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Aldhahir AM. Prevalence and sociodemographic factors of depression, anxiety and stress in Saudi Arabia: a survey of respiratory therapists. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1289456. [PMID: 38445092 PMCID: PMC10912513 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1289456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression, anxiety and stress are prevalent among healthcare providers but limited data is available regarding respiratory therapists (RTs). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress, and identify the associated sociodemographic factors among RTs in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to RTs in Saudi Arabia. Data were summarized using frequency and percentages. Stress, anxiety, and depression prevalence rates were expressed as proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The associated factors of stress, anxiety, and depression were subjected to logistic regression. Results Overall, 988 (91%) RTs, 661 (66.9%) males, completed the online survey. The prevalence (95% CI) of depression, anxiety and stress among RTs was 81.3% (0.787, 0.837), 89.6% (0.875, 0.914), and 45.5% (0.424, 0.487), respectively. RT staff who were ≥41 years old, divorced, widowed or separated, or had > 10 years of clinical experience were more likely to experience stress. RTs who were (divorced, widowed or separated), did not live with their family, were current smokers, or worked the night shift were more likely to experience anxiety. RTs who were (divorced, widowed or separated), were current smokers, had >10 years of clinical experience were more likely to experience depression. Conclusion Stress, anxiety and depression are prevalent among RTs. Several sociodemographic factors are associated with the incidence of stress, anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulelah M. Aldhahir
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Rousta N, Hussein IM, Kohly RP. Sex Disparities in Ophthalmology From Training Through Practice: A Systematic Review. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024; 142:146-154. [PMID: 38236584 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.6118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Importance Sex-based research in medicine has revealed inequities against females on almost every metric at almost every career stage; ophthalmology is no exception. Objective To systematically review the experiences of females in ophthalmology (FiO) from training through practice in high-income countries (HICs). Evidence Review A systematic review of English-language studies, published between January 1990 and May 2022, relating to FiO in HICs was performed. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase electronic databases were searched, as well as the Journal of Academic Ophthalmology as it was not indexed in the searched databases. Studies were organized by theme at each career stage, starting in medical school when an interest in ophthalmology is expressed, and extending up to retirement. Findings A total of 91 studies, 87 cross-sectional and 4 cohort, were included. In medical school, mentorship and recruitment of female students into ophthalmology was influenced by sex bias, with fewer females identifying with ophthalmologist mentors and gender stereotypes perpetuated in reference letters written by both male and female referees. In residency, females had unequal learning opportunities, with lower surgical case volumes than male trainees and fewer females pursued fellowships in lucrative subspecialties. In practice, female ophthalmologists had lower incomes, less academic success, and poorer representation in leadership roles. Female ophthalmologists had a greater scholarly impact factor than their male counterparts, but this was only after approximately 30 years of publication experience. Pervasive throughout all stages of training and practice was the experience of greater sexual harassment among females from both patients and colleagues. Despite these disparities, some studies found that females reported equal overall career satisfaction rating with males in ophthalmology, whereas others suggested higher burnout rates. Conclusions and Relevance Ophthalmology is approaching sex parity, however, the increase in the proportion of females in ophthalmology had not translated to an increase in female representation in leadership positions. Sex disparities persisted across many domains including recruitment, training, practice patterns, academic productivity, and income. Interventions may improve sex equity in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Rousta
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isra M Hussein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Radha P Kohly
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen WY, Lin FL. On the Asymmetric Relationship Between Physician Mental Health Disorders on Quality of Healthcare Under the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: Quantile on Quantile Regression Analyses. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:2291-2307. [PMID: 37953809 PMCID: PMC10638657 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s429516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose When examining the nexus of physician mental health disorders and healthcare quality from the empirical perspective, mental health disorders are frequently associated with cyclical patterns corresponding to cyclic seasonality, mood swings, emission of air pollution and business cycles, the potential asymmetric effects of physician mental health disorders on healthcare quality have not received adequate attention from researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the asymmetric relationship between physician mental health disorders and healthcare quality during the pandemic outbreak in Taiwan. Methods Daily data for care quality indicators and physician mental health disorders were collected from the National Insurance Research Database in Taiwan, and the quantile-on-quantile regression model was applied to proceed with our analyses. Results Our results indicated that the overall aggregate effects of each quantile of physician mental health disorders on the cumulative quantiles of healthcare quality are negative (positive) for the 14-day readmission rate (preventable hospitalization rate and non-urgent ED-visit rate). Positively (negatively) cumulative effects of each quantile of physician mental health disorders were detected in the middle (low and high) quantiles of the preventable hospitalization rate. The cumulative effects of each quantile of physician mental health disorders on the high (low and middle) quantiles of the 14-day readmission rate are negative (positive), but the cumulative effects on various quantiles of the non-urgent ED-visit rate exhibit the opposite pattern. Conclusion The observed variation in the relationship between physician mental health disorders and different quantiles of healthcare quality suggests the need for tailored strategic interventions based on distinct levels of healthcare quality when addressing the higher risk of physician mental health disorders during the pandemic outbreak conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Chen
- Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Li Lin
- Department of Accounting, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Chaudhary R, Rohilla M, Chauhan S, Saini M, Aman S, Singla H, bibi A, Ahmed S, Shriwastav S, Kaur N, Dev J, Chalotra R, Singh TG, Mehta S. The pandemic's unseen wounds: COVID-19's profound effects on mental health. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4954-4963. [PMID: 37811101 PMCID: PMC10552974 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This review aims to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, with a focus on the physiological and psychological consequences, including comorbidities. The goal is to understand the direct and indirect populations affected by mental distress and identify potential interventions. Methodology A comprehensive literature search was conducted using various databases, including Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, PubMed, PLoS One, and Web of Science. The search utilized relevant keywords to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 on mental health. The selected articles were critically evaluated and analyzed to identify key findings and insights. Main findings Mental health, being an intrinsic component of overall well-being, plays a vital role in physiological functioning. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, has had a devastating global impact. Beyond the respiratory symptoms, individuals recovering from COVID-19 commonly experience additional ailments, such as arrhythmia, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Healthcare professionals on the frontlines face an elevated risk of mental illness. However, it is crucial to recognize that the general population also grapples with comparable levels of mental distress. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the significance of addressing mental health concerns. Various strategies can help mitigate the impact, including counselling, fostering open lines of communication, providing mental support, ensuring comprehensive patient care, and administering appropriate medications. In severe cases, treatment may involve the supplementation of essential vitamins and antidepressant therapy. By understanding the direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 on mental health, healthcare providers and policymakers can develop targeted interventions to support individuals and communities affected by the pandemic. Continued research and collaborative efforts are essential to address this pervasive issue effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manni Rohilla
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University
- Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, Rajpura, Punjab
| | | | - Monika Saini
