Lycopene and male infertility

Natural products targeting ferroptosis in depression: Research progress and therapeutic prospects

BACKGROUND

Depression is recognized as a chronic mental illness, also influenced by neurotransmitter homeostasis, with its incidence increasing annually worldwide. This condition inflicts significant physical and psychological harm, severely compromising human health. It exhibits a broad morbidity spectrum, and some current treatments and medications are hindered by short-term efficacy, strong side effects, and other limitations.

PURPOSE

Due to the limitations, it is imperative to explore new treatment approaches and develop targeted drugs. Ferroptosis, a cell death mode dependent on iron, is believed to be intricately linked to the onset of depression. Thus, modulating cellular ferroptosis presents a promising avenue for the targeted therapy of depression.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Elsevier ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and CNKI, using keywords such as "ferroptosis", "depression", "iron death", "safety", "efficacy", and "effectiveness". Our review included original scientific articles, clinical trials, meta-analyses, and review papers published up to February 2025, focusing on studies excluding non-natural products.

RESULTS

Several natural products derived from plant, animal, or microbial sources effectively target ferroptosis, alleviating depressive symptoms and demonstrating unique and favorable outcomes. This review provides an exhaustive overview of the sources, pharmacological actions, mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of these natural products, highlighting their potential clinical benefits and offering a comprehensive perspective on their properties.

CONCLUSION

This study offers concrete ideas and valuable insights for the development and application of these natural products in the targeted treatment of depression.

Can nutraceuticals counteract the detrimental effects of the environment on male fertility? A parallel systematic review and expert opinion

INTRODUCTION

Male fertility relies on a complex physiology that may be negatively influenced by lifestyle, diet, and environment. The beneficial effect of nutraceuticals on male fertility is a debated claim. The aim of this study was to assess if the positive effect of nutraceuticals can counteract the negative effects of the environment on male fertility.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

PubMed®/MEDLINE®, Embase and Cochrane Database were searched (September-October 2023), along with crosschecking of references and search for ongoing studies of the effects of the environment and nutraceuticals on male fertility, in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Several environmental factors such as microplastic and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals and climate changes may affect the sperm quality in terms of reduction of sperm count number, mobility and altered morphology and thereby reduce male fertility. On the other hand, new evidence demonstrates that a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients, together with minimized exposure to environmental toxins, may improve male fertility and reproductive health. Several nutraceutical compounds proved a protective role against negative environmental effects on male fertility.

CONCLUSIONS

Available evidence confirms that the environment may negatively impact male fertility, and this impact is estimated to rise in the forthcoming years. On the other hand, new data indicate that nutraceuticals may have a protective role against the negative impact of environmental factors on male fertility. The need for future studies to monitor and explore these aspects of men's health cannot be underestimated.

Dietary supplementation with lycopene improves semen quality and antioxidant status in breeder roosters

This study investigated the effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on semen quality, testicular histology, antioxidant capacity, and reproductive hormone levels in aging breeder roosters. A total of 96 roosters were randomly divided into four groups and supplemented with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of lycopene for six weeks. Lycopene significantly improved semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, viability, and morphological parameters at all doses (P < 0.05). The 200 mg/kg group exhibited the highest semen volume by week 6 (0.44 mL, P < 0.05). Sperm concentration increased significantly in the 100 mg/kg group (P < 0.05), and motility was highest in the 200 mg/kg group by week 4 (92.08 %, P < 0.05). Testicular histology also showed significant improvement, with a notable increase in seminiferous tubule area at 200 mg/kg (0.11 mm², P < 0.01), while Leydig cell density followed a quadratic response, peaking at 100 mg/kg (44.60 cells/mm², P < 0.01). Plasma LH and testosterone levels peaked at 100 mg/kg, with significant increases of 12.81 % and 43.37 %, respectively (P < 0.01). Lycopene enhanced antioxidant capacity across seminal plasma, plasma, and testicular tissues, with significant increases in T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities (P < 0.05). MDA levels were significantly reduced, especially at 100 mg/kg (P < 0.01). Lycopene supplementation also improved mitochondrial function in sperm, as indicated by enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential at 100 mg/kg (P < 0.01) and reduced reactive oxygen species levels and sperm apoptosis (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lycopene supplementation, particularly at 100 mg/kg, significantly improves semen quality, testicular health, antioxidant capacity, and reproductive hormone levels in aging breeder roosters, with potential applications in enhancing reproductive performance.

Antioxidant therapy for infertile couples: a comprehensive review of the current status and consideration of future prospects

Oxidative stress (OS) is established as a key factor in the etiology of both male and female infertility, arising from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the endogenous antioxidant (AOX) defenses. In men, OS adversely affects sperm function by inducing DNA damage, reducing motility, significantly impairing sperm vitality through plasma membrane peroxidation and loss of membrane integrity, and ultimately compromising overall sperm quality. In women, OS is implicated in various reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and premature ovarian failure, leading to diminished oocyte quality, disrupted folliculogenesis, and poorer reproductive outcomes. Antioxidant therapy represents a promising intervention to mitigate the harmful effects of ROS on reproductive health in additions to its easy accessibility, safety, and low cost. Despite several findings suggesting improvements in fertility potential with AOX therapy, the data remains inconclusive regarding optimal dosage and combination, duration of treatment, and the specific patient populations most likely to benefit. In this review, we discuss the role of AOXs in the management of infertile couples, focusing on their biological mechanisms, potential adverse effects, therapeutic efficacy, and clinical applications in improving reproductive outcomes in both natural conception and medically assisted reproduction. Additionally, we highlight the current practice patterns and recommendations for AOX supplementation during the course of infertility treatment. Further, we provide an overview on the limitations of the current research on the topic and insights for future studies to establish standardized AOX regimens and to assess their long-term impact on key outcomes such as live birth rates and miscarriage rates.

The Contribution of Precision Nutrition Intervention in Subfertile Couples

BACKGROUND/AIM

Subfertility is characterized by a decrease in reproductive efficiency, which can result in delayed pregnancy, and affects one in six individuals during their lifetime. The present narrative review aims to evaluate the contribution of precision nutrition to changes in fertility in subfertile couples.

METHODS

The literature review was carried out through bibliographic research in the PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and Google Scholar databases. The following search criteria were applied: (1) original articles and narrative, systematic or meta-analytic reviews, and (2) the individual or combined use of the following keywords: "genetic variation", "nutrigenetics", "precision nutrition", "couple's subfertility", and "couple's infertility". A preliminary reading of all the articles was carried out, and only those that best fit the themes and subthemes of the narrative review were selected.

RESULTS

Scientific evidence suggests that adherence to a healthy diet that follows the Mediterranean pattern is associated with increased fertility in women and improved semen quality in men, better metabolic health and reduced levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as maintaining a healthy body weight. The integration of different tools, such as nutrigenetics, predictive biochemical analyses, intestinal microbiota tests and clinical nutrition software, used in precision nutrition interventions can contribute to providing information on how diet and genetics interact and how they can influence fertility.

CONCLUSIONS

The adoption of a multidisciplinary and precision approach allows the design of dietary and lifestyle recommendations adapted to the specific characteristics and needs of couples with subfertility, thus optimizing reproductive health outcomes and achieving successful conception.

