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Monaco MH, Wang M, Hauser J, Yan J, Dilger RN, Donovan SM. Formula supplementation with human and bovine milk oligosaccharides modulates blood IgG and T-helper cell populations, and ex vivo LPS-stimulated cytokine production in a neonatal preclinical model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1327853. [PMID: 38179055 PMCID: PMC10765566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human milk contains structurally diverse oligosaccharides (HMO), which are multifunctional modulators of neonatal immune development. Our objective was to investigate formula supplemented with fucosylated (2'FL) + neutral (lacto-N-neotetraose, LNnt) oligosaccharides and/or sialylated bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOS) on immunological outcomes. Methods Pigs (n=46) were randomized at 48h of age to four diets: sow milk replacer formula (CON), BMOS (CON + 6.5 g/L BMOS), HMO (CON + 1.0 g/L 2'FL + 0.5 g/L LNnT), or BMOS+HMO (CON + 6.5 g/L BMOS + 1.0 g/L 2'FL + 0.5 g/L LNnT). Blood and tissues were collected on postnatal day 33 for measurement of cytokines and IgG, phenotypic identification of immune cells, and ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation of immune cells. Results Serum IgG was significantly lower in the HMO group than BMOS+HMO but did not differ from CON or BMOS. The percentage of PBMC T-helper cells was lower in BMOS+HMO than the other groups. Splenocytes from the BMOS group secreted more IL-1β when stimulated ex vivo with LPS compared to CON or HMO groups. For PBMCs, a statistical interaction of BMOS*HMO was observed for IL-10 secretion (p=0.037), with BMOS+HMO and HMO groups differing at p=0.1. Discussion The addition of a mix of fucosylated and sialylated oligosaccharides to infant formula provides specific activities in the immune system that differ from formulations supplemented with one oligosaccharide structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia H. Monaco
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Brain Health Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Yan
- Nestlé Product Technology Center Nutrition, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Giordani B, Parolin C, Abruzzo A, Foschi C, Marangoni A, Luppi B, Vitali B. Limosilactobacillus vaginalis Exerts Bifidogenic Effects: A Novel Postbiotic Strategy for Infant Prebiotic Supplementation. Nutrients 2023; 15:4433. [PMID: 37892507 PMCID: PMC10609882 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant microbiota shaping strictly influences newborns' well-being and long-term health, and babies born by cesarean-section and formula-fed generally show low microbial gut diversity and are more prone to develop various disorders. The supplementation with beneficial microbes of vaginal origin or derivatives (postbiotics, including heat-inactivated cells) represents a valid strategy to drive the correct gut microbiota shaping. Here, we explored for the first time the bifidogenic activity of a heat-killed vaginal strain (Limosilactobacillus vaginalis BC17), in addition to the assessment of its safety. L. vaginalis BC17 whole genome was sequenced by Nanopore technology and highlighted the absence of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors, indicating the strain safety profile for human health. MIC values confirmed that L. vaginalis BC17 is susceptible to widely employed antibiotics. Heat-killed BC17 cells significantly enhanced the planktonic growth of Bifidobacterium spp. For the first time, stimulating effects were observed also toward biofilm formation of bifidobacteria and their pre-formed biofilms. Conversely, heat-killed BC17 cells exerted antibacterial and anti-biofilms activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Lyophilized heat-killed BC17 cells were formulated in a sunflower oil suspension (1010 heat-killed cell/g) intended for infant oral intake. This possessed optimal technological (i.e., re-dispersibility and stability) and functional properties (i.e., bifidogenic activity) that were maintained even after pre-digestion in acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (B.V.)
| | - Carola Parolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (B.V.)
| | - Angela Abruzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (B.V.)
| | - Claudio Foschi
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (A.M.)
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Marangoni
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (B.V.)
| | - Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (B.V.)
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Pheeha SM, Tamuzi JL, Chale-Matsau B, Manda S, Nyasulu PS. A Scoping Review Evaluating the Current State of Gut Microbiota Research in Africa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2118. [PMID: 37630678 PMCID: PMC10458939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has emerged as a key human health and disease determinant. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the composition, diversity, and function of the gut microbiota, specifically in the African population. This scoping review aims to examine the existing literature on gut microbiota research conducted in Africa, providing an overview of the current knowledge and identifying research gaps. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies. Databases including MEDLINE (PubMed), African Index Medicus (AIM), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Science Citation index (Web of Science), Embase (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. Studies investigating the gut microbiota in African populations of all age groups were included. The initial screening included a total of 2136 articles, of which 154 were included in this scoping review. The current scoping review revealed a limited number of studies investigating diseases of public health significance in relation to the gut microbiota. Among these studies, HIV (14.3%), colorectal cancer (5.2%), and diabetes mellitus (3.9%) received the most attention. The top five countries that contributed to gut microbiota research were South Africa (16.2%), Malawi (10.4%), Egypt (9.7%), Kenya (7.1%), and Nigeria (6.5%). The high number (n = 66) of studies that did not study any specific disease in relation to the gut microbiota remains a gap that needs to be filled. This scoping review brings attention to the prevalent utilization of observational study types (38.3%) in the studies analysed and emphasizes the importance of conducting more experimental studies. Furthermore, the findings reflect the need for more disease-focused, comprehensive, and population-specific gut microbiota studies across diverse African regions and ethnic groups to better understand the factors shaping gut microbiota composition and its implications for health and disease. Such knowledge has the potential to inform targeted interventions and personalized approaches for improving health outcomes in African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Pheeha
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7500, South Africa; (S.M.P.)