- M.M. College of Pharmacy
- Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, Rajpura, Punjab
| | - Shahbaz Aman
- Department of Microbiology, M.M. Institute of Medical Science and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
| | | | | | | | - Shalini Shriwastav
- Department of Microbiology, M.M. Institute of Medical Science and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
| | - Narinder Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, M.M. Institute of Medical Science and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
| | - Jai Dev
- Department of Microbiology, M.M. Institute of Medical Science and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
| | - Rishabh Chalotra
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Sachin Mehta
- Birat Medical college Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University, Nepal
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Liu ZH, Li Y, Tian ZR, Zhao YJ, Cheung T, Su Z, Chen P, Ng CH, An FR, Xiang YT. Prevalence, correlates, and network analysis of depression and its associated quality of life among ophthalmology nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1218747. [PMID: 37691783 PMCID: PMC10484007 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nurses in Ophthalmology Department (OD) had a high risk of infection during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study examined the prevalence, correlates, and network structure of depression, and explored its association with quality of life (QOL) in Chinese OD nurses. Methods Based on a cross-sectional survey, demographic and clinical data were collected. Depression was measured with the 9-item Self-reported Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and QOL was measured using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-brief version (WHOQOL-BREF). Univariate analyses, multivariate logistic regression analyses, and network analyses were performed. Results Altogether, 2,155 OD nurses were included. The overall prevalence of depression among OD nurses was 32.71% (95%CI: 30.73-34.70%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that having family or friends or colleagues who were infected (OR = 1.760, p = 0.003) was significantly associated with higher risk of depression. After controlling for covariates, nurses with depression reported lower QOL (F(1, 2,155) = 596.784, p < 0.001) than those without depression. Network analyses revealed that 'Sad Mood', 'Energy Loss' and 'Worthlessness' were the key central symptoms. Conclusion Depression was common among OD nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the negative impact of depression on QOL and daily life, regular screening for depression, timely counselling service, and psychiatric treatment should be provided for OD nurses, especially those who had infected family/friends or colleagues. Central symptoms identified in network analysis should be targeted in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Nursing, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Rong Tian
- Department of Nursing, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jie Zhao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhaohui Su
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Chee H. Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic and St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Feng-Rong An
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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6
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Hébert M, Bouhout S, Freeman EE, Aubin MJ. The Mental Health State of Canadian Ophthalmologists during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey-Based Study and Review. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:vision7010023. [PMID: 36977303 PMCID: PMC10057889 DOI: 10.3390/vision7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted the practice of medicine, causing stress and uncertainty among ophthalmologists. This cross-sectional, survey-based study of Canadian Ophthalmological Society members (n = 1152) aims to report on Canadian ophthalmologists’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four questionnaires were administered between December 2020 and May 2021: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R). From all of the responses, 60/85 answers were deemed complete and were included. The median age was 50–59 years and 53% were women. On PHQ-9, most respondents had no or minimal depressive symptoms (n = 38, 63%), while 12% (n = 7) had moderately severe depressive symptoms and 12% (n = 7) reported impaired daily functioning and/or thoughts of suicide or self-harm. On the GAD-7 scale, 65% (n = 39) had no significant anxiety, while 13% (n = 8) had moderate to severe anxiety. Most respondents did not have clinically significant insomnia (n = 41, 68%). Finally, 16 respondents (27%) had an IES-R score ≥24 suggesting possible post-traumatic stress disorder. No significant differences were found based on demographics. During the COVID-19 pandemic, up to 40% of respondents experienced varying degrees of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress from the event. In 12%, there were concerns for impaired daily functioning and/or suicidal thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hébert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Soumaya Bouhout
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ellen E. Freeman
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Aubin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- University Ophthalmology Center, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l’Est-de-l’Île-de-Montréal—Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Tong J, Zhang J, Zhu N, Pei Y, Liu W, Yu W, Hu C, Sun X. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among frontline healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1096857. [PMID: 36778177 PMCID: PMC9912473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1096857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As some countries announced to remove Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) border, it indicates that the COVID-19 may have entered its terminal stage. In this COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health of frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) experienced unprecedented challenges. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among frontline HCWs lacks a high-quality and long-term systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. The system searches EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, ScienceNet, and ERIC. Analyze the mental health problems of frontline HCWs in different regions and periods, including insomnia, stress, anxiety and depression. This study was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42021253821. Results A total of 19 studies on the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among frontline HCWs were included in this study. The overall prevalence of insomnia was 42.9% (95% CI, 33.9-51.9%, I 2 = 99.0%) extracted from data from 14 cross-sectional studies (n = 10 127), 1 cohort study (n = 4,804), and 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT; n = 482) in 10 countries. The overall prevalence of stress was 53.0% (95% CI, 41.1-64.9%, I 2 = 78.3%) extracted from data from nine cross-sectional studies (n = 5,494) and 1 RCT study (n = 482) from eight countries. The overall prevalence of anxiety and depression was 43.0% (95% CI, 33.8-52.3%, I 2 = 99.0%) and 44.6% (95% CI, 36.1-53.1%, I 2 = 99.0%) extracted from data from 17 cross-sectional studies (n = 11,727), one cohort study (n = 4,804), and one RCT study (n = 482) from 12 countries. The prevalence of stress and depression was higher in 2020, while the prevalence of insomnia and anxiety was higher in 2021. The prevalence of mental health problems among physicians was higher than that of other frontline HCWs. The prevalence of mental health problems among frontline HCWs is higher in South America and lower in North America. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the COVID-19 pandemic have significant effects on mental health among frontline HCWs. The overall prevalence of insomnia, stress, anxiety and depression among frontline HCWs is high. Therefore, the health policy-makers should pay attention to and respond to the mental health problems of frontline HCWs in the context of public health emergencies. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chengping Hu
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xirong Sun
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Failla G, Caminiti M, Chen-Xu J, Lo Moro G, Berselli N, Cabral Ferreira M, Malcata F, Peyre-Costa D, Croci R, Soldà G, Capodici A, Morcavallo C, Traglia F, Cedrone F, Storti I, Jaquete AA, Antinozzi M, Vasiliu A. Impact of the COVID pandemic on mental health and training opportunities of Public Health Residents from 4 European countries: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1044171. [PMID: 36960373 PMCID: PMC10028077 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1044171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is little evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Public Health Residents' (PHR) mental health (MH). This study aims at assessing prevalence and risk factors for depression, anxiety and stress in European PHR during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Between March and April 2021, an online survey was administered to PHR from France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The survey assessed COVID-19 related changes in working conditions, training opportunities and evaluated MH outcomes using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21. Multivariable logistic regressions were applied to identify risk factors. Results Among the 443 respondents, many showed symptoms of depression (60.5%), anxiety (43.1%) and stress (61.2%). The main outcome predictors were: female gender for depression (adjOR = 1.59, 95%CI [1.05-2.42]), anxiety (adjOR = 2.03, 95%CI [1.33-3.08]), and stress (adjOR = 2.35, 95%CI [1.53-3.61]); loss of research opportunities for anxiety (adjOR = 1.94, 95%CI [1.28-2.93]) and stress (adjOR = 1.98, 95%CI [1.26-3.11]); and COVID-19 impact on training (adjOR = 1.78, 95%CI [1.12-2.80]) for depression. Conclusions The pandemic had a significant impact on PHR in terms of depression, anxiety and stress, especially for women and who lost work-related opportunities. Training programs should offer PHR appropriate MH support and training opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Failla