Lycopene: A Potent Antioxidant with Multiple Health Benefits

Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid predominantly found in tomatoes and tomato-based products. Like other phytochemicals, it exhibits health beneficial biological activities that can be exploited when it is used as a dietary supplement. In vitro and in vivo, lycopene has been demonstrated to mitigate oxidative stress-induced metabolic dysfunctions and diseases including inflammation, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Lycopene has been shown to alleviate metabolic diseases that affect the bone, eye, kidney, liver, lungs, heart, and nervous system. This review presents the state of the art regarding lycopene's health benefits and its potential applications in health system delivery. Furthermore, lycopene's protective effects against toxins, safety in its use, and possible toxicity are explored.

Advancements in Understanding and Enhancing Antioxidant-Mediated Sperm Cryopreservation in Small Ruminants: Challenges and Perspectives

Cryopreservation poses significant challenges to the preservation of sperm integrity and function, particularly in small ruminants where cryodamage is pronounced. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying sperm cryodamage and strategies for improving cryopreservation outcomes, with a focus on the role of antioxidants. Cryopreservation-induced alterations in proteins and RNA transcripts critical for sperm function, including motility, capacitation, fertilization, and embryo development, are discussed. Proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic advancements have provided valuable insights into these mechanisms, offering potential biomarkers for predicting sperm freezability and enhancing cryopreservation strategies. Combining technologies such as mass spectrometry and flow cytometry allows for a comprehensive understanding of molecular and cellular changes induced by the freezing-thawing process. However, challenges remain in optimizing cryoprotectant formulations and antioxidant supplementation to improve post-thaw sperm fertility. Further research is needed to explore a wider range of novel cryoprotectants, antioxidants, and proteins for cryopreservation media, as well as to validate their efficacy in enhancing sperm viability and function. Additionally, investigations into the effects of cryopreservation on RNA transcripts and epigenetic factors in small ruminant species are warranted to advance our understanding of sperm preservation. Overall, this review highlights the importance of antioxidants in mitigating cryodamage and underscores the need for continued research to refine cryopreservation protocols and improve reproductive outcomes in small ruminants.

Positive Effects of the Nutraceutical Association of Lycopene and Selenium in Experimental Varicocele

Many natural substances commonly found in healthy diets have been studied for their potential to reduce male infertility associated with varicocele. A positive role of selenium (Se) or lycopene alone was demonstrated in experimental varicocele, while no data are available on their association. One group of male Sprague-Dawley rats was sham operated and daily treated with Se (3 mg/kg, i.p.), lycopene (1 mg/kg, i.p.), or their association. A second group underwent surgery to induce varicocele. Sham and half of the varicocele animals were sacrificed after twenty-eight days, while the residual animals were treated for one more month and then sacrificed. In varicocele animals, testosterone levels and testes weight were reduced, Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression was absent in the tubules and increased in Leydig cells, caspare-3 was increased, seminiferous epithelium showed evident structural changes, and many apoptotic germ cells were demonstrated with TUNEL assay. The treatment with lycopene or Se alone significantly increased testis weight and testosterone levels, reduced apoptosis and caspase-3 expression, improved the tubular organization, decreased HIF-1α positivity of Leydig cells, and restored its tubular positivity. Lycopene or Se association showed a better influence on all biochemical and morphological parameters. Therefore, the nutraceutical association of lycopene plus Se might be considered a possible therapeutic tool, together with surgery, in the treatment of male infertility. However, long-term experimental and clinical studies are necessary to evaluate sperm quantity and quality.

Lycopene supplementation: effects on oxidative stress, sex hormones, gonads and thyroid tissue in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus during Harness® exposure

Harness® is a commercial herbicide that contains acetochlor at a concentration of 84% as an active ingredient. Ubiquitous, persistent, and substantial uses of Harness® in agricultural processes have resulted in the pollution of nearby water sources, posing a threat to various aquatic biotas, including fish. The effects of Harness® toxicity on fish health are little known. So, this study aimed to describe the impact of herbicide Harness® on the oxidative stress and reproductive and thyroid performance of male and female tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and also investigate the prospective role of the natural antioxidant lycopene supplementation in dismissing the adverse properties of Harness®. Antioxidant enzyme (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity) and hormone measurements (T, E2, T3, and T4) were carried out, and gonadal and thyroid follicle histological sections were examined as a method to investigate the effects of Harness® toxicity on fish. Male and female tilapia were exposed to 10 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L of Harness® and treated with 10 mg lycopene/kg for 15 days of exposure. Our results demonstrated that the antioxidant enzyme activity was altered by Harness exposure and serum T for both males and females dropped; also, female E2 levels decreased, but male E2 increased. Exposure to higher dose of Harness® induced elevation in both T3 and T4 levels, although the low exposure dose stimulated T4 levels. Harness® exposure prompted histological variations and degenerative changes in testicular, ovarian, and thyroid follicle tissues. Lycopene supplement administration diminished oxidative stress induced by Harness®, alleviating its endocrine disparaging effects by neutralizing T3, T4, T, and E2 and ameliorating the histological structure of gonadal and thyroid tissues. In conclusion, lycopene supplementation was preformed to normalize the alterations and oxidative damage caused by Harness® in Nile tilapia, suggesting that lycopene-supplemented diet functioned as potent antioxidants and had the ability to alleviate oxidative stress and thyroid and reproductive toxicity caused by herbicide Harness®. Moreover, it is crucial to take appropriate care when consuming herbicides to defend the aquatic environment.

Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical intervention on sperm quality: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Infertility affects about 10% of the world's population and has been recognized by the WHO as a global public health problem. The aim of this network meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions on sperm quality. All randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, and Cochrane Library databases evaluating the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on semen parameters using network meta-analyses. Results of the ω-3 fatty acid, lycopene, acupuncture, and vitamin suggested evident advantages in improving sperm concentration (MD, 9.93 (95% CI, 7.21 to 12.65)), (MD, 8.79 (95% CI, 2.67 to 14.91)), (MD, 5.40 (95% CI, 2.32 to 8.49)) and (MD, 3.82 (95% CI, 0.70 to 6.94) respectively). Acupuncture has a significant advantage over placebo in improving sperm total motility (MD, 17.81 (95% CI, 10.32 to 25.29)), and the effect of lycopene was obviously greater than that of placebo (MD, 19.91 (95% CI, 2.99 to 36.83)). Lycopene, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), acupuncture, ω-3 fatty acid, and vitamin suggested significant advantages in improving sperm forward motility (MD, 8.64 (95% CI, 1.15 to 16.13), MD, 5.28 (95% CI, 2.70 to 7.86), MD, 3.95 (95% CI, 3.23 to 4.67), MD, 3.50 (95% CI, 2.21 to 4.79)) and (MD, 2.38 (95% CI, 0.96 to 3.80) respectively). This review establishes that non-pharmaceutical interventions, particularly acupuncture, exercise, lycopene, ω-3 fatty acids, CoQ10, zinc, vitamins, selenium, carnitine, or foods rich in these supplements, profitably improve sperm quality that may be used to treat male infertility.