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Jacques L. Tamuzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7500, South Africa; (S.M.P.)
| | - Bettina Chale-Matsau
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Samuel Manda
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Peter S. Nyasulu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7500, South Africa; (S.M.P.)
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Halemani K, Shetty AP, Thimmappa L, Issac A, Dhiraaj S, Radha K, Mishra P, Mathias EG. Impact of probiotic on anxiety and depression symptoms in pregnant and lactating women and microbiota of infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04038. [PMID: 37218177 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotics are non-invasive therapies composed of live bacteria and yeast. Administration of prebiotics improved the health status of pregnant and lactating women, as well as newborns. This review aimed to appraise the evidence concerning the effectiveness of probiotics on the mental health of pregnant women, lactating mother and the microbiota of the newborn. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis ascertained quantitative studies published in Medline (PubMed), Clinical Key, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Cochrane Library, and Google scholar. Two authors independently screened and extracted the data from the primary studies that analysed the efficacy of probiotics on the mental health of pregnant and lactating women and the microbiota of the newborn. We adopted Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The qualities of included trials were assessed by Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias tool (ROB-2). Results Sixteen trials comprised 946 pregnant women, 524 were lactating mothers, and 1678 were infants. The sample size of primary studies ranged from 36 to 433. Probiotics were administered as interventions, using either a single strain of Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus or a double-strain combination of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Probiotics supplementation reduced anxiety in pregnant (n = 676, standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.28,0.30, P = 0.04, I2 = 70) and lactating women (n = 514, SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -1.62,1.27, P = 0.98, I2 = 0). Similarly, probiotics decreased depression in pregnant (n = 298, SMD = 0.05; 95% CI = -0.24,0.35, P = 0.20, I2 = 40) and lactating women (n = 518, SMD = -0.10; 95% CI = -1.29,-1.05, P = 0.11, I2 = 60%). Similarly, probiotics supplementation improved the gut microbiota and reduced the duration of crying, abdominal distension, abdominal colic and diarrhoea. Conclusion Non-invasive probiotic therapies are more useful to pregnant and lactating women and newborns. Registration The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022372126).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurvatteppa Halemani
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asha P Shetty
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Latha Thimmappa
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West- Bengal, India
| | - Alwin Issac
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanjay Dhiraaj
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Radha
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhaker Mishra
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Colombo P, Noriega Fernández E, Knutsen HK. Safety of 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) sodium salt produced by derivative strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07645. [PMID: 36507098 PMCID: PMC9728050 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 6'-SL, but it also contains d-lactose, 6'-sialyllactulose, sialic acid, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and a small fraction of other related oligosaccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation with two genetically modified strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), the production strain and the optional degradation strain. The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow-on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements. The target population is the general population. In some scenarios at the maximum use levels, the estimated intakes per kg body weight were higher than the high average natural intake of 6'-SL from human milk. However, given the intrinsic nature of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the wide range of intakes from human milk, and considering that infants are naturally exposed to similar amounts of these substances, the Panel considers that the consumption of the NF at the proposed conditions of use does not raise safety concerns. The intake of 6'-SL in breastfed infants on a body weight basis is also expected to be safe for other population groups. The intake of other carbohydrate-type compounds structurally related to 6'-SL is also considered of no safety concern. Food supplements are not intended to be used if other foods with added 6'-SL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.
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Health Effects of Infant Formula Supplemented with Probiotics or Synbiotics in Infants and Toddlers: Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235175. [PMID: 36501205 PMCID: PMC9739048 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of infant and follow-up formula with probiotics or synbiotics has become a common practice. In 2011 and 2017, the evidence regarding the impact of these interventions was analysed systematically. Recently new evidence was published. To evaluate through a systematic review with network meta-analysis the evidence on the impact of infant formula supplemented with probiotics or synbiotics for healthy infants and 36-month-old toddlers. RCTs published between 1999-2019 for infant formulas supplemented with probiotics alone or synbiotics in healthy infants and toddlers were identified. Data analysis included clinical (gastrointestinal symptoms, risk reduction of infectious diseases, use of antibiotics, weight/height gain and frequency of adverse events) and non-clinical outcomes (changes in faecal microbiota and immune parameters). A random effect model was used. Hedges' standard mean difference (SMD) and risk ratio (RR) were calculated. Rank analysis was performed to evaluate the superiority of each intervention. Twenty-six randomised controlled trials with 35 direct comparisons involving 1957 children receiving probiotic-supplemented formula and 1898 receiving control formula were reviewed. The mean duration of intervention was 5.6 ± 2.84 months. Certain strains demonstrated a reduction in episodes of colic, number of days with fever and use of antibiotics; however, there was considerable heterogeneity which reduced the level of certainty of effect. No significant effects were observed on weight, height or changes in faecal proportions of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides or Clostridia. Although there is some evidence that may support a potential benefit of probiotic or synbiotic supplementation of infant formulas, variation in the quality of existing trials and the heterogeneity of the data preclude the establishment of robust recommendations.
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7
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Microbial effects of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics after Caesarean section or exposure to antibiotics in the first week of life: A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277405. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims
Disruption of the developing microbiota by Caesarean birth or early exposure to antibiotics may impact long-term health outcomes, which can potentially be prevented by nutritional supplements. This systematic review aimed to summarise the evidence regarding the effects of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics on the intestinal microbiota composition of term infants born by Caesarean section or exposed to antibiotics in the first week of life.