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanna Failla
| | - Marta Caminiti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - José Chen-Xu
- Public Health Unit, Primary Health Care Cluster Baixo Mondego, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Nausicaa Berselli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Filipa Malcata
- Public Health Unit, Primary Health Care Cluster Porto Ocidental, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Peyre-Costa
- Public Health Unit, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Roberto Croci
- School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Soldà
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Capodici
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Morcavallo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Traglia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cedrone
- Health Management of “SS. Spirito” Hospital of Pescara, Local Health Authority of Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Storti
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alfonso Alonso Jaquete
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Unit, Health Department of the Government of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Anca Vasiliu
- Department of Pediatrics, Global Tuberculosis Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Burgos-Blasco B, Caballero-Linares C, Fernández-Pérez C, Gegúndez-Fernández J, García-Feijóo J, Arriola-Villalobos P. Evaluation of the perception of physical and emotional health of ophthalmologists in Spain and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Fr Ophtalmol 2022; 45:689-699. [PMID: 35760600 PMCID: PMC9212495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective The main objective was to study the perception of physical and emotional health of Spanish ophthalmologists and their health habits, as well as the possible influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An observational, cross-sectional, non-randomized and uncontrolled study was carried out among at Spanish ophthalmologists through an online survey of 47 questions on eating habits, tobacco, alcohol, physical exercise, workload, and perception of physical and emotional state. Results Of a total of 2,179 ophthalmologists, 260 (11.9%) of whom 55% were men responded to the survey, with a mean age of 52.9 ± 11.4 years. 5.8% were smokers. In total, 51.5% reported good physical health, with a mean Body Mass Index of 24.4 kg/m2. Overall, 53.5% reported depression, 66.9% tiredness, 34.6% difficulty sleeping, and 57.3% considered their work hard. Up to 28.5% of those surveyed had thought about leaving their job and 60.8% about reorganizing their workload. In total, 91.9% would continue to choose Ophthalmology as a specialty. In total, 36.2% reported an increase in workload, 42.3% worsening of physical state and 63.8% worsening of emotional state as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Spanish ophthalmologists have a positive perception of their physical and emotional health, despite having life habits that are not always healthy and feeling mostly down. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative influence on the physical and emotional health of ophthalmologists.
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Aldhamin RA, Al Saif AZ. The mental health of healthcare workers in GCC countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 18:45-60. [PMID: 35999837 PMCID: PMC9389549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to summarize the available evidence on the prevalence of stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among healthcare providers in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (KSA, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google scholar for related studies published between January 2020 and April 2021 and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Results Of the 1815 identified studies, 29 met the inclusion criteria, and 19 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of prevalence for moderate to severe anxiety as reported using GAD-7 was 34.57% (95% CI = 19.73%, 51.12%), that for moderate to severe depression using PHQ-9 was 53.12% (95% CI = 32.76%, 72.96%), and that for moderate to severe stress using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scales was 81.12% (95% CI = 72.15%, 88.70%). Meta-analysis was not performed for burnout due to the small number of identified studies and the different tools used; however, the highest prevalence was reported at 76% (95% CI = 64%, 85%). Overall, a positive trend was observed over time for moderate to severe anxiety and depression, p = 0.0059 and 0.0762, respectively. Of note, the heterogeneity was significant among the studies, and many studies were of poor quality. Conclusion The prevalence of mental health disorders during the current pandemic among healthcare workers in GCC countries is high. However, the results could be affected by the high heterogeneity and low quality studies.
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Alnaser MZ, Alotaibi N, Nadar MS, Manee F, Alrowayeh HN. Manifestation of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Its Association With Somatic Symptoms Among Occupational and Physical Therapists During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:891276. [PMID: 35548079 PMCID: PMC9084928 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.891276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the level of generalized anxiety disorder among occupational and physical therapists during treatment sessions and its association with somatic symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional design was used in this study. Data were collected during the month of April 2021, and the study included occupational and physical therapists who practiced during COVID-19 from March 2020 to March 2021. The generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7) and a modified patient health questionnaire (mPHQ-15) were used to examine self-reported anxiety and somatic symptoms among the study participants. The independent t-test was used to determine differences between groups based on GAD-7 and mPHQ-15 results. Spearman's correlation test and chi-squared test were used to find the relationships between different variables such as anxiety and somatic symptoms. Results The study (n = 98 participants) included 56 occupational and 42 physical therapists. An 84% response rate was achieved. GAD-7 final score was μ = 9.21 ± 5.63 with 27% reporting no anxiety, 14% mild, 38% moderate, and 21% severe. Independent t-tests on GAD-7 scores showed significant differences between therapist specializations [t(96) = −2.256; p = 0.026] and between therapists residing with or without their parents [t(96) = −2.536; p = 0.013]. The mPHQ-15 final score was μ = 9.52 ± 5.54 with 13% reporting no symptoms (n = 13), 20% mild (n = 20), 38% moderate (n = 37), and 29% severe (n = 28). GAD-7 and mPHQ-15 scores were moderately positively correlated [r(96) = 0.569; p <0.000]. The chi-squared test showed a significant association between GAD-7 levels of anxiety and mPHQ-15 levels of somatic symptoms [x2(9, N = 98) = 70.62 p <0.000]. Therapists reported that the quality (76%) and effectiveness (20%) of their rehabilitation services were negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion The majority of study participants experienced moderate to severe anxiety and associated somatic symptoms. During COVID-19, ongoing psychological counseling of healthcare professionals such as occupational and physical therapists is required to maintain positive mental health. Implications for practice are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaed Z Alnaser
- Occupational Therapy Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Naser Alotaibi
- Occupational Therapy Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohammed Sh Nadar
- Occupational Therapy Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fahad Manee
- Occupational Therapy Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hesham N Alrowayeh
- Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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12
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Peck JA, Porter TH. Pandemics and the Impact on Physician Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Med Care Res Rev 2022; 79:772-788. [PMID: 35549938 DOI: 10.1177/10775587221091772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physician mental health is a major area of concern with physician burnout on the rise, while at the same time pandemics are becoming more frequent and serious in nature. This combination of physician burnout and pandemics has the potential for serious negative implications for physicians, patients, and health care organizations. Thus, we conduct a systematic review that examines the effect of pandemics on physician mental health using the burnout cascade as a framework. We identified 30 quantitative studies for inclusion. We find that Stages 4 and 5 of the burnout cascade are particularly troublesome with physicians experiencing high levels of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, we find in the degradation phase that physicians experience stigma which may intensify other negative effects. Physicians who are women, younger, and have less training are more susceptible to the negative effects of pandemics. We discuss overall implications and recommendations for future research.