Lycopene ameliorates aflatoxin B1-induced testicular lesion by attenuating oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage with Nrf2 activation in mice

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is an extremely hazardous and unavoidable pollutant for cereals and feedstuff. AFB₁ can cause testicular lesion, and how to alleviate its testicular toxicity has received much attention in recent years. Lycopene (LYC), a foodborne nutrient derived from red fruits and vegetables, has protective effects against sperm abnormality and testicular lesions. To confirm the beneficial effects and mechanisms of LYC on AFB₁-induced testicular lesion, 48 male mice were exposed to 0.75 mg/kg AFB₁ or/and 5 mg/kg LYC for consecutive 30 days. Results demonstrated the LYC significantly restored the lesions of testicular microstructure and ultrastructure, and sperm abnormalities in AFB₁-exposed mice. Furthermore, LYC effectively attenuated AFB₁-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, including ameliorative mitochondrial structural, and elevated mitochondrial biogenesis for maintaining mitochondrial function. Meanwhile, LYC resisted AFB₁-induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. In addition, LYC promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation, and upregulated the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings demonstrate LYC ameliorates AFB₁-induced testicular lesion by attenuating oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, which is related to the activation of Nrf2.

Role of ROS/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in di-n-butyl phthalate-induced testosterone synthesis inhibition and antagonism of lycopene

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) causes adverse effects on male reproduction, especially testosterone synthesis inhibition. However, the specific mechanism of DBP-induced testosterone synthesis inhibition and its effective intervention measures of prevention and treatment are scarce presently. Lycopene (LYC) plays beneficial roles in male infertility because of its antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether LYC could prevent DBP-induced male reproductive toxicity. By in vitro and in vivo investigations, this study demonstrated that DBP activated ROS/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, promoted mitophagy and apoptosis, which in turn inhibited testosterone synthesis. Additionally, another major finding was that LYC supplement could reverse the above change, presenting as the restraint of ROS/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, reduction of mitophagy and apoptosis, and improvement of testosterone synthesis. Our study facilitates deeper understandings of the mechanism in DBP-induced testosterone synthesis inhibition, and identifies LYC as the effective prevention and control strategies for DBP poisoning.

The Influence of Metabolic Factors and Diet on Fertility

Infertility is a disease globally affecting 20-30% of the reproductive age female population. However, in up to 50% on recorded cases, problems with infertility are ascribed to men; therefore, it is important to popularize healthy eating also in this group. During the last decade, it has been observed that society's lifestyle changed drastically: reduced energy expenditure in physical activity per day, increased consumption of hypercaloric and high-glycemic-index foods with high content of trans fats, and reduced consumption of dietary fiber, which negatively affects fertility. Increasing evidence points to a link between diet and fertility. It is becoming clear that well-planned nutrition can also contribute to the effectiveness of ART. The low-GI plant-based diet appears to have a positive effect, especially when it is based on Mediterranean dietary patterns: rich in antioxidants, vegetable protein, fiber, MUFA fatty acids, omega-3, vitamins, and minerals. Importantly, this diet has been shown to protect against chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress, which also translates into pregnancy success. As lifestyle and nutrition seem to be important factors affecting fertility, it is worth expanding knowledge in this regard among couples trying to conceive a child.

Multifaceted Pharmacological Potentials of Curcumin, Genistein, and Tanshinone IIA through Proteomic Approaches: An In-Depth Review

Phytochemicals possess various intriguing pharmacological properties against diverse pathological conditions. Extensive studies are on-going to understand the structural/functional properties of phytochemicals as well as the molecular mechanisms of their therapeutic function against various disease conditions. Phytochemicals such as curcumin (Cur), genistein (Gen), and tanshinone-IIA (Tan IIA) have multifaceted therapeutic potentials and various efforts are in progress to understand the molecular dynamics of their function with different tools and technologies. Cur is an active lipophilic polyphenol with pleiotropic function, and it has been shown to possess various intriguing properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anticancer, and anti-genotoxic properties besides others beneficial properties. Similarly, Gen (an isoflavone) exhibits a wide range of vital functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic activities etc. In addition, Tan IIA, a lipophilic compound, possesses antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer activities, and so on. Over the last few decades, the field of proteomics has garnered great momentum mainly attributed to the recent advancement in mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. It is envisaged that the proteomics technology has considerably contributed to the biomedical research endeavors lately. Interestingly, they have also been explored as a reliable approach to understand the molecular intricacies related to phytochemical-based therapeutic interventions. The present review provides an overview of the proteomics studies performed to unravel the underlying molecular intricacies of various phytochemicals such as Cur, Gen, and Tan IIA. This in-depth study will help the researchers in better understanding of the pharmacological potential of the phytochemicals at the proteomics level. Certainly, this review will be highly instrumental in catalyzing the translational shift from phytochemical-based biomedical research to clinical practice in the near future.

Lycopene: a therapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID- 19)

Lycopene is a group of phytochemicals found in nature, primarily in fruits and vegetables. Lycopene is thought to protect against a variety of diseases attributed to its antioxidant capabilities. Lycopene has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunity-boosting qualities, among other biological and pharmacological benefits. COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has recently emerged as one of the world's leading causes of death. Patients may be asymptomatic or show signs of respiratory, cytokine release syndrome, gastrointestinal, or even multiple organ failure, all of which can lead to death. In COVID-19, inflammation, and cytokine storm are the key pathogenic mechanisms, according to SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms. ARDS develops in some vulnerable hosts, which is accompanied by an inflammatory "cytokine syndrome" that causes lung damage. Immunological and inflammatory markers were linked to disease severity in mild and severe COVID-19 cases, implying that inflammatory markers, including IL-6, CRP, ESR, and PCT were significantly linked with COVID-19 severity. Patients with severe illness have reduced levels of several immune subsets, including CD4 + T, NK, and CD8 + cells. As a result, lycopene can be commended for bolstering physiological defenses against COVID-19 infections.

Triterpenoids and Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Improve the Histomorphology and Function of Testes in Middle-Aged Male Mice by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Cellular Apoptosis

Aging is an inevitable physiological process accompanied by a decline in body physiology, including male fertility. A preparation from Ganoderma lucidum (GL) containing triterpenes and polysaccharides has been shown to have anti-aging properties. In the current study, the effects of GL on mating ability, testosterone secretion, and testicular structure and function were observed in middle-aged male mice. The GL preparation was administered orally to mice for 2 to 5 months, and then behavioral, serological, and histopathological examinations were performed. Results showed that in the GL group of mice, the mating latency was shortened, the number of pursuits within 20 min was increased, and the mating success rate was higher compared to control mice. Additionally, the levels of serum testosterone, cell proliferation (Ki67), and sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-C4 were increased, while the levels of senescence-related protein p16 and cellular apoptosis were decreased in GL mice. Testicular spermatogenic cells and sperm and stromal cells were reduced and exhibited structural disorder in 11- and 14-month-old control mice, while these changes were improved compared to age-matched mice receiving the GL preparation. Furthermore, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax were decreased, while the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was increased in GL mice. Finally, the mitochondrial structure was relatively complete in GL mice compared to controls. Therefore, GL has the potential to improve testicular structure and function in middle-aged male mice by alleviating oxidative stress, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, and reducing cellular apoptosis.