Methods
A systematic search was performed from inception to August 2022 in Medline and Embase. Two researchers independently performed title and abstract screening (n = 12,230), full-text screening (n = 46) and critical appraisal. We included randomised controlled trials which included term-born infants who were born following Caesarean section or who were exposed to postpartum antibiotics in the first week of life, pre-, pro- or synbiotics were administered <6 weeks after birth and outcome(s) consisted of microbiota analyses.
Results
Twelve randomised controlled trials investigating Caesarean born infants and one randomised controlled trial including infants exposed to antibiotics were included. Group sizes varied from 11 to 230 with 1193 infants in total. Probiotic (n = 7) or synbiotic (n = 3) supplementation significantly increased the abundance of the supplemented bacterial species (of the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genus), and there was a decrease in Enterobacteriaceae, especially <4 weeks of age. At phylum level, Actinobacteria (two studies), Proteobacteria (one study) and Firmicutes (one study) increased after probiotic supplementation. In three studies on prebiotics, two studies reported a significant increase in Bifidobacteria and one study found a significant increase in Enterobacteriaceae.
Discussion
Prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic supplements seem to restore dysbiosis after Caesarean section towards a microbial signature of vaginally born infants by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. However, given the variety in study products and study procedures, it is yet too early to advocate specific products in clinical settings.
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Guo D, Li F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Liu B, Pan J, Zhang W, Chen W, Xu Y, Jiang S, Zhai Q. Effect of an infant formula containing sn-2 palmitate on fecal microbiota and metabolome profiles of healthy term infants: a randomized, double-blind, parallel, controlled study. Food Funct 2022; 13:2003-2018. [PMID: 35098958 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03692k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different infant diets have strong effects on child development and may engender variations in fecal microbiota and metabolites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an infant formula containing sn-2 palmitate on fecal microbiota and metabolites in healthy term infants. The study involved three groups as indicated below. Investigational: the group fed a formula containing high sn-2 palmitate for 16 weeks. Control: the group fed a formula using a regular vegetable oil for 16 weeks. Breastfed: the group fed breast milk for 16 weeks. Fecal samples were collected at 8 weeks (n = 35, 37, and 35, respectively) and 16 weeks (n = 30, 32, and 30, respectively) for the control, investigational, and breastfed infants. Microbiota data were obtained using 16S rRNA sequencing. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis was performed using GC-MS, and untargeted metabolomics was conducted using LC-MS. The effect of the formula containing sn-2 palmitate was different from that of the control formula on microbiota and metabolites. Sn-2 palmitate promoted the proliferation of Bifidobacterium and reduced the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella at 8 weeks. Furthermore, it increased α-diversity and enhanced acetate content in feces at both 8 and 16 weeks. In the investigational group infants, the abundance of DL-tryptophan, indole-3-acrylic acid, acetyl-β-methylcholine, L-methionine, and 2-hydroxyvaleric acid significantly increased at 8 weeks, while a notable increase in the abundance of 3-phenyllactic acid, palmitic acid, L-phenylalanine, and leucylproline was observed at 16 weeks. In addition, compared with that of the control infants, the intestinal microbiota and metabolites of sn-2 palmitate-supplemented infants were more similar to those of the breastfed infants. The study hopes to provide a scientific basis for the development of functional infant formulas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, China
| | - Bryan Liu
- College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiancun Pan
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China. .,PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China. .,PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yajun Xu
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China. .,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China. .,PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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The Impact of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics during Pregnancy or Lactation on the Intestinal Microbiota of Children Born by Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020341. [PMID: 35057522 PMCID: PMC8778982 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a key factor in the correct development of the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies have found differences between the gut microbiota of newborns delivered by cesarean section compared to those vaginally delivered. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of ingestion of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics during pregnancy and/or lactation on the development of the gut microbiota of the C-section newborns. We selected experimental studies in online databases from their inception to October 2021. Of the 83 records screened, 12 met the inclusion criteria. The probiotics used belonged to the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, and Streptococcus, or a combination of those, with dosages varying between 2 × 106 and 9 × 1011 CFU per day, and were consumed during pregnancy and/or lactation. Probiotic strains were combined with galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, or bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides in the synbiotic formulas. Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions led to beneficial gut microbiota in cesarean-delivered newborns, closer to that in vaginally delivered newborns, especially regarding Bifidobacterium colonization. This effect was more evident in breastfed infants. The studies indicate that this beneficial effect is achieved when the interventions begin soon after birth, especially the restoration of bifidobacterial population. Changes in the infant microbial ecosystem due to the interventions seem to continue after the end of the intervention in most of the studies. More interventional studies are needed to elucidate the optimal synbiotic combinations and the most effective strains and doses for achieving the optimal gut microbiota colonization of C-section newborns.
