from TGF-β1(+)BMMSCs and explored the role of iTreg cells. RESULTS IFN-γ and TNF-α were detected in the groups with CD4(+) T cells. In the group in which TGF-β1(+)BMMSCs were co-cultured with CD4(+) T cells, we observed Foxp3(+)Treg/ CD25(+)CD39(+) (17.58 ± 0.45%) cells as well as significant inhibition of BMMSC apoptosis and tissue-engineered cartilage absorption. CONCLUSIONS CD4(+) T cells led to the absorption of tissue-engineered cartilage through the secretion of endogenous IFN-γ and TNF-α, whose inflammatory functions were concomitantly suppressed by iTreg cells converted from CD4(+) T cells. This study is clinically relevant and adds to our understanding of the mechanism of tissue-engineered cartilage absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chichi Li
- Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Department of Stomatology , 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China +861 891 808 2340 ;
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Han Q, Zhang C, Zhang J, Tian Z. Involvement of activation of PKR in HBx-siRNA-mediated innate immune effects on HBV inhibition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27931. [PMID: 22174754 PMCID: PMC3234243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) of virus-specific genes offers the possibility of developing a new anti-hepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) therapy. Recent studies have revealed that siRNAs can induce an innate immune response in vitro and in vivo. Here, HBVx (HBx) mRNA expression and HBV replication were significantly inhibited, followed by the enhancement of expression of type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-stimulated genes (ISG15 and ISG56) and proinflammatory cytokines after HepG2.2.15 cells were transfected with chemically synthesized HBx-siRNAs. Transfection with HBx-siRNAs also significantly increased expression of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) in HepG2.2.15 cells, followed by activation of downstream signaling events such as eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2-α). In PKR-over-expressing HepG2.2.15 cells, HBx-siRNAs exerted more potent inhibitory effects on HBV replication and greater production of type I IFNs. By contrast, the inhibitory effect of HBx-siRNAs on HBV replication was attenuated when PKR was inhibited or silenced, demonstrating that HBx-siRNAs greatly promoted PKR activation, leading to the higher production of type I IFN. Therefore, we concluded that PKR is involved in the innate immune effects mediated by HBx-siRNAs and further contributes to HBV inhibition. The bifunctional siRNAs with both gene silencing and innate immune activation properties may represent a new potential strategy for treatment of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Huber JP, Farrar JD. Regulation of effector and memory T-cell functions by type I interferon. Immunology 2011; 132:466-74. [PMID: 21320124 PMCID: PMC3075500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) is comprised of a family of highly related molecules that exert potent antiviral activity by interfering with virus replication and spread. IFN-α/β secretion is tightly regulated through pathogen sensing pathways that are operative in most somatic cells. However, specialized antigen-presenting plasmacytoid dendritic cells are uniquely equipped with the capacity to secrete extremely high levels of IFN-α/β, suggesting a key role for this cytokine in priming adaptive T-cell responses. Recent studies in both mice and humans have demonstrated a role for IFN-α/β in directly influencing the fate of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during the initial phases of antigen recognition. As such, IFN-α/β, among other innate cytokines, is considered an important 'third signal' that shapes the effector and memory T-cell pool. Moreover, IFN-α/β also serves as a counter-regulator of T helper type 2 and type 17 responses, which may be important in the treatment of atopy and autoimmunity, and in the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Huber
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
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Huber JP, Ramos HJ, Gill MA, Farrar JD. Cutting edge: Type I IFN reverses human Th2 commitment and stability by suppressing GATA3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:813-7. [PMID: 20554961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
T helper 2 cells regulate inflammatory responses to helminth infections while also mediating pathological processes of asthma and allergy. IL-4 promotes Th2 development by inducing the expression of the GATA3 transcription factor, and the Th2 phenotype is stabilized by a GATA3-dependent autoregulatory loop. In this study, we found that type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta) blocked human Th2 development and inhibited cytokine secretion from committed Th2 cells. This negative regulatory pathway was operative in human but not mouse CD4(+) T cells and was selective to type I IFN, as neither IFN-gamma nor IL-12 mediated such inhibition. IFN-alpha/beta blocked Th2 cytokine secretion through the inhibition of GATA3 during Th2 development and in fully committed Th2 cells. Ectopic expression of GATA3 via retrovirus did not overcome IFN-alpha/beta-mediated inhibition of Th2 commitment. Thus, we demonstrate a novel role for IFN-alpha/beta in blocking Th2 cells, suggesting its potential as a promising therapy for atopy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Huber
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
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Vargas A, Berenguer J, Catalan P, Miralles P, Lopez JC, Cosin J, Resino S. Association between plasma levels of eotaxin (CCL-11) and treatment response to interferon- and ribavirin in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 65:303-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Jaskula E, Dlubek D, Duda D, Bogunia-Kubik K, Mlynarczewska A, Lange A. Interferon Gamma 13-CA-Repeat Homozygous Genotype and a Low Proportion of CD4+ Lymphocytes Are Independent Risk Factors for Cytomegalovirus Reactivation with a High Number of Copies in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15:1296-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Biologics are protein molecules which are used in various diseases to target the specific points in the immunopathogenesis of the diseases. The molecules are produced by recombinant DNA technology. The molecules bind to the specific targets without interfering wtih rest of the pathogenetic pathways. Therefore the so called 'immunosuppressives' have, although, a broader broader spectrum of action on immune system, their side-effects are also equally more. The biologics, because of their spefic action on the immune system, have very little side effects. The biologics which have revolutionized the treatment of various dermatologic diseases have been discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Coondoo
- From the Department of Dermatology, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Science, Kolkata, India.
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Davis AM, Ramos HJ, Davis LS, Farrar JD. Cutting edge: a T-bet-independent role for IFN-alpha/beta in regulating IL-2 secretion in human CD4+ central memory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:8204-8. [PMID: 19050236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 is a hallmark cytokine secreted by central memory CD4(+) T cells (T(CM)). Although naive cells rapidly secrete IL-2 in response to Ag stimulation, IL-12 inhibits IL-2 secretion in daughter cells as they differentiate into Th1 cells. In this study, we uncover a unique role for IFN-alpha in regulating IL-2 secretion by human T(CM) cells. IFN-alpha synergized with IL-12 to enhance a subset of cells that secreted high and sustained levels of IL-2. These IL-2-secreting cells displayed phenotypic and functional characteristics of T(CM) and were capable of generating IFN-gamma-secreting effectors upon secondary activation. T-bet has been implicated in negatively regulating IL-2 secretion in murine T cells; however, T-bet expression did not inhibit IFN-alpha-dependent IL-2 secretion in human T(CM) cells. Thus, our results highlight a unique role for IFN-alpha in regulating the development of IL-2-secreting human T(CM) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Davis
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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