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Werid GM, Ibrahim YM, Girmay G, Hemmatzadeh F, Miller D, Kirkwood R, Petrovski K. Bovine adenovirus prevalence and its role in bovine respiratory disease complex: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet J 2025; 310:106303. [PMID: 39826794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2025] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Bovine adenoviruses (BAdVs) are major contributors to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to explore the epidemiology of BAdV across diverse cattle populations using different detection methods. The study showed a higher BAdV prevalence of 0.66 in general cattle populations using antibody detection, compared with 0.28 in cattle showing clinical signs. The study identified significant prevalence differences between BAdV-3 (0.87) and BAdV-7 (0.21) in general cattle populations. However, in clinical cattle, BAdV-3 and BAdV-7 showed similar prevalence at 0.27 and 0.32, respectively. Moreover, a high herd-based BAdV seroprevalence of 0.82 was observed. When nucleic acid detection methods were used in general cattle populations, a lower BAdV (0.05) prevalence was observed, in contrast to the higher prevalence (0.32) in cattle exhibiting clinical signs. In contrast, using antigen detection in cattle with clinical signs of disease showed a prevalence of 0.06, compared to 0.32 with nucleic acid methods, indicating detection method-specific sensitivity and specificity. The study also highlighted the role of BAdV in BRDC, particularly BAdV-3 and BAdV-7. Existing empirical evidence on BAdV epidemiology and pathobiology is scarce and requires further investigation; however, the current findings offer insights into the epidemiology of BAdV and its role in the BRDC, which could potentially inform and enhance disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebremeskel Mamu Werid
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Yassein M Ibrahim
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala 155, Sudan
| | | | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Darren Miller
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Roy Kirkwood
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Kiro Petrovski
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
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Chekole WS, Tessema TS, Sternberg-Lewerin S, Magnusson U, Adamu H. Molecular identification and antimicrobial resistance profiling of pathogenic E. coli isolates from smallholder livestock households in Central Ethiopia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2025; 41:59-67. [PMID: 39725321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli of different pathotypes are frequently involved in morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. The study aimed to identify E. coli pathotypes and determine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles in Ethiopian smallholder livestock households. The pathotyping included 198 E. coli isolates identified from human and environmental samples collected from 98 households. AMR profiling was conducted on selected E. coli pathotypes from 89 households, along with known isolates from calf samples obtained from the same households. Morphological and biochemical tests were used to identify presumptive E. coli isolates. DNA was extracted and then singleplex PCR was used to amplify virulence genes. A disc diffusion test was applied for AMR profilings in E. coli pathotypes. Data were evaluated using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Calf (79.8 %) and human (73.7 %) samples were more likely to contain pathotypes (OR 3.2; 95 % CI: 1.7, 5.9; p=0.001 and OR 2.3; 95 % CI: 1.2, 4.1; p=0.008, respectively) than the environmental samples (55.6 %). ETEC (32.3 %) and STEC (15.2 %) were the most common pathotypes detected in the study samples. Out of the 176 isolates selected for AMR profiling, 85 % were resistant to at least one drug and 36 % were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The MDR isolates were found in 44 households, with 11 sharing identical pathotypes and resistance profiles among the different samples. Thus, E. coli strains were likely circulated among humans, animals, and the environment. This in turn calls for a One-health approach to improve antimicrobial usage standards and promote proper waste disposal practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagaw Sendeku Chekole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Susanna Sternberg-Lewerin
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Haileeyesus Adamu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia
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Madhloom IH, Othman RM, Al-Bayati HAM. Molecular detection of coronavirus in camelids and bovines using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in Wasit Province, Iraq. Open Vet J 2025; 15:765-773. [PMID: 40201811 PMCID: PMC11974302 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2025.v15.i2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a diverse group of RNA viruses that cause respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. Over the past two decades, outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) have affected animal populations, especially in regions with close animal-human interactions, such as the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq. Given the potential for zoonotic transmission, understanding the prevalence and spread of CoVs among livestock is essential for managing potential risks to animal and human health. Aim This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MERS-CoV in camels and BCoV in bovines within the Wasit Governorate of Iraq to assess the infection rates and potential interspecies transmission risks. Methods One hundred and fifty nasal swab samples (75 from camels and 75 from bovines) were collected between November 2022 and April 2023. The samples were analyzed for the presence of MERS-CoV and BCoV using real- time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene for each virus. Standard procedures for RNA extraction were followed, and qRT-PCR assays were conducted using specific primers to ensure high sensitivity and specificity. Results MERS-CoV was present in (42%) of the camel samples, whereas BCoV was detected in (34%) of the bovine samples. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) in infection rates between camels and bovines, with a higher prevalence observed in camels. The clinical signs observed in infected camels included fever, nasal discharge, and appetite loss, whereas infected bovines exhibited symptoms such as diarrhea and respiratory distress. Conclusion The high prevalence of MERS-CoV and BCoV in camels and bovines in the Wasit region indicates a substantial risk for the continued spread of these viruses within animal populations. These findings underscore the importance of surveillance and biosecurity measures to control the spread of coronavirus among livestock, potentially reducing zoonotic transmission risks. Further research is required to understand the transmission dynamics of CoVs in mixed livestock farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Hasan Madhloom
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Rasha Munther Othman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
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Chen J, Meng W, Zeng H, Wang J, Liu S, Jiang Q, Chen Z, Ma Z, Wang Z, Li S, Jia K. Epidemiological survey of calf diarrhea related viruses in several areas of Guangdong Province. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1441419. [PMID: 39351302 PMCID: PMC11439775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1441419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine torovirus (BToV), Bovine enterovirus (BEV), Bovine norovirus (BNoV), Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Bovine rotavirus (BRV), and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are significant pathogens causing diarrhea in calves, characterized by their high prevalence and challenging prevention and control measures. Methods We analyzed 295 calf diarrhea samples, amplifying the M gene from BToV-positive samples, the 5'UTR gene from BEV-positive samples, the RdRp gene from BNoV-positive samples, the VP7 gene from BRV-positive samples, the S gene from BCoV-positive samples, and the 5'UTR gene from BVDV-positive samples. Subsequent homology analysis and phylogenetic tree construction were performed. Results The overall viral positive rate in Guangdong Province was 21.36%. Specific detection rates were as follows: Foshan City at 50.00% (18/36), Guangzhou City at 43.90% (36/82), Huizhou City at 21.21% (7/33), Yangjiang City at 2.08% (1/48), Meizhou City at 1.39% (1/72), and Heyuan City at 0.00% (0/24). The detection rates for BToV, BEV, BNoV, BCoV, BRV, and BVDV were 0.34% (1/295), 6.10% (18/295), 0.68% (2/295), 1.36% (4/295), 10.85% (32/295), and 2.03% (6/295), respectively. Notably, the highest overall virus detection rate was observed in the Guangzhou-Foshan region, with BRV and BEV showing the highest detection rates among the six viruses. This study marks the first report of BToV and BNoV in Guangdong Province. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BToV strain belonged to type II, sharing genetic similarities with epidemic strains from various provinces in China. The BEV strains were categorized into E and F types, with the F type being the predominant strain in Guangdong Province and exhibiting the closest genetic relationship to strains from Heilongjiang and Guangxi. The BNoV strains, along with Hebei strains, were identified as GIII.2 subgenotype. BCoV strains showed the highest genetic similarity to strains from Sichuan. All BRV strains were classified under the G6 subtype and had the closest genetic relationship with human rotavirus strains. BVDV strains were identified as subtype 1b, closely related to the Beijing strain. In conclusion, this study investigated the prevalence and evolutionary characteristics of diarrhea-associated viruses in calves in specific areas of Guangdong Province, providing a valuable reference for establishing effective prevention and control measures in cattle farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhe Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Cabrera-González M, Quilcate-Pairazamán C, Alvarez-García W, Cabrera H, Tayca-Saldaña A, Aliaga-Tambo F, Rojas-Valdez D, Cueva-Rodríguez M. Molecular identification of the most frequent pathotypes of Escherichia coli in calves with diarrhoea in the Cajamarca region of Peru. Open Vet J 2024; 14:2170-2180. [PMID: 39553768 PMCID: PMC11563608 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i9.