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Ferro LE, Crowley LN, Bittinger K, Friedman ES, Decker JE, Russel K, Katz S, Kim JK, Trabulsi J. Effects of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on the infant gut microbiota and other health outcomes: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5620-5642. [PMID: 37667870 PMCID: PMC10480560 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2022595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the literature regarding the effect of pre-, pro-, or synbiotic supplementation in infant formula on the gastrointestinal microbiota. The Cochrane methodology for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was employed. Five databases were searched and 32 RCTs (2010-2021) were identified for inclusion: 20 prebiotic, 6 probiotic, and 6 synbiotic. The methods utilized to evaluate gastrointestinal microbiota varied across studies and included colony plating, fluorescence in situ hybridization, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, or tagged sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Fecal Bifidobacterium levels increased with supplementation of prebiotics and synbiotics but not with probiotics alone. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation generally increased fecal levels of the bacterial strain supplemented in the formula. Across all pre-, pro-, and synbiotic-supplemented formulas, results were inconsistent regarding fecal Clostridium levels. Fecal pH was lower with some prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation; however, no difference was seen with probiotics. Softer stools were often reported in infants supplemented with pre- and synbiotics, yet results were inconsistent for probiotic-supplemented formula. Limited evidence demonstrates that pre- and synbiotic supplementation increases fecal Bifidobacterium levels. Future studies utilizing comprehensive methodologies and additional studies in probiotics and synbiotics are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E. Ferro
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Liana N. Crowley
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elliot S. Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica E. Decker
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kathryn Russel
- Metropolitan Area Neighborhood Nutrition Alliance, 420 N 20 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA
| | - Sarah Katz
- Reference and Instructional Services Department, University of Delaware, 181 S. College Avenue, Newark, DE 19717, USA
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jillian Trabulsi
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
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11
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Infant formula containing bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides supports age-appropriate growth and improves stooling pattern. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1485-1492. [PMID: 33958719 PMCID: PMC9197766 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adding bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides (MOS) enhances the oligosaccharide profile of infant formula. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a MOS-supplemented infant formula. METHODS In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, healthy infants 21-26 days old were either assigned to bovine milk-based, alpha-lactalbumin, and sn-2 palmitate enriched infant formula (control, n = 115) or the same formula with 7.2 g MOS/L (test, n = 115) until aged 6 months. Co-primary endpoints were weight gain through 4 months and stool consistency (validated scale: 1 = watery to 5 = hard). Secondary endpoints included parent-reported GI tolerance, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS Weight gain was similar (p = 0.695); the difference between test and control (mean; 95% CI: 0.29; -1.15, 1.73 g/day) was above the non-inferiority margin (-3 g/day). Test had softer stools than control (mean difference in stool consistency score: -0.31; 95% CI: -0.42, -0.21; P < 0.0001); fewer parental reports of harder stools (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.49; P < 0.0001) and less difficulties in passing stool (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.65; P = 0.005). Parent-reported GI tolerance and HRQoL were similar between groups as were the overall low AEs. CONCLUSIONS MOS-supplemented infant formula is safe and well-tolerated while supporting normal infant growth and promotes softer stooling pattern without increasing parent-reported and physician-confirmed adverse health concerns. IMPACT This is the first study investigating the addition of bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides to an infant formula enriched with alpha-lactalbumin and elevated levels of sn-2 palmitate, providing safety and efficacy data for such a formula. Term infant formula supplemented with 7.2 g bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides per liter supported normal infant growth, was well-tolerated and safe. Addition of bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides to term infant formula promoted softer stooling pattern and reduced difficulties in passing stool. The study shows that bovine milk-derived oligosaccharide supplemented infant formula is a safe and effective option for healthy term infants who are formula-fed.
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12
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Catania J, Pandit NG, Ehrlich JM, Zaman M, Stone E, Franceschi C, Smith A, Tanner-Smith E, Zackular JP, Bhutta ZA, Imdad A. Probiotic Supplementation for Promotion of Growth in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 14:83. [PMID: 35010959 PMCID: PMC8746675 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are commonly prescribed to promote a healthy gut microbiome in children. Our objective was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on growth outcomes in children 0-59 months of age. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis which included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that administered probiotics to children aged 0-59 months, with growth outcomes as a result. We completed a random-effects meta-analysis and calculated a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) or relative risk (RR) and reported with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We included 79 RCTs, 54 from high-income countries (HIC), and 25 from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). LMIC data showed that probiotics may have a small effect on weight (SMD: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.42, grade-certainty = low) and height (SMD 0.16, 95% CI: 0.06-0.25, grade-certainty = moderate). HIC data did not show any clinically meaningful effect on weight (SMD: 0.01, 95% CI: -0.04-0.05, grade-certainty = moderate), or height (SMD: -0.01, 95% CI: -0.06-0.04, grade-certainty = moderate). There was no evidence that probiotics affected the risk of adverse events. We conclude that in otherwise healthy children aged 0-59 months, probiotics may have a small but heterogenous effect on weight and height in LMIC but not in children from HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Catania
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Natasha G. Pandit
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Julie M. Ehrlich
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Muizz Zaman
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Elizabeth Stone
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Courtney Franceschi
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (J.C.); (N.G.P.); (J.M.E.); (M.Z.); (E.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Abigail Smith
- Health Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
| | | | - Joseph P. Zackular
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada;
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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13
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Term Infant Formulas Influencing Gut Microbiota: An Overview. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124200. [PMID: 34959752 PMCID: PMC8708119 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal colonization of the neonate is highly dependent on the term of pregnancy, the mode of delivery, the type of feeding [breast feeding or formula feeding]. Postnatal immune maturation is dependent on the intestinal microbiome implementation and composition and type of feeding is a key issue in the human gut development, the diversity of microbiome, and the intestinal function. It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more has several benefits with respect to formula feeding. The composition of the new generation of infant formulas aims in mimicking HM by reproducing its beneficial effects on intestinal microbiome and on the gut associated immune system (GAIS). Several approaches have been developed currently for designing new infant formulas by the addition of bioactive ingredients such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), probiotics, prebiotics [fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs)], or by obtaining the so-called post-biotics also known as milk fermentation products. The aim of this article is to guide the practitioner in the understanding of these different types of Microbiota Influencing Formulas by listing and summarizing the main concepts and characteristics of these different models of enriched IFs with bioactive ingredients.