Mediterranean Diet: The Beneficial Effects of Lycopene in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presents the most common chronic liver disease globally; it is estimated that 25.24% of the world’s population has NAFLD. NAFLD is a multi-factorial disease whose development involves various processes, such as insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, inflammation, cytokine imbalance, the activation of innate immunity, microbiota and environmental and genetic factors. Numerous clinical studies have shown that the Mediterranean diet produces beneficial effects in NAFLD patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the beneficial effects of lycopene, a soluble pigment found in fruit and vegetables, in NAFLD.

Lycopene Alleviates Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Testicular Toxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mice

PURPOSE

The research was carried out to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of lycopene on TiO₂ NPs-induced male reproductive toxicity and explore the possible mechanism.

METHODS

Ninety-six healthy male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were equally divided into eight groups (control group, 50 mg/kg TiO₂ NPs group, 5 mg/kg LYC group, 20 mg/kg LYC group, 40 mg/kg LYC group, 50 mg/kg TiO₂ NPs + 5 mg/kg LYC group, 50 mg/kg TiO₂ NPs + 20 mg/kg LYC group, 50 mg/kg TiO₂ NPs + 40 mg/kg LYC group), and the mice were treated by intragastric administration every day for 30 days in this research. Sperm parameters, testicular histopathology, oxidant and antioxidant enzymes, and cell apoptosis-related protein expression in the testicular tissue were analyzed.

RESULTS

The results showed that TiO₂ NPs exposure significantly decreased sperm count and motility, and TiO₂ NPs also increased sperm malformation in the epididymis; these characteristics were improved when co-administration with LYC. Testicular histopathological lesions like disorder of germ cells arrange, detachment, atrophy, and vacuolization were observed after TiO₂ NPs exposure, and these abnormalities were effectively ameliorated by co-administration with LYC. Oxidative stress was induced by TiO₂ NPs exposure as evidenced by increased the level of MDA and decreased the activity of SOD as well as the level of anti-O₂^-, and these alterations were effectively prevented by co-administration with LYC. LYC also alleviated TiO₂ NPs-induced germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as shown by the upregulation of Bcl-2, the downregulation of Bax, Cleaved Caspase 3, and Cleaved Caspase 9.

CONCLUSION

LYC could ameliorate TiO₂ NPs-induced testicular damage via inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis, which could be used to alleviate the testicular toxicity associated with TiO₂ NPs intake.

The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Oxidative Stress in Varicocele-Mediated Male Hypofertility

Varicocele (VC) is the most common abnormality identified in men evaluated for hypofertility. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidants concentrations are key contributors in varicocele-mediated hypofertility. Moreover, inflammation and alterations in testicular immunity negatively impact male fertility. In particular, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was hypothesized to lead to seminal inflammation, in which the levels of specific cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18, are overexpressed. In this review, we described the role played by oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in VC disease. The consequences of ROS overproduction in testis, including inflammation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, chromatin damage, and sperm DNA fragmentation, leading to abnormal testicular function and failed spermatogenesis, were highlighted. Finally, we described some therapeutic antioxidant strategies, with recognized beneficial effects in counteracting OS and inflammation in testes, as possible therapeutic drugs against varicocele-mediated hypofertility.

Lycopene improves testicular damage and sperm quality in experimentally induced varicocele: Relationship with apoptosis, hypoxia, and hyperthermia

Varicocele is considered the main reason for male infertility. Antioxidants are common drugs used to reduce the complications of varicocele in these patients. So, we investigated the effects of lycopene on sperm quality, testicular histology, and the expression of some genes in experimentally induced varicocele. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (n = 12), sham (n = 5), and varicocele (n = 33) groups. After 2 months of induced varicocele, five rats were randomly sacrificed and induced varicocele was investigated in each group. Finally, 35 rats were divided into five groups: the control, varicocele, varicocele reserving solvent, and varicocele reserving lycopene (4 and 10 mg/kg) for 2 months. At the end of the experiment, sperm viability, membrane integrity, the expression of Bax, Bcl2, hypoxia (hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α [HIF1‐α]), heat‐shock protein (heat‐shock protein A2 [HSPA2]) genes, and the histology of testes were measured. The results showed a significant decrease in the sperm viability, membrane integrity, Johnson's score, and the expression of the Bcl2 gene in the varicocele group compared to the control group. Also, there was a significant increase in Bax, HSPA2, and HIF1‐α expressions in the varicocele group compared to the control group. Although the administration of lycopene (10 mg/kg) in rats with varicocele improved sperm viability and membrane integrity, Johnson's score, and Bax expression compared to the varicocele group. Our findings indicated that the administration of lycopene in the varicocele group improved sperm quality and testicular injury induced by varicocele via decreasing apoptosis.

Antioxidant Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: a Review

Fluorosis is a major public health problem globally. The non-availability of specific treatment and the irreversible nature of dental and skeletal lesions poses a challenge in the management of fluorosis. Oxidative stress is known to be one of the most important mechanisms of fluoride toxicity. Fluoride promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species by inhibiting the activity of antioxidant enzymes, resulting in the excessive production of reactive oxygen species at the cellular level which further leads to activation of cell death processes such as apoptosis. Phytochemicals that act as antioxidants have the potential to protect cells from oxidative stress. Evidence confirms that clinical symptoms of fluorosis can be mitigated to some extent or prevented by long-term intake of antioxidants and plant products. The primary purpose of this review is to examine recent findings that focus on the amelioration of fluoride-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by natural and synthetic phytochemicals and their molecular mechanisms of action.

Natural Antioxidants can Improve Microplastics-Induced Male Reproductive Impairment in the African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus)

This study was conducted to explore the protective potential of three different antioxidant supplements, lycopene, citric acid, andChlorella, against reproductive injuries induced by microplastics (MPs) in freshwater mature male catfish. A total of 150 mature male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were assigned to five treatment groups as follows: control group fish were fed with control diet, the second group fish were fed with 500 mg/kg MP diet, and the remaining three groups of fish were fed with 500 mg/kg MP diet plus lycopene (500 mg/kg diet), citric acid (30 g/kg diet), andChlorella(50 g/kg diet), respectively, for 15 days. Ingestion of MPs significantly decreased serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, sex steroid (testosterone and estradiol) levels and sperm count, spermatocrit, motility, and viability. It also induced histological alterations and degenerative changes in testicular tissues. Administration of lycopene andChlorellawith MP diets maintained hormone levels comparable to those in the control group, enhanced sperm quality, and decreased testicular histological damage.Chlorellawas more effective in enhancing sperm quality, and lycopene was more efficient in alleviating testicular tissue damage. Citric acid supplementation was irrelevant in mitigating MP-induced injury. This study indicated that both lycopene andChlorellaameliorated the MP-induced reproductive dysfunction by improving reproductive hormonal levels, sperm parameters, and histological configuration, whereas the citric acid dose used in this study was not effective in ameliorating the MP-induced reproductive stress. Additional research and monitoring of MP-induced pollution in freshwater ecosystems are required to avoid the severity of reproductive toxicity in freshwater fish.