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Zhang L, Yan M, Takashima K, Guo W, Yamada Y. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers' anxiety levels: a meta-analysis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13225. [PMID: 35433133 PMCID: PMC9009329 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been declared a public health emergency of international concern, causing excessive anxiety among health care workers. Additionally, publication bias and low-quality publications have become widespread, which can result in the dissemination of unreliable information. A meta-analysis was performed for this study with the following two aims: (1) to examine the prevalence of anxiety among health care workers and determine whether it has increased owing to the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) to investigate whether there has been an increase in publication bias. Methods All relevant studies published between 2015 and 2020 were searched in electronic databases (namely Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, PsyArXiv, and medRxiv). The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the I 2 statistic. The effect size (prevalence rate of anxiety) and 95% CI for each study were also calculated. We used moderator analysis to test for the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers' anxiety levels and to detect publication bias in COVID-19 studies. We assessed publication bias using funnel plots and Egger's regression. Results A total of 122 studies with 118,025 participants met the inclusion criteria. Eighty-eight articles (75,066 participants) were related to COVID-19, 13 articles (9,222 participants) were unrelated to COVID-19 (i.e., articles related to other outbreaks, which were excluded), and 21 preprints (33,737 participants) were related to COVID-19. The pooled meta-analysis prevalence was 33.6% (95% CI [30.5-36.8]; 95% PI [6.5-76.3]). Moderator analysis revealed no significant differences between articles related to COVID-19 and those unrelated to COVID-19 (p = 0.824). Moreover, no significant differences were found between articles and preprints related to COVID-19 (p = 0.843). Significant heterogeneity was observed in each subgroup. An Egger's test revealed publication bias in both articles and preprints related to COVID-19 (p < 0.001). Conclusions Determining whether the anxiety state of health care workers is altered by the COVID-19 pandemic is currently difficult. However, there is evidence that their anxiety levels may always be high, which suggests that more attention should be paid to their mental health. Furthermore, we found a substantial publication bias; however, the quality of the studies was relatively stable and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunbo Zhang
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Ming Yan
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kaito Takashima
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Wenru Guo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Japan
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14
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Alyami H, Krägeloh CU, Medvedev ON, Alghamdi S, Alyami M, Althagafi J, Lyndon M, Hill AG. Investigating Predictors of Psychological Distress for Healthcare Workers in a Major Saudi COVID-19 Center. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084459. [PMID: 35457323 PMCID: PMC9024661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between fear of COVID-19, previous exposure to COVID-19, perceived vulnerability to disease, sleep quality, and psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Taif city in Saudi Arabia, which has a population of 702,000 people. A cross-sectional study design was adopted. HCWs (n = 202) completed a survey containing the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Perceived Vulnerability to Disease (PVD), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). FCV-19S and sleep quality were significant predictors for psychological distress. Female gender was a significant predictor for depression and stress. Single, divorced, and widowed marital status were predictive for anxiety. FCV-19S was weakly correlated with PVD but moderately with depression, anxiety, and stress. Of the two PVD subscales, perceived infectability was weakly correlated with psychological distress. PVD and previous experience with COVID-19 were not significant predictors. Sleep quality and FCV-19S were major predictors of psychological distress. Findings indicated that poor sleep quality was strongly associated with psychological distress, while fear of COVID-19 had a moderate association. Such results support the need to design and implement psychological programs to assist HCWs in dealing with the psychological impact of this ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian U. Krägeloh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Oleg N. Medvedev
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mubarak Alyami
- Administration Building, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif 26514, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Jamal Althagafi
- Administration Building, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif 26514, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Mataroria Lyndon
- Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, The University of Auckland, Building 409, 24 Symonds Street, City Campus, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Andrew G. Hill
- South Auckland Clinical Campus, The University of Auckland, Level 2, North Wing, Esmé Green Building 30, Middlemore Hospital, 100 Hospital Road, Otahuhu, Auckland 1062, New Zealand;
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15
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Jahrami HA, Alhaj OA, Humood AM, Alenezi AF, Fekih-Romdhane F, AlRasheed MM, Saif ZQ, Bragazzi NL, Pandi-Perumal SR, BaHammam AS, Vitiello MV. Sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 62:101591. [PMID: 35131664 PMCID: PMC8782754 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the extent of sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eleven databases and six preprint repositories were searched for the period from November 1, 2019, to July 15, 2021. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to develop random-effect meta-analyses. Two hundred and fifty studies comprising 493,475 participants from 49 countries were included. During COVID-19, the estimated global prevalence of sleep disturbances was 40.49% [37.56; 43.48%]. Bayesian meta-analysis revealed an odds of 0.68 [0.59; 0.77] which translates to a rate of approximately 41%. This provides reassurance that the estimated rate using classical meta-analysis is robust. Six major populations were identified; the estimated prevalence of sleep problem was 52.39% [41.69; 62.88%] among patients infected with COVID-19, 45.96% [36.90; 55.30%] among children and adolescents, 42.47% [37.95; 47.12%] among healthcare workers, 41.50% [32.98; 50.56%] among special populations with healthcare needs, 41.16% [28.76; 54.79%] among university students, and 36.73% [32.32; 41.38%] among the general population. Sleep disturbances were higher during lockdown compared to no lockdown, 42.49% versus 37.97%. Four in every ten individuals reported a sleep problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients infected with the disease, children, and adolescents appeared to be the most affected groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham A Jahrami
- Ministry of Health, Bahrain; College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
| | - Omar A Alhaj
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ali M Humood
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain
| | - Ahmad F Alenezi
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Psychiatry Department "Ibn Omrane", Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maha M AlRasheed
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Somnogen Canada Inc., College Street, Toronto, Canada; Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia; The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, and Biobehavioral Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, United States
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El-Tallawy SN, Titi MA, Ejaz AA, Abdulmomen A, Elmorshedy H, Aldammas F, Baaj J, Alharbi M, Alqatari A. Prevalence and risk factors associated with mental health symptoms among anesthetists in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2022.2035905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salah N. El-Tallawy
- Anesthesia Department, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, Minia University & NCI, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maher A. Titi
- Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Quality Management Department, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Ejaz
- Anesthesia Department, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdulmomen
- Anesthesia Department, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Elmorshedy
- Clinical Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fatma Aldammas
- Anesthesia Department, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumana Baaj
- Anesthesia Department, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Alharbi
- Anesthesia Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alqatari
- Anesthesia Department, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Shoji MK, Venincasa MJ, Sridhar J. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ophthalmology Resident Perceptions of Clinical Experience, Surgical Training, and Personal Life. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected multiple areas of health care, including residency training programs. Elucidating the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on resident clinical experience, surgical training, and wellness is essential to identify areas in which programs can provide additional educational and personal resources to trainees. This study aims to evaluate the experiences of ophthalmology residents during the pandemic.