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14
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Basile FW, Fedele MC, Lo Vecchio A. Gastrointestinal Diseases in Children Living with HIV. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081572. [PMID: 34442651 PMCID: PMC8398799 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to the advances in antiretroviral therapies (ART) and early diagnosis, pediatric HIV has turned into a chronic infection that requires the collaboration of all pediatric subspecialists for holistic patient management. Gastrointestinal complaints are a frequent reason for seeking access to medical care in all pediatric patients worldwide. Intestinal involvement is present in virtually all children with HIV infections. In high-prevalence settings, up to 25% of children accessing the hospital for diarrhea are diagnosed with HIV. More than half of patients with advanced disease present with gastrointestinal symptoms, from mild infectious diarrhea to severe gastrointestinal impairment, malabsorption and failure to thrive. Gastrointestinal disorders do not spare children on ART, particularly in the initial months of therapy. ART-associated pancreatitis and hepatitis are rare but potentially severe adverse events, whereas lower abdominal symptoms have been reported in more than a third of patients. The latter are usually mild and transient, but may limit ART adherence; a correct framing of the problem is necessary to minimize therapy switches while optimizing the quality of life of children on ART. This review aims to provide state-of-the-art guidance for the initial approach to gastrointestinal diseases in children living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Wanda Basile
- Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative, Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Maria Cristina Fedele
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi De Crecchio 2, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics—University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463365; Fax: +39-081-7464232
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15
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Janmohammadi P, Nourmohammadi Z, Fazelian S, Mirzababaei A, Alizadeh S, Zarei M, Daneshzad E, Djafarian K. Does infant formula containing synbiotics support adequate growth in infants? A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:707-718. [PMID: 34278844 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1952548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shown that formulas that contain synbiotics, i.e. composed prebiotics and probiotics have been proposed to have a beneficial effect on anthropometric indices. However, the results are inconsistent thus this meta-analysis was performed to assess this effect. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Embase were systematically searched up to May-2020. Weight gain, length gain, head circumstance gain, weight-for-age z scores, and length-for-age z scores were considered as the outcomes. Weighted mean differences (WMD) with the 95% CI were applied for estimating the combined effect size. Subgroup analysis was performed to specify the source of heterogeneity among studies. Consumption of formulas containing synbiotics did not affect growth significantly in healthy infants (weight gain (WMD = 2.06, 95% CI: - 4.08 to 8.21; p = 0.51), length gain (WMD = - 0.05, 95% CI: - 0.70 to 0.60; p = 0.88), head circumstance (WMD = - 0.28, 95% CI: - 0.66 to 0.11; p = 0.15), on weight-for-age z-scores (WMD = - 0.05, 95% CI: - 0.23 to 0.13; p = 0.57) and length-for-age z-scores (WMD = - 0.16, 95% CI: - 0.50 to 0.19; p = 0.37)). The main results indicate a non-significant increase in infant's growth following synbiotics supplementation of infant formula. Further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Janmohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nourmohammadi
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Fazelian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Zarei
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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16
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Gu F, Wang S, Beijers R, de Weerth C, Schols HA. Structure-Specific and Individual-Dependent Metabolization of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Infants: A Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6186-6199. [PMID: 34032401 PMCID: PMC8193636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To follow human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) biosynthesis and in vivometabolization, mother milk and infant feces from 68 mother-infant dyads at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postpartum were analyzed, with 18 major HMOs quantitated. Fucosylated and neutral core HMO levels in milk were dependent on mothers' Lewis/Secretor status, whereas most sialylated HMO levels were independent. Infant fecal excretion of HMOs gradually declined with age, especially for neutral core structures. Although decreasing in absolute concentrations in milk during lactation, the relative abundance of total fucosylated HMOs increased in both milk and feces. Mono-fucosylated HMOs were more consumed than those decorated with two fucose moieties. More (α2-3)-sialylated HMOs were degraded than (α2-6)-sialylated HMOs. The transition speed of HMO metabolization from nonspecific or structure-specific consumption stage to the complete consumption stage was individual-dependent. Variation was associated with mode and place of delivery, where caesarean section or early exposure to hospital environment delayed the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Gu
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuang Wang
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roseriet Beijers
- Department
of Developmental Psychology, Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition
and Behavior, Radboud University Medical
Center, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Department
of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition
and Behavior, Radboud University Medical
Center, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides and Human Milk Oligosaccharides Modulate the Gut Microbiota Composition and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations in a Preclinical Neonatal Model. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050884. [PMID: 33919138 PMCID: PMC8143120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (OS) shape microbiome structure and function, but their relative abundances differ between species. Herein, the impact of the human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2′-fucosyllactose [2′FL] and lacto-N-neotetraose [LNnT]) and OS isolated from bovine milk (BMOS) on microbiota composition and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in ascending colon (AC) contents and feces was assessed. Intact male piglets received diets either containing 6.5 g/L BMOS (n = 12), 1.0 g/L 2′FL + 0.5 g/L LNnT (HMO; n = 12), both (HMO + BMOS; n = 10), or neither (CON; n = 10) from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 34. Microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR, and VFA were measured by gas chromatography. The microbiota was affected by OS in an intestine region-specific manner. BMOS reduced (p < 0.05) microbial richness in the AC, microbiota composition in the AC and feces, and acetate concentrations in AC, regardless of HMO presence. HMO alone did not affect overall microbial composition, but increased (p < 0.05) the relative proportion of specific taxa, including Blautia, compared to other groups. Bacteroides abundance was increased (p < 0.05) in the AC by BMOS and synergistically by BMOS + HMO in the feces. Distinct effects of HMO and BMOS suggest complementary and sometimes synergistic benefits of supplementing a complex mixture of OS to formula.