Lycopene: A Natural Arsenal in the War against Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Diseases

Lycopene is a bioactive red pigment found in plants, especially in red fruits and vegetables, including tomato, pink guava, papaya, pink grapefruit, and watermelon. Several research reports have advocated its positive impact on human health and physiology. For humans, lycopene is an essential substance obtained from dietary sources to fulfil the body requirements. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress and downstream complications include one of the major health concerns worldwide. In recent years, oxidative stress and its counter strategies have attracted biomedical research in order to manage the emerging health issues. Lycopene has been reported to directly interact with ROS, which can help to prevent chronic diseases, including diabetes and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the present review article was written to provide an accumulative account of protective and ameliorative effects of lycopene on coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that fights ROS and, subsequently, complications. It reduces blood pressure via inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme and regulating nitrous oxide bioavailability. It plays an important role in lowering of LDL (low-density lipoproteins) and improving HDL (high-density lipoproteins) levels to minimize atherosclerosis, which protects the onset of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Various studies have advocated that lycopene exhibited a combating competence in the treatment of these diseases. Owing to all the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive properties, lycopene provides a potential nutraceutical with a protective and curing ability against coronary artery disease and hypertension.

Oxidative Stress-Induced Male Infertility: Role of Antioxidants in Cellular Defense Mechanisms

Male infertility is linked to several environmental and mutagenic factors. Most of these factors, i.e., lifestyle, radiations, and chemical contaminations, work on the fundamental principles of physics, chemistry, and biology. Principally, it may induce oxidative stress (OS) and produce free radicals within the cells. The negative effect of OS may enhance the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in male reproductive organs and impair basic functions in a couple's fertility. Evidence suggests that infertile men have significantly increased ROS levels and a reduced antioxidant capacity compared with fertile men. Although, basic spermatic function and fertilizing capacity depend on a delicate balance between physiological activity of ROS and antioxidants to protect from cellular oxidative injury in sperm, that is essential to achieve pregnancy. The ideal oxidation-reduction (REDOX) equilibrium requires a maintenance of a range of ROS concentrations and modulation of antioxidants. For this reason, the chapter focuses on the effects of ROS in sperm functions and the current concepts regarding the benefits of medical management in men with diminished fertility and amelioration of the effect to improve sperm function. Also, this evidence-based study suggests an increasing rate of infertility that poses a global challenge for human health, urging the need of health care professionals to offer a correct diagnosis, comprehension of the process, and an individualized management of the patients.

Lycopene protects sperm from oxidative stress in the experimental varicocele model

Oxidative stress (OS) is an important parameter in the evaluation of infertility caused by varicocele. Antioxidants are the most commonly prescribed drugs in these patients. Lycopene molecule, as the powerful antioxidant in the carotenoid family, has beneficial effects on improving fertility in males. Therefore, we investigated the effects of lycopene on induced OS by varicocele in an animal model. Forty-five adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control (n = 12) and varicocele (n = 33). Two months after induced varicocele, five rats in each group were sacrificed randomly and induced varicocele was investigated. Remained rats were divided into five groups (n = 7), including the control (I), varicocele (II), varicocele reserving solvent (III), varicocele reserving lycopene 4 mg/kg (IV), and 10 mg/kg (V) for two months. At the end of the experiment, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), %DNA damage, and antioxidant enzymatic levels were measured. The results indicated that there were significant increases in the levels of ROS, MDA, DNA damage, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sperm concentration, and motility in the varicocele groups compared with the control group. In the lycopene group (10 mg/kg), sperm concentration, the levels of TAC, and catalase (CAT) activity were improved so the levels of ROS, MDA, and %DNA damage were reduced compared with varicocele group. Our findings indicated that the administration of lycopene especially at a dose of 10 mg/kg in the varicocele group could protect sperm from OS and sperm DNA damage by increasing antioxidant activity and reducing ROS.

Lycopene attenuates zearalenone-induced oxidative damage of piglet sertoli cells through the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 signaling pathway

Zearalenone (ZEA) has an estrogenic effect and often causes reproductive damage. Pigs are particularly sensitive to it. Lycopene (LYC) is a type of fat-soluble natural carotenoid that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-cardiovascular and detoxifying effects. In this study, piglet sertoli cells (SCs) were used as research objects to investigate the mechanism of ZEA induced damage to piglet SCs and to evaluate the protective effect of LYC on ZEA induced toxic damage to piglet SCs. The results showed that ZEA damaged the cell structure and inhibited the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the nucleus, which down-regulated the relative mRNA expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and decreased the activity of HO-1, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), resulting in an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. ZEA downregulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of bcl-2 in piglet SCs, promoted cell apoptosis, and upregulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of LC3, beclin-1, and bax. After 3 h LYC-pretreatment, ZEA was added for mixed culture. The results of pretreatment with LYC showed that LYC could alleviate the cytotoxicity of ZEA to porlets SCs. Compared with ZEA group, improved the cell survival rate, promoted the expression of Nrf2 in the nucleus, upregulated the relative mRNA expression of HO-1 and GPX1, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the levels of MDA and ROS. Moreover, after pretreatment with LYC, the mRNA expression of bcl-2 was upregulated, the apoptosis rate was decreased, the relative mRNA and protein expressions of LC3, beclin-1 and bax were downregulated, and autophagy was alleviated. In conclusion, LYC alleviated the oxidative damage of SCs caused by ZEA by promoting the expression of Nrf2 pathway and decreased autophagy and apoptosis.

Lycopene: Food Sources, Biological Activities, and Human Health Benefits

As an antioxidant, lycopene has acquired importance as it prevents autoxidation of fats and related products. Tomatoes are an important agricultural product that is a great source of lycopene. It contains many vitamins and minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates and is associated with various positive effects on health. The antioxidant potential of tomatoes is substantially explained with lycopene compounds. Diet is a major risk factor for heart diseases which is shown as the most important cause of death in the world. It has been observed that the lycopene taken in the diet has positive effects in many stages of atherosclerosis. The serum lipid levels, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, blood pressure, and antioxidative potential are mainly affected by lycopene. These natural antioxidants, which can also enhance the nutritional value of foods, may lead to new ways if used in food preservation. In this review study, the antioxidant potential and cardiovascular protection mechanism of lycopene are discussed.

Endocrine disruptor chemicals. A review of their effects on male reproduction and antioxidants as a strategy to counter it

Endocrine disruptor chemicals are exogenous molecules that generate adverse effects on human health by destabilizing the homeostasis of endocrine system and affecting directly human reproductive system by inhibiting or activating oestrogenic or androgenic receptors. Endocrine disruptor chemicals generate transgenerational epigenetic problems, besides being associated with male infertility. Epidemiological data indicate that the increase in reproductive problems in males in the last 50 years is correlated with the increase of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment, being associated with a decrease in semen quality and direct effects on spermatozoa, such as alterations in motility, viability and acrosomal reaction, due to the generation of oxidative stress, and have also been postulated as a possible cause of testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Diverse antioxidants, such as C and E vitamins, N-acetylcysteine, selenium and natural vegetable extracts, are among the alternatives under study to counter the effects of endocrine disruptor chemicals. In some cases, the usage of them has given positive results and the opposite in others. In this review, we summarize the recent information about the effects of endocrine disruptor chemicals on male reproduction, on sperm cells, and the results of studies that have tested antioxidants as a strategy to diminish their harmful effects.