Design The design is a cross-sectional, nonvalidated survey study. The survey was administered online with data collection from August 22 to August 31, 2020.
Participants Applicants to the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute ophthalmology residency program during the 2016 to 2019 application cycles were invited to complete the survey to encompass trainees currently in ophthalmology residency during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applicants who were not training at an ophthalmology residency program during the pandemic were excluded.
Methods This study involved eliciting feedback from ophthalmology residents on the perceived impact of COVID-19 on their residency experiences through survey questions.
Main Outcome Measures Perceived didactic, clinical, surgical, and overall experiences of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic, effect on cataract and noncataract surgical case volume, and perceived effects on resident personal life.
Results Responses were obtained from 357 (22.8%) individuals, 193 of which met inclusion criteria (59.1% male, 54.9% aged 30–34). Most participants reported overall worsening of their ophthalmology training experience due to COVID-19 (75.1%), with worsening of clinical training reported by 72.5% of participants and worsening of surgical training reported by 89.1% of participants. There were no significant differences in the perception of the impact of COVID-19 on overall training experience, clinical training experience, or surgical training experience among geographic regions (p = 0.43, p = 0.23, p = 0.27, respectively). A higher percentage of post-graduate year 3 (PGY3) and PGY4 trainees reported worsened clinical (p = 0.003) or surgical (p = 0.03) experience compared with PGY2 trainees. Participants also reported impact on personal life including time spent away from family (52.9%), worsened friendships with co-residents (29.5%), forced changes in living situation (15.0%), and increased expenses (13.5%).
Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted clinical and surgical experience of ophthalmology residents, who also report personal stressors due to the pandemic. Identifying alterations in the ophthalmology residency experience is essential to provide additional resources to support ophthalmology trainees professionally and personally during this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa K. Shoji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael J. Venincasa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jayanth Sridhar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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18
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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ophthalmology Residents: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111567. [PMID: 34770081 PMCID: PMC8583285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has drastically affected medical societies. We aim to provide an overview and summarize the information published so far concerning the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ophthalmology residency programs and the mental wellbeing of trainees, and to establish factors to help maintain successful residency training to ensure high-quality, specialist ophthalmic training. A literature search was conducted in October 2021 of the PubMed database for articles assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of ophthalmology trainees and on ophthalmology residency programs. Cross-sectional survey studies, editorials, articles in scientific journals, letters to editors, and commentaries were considered; finally, 19 studies were included after excluding abstract-only publications and conference posters. The studies’ demographic details, participant characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and limitations were extracted. Our summarized information showed the alarmingly significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ophthalmology trainees’ mental health and the associated considerable changes in ophthalmic training programs. Thus, in future, virtual training and surgical simulators should be permanently introduced, in addition to traditional teaching, to complete successful ophthalmology residency programs. Additionally, we emphasize the need for a widely facilitated and encouraged access to psychological support programs for healthcare workers, including ophthalmologists.
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19
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Ching SM, Ng KY, Lee KW, Yee A, Lim PY, Ranita H, Devaraj NK, Ooi PB, Cheong AT. Psychological distress among healthcare providers during COVID-19 in Asia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257983. [PMID: 34648526 PMCID: PMC8516240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 pandemic is having a devastating effect on the mental health and wellbeing of healthcare providers (HCPs) globally. This review is aimed at determining the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, fear, burnout and resilience and its associated factors among HCPs in Asia during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed literature search using 4 databases from Medline, Cinahl, PubMed and Scopus from inception up to March 15, 2021 and selected relevant cross-sectional studies. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot. Random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence while risk factors were reported in odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. RESULTS We included 148 studies with 159,194 HCPs and the pooled prevalence for depression was 37.5% (95%CI: 33.8-41.3), anxiety 39.7(95%CI: 34.3-45.1), stress 36.4% (95%CI: 23.2-49.7), fear 71.3% (95%CI: 54.6-88.0), burnout 68.3% (95%CI: 54.0-82.5), and low resilience was 16.1% (95%CI: 12.8-19.4), respectively. The heterogeneity was high (I2>99.4%). Meta-analysis reported that both females (OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.30-1.68) and nurses (OR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.02-1.45) were at increased risk of having depression and anxiety [(Female: OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.49-1.85), (Nurse: OR = 1.36; 95%CI = 1.16-1.58)]. Females were at increased risk of getting stress (OR = 1.59; 95%CI = 1.28-1.97). CONCLUSION In conclusion, one third of HCPs suffered from depression, anxiety and stress and more than two third of HCPs suffered from fear and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Mooi Ching
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Research, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kar Yean Ng
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kai Wei Lee
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
- Centre for Research on Communicable Diseases, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Anne Yee
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Poh Ying Lim
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hisham Ranita
- Universiti Malaya Library, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Navin Kumar Devaraj
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Boon Ooi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ai Theng Cheong
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
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20
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Bahamdan AS. Review of the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers in Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4105-4111. [PMID: 34629915 PMCID: PMC8493476 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s324938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly burdened healthcare systems worldwide and substantially affected the psychological state. The objective of this narrative review was to summarize the psychological outcome of the “Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic” on healthcare workers in kingdom of Saudi Arabia to assess their mental health outcome that can aid in development of guidelines and psychological interventions that can improve healthcare workers' quality of life, work and decision-making capability toward patient treatment during the pandemic. Materials and Methods A comprehensive research was done to overview current available literature on psychological and mental health issues observed among healthcare workers “HCW” in Saudi Arabia. The search included all articles published since the beginning of the pandemic from January 2020 till February 2021 relevant to the subject of the review. In this review, a total of 10 primary research articles were included following a cross-sectional survey method to analyze the impact of various psychological variables. Results Anxiety symptoms were reported by between 33.3% and 68.5% of HCWs. Between 27.9% and 55.2% of HCWs reported depressive symptoms. HCWs reported anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances and distress with a range comprised between 27.9% and 68.5%. Conclusion The Covid-19 pandemic has certainly led to multifaceted and vigorous psychological and mental impact on healthcare providers, it is now both an opportunity and challenge to design further studies that can lead to development of guidelines in Saudi Arabia and worldwide to improve mental health infrastructure that strengthen patient oriented treatment of care plan during this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Bahamdan
- Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Norhayati MN, Che Yusof R, Azman MY. Prevalence of Psychological Impacts on Healthcare Providers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9157. [PMID: 34501747 PMCID: PMC8431592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has impacted people psychologically globally, including healthcare providers. Anxiety, depression, and stress are the most common impacts that have affected these people. Thus, this study was aimed to ascertain the estimated prevalence of psychological impacts among healthcare providers in the Asian region. A systematic search was performed in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases for original research articles published between 2020 and April 2021. Only studies published in English were included. The quality of data was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis, and the analysis was performed using generic inverse variance with a random-effects model by Review Manager software. A total of 80 studies across 18 countries in Asia region were pooled to assess the data prevalence on anxiety (34.81% (95% CI: 30.80%, 38.83%)), depression (34.61% (95% CI: 30.87%, 38.36%)), stress (31.72% (95% CI: 21.25%, 42.18%)), insomnia (37.89% (95% CI: 25.43%, 50.35%)), and post-traumatic stress disorder (15.29% (95% CI: 11.43%, 19.15%)). Subgroup analyses were conducted across regions, type of healthcare providers, sex, and occupation. This review has identified a high prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia but a low prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among healthcare providers in Asia regions. Effective intervention support programs are urgently needed to improve psychological health of healthcare providers and maintaining the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Noor Norhayati
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Ruhana Che Yusof
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yacob Azman
- Federal Government Administrative Centre, Medical Practice Division, Ministry of Health, Level 7, Block E1, Parcel E, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
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22
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Olaya B, Pérez-Moreno M, Bueno-Notivol J, Gracia-García P, Lasheras I, Santabárbara J. Prevalence of Depression among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153406. [PMID: 34362188 PMCID: PMC8348388 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is evidence of a high psychological toll from the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare workers. This paper was aimed at conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting levels of depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 and estimating the pooled prevalence of depression. Methods: We searched for cross-sectional studies listed on PubMed from 1 December 2019 to 15 September 2020 that reported prevalence of depression in healthcare workers, nurses, medical doctors, and COVID-19 frontline professionals. The pooled proportions of depression were calculated with random effects models. Results: We identified 57 studies from seventeen countries. The pooled prevalence of depression in healthcare workers was 24% (95% CI: 20–28%), 25% for nurses (95% CI: 18–33%), 24% for medical doctors (95% CI: 16–31%), and 43% for frontline professionals (95% CI: 28–59%). Conclusions: The proportion of depression in nurses and medical doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic was similar to that found in the general population as previously reported in other meta-analyses conducted with smaller numbers of studies. Importantly, almost half of the frontline healthcare workers showed increased levels of depression. There is need for a comprehensive, international response to prevent and treat common mental health problems in healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Olaya
- Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Pérez-Moreno
- Hospitalary Pharmacy Service, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo Isabel la Católica, 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Juan Bueno-Notivol
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo Isabel la Católica, 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-659-743-354
| | - Patricia Gracia-García
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo Isabel la Católica, 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Isabel Lasheras
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Building A, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Santabárbara
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Building A, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenue San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Alimoradi Z, Gozal D, Tsang HWH, Lin CY, Broström A, Ohayon MM, Pakpour AH. Gender-specific estimates of sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13432. [PMID: 34245055 PMCID: PMC8420603 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) changed lifestyles worldwide and subsequently induced individuals’ sleep problems. Sleep problems have been demonstrated by scattered evidence among the current literature on COVID‐19; however, little is known regarding the synthesised prevalence of sleep problems (i.e. insomnia symptoms and poor sleep quality) for males and females separately. The present systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to answer the important question regarding prevalence of sleep problems during the COVID‐19 outbreak period between genders. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guideline and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale checklist, relevant studies with satisfactory methodological quality searched for in five academic databases (Scopus, PubMed Central, ProQuest, Web of Science , and EMBASE) were included and analysed. The protocol of the project was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; identification code CRD42020181644). A total of 54 papers (N = 67,722) in the female subgroup and 45 papers (N = 45,718) in the male subgroup were pooled in the meta‐analysis. The corrected pooled estimated prevalence of sleep problems was 24% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19%–29%) for female participants and 27% (95% CI 24%–30%) for male participants. Although in both gender subgroups, patients with COVID‐19, health professionals and general population showed the highest prevalence of sleep problems, it did not reach statistical significance. Based on multivariable meta‐regression, both gender groups had higher prevalence of sleep problems during the lockdown period. Therefore, healthcare providers should pay attention to the sleep problems and take appropriate preventive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alimoradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hector W H Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Maurice M Ohayon
- Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center (SSERC), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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24
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Lee Y, Lui LM, Chen-Li D, Liao Y, Mansur RB, Brietzke E, Rosenblat JD, Ho R, Rodrigues NB, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Cao B, Subramaniapillai M, Gill H, Lu C, McIntyre RS. Government response moderates the mental health impact of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of depression outcomes across countries. J Affect Disord 2021; 290:364-377. [PMID: 34052584 PMCID: PMC8159271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic represents a public health, economic and mental health crisis. We hypothesized that timely government implementation of stringent measures to reduce viral transmission would benefit mental health, as evidenced by reduced rates of depressive symptoms (i.e., Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]-9≥10, PHQ-2≥3). METHODS The systematic review herein (PROSPERO CRD42020200647) evaluated to what extent differences in government-imposed stringency and timeliness of response to COVID-19 moderate the prevalence of depressive symptoms across 33 countries (k=114, N=640,037). We included data from six lower-middle-income countries, nine upper-middle-income countries, and 18 higher-income countries. Government-imposed stringency and timeliness in response were operationalized using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response ("Stringency") Index. RESULTS The overall proportion of study participants with clinically significant depressive symptoms was 21.39% (95% CI 19.37-23.47). The prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms was significantly lower in countries wherein governments implemented stringent policies promptly. The moderating effect of government response remained significant after including the national frequency of COVID cases at the time of study commencement, Healthcare Access and Quality index, and the inclusion of COVID patients in the study. LIMITATIONS Factors that may have confounded our results include, for example, differences in lockdown duration, lack of study participant and outcome assessor blinding, and retrospective assessment of depressive symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS Governments that enacted stringent measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 benefited not only the physical, but also the mental health of their population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.