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18
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Fleming SA, Hauser J, Yan J, Donovan SM, Wang M, Dilger RN. A Mediation Analysis to Identify Links between Gut Bacteria and Memory in Context of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Microorganisms 2021; 9:846. [PMID: 33920826 PMCID: PMC8071191 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating relationships between the gut and brain is of intense research focus. Multiple studies have demonstrated that modulation of the intestinal environment via prebiotics or probiotics can induce cognitively beneficial effects, such as improved memory or reduced anxiety. However, the mechanisms by which either act remain largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that different types of oligosaccharides affected short- and long-term memory in distinct ways. Given that the oligosaccharide content of human milk is highly variable, and that formula-fed infants typically do not consume similar amounts or types of oligosaccharides, their potential effects on brain development warrant investigation. Herein, a mediation analysis was performed on existing datasets, including relative abundance of bacterial genera, gene expression, brain volume, and cognition in young pigs. Analyses revealed that numerous bacterial genera in both the colon and feces were related to short- and/or long-term memory. Relationships between genera and memory appeared to differ between diets. Mediating variables frequently included GABAergic and glutamatergic hippocampal gene expression. Other mediating variables included genes related to myelination, transcription factors, brain volume, and exploratory behavior. Overall, this analysis identified multiple pathways between the gut and brain, with a focus on genes related to excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jian Yan
- Nestlé Product Technology Center Nutrition, CH-1800 Vevey, Switzerland;
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.M.D.); (M.W.)
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Traverse Science, Inc., Champaign, IL 61820, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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19
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McFarland LV. Efficacy of Single-Strain Probiotics Versus Multi-Strain Mixtures: Systematic Review of Strain and Disease Specificity. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:694-704. [PMID: 32274669 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of probiotic products makes choosing an appropriate probiotic challenging. One unanswered question is whether single-strain probiotics are more effective than multi-strain mixtures. The aim of this review is to account for both disease and strain specificity to determine whether single strains or multiple strains are equivalent or more effective. This literature review of randomized controlled trials from 1973 to 2019 was used to compare the pooled efficacy of trials with a single strain versus the probiotic mixture with same matched strain within the same type of disease indication. A total of 65 RCTs were included (41 with single strains, 22 multi-strain mixtures and 2 comparing single strain to mixture arms) for eight different disease indications (N = 10,863). Only three strains (L. rhamnosus GG, L. helveticus R52 and B. lactis Bb12) had corresponding trials with matching mixtures. Use of L. rhamnosus GG only was significantly more protective for necrotizing enterocolitis compared to two mixtures also containing different strains of B. lactis. The mixture of L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb12 was significantly more effective than L. rhamnosus GG alone for the eradication of H. pylori. In most cases, single strains were equivalent to mixtures. Choice of an appropriate probiotic should be based, not on the number of strains in the product, rather based on evidence-based trials of efficacy. In most cases, multi-strain mixtures were not significantly more effective than single-strain probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne V McFarland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, 6047 38th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
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20
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Fleming SA, Mudd AT, Hauser J, Yan J, Metairon S, Steiner P, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Human and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Elicit Improved Recognition Memory Concurrent With Alterations in Regional Brain Volumes and Hippocampal mRNA Expression. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:770. [PMID: 32903658 PMCID: PMC7438728 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains a unique profile of oligosaccharides (OS) and preliminary evidence suggests they impact brain development. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of bovine and/or human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2′-fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose) on cognition, brain development, and hippocampal gene expression. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 2, male pigs received one of four milk replacers containing bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOS), HMO, both (BMOS + HMO), or neither. Pigs were tested on the novel object recognition task using delays of 1- or 48-h at PND 22. At PND 32–33, magnetic resonance imaging procedures were used to assess structural brain development and hippocampal tissue was collected for analysis of mRNA expression. Pigs consuming only HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 1-h delay and those consuming BMOS + HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 48-h delay. Both absolute and relative volumes of cortical and subcortical brain regions were altered by diet. Hippocampal mRNA expression of GABRB2, SLC1A7, CHRM3, and GLRA4 were most strongly affected by diet. HMO and BMOS had distinct effects on brain structure and cognitive performance. These data suggest different mechanisms underlie their influence on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Fleming
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Austin T Mudd
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Jian Yan
- Nestlé Product Technology Center Nutrition, Vevey, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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21
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Marsaux B, Van den Abbeele P, Ghyselinck J, Prioult G, Marzorati M, Bogićević B. Synbiotic Effect of Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 and Bovine Milk-Derived Oligosaccharides on Infant Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2268. [PMID: 32751149 PMCID: PMC7468906 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the impact of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis CNCM I-3446, Bovine Milk-derived OligoSaccharides (BMOS) and their combination on infant gut microbiota in vitro. In addition, a novel strategy consisting of preculturing B. lactis with BMOS to further enhance their potential synbiotic effects was assessed. METHOD Short-term fecal batch fermentations (48 h) were used to assess the microbial composition and activity modulated by BMOS alone, B. lactis grown on BMOS or dextrose alone, or their combinations on different three-month-old infant microbiota. RESULTS BMOS alone significantly induced acetate and lactate production (leading to pH decrease) and stimulated bifidobacterial growth in 10 donors. A further in-depth study on two different donors proved B. lactis ability to colonize the infant microbiota, regardless of the competitiveness of the environment. BMOS further enhanced this engraftment, suggesting a strong synbiotic effect. This was also observed at the microbiota activity level, especially in a donor containing low initial levels of bifidobacteria. In this donor, preculturing B. lactis with BMOS strengthened further the early modulation of microbiota activity observed after 6 h. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the strong synbiotic effect of BMOS and B. lactis on the infant gut microbiota, and suggests a strategy to improve its effectiveness in an otherwise low-Bifidobacterium microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Marsaux
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.M.); (M.M.)