Sperm and testicular dysfunction during cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in male rats and effects of tannic acid through reducing testicular oxidative stress and inflammation

OBJECTIVES

One of the problems caused by infectious diseases is the decrease in sperm count and motility. Tannic acid is known as an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP) sepsis model was induced to investigate the effect of tannic acid on oxidative stress and inflammation in testicular and sperm structure and function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-four male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8: 1) sham, 2) sepsis, and 3) sepsis + tannic acid (20 mg/kg at 6, 12, and 24 hr after sepsis induction). Thirty hours after induction of sepsis, testicular samples were collected to measure SOD activity and MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. Another part of the testis was fixed in 10% formalin for histological examinations.

RESULTS

In the sepsis group, testicular MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels increased and SOD activity decreased compared with the sham group. In addition, the percentage of motile sperm and the survival rate of sperm decreased significantly in the sepsis group. Administration of tannic acid significantly decreased inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) and MDA levels and increased SOD activity. Furthermore tannic acid significantly improved sperm parameters and increased sperm and animal survival rates.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study showed that the reproductive system may be strongly affected by the conditions created during sepsis. Tannic acid improved reproductive dysfunction in sepsis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Current Status of Optical Systems for Measuring Lycopene Content in Fruits: Review

Optical systems are used for analysing the internal composition and the external properties in food. The measurement of the lycopene content in fruits and vegetables is important because of its benefits to human health. Lycopene prevents cardiovascular diseases, cataracts, cancer, osteoporosis, male infertility, and peritonitis. Among the optical systems focused on the estimation and identification of lycopene molecule are high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the colorimeter, infrared near NIR spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and the systems of multispectral imaging (MSI) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The main objective of this paper is to present a review of the current state of optical systems used to measure lycopene in fruits. It also reports important factors to be considered in order to improve the design and implementation of those optical systems. Finally, it was observed that measurements with HPLC and spectrophotometry present the best results but use toxic solvents and require specialized personnel for their use. Moreover, another widely used technique is colorimetry, which correlates the lycopene content using color descriptors, typically those of CIELAB. Likewise, it was identified that spectroscopic techniques and multispectral images are gaining importance because they are fast and non-invasive.

The Role of Selected Natural Biomolecules in Sperm Production and Functionality

Emerging evidence from in vivo as well as in vitro studies indicates that natural biomolecules may play important roles in the prevention or management of a wide array of chronic diseases. Furthermore, the use of natural compounds in the treatment of male sub- or infertility has been proposed as a potential alternative to conventional therapeutic options. As such, we aimed to evaluate the effects of selected natural biomolecules on the sperm production, structural integrity, and functional activity. At the same time, we reviewed their possible beneficial or adverse effects on male reproductive health. Using relevant keywords, a literature search was performed to collect currently available information regarding molecular mechanisms by which selected natural biomolecules exhibit their biological effects in the context of male reproductive dysfunction. Evidence gathered from clinical trials, in vitro experiments and in vivo studies suggest that the selected natural compounds affect key targets related to sperm mitochondrial metabolism and motion behavior, oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA integrity and cell death. The majority of reports emphasize on ameliorative, stimulating and protective effects of natural biomolecules on the sperm function. Nevertheless, possible adverse and toxic behavior of natural compounds has been indicated as well, pointing out to a possible dose-dependent impact of natural biomolecules on the sperm survival and functionality. As such, further research leading to a deeper understanding of the beneficial or adverse roles of natural compounds is necessary before these can be employed for the management of male reproductive dysfunction.

Recent trends and advances in the epidemiology, synergism, and delivery system of lycopene as an anti-cancer agent

Dietary interventions are key nutritional strategies to prevent, improve, and prolong the survival of cancer patients. Lycopene, one of the strongest natural antioxidants, and its biologically active metabolites, have shown significant potential to prevent a variety of cancers, including prostate, breast, and stomach cancers, making it a promising anti-cancer agent. We review the potential regulatory mechanisms and epidemiological evidences of lycopene and its metabolites to delay the progression of cancers at different developmental stages. Recent studies have revealed that lycopene and its metabolites mediate multiple molecular mechanisms in cancer treatment such as redox homeostasis, selective anti-proliferation, apoptosis, anti-angiogenesis, tumour microenvironment regulation, and anti-metastasis and anti-invasion. Gut microbes and cholesterol metabolism are also the potential regulation targets of lycopene and its metabolites. As a dietary supplement, the synergistic interaction of lycopene with other drugs and nutrients is highlighted especially due to its binding activity with other nutrients in the diet found central to the fight against cancer. Furthermore, the application of several of novel lycopene delivery carriers are on the rise including nanoemulsions, nanostructured liposomes, and polymer nanoparticles for cancer prevention as discussed in this review with future needed development. Moreover, the synergistic mechanism between lycopene and other nutrients or drugs and novel delivery systems of lycopene should now be deeply investigated to improve its clinical application in cancer intervention in the future.

Effect of mitochondrial quality control on the lycopene antagonizing DEHP-induced mitophagy in spermatogenic cells

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widespread environmental contaminant, which is mainly used as a plasticizer to improve the flexibility of products; however, its extensive use causes male reproductive damage. Lycopene (LYC) has a protective effect on male reproductive toxicity. Nevertheless, the underlying role of LYC in DEHP-induced spermatogenic cell damage remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the role of LYC in DEHP-induced spermatogenic cell damage and its underlying mechanism. Male ICR mice were treated with LYC (5 mg kg-1) and/or DEHP (500 mg kg-1 or 1000 mg kg-1) for 28 days. The results showed that LYC alleviated the DEHP-induced decrease in mitochondria volume density and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Subsequently, LYC prevented the DEHP-induced PGC-1α-mediated reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis in spermatogenic cells. LYC exhibited a potential preventive effect against DEHP-induced mitophagy caused by mitochondrial dynamics disorder in the spermatogenic cells. Meanwhile, LYC relieved DEHP-induced mitochondrial stress in the spermatogenic cells by activating UPRmt. These results proved that mitochondrial quality control may be related to the beneficial role of LYC in preventing DEHP-induced mitophagy in spermatogenic cells. This study provides new evidence of mitochondrial quality control as a target for LYC treatment, which can prevent DEHP-induced toxicity.

Dietary Antioxidants in the Treatment of Male Infertility: Counteracting Oxidative Stress

Infertility affects about 15% of the population and male factors only are responsible for ~25-30% of cases of infertility. Currently, the etiology of suboptimal semen quality is poorly understood, and many environmental and genetic factors, including oxidative stress, have been implicated. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the capacity of the body to counteract their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. The purpose of this review, by employing the joint expertise of international researchers specialized in nutrition and male fertility areas, is to update the knowledge about the reproductive consequences of excessive ROS concentrations and oxidative stress on the semen quality and Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) clinical outcomes, to discuss the role of antioxidants in fertility outcomes, and finally to discuss why foods and dietary patterns are more innocuous long term solution for ameliorating oxidative stress and therefore semen quality results and ART fertility outcomes. Since this is a narrative review and not a systematic/meta-analysis, the summarized information in the present study should be considered cautiously.