| | - Leanna M.W. Lui
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - David Chen-Li
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China,Department of Psychiatry, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo B. Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua D. Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Nelson B. Rodrigues
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Orly Lipsitz
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Flora Nasri
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Bing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Hartej Gill
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
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25
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Alimoradi Z, Broström A, Tsang HW, Griffiths MD, Haghayegh S, Ohayon MM, Lin CY, Pakpour AH. Sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic and its' association to psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 36:100916. [PMID: 34131640 PMCID: PMC8192091 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emerging novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the leading cause of deaths worldwide in 2020. The present systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the magnitude of sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with psychological distress. METHODS Five academic databases (Scopus, PubMed Central, ProQuest, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Embase) were searched. Observational studies including case-control studies and cross-sectional studies were included if relevant data relationships were reported (i.e., sleep assessed utilizing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index or Insomnia Severity Index). All the studies were English, peer-reviewed papers published between December 2019 and February 2021. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020181644. FINDINGS 168 cross-sectional, four case-control, and five longitudinal design papers comprising 345,270 participants from 39 countries were identified. The corrected pooled estimated prevalence of sleep problems were 31% among healthcare professionals, 18% among the general population, and 57% among COVID-19 patients (all p-values < 0.05). Sleep problems were associated with depression among healthcare professionals, the general population, and COVID-19 patients, with Fisher's Z scores of -0.28, -0.30, and -0.36, respectively. Sleep problems were positively (and moderately) associated with anxiety among healthcare professionals, the general population, and COVID-19 patients, with Fisher's z scores of 0.55, 0.48, and 0.49, respectively. INTERPRETATION Sleep problems appear to have been common during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, sleep problems were found to be associated with higher levels of psychological distress. With the use of effective programs treating sleep problems, psychological distress may be reduced. Vice versa, the use of effective programs treating psychological distress, sleep problems may be reduced. FUNDING The present study received no funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alimoradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hector W.H. Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shahab Haghayegh
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maurice M. Ohayon
- Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center (SSERC), School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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26
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Alqutub S, Mahmoud M, Baksh T. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Frontline Healthcare Workers in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13:e15300. [PMID: 34211807 PMCID: PMC8236288 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the determinants and severity of psychological distress among frontline Ministry of Health workers within Saudi Arabia during the rapid acceleration phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Moreover, we assess distress sustainability and stress-coping behaviors. We conducted an online national cross-sectional survey. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (k10) is a highly reliable instrument used to assess depression and anxiety. We evaluated stress-coping behavior and the persistence of the disorders. Binary logistic regression identified the sociodemographic factors related to severe distress. The prevalence of severe psychological distress among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) was 27.3%. Factors associated with severe psychological distress in multiple regression analyses were male gender (p < 0.001), working for >45 hours/week (p = 0.009), age of >40 years (p = 0.038), years of experience for more than seven years (p = 0.048), Asir region (p = 0.003), and using psychological services (p < 0.001). The prevalence of severe psychological distress was 27.3%. Factors associated with severe psychological distress in multiple regression analyses were male gender, working >45 hours/week, age, years of experience, region, and using psychological services. The results form a foundation for targeted psychological health support services at the individual and institutional levels to prevent progression to mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulafa Alqutub
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoud
- Family and Community Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Tahani Baksh
- General Directorate, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, SAU
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27
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Santabárbara J, Bueno-Notivol J, Lipnicki DM, Olaya B, Pérez-Moreno M, Gracia-García P, Idoiaga-Mondragon N, Ozamiz-Etxebarria N. Prevalence of anxiety in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review (on published articles in Medline) with meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110244. [PMID: 33453320 PMCID: PMC9188432 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19, healthcare workers are exposed to a higher risk of mental health problems, especially anxiety symptoms. The current work aims at contributing to an update of anxiety prevalence in this population by conducting a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Medline and Pubmed were searched for studies on the prevalence of anxiety in health care workers published from December 1, 2019 to September 15, 2020. In total, 71 studies were included in this study. The pooled prevalence of anxiety in healthcare workers was 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%), 27% in nurses (95% CI: 20%-34%), 17% in medical doctors (95% CI: 12%-22%) and 43% in frontline healthcare workers (95% CI: 25%-62%). Our results suggest that healthcare workers are experiencing significant levels of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially those on the frontline and nurses. However, international longitudinal studies are needed to fully understand the impact of the pandemic on healthcare workers' mental health, especially those working at the frontline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Santabárbara
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Bueno-Notivol
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Darren M Lipnicki
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Medicine, Randwick, Australia
| | - Beatriz Olaya
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain; Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
| | | | - Patricia Gracia-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain; Psychiatry Service, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nahia Idoiaga-Mondragon
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Naiara Ozamiz-Etxebarria
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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28
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Prager KM, Dagi Glass LR, Wang M, Chen RW, Liebmann JM, Cioffi GA. Ophthalmology and Ethics in the COVID-19 Era. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 224:158-162. [PMID: 33249054 PMCID: PMC7690940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), has disrupted the practice of ophthalmology and threatens to forever alter how we care for our patients. Physicians across the country encounter unique clinical dilemmas daily. This paper presents a curated set of ethical dilemmas facing ophthalmologists both during and following the pandemic. Design Perspective. Methods Case presentations drawn from actual clinical scenarios were presented during a virtual ophthalmology grand rounds and discussed with the director of clinical ethics at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Results It has become routine to expect an ophthalmologist to be involved in many levels of care for patients critically ill with COVID-19. Ophthalmology patients, even those with chronic, progressive conditions, are being triaged, and vision-saving interventions are being postponed. Four questions were applied to each scenario, allowing for ethical conclusions to be reached. The following questions were posed: what is the imminence and severity of the harm expected without intervention? What is the efficacy of the intervention under consideration? What are the risks of treatment for the patient? What are the risks of treating the patient for the health care team? Conclusions During this pandemic and for months, perhaps years, to come, it is critical to reconsider the ethical principles underlying modern medicine and ophthalmic care as well as the ramifications of our decisions and actions.
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29
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Fiest KM, Parsons Leigh J, Krewulak KD, Plotnikoff KM, Kemp LG, Ng-Kamstra J, Stelfox HT. Experiences and management of physician psychological symptoms during infectious disease outbreaks: a rapid review. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:91. [PMID: 33568141 PMCID: PMC7875435 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, physicians experienced unprecedented levels of burnout. The uncertainty of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic along with increased workload and difficult medical triage decisions may lead to a further decline in physician psychological health. METHODS We searched Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for primary research from database inception (Medline [1946], EMBASE [1974], PsycINFO [1806]) to November 17, 2020. Titles and abstracts were screened by one of three reviewers and full-text article screening and data abstraction were conducted independently, and in duplicate, by three reviewers. RESULTS From 6223 unique citations, 480 articles were reviewed in full-text, with 193 studies (of 90,499 physicians) included in the final review. Studies reported on physician psychological symptoms and management during seven infectious disease outbreaks (severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS], three strains of Influenza A virus [H1N1, H5N1, H7N9], Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS], and COVID-19) in 57 countries. Psychological symptoms of anxiety (14.3-92.3%), stress (11.9-93.7%), depression (17-80.5%), post-traumatic stress disorder (13.2-75.2%) and burnout (14.7-76%) were commonly reported among physicians, regardless of infectious disease outbreak or country. Younger, female (vs. male), single (vs. married), early career physicians, and those providing direct care to infected patients were associated with worse psychological symptoms. INTERPRETATION Physicians should be aware that psychological symptoms of anxiety, depression, fear and distress are common, manifest differently and self-management strategies to improve psychological well-being exist. Health systems should implement short and long-term psychological supports for physicians caring for patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Fiest
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary & Alberta Health Services, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N4Z6, Canada.