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
| | | | - Jonas Ghyselinck
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Guénolée Prioult
- Nestlé Research and Development Konolfingen, Nestléstrasse 3, 3510 Konolfingen, Switzerland;
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.M.); (M.M.)
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
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Early Effect of Supplemented Infant Formulae on Intestinal Biomarkers and Microbiota: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051481. [PMID: 32443684 PMCID: PMC7284641 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-natal gut maturation in infants interrelates maturation of the morphology, digestive, and immunological functions and gut microbiota development. Here, we explored both microbiota development and markers of gut barrier and maturation in healthy term infants during their early life to assess the interconnection of gut functions during different infant formulae regimes. Methods: A total of 203 infants were enrolled in this randomized double-blind controlled trial including a breastfed reference group. Infants were fed starter formulae for the first four weeks of life, supplemented with different combination of nutrients (lactoferrin, probiotics (Bifidobacterium animal subsp. Lactis) and prebiotics (Bovine Milk-derived Oligosaccharides—BMOS)) and subsequently fed the control formula up to eight weeks of life. Stool microbiota profiles and biomarkers of early gut maturation, calprotectin (primary outcome), elastase, α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and neopterin were measured in feces at one, two, four, and eight weeks. Results: Infants fed formula containing BMOS had lower mean calprotectin levels over the first two to four weeks compared to the other formula groups. Elastase and AAT levels were closer to levels observed in breastfed infants. No differences were observed for neopterin. Global differences between the bacterial communities of all groups were assessed by constrained multivariate analysis with hypothesis testing. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) at genus level showed overlap between microbiota profiles at one and four weeks of age in the BMOS supplemented formula group with the breastfed reference, dominated by bifidobacteria. Microbiota profiles of all groups at four weeks were significantly associated with the calprotectin levels at 4 (CCA, p = 0.018) and eight weeks of age (CCA, p = 0.026). Conclusion: A meaningful correlation was observed between changes in microbiota composition and gut maturation marker calprotectin. The supplementation with BMOS seems to favor gut maturation closer to that of breastfed infants.
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Bondue P, Milani C, Arnould E, Ventura M, Daube G, LaPointe G, Delcenserie V. Bifidobacterium mongoliense genome seems particularly adapted to milk oligosaccharide digestion leading to production of antivirulent metabolites. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:111. [PMID: 32380943 PMCID: PMC7206731 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) could promote the growth of bifidobacteria, improving young children's health. In addition, fermentation of carbohydrates by bifidobacteria can result in the production of metabolites presenting an antivirulent activity against intestinal pathogens. Bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO), structurally similar to HMO, are found at high concentration in cow whey. This is particularly observed for 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL). This study focused on enzymes and transport systems involved in HMO/BMO metabolism contained in B. crudilactis and B. mongoliense genomes, two species from bovine milk origin. The ability of B. mongoliense to grow in media supplemented with whey or 3'SL was assessed. Next, the effects of cell-free spent media (CFSM) were tested against the virulence expression of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. RESULTS Due to the presence of genes encoding β-galactosidases, β-hexosaminidases, α-sialidases and α-fucosidases, B. mongoliense presents a genome more sophisticated and more adapted to the digestion of BMO/HMO than B. crudilactis (which contains only β-galactosidases). In addition, HMO/BMO digestion involves genes encoding oligosaccharide transport systems found in B. mongoliense but not in B. crudilactis. B. mongoliense seemed able to grow on media supplemented with whey or 3'SL as main source of carbon (8.3 ± 1.0 and 6.7 ± 0.3 log cfu/mL, respectively). CFSM obtained from whey resulted in a significant under-expression of ler, fliC, luxS, stx1 and qseA genes (- 2.2, - 5.3, - 2.4, - 2.5 and - 4.8, respectively; P < 0.05) of E. coli O157:H7. CFSM from 3'SL resulted in a significant up-regulation of luxS (2.0; P < 0.05) gene and a down-regulation of fliC (- 5.0; P < 0.05) gene. CFSM obtained from whey resulted in significant up-regulations of sopD and hil genes (2.9 and 3.5, respectively; P < 0.05) of S. Typhimurium, while CFSM obtained from 3'SL fermentation down-regulated hil and sopD genes (- 2.7 and - 4.2, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION From enzymes and transporters highlighted in the genome of B. mongoliense and its potential ability to metabolise 3'SL and whey, B. mongoliense seems well able to digest HMO/BMO. The exact nature of the metabolites contained in CFSM has to be identified still. These results suggest that BMO associated with B. mongoliense could be an interesting synbiotic formulation to maintain or restore intestinal health of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bondue
- Department of Food Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Emilie Arnould
- Department of Food Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Georges Daube
- Department of Food Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gisèle LaPointe