Lycopene antagonizes lead toxicity by reducing mitochondrial oxidative damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons

Lead (Pb) exhibits serious adverse effects on the central nervous system, and the major pathogenic mechanism of Pb toxicity is oxidative stress. As one of the carotenoid family members with potent antioxidant properties, lycopene has shown its protections by inhibiting oxidative stress damage in numerous models of neurotoxicity. The current study was designed to explore the possible protective property in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons challenged with Pb. We observed that 5 μM lycopene pretreatment for 4 h efficiently ameliorated Pb‐caused damage in cell viability, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, lycopene (5 μM) attenuated the 50 μM Pb‐induced mitochondrial ROS production, improved the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and ATP production, and ameliorated the 50 μM Pb‐induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. In addition, 5 μM lycopene restored the imbalance of Bax/Bcl‐2, inhibited translocation of cytochrome c, and reduced caspase‐3 activation. Taken together, these findings indicate that lycopene antagonizes against Pb‐induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanism probably involves reduction of mitochondrial oxidative damage and mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis.

Amelioration of sperm count and sperm quality by lycopene supplementation in irradiated mice

Male mice were exposed to lycopene (LYC; 0.15 and 0.30mg kg-1) and irradiation (0.5, 1 Gy) alone or in combination (0.5 Gy+0.15mg kg-1 LYC; 0.5 Gy+0.30mg kg-1 LYC; 1 Gy+0.15mg kg-1 LYC; 1 Gy+0.30mg kg-1 LYC) for 2 weeks. LYC administration in the drinking water was started 24h or on Day 8 after the first irradiation dose or equivalent time point for groups treated with LYC alone. Sperm count, motility, morphology and DNA damage were determined at the end of the 2-week treatment period. Irradiation deteriorated sperm count and quality. Supplementation with LYC from 24h significantly increased the sperm count compared with irradiation alone. In almost all combined treatment groups, the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa was significantly decreased compared with that after irradiation alone. In some cases, combined treatment reduced levels of DNA damage in gametes. Both doses of LYC administered from Day 8 significantly reduced the percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa compared with that seen after 1 Gy irradiation and reduced DNA damage in all combined treatment groups. In conclusion, LYC supplementation after irradiation can ameliorate the harmful effects of irradiation on gametes. Mitigation of radiation-induced damage in germ cells following LYC administration may be useful for radiological accidents and to protect non-treated tissues in patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy.

Protective effect of vitamin C and lycopene on the in vitro fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm by inhibiting the oxidative stress

The fertilization capacity of sex-sorted sperms is seriously decreased, which inhibits its wide application. However, little information is still available about the effect of vitamin C (VC) and lycopene (Lyc) on the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm. In this study, the washing medium and fertilization medium of sex-sorted sperm from three bull individuals were supplemented with different concentrations of VC (0, 1 × 10^-3 , 1 × 10^-4 , 1 × 10^-5 , 1 × 10^-6  M) or Lyc (0, 1 × 10^-4 , 1 × 10^-5 , 1 × 10^-6 , 1 × 10^-7 ). After washing twice and incubation for 1.5 hr, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation, membrane potential (Δψm) and IVF (in vitro fertilization) ability of sex-sorted sperm were investigated. For the sex-sorted sperm of bulls A, B and C, 1 × 10^-3  M VC or 1 × 10^-4  M Lyc treatment significantly decreased their MDA levels and PS translocation and increased their Δψm levels and cleavage rates after IVF. When blastocysts were concerned, 1 × 10^-4  M Lyc significantly improved the blastocyst rates and their IFN-tau expression of bulls A and C. In conclusion, supplementation of 1 × 10^-3  M VC or 1 × 10^-4  M Lyc in washing and fertilization medium contributed greatly to improving the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm during IVF procedure.

Lycopene in protection against obesity and diabetes: A mechanistic review

Lycopene, a natural pigment that mainly exists in the mature fruit of tomatoes, has gained increasing attention due to its protective effects against obesity and diabetes. The aim of this review is to summarize the potential mechanisms in which lycopene exerts protection against obesity and diabetes, along with highlighting its bioavailability, synthesis and safety. Literature sources used in this review were from the PubMed Database, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, National Science and Technology Library, Wanfang Data, and the Web of Science. For the inquiries, keywords such as lycopene, properties, synthesis, diabetes, obesity, and safety were used in various combinations. About 200 articles and reviews were evaluated. Lycopene exhibits anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities in different organs and/or tissues, including adipose tissue, liver, kidney, pancreas, brain, ovaries, intestine, and eyes. The underlying mechanism may be attributed to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and through its ability to regulate of AGE/RAGE, JNK/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, SIRT1/FoxO1/PPARγ signaling pathways and AchE activity. The epidemiological investigations support that lycopene consumption may contribute to lowering the risk of obesity and diabetes. The cis-isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable and better absorbed than trans-lycopene, and mainly distribute in liver and adipose tissue. Lycopene exhibits a good margin of safety and can be obtained by plant extraction, chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation. In summary, lycopene consumption beneficially contributes to protecting against diabetes and obesity in animal studies and epidemiological investigations, which supports the potential of this compound as a preventive/therapeutic agent against these disorders. Well-designed, prospective clinical studies are warranted to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of lycopene against common metabolic diseases.

Nutraceutical Effects of Lycopene in Experimental Varicocele: An "In Vivo" Model to Study Male Infertility

Varicocele is one of the main causes of infertility in men. Oxidative stress and consequently apoptosis activation contribute to varicocele pathogenesis, worsening its prognosis. Natural products, such as lycopene, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in several experimental models, also in testes. In this study we investigated lycopene effects in an experimental model of varicocele. Male rats (n = 14) underwent sham operations and were administered with vehicle (n = 7) or with lycopene (n = 7; 1 mg/kg i.p., daily). Another group of animals (n = 14) underwent surgical varicocele. After 28 days, the sham and 7 varicocele animals were euthanized, and both operated and contralateral testes were weighted and processed. The remaining rats were treated with lycopene (1 mg/kg i.p., daily) for 30 days. Varicocele rats showed reduced testosterone levels, testes weight, Bcl-2 mRNA expression, changes in testes structure and increased malondialdehyde levels and BAX gene expression. TUNEL (Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) assay showed an increased number of apoptotic cells. Treatment with lycopene significantly increased testosterone levels, testes weight, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression, improved tubular structure and decreased malondialdehyde levels, BAX mRNA expression and TUNEL-positive cells. The present results show that lycopene exerts beneficial effects in testes, and suggest that supplementation with the tomato-derived carotenoid might be considered a novel nutraceutical strategy for the treatment of varicocele and male infertility.