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N4Z6, Canada.
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4Z6, Canada.
| | - Jeanna Parsons Leigh
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4Z6, Canada
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health and Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Karla D Krewulak
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary & Alberta Health Services, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N4Z6, Canada
| | - Kara M Plotnikoff
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary & Alberta Health Services, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N4Z6, Canada
| | - Laryssa G Kemp
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary & Alberta Health Services, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N4Z6, Canada
| | - Joshua Ng-Kamstra
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary & Alberta Health Services, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N4Z6, Canada
| | - Henry T Stelfox
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary & Alberta Health Services, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N4Z6, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N4Z6, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4Z6, Canada
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30
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Lin YN, Liu ZR, Li SQ, Li CX, Zhang L, Li N, Sun XW, Li HP, Zhou JP, Li QY. Burden of Sleep Disturbance During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:933-966. [PMID: 34234598 PMCID: PMC8253893 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s312037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may exert adverse impacts on sleep among populations, which may raise awareness of the burden of sleep disturbance, and the demand of intervention strategies for different populations. We aimed to summarize the current evidence for the impacts of COVID-19 on sleep in patients with COVID-19, healthcare workers (HWs), and the general population. We searched PubMed and Embase for studies on the prevalence of sleep disturbance. Totally, 86 studies were included in the review, including 16 studies for COVID-19 patients, 34 studies for HWs, and 36 studies for the general population. The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 33.3%-84.7%, and 29.5-40% in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and discharged COVID-19 survivors, respectively. Physiologic and psychological traumatic effects of the infection may interact with environmental factors to increase the risk of sleep disturbance in COVID-19 patients. The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 18.4-84.7% in HWs, and the contributors mainly included high workloads and shift work, occupation-related factors, and psychological factors. The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 17.65-81% in the general population. Physiologic and social-psychological factors contributed to sleep disturbance of the general population during COVID-19 pandemic. In summary, the sleep disturbance was highly prevalent during COVID-19 pandemic. Specific health strategies should be implemented to tackle sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ni Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Ran Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Vascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Xiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan No.3 Hospital, Wuhan, 430000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Wen Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Peng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ping Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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31
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AlAteeq DA, Aljhani S, Althiyabi I, Majzoub S. Mental health among healthcare providers during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1432-1437. [PMID: 32933881 PMCID: PMC7834809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was recently declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The first confirmed case in Saudi Arabia was announced on March 2, 2020. Several psychiatric manifestations may appear during pandemics, especially among frontline healthcare providers. OBJECTIVES This study sought to explore depression and anxiety levels among healthcare providers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 502 healthcare providers in the Ministry of Health. Depression and anxiety were assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) questionnaires, respectively. RESULTS The respondents represented various healthcare occupations: administrators (28.49%), nurses (26.29%), physicians (22.11%), non-physician specialists (13.94%), technicians (6.77%), and pharmacists (2.30%). The majority of them were male (68.1%). More than half of them had depressive disorder (55.2%), which ranged from mild (24.9%), moderate (14.5%), and moderately severe (10%) to severe (5.8%). Half of the sample had generalized anxiety disorder (51.4%), which ranged from mild (25.1%) and moderate (11%) to severe (15.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that males were significantly less predicted to have anxiety (Beta=-0.22, P-value <0.04), 30-39 years age group were significantly more predicted to have depression and anxiety group (Beta=0.204, P-value <0.001 and beta=0.521, P-value <0.003 respectively), and nurses had significantly higher mean score of anxiety (Beta=0.445, P-value <0.026). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that depression and anxiety are prevailing conditions among healthcare providers. Although efforts were accelerated to support their psychological well-being, more attention should be paid to the mental health of female, 30-39 age group and nursing staff. Promoting healthcare service as a humanitarian and national duty may contribute to making it a more meaningful experience in addition to advocating for solidarity, altruism, and social inclusion. Longitudinal research studies need to be conducted to follow up on healthcare providers' mental health symptoms and develop evidence-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deemah A AlAteeq
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sumayah Aljhani
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim Althiyabi
- Department of Psychiatry, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Safaa Majzoub
- Ministry of Health - The National Transformation Program, Saudi Arabia.
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Al Ammari M, Sultana K, Thomas A, Al Swaidan L, Al Harthi N. Mental Health Outcomes Amongst Health Care Workers During COVID 19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:619540. [PMID: 33519559 PMCID: PMC7840896 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.619540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The study aimed to assess the mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers during COVID 19 in Saudi Arabia. Design, Setting, and Participants: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of health care workers from tertiary care and ministry of health Centers across the Central, Eastern, and Western regions of Saudi Arabia. There were 1,130 participants in the survey, and we collected demographic and mental health measurements from the participants. Primary Outcomes and Measures: The magnitude of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia was measured using the original version of 9-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), the 7-item generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7), and 7-item insomnia severity index (ISI). We use the multiple logistic regression analysis to identify the associated risk factors of individual outcomes. Results: The scores on the PHQ-9 showed that the largest proportion of health care workers (76.93%) experienced only normal to mild depression (50.83 and 26.1%, respectively). The scores on the GAD-7 showed that the largest proportion of health care workers (78.88%) experienced minimal to mild anxiety (50.41 and 28.47%, respectively). The scores on the ISI showed that the largest proportion of health care workers (85.83%) experienced absence to subthreshold insomnia (57.08 and 28.75%, respectively). The risk factors for depression in health care workers were Saudi, living with family, working from an isolated room at home and frontline worker. For anxiety, being female was risk factor and for insomnia, being frontline worker was risk factor. Conclusion: It was observed that the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia were reported in a lower proportion of health care workers in our study. The participants who were female, frontline workers, Saudi, living with family, and working from home in isolated rooms were predisposed to developing psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al Ammari
- Department of Pharmacy Service, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khizra Sultana
- Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abin Thomas
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lolowa Al Swaidan
- Department of Pharmacy Service, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Al Harthi
- Department of Pharmacy Service, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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