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Department of Food Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Imdad A, Rehman F, Davis E, Attia S, Ranjit D, Surin GS, Lawler S, Smith A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of Synthetic Vitamin A and Probiotics Supplementation for Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality during the Neonatal Period. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients 2020; 12:E791. [PMID: 32192165 PMCID: PMC7146603 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Suboptimal nutritional status of a newborn is a risk factor for short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this review were to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of neonatal synthetic vitamin A supplementation, dextrose gel and probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality during infancy in low and middle-income countries. Methods: We included randomized trials. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We conducted electronic searches on multiple databases. Data were meta-analyzed to obtain relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Studies for vitamin A and Probiotics were analyzed separately. No studies were found for dextrose gel supplementation during neonatal period. The overall rating of evidence was determined by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Sixteen studies assessed the effect of vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period. Based on pooled data from community-based studies only, there was no significant effect of vitamin A on all-cause mortality at age 1 month (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90, 1.08), 6 months (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.89-1.08) and 12 months (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.94, 1.14) but increased risk of bulging fontanelle (RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.12, 2.09). The overall quality of evidence was high for the above outcomes. Thirty-three studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period and were mostly conducted in the hospital setting. Probiotics reduced the risk of all-cause mortality (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66, 0.96), necrotizing enterocolitis (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.35, 0.59) and neonatal sepsis (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70, 0.86). The grade ratings for the above three outcomes were high. Conclusions: Vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period does not reduce all-cause neonatal or infant mortality in low and middle-income countries in the community setting. Probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period seems to reduce all-cause mortality, NEC, and sepsis in babies born low birth weight and/or preterm in the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Faseeha Rehman
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Evan Davis
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (E.D.); (D.R.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Suzanna Attia
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Deepika Ranjit
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (E.D.); (D.R.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Gamael Saint Surin
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (E.D.); (D.R.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Sarah Lawler
- Health Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Abigail Smith
- Health Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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Machiavelli A, Duarte RTD, Pires MMDS, Zárate-Bladés CR, Pinto AR. The impact of in utero HIV exposure on gut microbiota, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:599-614. [PMID: 30657007 PMCID: PMC6748604 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1560768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) children represent a growing population and show a significantly higher number of infectious diseases, several immune alterations, compromised growth, and increased mortality rates when compared to HIV-unexposed children. Considering the impact that the gut microbiota has on general host homeostasis and immune system development and modulation, we hypothesized that HEU children present altered gut microbiota that is linked to the increased morbidity and the immune system disorders faced by them. Our experiments revealed no differences in beta and alpha diversity of the gut microbiota between HEU and unexposed children or between HIV-infected and uninfected mothers. However, there were differences in the abundance of several taxa from the gut microbiota between HEU and unexposed children and between HIV-infected and uninfected mothers. Functional prediction based on 16S rRNA sequences also indicated differences between HEU and unexposed children and between infected and uninfected mothers. In addition, we detected no differences between HEU and unexposed children in relation to weight, weight-for-age z scores, albumin serum levels, or microbial translocation and inflammation markers. In summary, HIV-infected mothers and their HIV-exposed children present alterations in the abundance of several taxa in the gut microbiome and the predicted functional metagenome when compared to uninfected mothers and unexposed children. Knowledge about the gut microbiome of HEU children in different settings is essential in order to determine better treatments for this susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Machiavelli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rubens T. Delgado Duarte
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maria M. de Souza Pires
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil,Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Zárate-Bladés
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo R. Pinto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil,CONTACT Aguinaldo R. Pinto Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Watkins C, Stanton C, Ryan CA, Ross RP. Microbial Therapeutics Designed for Infant Health. Front Nutr 2017; 4:48. [PMID: 29124056 PMCID: PMC5662644 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acknowledgment of the gut microbiome as a vital asset to health has led to multiple studies attempting to elucidate its mechanisms of action. During the first year of life, many factors can cause fluctuation in the developing gut microbiome. Host genetics, maternal health status, mode of delivery, gestational age, feeding regime, and perinatal antibiotic usage, are known factors which can influence the development of the infant gut microbiome. Thus, the microbiome of vaginally born, exclusively breastfed infants at term, with no previous exposure to antibiotics, either directly or indirectly from the mother, is to be considered the "gold standard." Moreover, the use of prebiotics as an aid for the development of a healthy gut microbiome is equally as important in maintaining gut homeostasis. Breastmilk, a natural prebiotic source, provides optimal active ingredients for the growth of beneficial microbial species. However, early life disorders such as necrotising enterocolitis, childhood obesity, and even autism have been associated with an altered/disturbed gut microbiome. Subsequently, microbial therapies have been introduced, in addition to suitable prebiotic ingredients, which when administered, may aid in the prevention of a microbial disturbance in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the beneficial effects of different probiotic and prebiotic treatments in early life, with particular emphasis on the different conditions which negatively impact microbial colonisation at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Watkins
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- School of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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