Dietary Supplements for Male Infertility: A Critical Evaluation of Their Composition

Dietary supplements (DS) represent a possible approach to improve sperm parameters and male fertility. A wide range of DS containing different nutrients is now available. Although many authors demonstrated benefits from some nutrients in the improvement of sperm parameters, their real effectiveness is still under debate. The aim of this study was to critically review the composition of DS using the Italian market as a sample. Active ingredients and their minimal effective daily dose (mED) on sperm parameters were identified through a literature search. Thereafter, we created a formula to classify the expected efficacy of each DS. Considering active ingredients, their concentration and the recommended daily dose, DS were scored into three classes of expected efficacy: higher, lower and none. Twenty-one DS were identified. Most of them had a large number of ingredients, frequently at doses below mED or with undemonstrated efficacy. Zinc was the most common ingredient of DS (70% of products), followed by selenium, arginine, coenzyme Q and folic acid. By applying our scoring system, 9.5% of DS fell in a higher class, 71.4% in a lower class and 19.1% in the class with no expected efficacy. DS marketed in Italy for male infertility frequently includes effective ingredients but also a large number of substances at insufficient doses or with no reported efficacy. Manufacturers and physicians should better consider the scientific evidence on effective ingredients and their doses before formulating and prescribing these products.

Total antioxidant capacity-Relevance, methods and clinical implications

Oxidative stress is pre-empted by an adequate level of antioxidants, which scavenge oxidants when they are produced in excess by different sources, including leukocytes and immature spermatozoa. Enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and several non-enzymatic antioxidants (proteins, vitamins and minerals), working as oxidant scavengers and cofactors of enzymatic antioxidants have been identified in seminal plasma. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is a diagnostic test that can be utilised in the male infertility workup. TAC measures the amount of total antioxidants in seminal plasma. Therefore, it provides an assessment of the reductive potential in seminal plasma. Several studies have investigated the diagnostic application of TAC in various andrology conditions. There is substantial evidence in the literature to show that infertile patients have lower seminal TAC in comparison with fertile men. Moreover, there is a positive correlation between TAC and seminal parameters, such as sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Evaluation of TAC together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) may be beneficial in the diagnosis of male infertility.

Diet and Nutritional Factors in Male (In)fertility-Underestimated Factors

In up to 50% of cases, infertility issues stem solely from the male. According to some data, the quality of human semen has deteriorated by 50%–60% over the last 40 years. A high-fat diet and obesity, resulting from an unhealthy lifestyle, affects the structure of spermatozoa, but also the development of offspring and their health in later stages of life. In obese individuals, disorders on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are observed, as well as elevated oestrogen levels with a simultaneous decrease in testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Healthy dietary models clearly correlate with better sperm quality and a smaller risk of abnormalities in parameters such as sperm count, sperm concentration and motility, and lower sperm DNA fragmentation. Apart from mineral components such as zinc and selenium, the role of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins should be emphasized, since their action will be primarily based on the minimization of oxidative stress and the inflammation process. Additionally, the incorporation of carnitine supplements and coenzyme Q10 in therapeutic interventions also seems promising. Therefore, it is advisable to have a varied and balanced diet based on vegetables and fruit, fish and seafood, nuts, seeds, whole-grain products, poultry, and low-fat dairy products.

Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of male infertility

The effects of reactive oxygen species on male fertility are governed by the oxidative paradox, defined by a delicate balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. When regulated appropriately, reactive oxygen species ensure effective function; however, when uninhibited, they represent key players in male factor infertility. Mechanisms responsible for this include oxidative destruction of sperm lipid membranes, damage to gamete DNA both by gene mutation and by direct breakdown of the DNA backbone, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cell death. Utilizing various male pathologies as case studies, we see ways in which oxidative stress has the potential to impact fertility in a negative way. Varicocele, erectile dysfunction, testicular cancer and even idiopathic male infertility highlight common mechanistic pathways, as well as subtle variations in the ways reactive oxygen species can operate. Oxidative biomarkers have emerged to better study male infertility, predict reproductive success and modify assisted reproductive technologies to minimize oxidative stress.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor as a Target for Lycopene Preventing DEHP-Induced Spermatogenic Disorders

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer to improve product flexibility and workability. Lycopene (LYC) is a natural compound and has promising preventive potentials, especially antireproductive toxicity, but the specific underlying mechanism is yet to be fully defined. Our study investigated the effect of LYC on DEHP-induced spermatogenesis disorders. Male ICR mice were treated with DEHP (500 or 1000 mg/kg BW/day) and/or LYC (5 mg/kg BW/day) for 28 days. Our results indicated that LYC could relieve the DEHP-induced injury of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells, swelling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and an increase of mitochondria. LYC prevented increased levels of nuclear damage to DNA and the deformity rate and decreased values of sperm motility, number, and density. Moreover, LYC treatment decreased DEHP-induced nuclear accumulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT), and the expressions of their downstream target genes such as cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYP) 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 were markedly reduced to normal in the LYC treatment group. Our study showed that LYC can prevent DEHP-induced spermatogenic disorders via an AHR/ARNT signaling system. This study provided new evidence of AHR as a target for LYC, which can prevent DEHP-induced toxicity.

Diet enrichment and the reproductive season of captive Sunda Porcupine (Hystrix javanica F. Cuvier 1823)

This study aimed to extend our current knowledge of Sunda porcupine reproductive biology with emphasis on environmental enrichment and the reproductive season. Tomato and bean sprout feeding able to increase sperm quantity, sperm motility, and viability, as well as increase FSH and estrogen hormone levels. Four pairs of captive Sunda porcupine were used. Two pairs (fed with fresh tomato and bean sprout, enrichment group) and two pairs as control. The birth rate of enrichment group higher (with twin litter per year) than that in control (only one litter per year). It indicated that tomato and bean sprout feeding affect the birth rate in Sunda porcupine. The recent study showed that captive Sunda porcupine births occurred throughout the year, with no more than 1-2 litter per year and are have no interbirth-interval. The birth peak of captive Sunda porcupine occurs between April to August. Biparental activities during birth occurred. However, the female spent 50% of the time with the newborn. There was no courtship behaviour throughout the first two or three months of life of the cub.

Coenzyme Q10 mitigates ionizing radiation-induced testicular damage in rats through inhibition of oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death

Radiotherapy is a common treatment modality for cancer patients; however, its use is limited by decreasing the probability of fertility in male cancer survivors. Therefore, this study aimed to define the capability of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a potent stimulator of mitochondrial function, in attenuating ionizing radiation (IR)-induced spermatogenesis impairments. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a single dose of ϒ-rays (10 Gy) and/or treated with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg, orally, for 2 consecutive weeks). IR mediated irregular seminiferous tubules, which were emerged with typical morphological characteristics of apoptosis, and nuclear condensation, while CoQ10 significantly preserved the testicular structure and maintained spermatogenesis, which was displayed by higher levels of serum estradiol and testosterone. CoQ10 remarkably augmented sperm count, motility, and viability while diminished the rate of sperm-defects relatively to their counterparts after IR exposure. CoQ10 modulations in reproductive parameters were underpinned by attenuating IR-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase activities, and glutathione level. Supporting the involvement of CoQ10 in the anti-apoptotic response, the reduced mRNA expression levels of p53, Puma, and Bax accompanied by the increased Bcl-2 mRNA expression were observed. Subsequently, CoQ10 ameliorated the mitochondria dependent apoptotic pathway through diminishing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 protein expression, and DNA fragmentation in testes of irradiated rats. Taken together, our findings showed that CoQ10 conserved against IR-induced steroidogenesis disruption through subsiding mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress injury in germinal cells.