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Colibacillosis caused by Escherichia coli causes significant economic losses in the livestock sector worldwide and is one of the calves' leading causes of diarrhea. Aim This study aimed to identify the most frequent E. coli molecularly pathotypes in calves with diarrhea in six provinces of the Cajamarca region in the northern highlands of Peru. Methods Twenty-eight herds of dairy cattle under a semi-intensive rearing system were evaluated; 95 samples were isolated from calves with diarrhea up to the first month of life, 62 males and 33 females, during the rainy season. Results The presence of virulence genes of E. coli strains was more prevalent in males; the astA (89.47%), st (83.15%), and f5 (57.89%) genes were more expressed, and the lt (17.89%) and stx2 (1.05%) genes were less expressed. The eae gene (21.05%) was more present in females. Conclusion When E. coli strains express virulence genes astA, st, and f5 and their atypical double, triple, and quadruple combination between different observed pathotypes, they give rise to the formation of several pathotypes by the horizontal transfer of virulence genes, which can cause colibacillosis processes in more virulent calves, which is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in calves in the region of Cajamarca, compromising the sanitary viability in the herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cabrera-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Baños del Inca, Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú
| | - Carlos Quilcate-Pairazamán
- Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario. La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | - Wuesley Alvarez-García
- Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario. La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | - Héctor Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Baños del Inca, Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú
| | - Antony Tayca-Saldaña
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Baños del Inca, Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú
| | - Fernando Aliaga-Tambo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Baños del Inca, Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú
| | - Deisy Rojas-Valdez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Baños del Inca, Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú
| | - Medali Cueva-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Baños del Inca, Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú
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Chae JB, Shin SU, Kim S, Chae H, Kim WG, Chae JS, Song H, Kang JW. Identification of a new bovine picornavirus ( Boosepivirus) in the Republic of Korea. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e59. [PMID: 39237364 PMCID: PMC11450388 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite advancements in herd management, feeding, and pharmaceutical interventions, neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) remains a major global health concern. Bacteria, viruses, and parasites are the major contributors to NCD. Although several pathogens have been identified in the Republic of Korea (ROK), the etiological agents of numerous NCD cases have not been identified. OBJECTIVE To identify, for the first time, the prevalence and impact of Boosepivirus (BooV) on calf diarrhea in the ROK. METHODS Here, the unknown cause of calf diarrhea was determined using metagenomics We then explored the prevalence of certain pathogens, including BooV, that cause NCD. Seventy diarrheal fecal samples from Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) calves were analyzed using reverse transcriptase and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for pathogen detection and BooV isolate sequencing. RESULTS The complete genome of BooV was detected from unknown causes of calf diarrhea. And also, BooV was the most frequently detected pathogen (35.7%) among 8 pathogens in 70 diarrheic feces from Hanwoo calves. Co-infection analyses indicated that most BooV-positive samples were solely infected with BooV, indicating its significance in NCD in the ROK. All isolates were classified as BooV B in phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This is the first study to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of BooV in calf diarrhea in the ROK, highlighting the potential importance of BooV as a causative agent of calf diarrhea and highlighting the need for further research on its epidemiology and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Centre, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Korea
| | - Serim Kim
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Korea
| | - Hansong Chae
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Korea
| | - Won Gyeong Kim
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Centre, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Technology, KIT, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Kang
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Korea.
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Wubshet AK, Li GX, Li Q, Dai JF, Ding YZ, Zhou L, Qu M, Wang Y, Ma Z, Werid GM, Abera BH, Kebede AT, Sun Y, Yin X, Liu Y, Jie Z. Stability and integrity of self-assembled bovine parvovirus virus‑like particles (BPV‑VLPs) of VP2 and combination of VP1VP2 assisted by baculovirus-insect cell expression: a potential logistical platform for vaccine deployment. Virol J 2024; 21:87. [PMID: 38641833 PMCID: PMC11027344 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine parvovirus (BPV) is an autonomous DNA virus with a smaller molecular size and subtle differences in its structural proteins, unlike other animal parvoviruses. More importantly, this virus has the potential to produce visible to silent economic catastrophes in the livestock business, despite receiving very little attention. Parvoviral virus-like particles (VLPs) as vaccines and as logistical platforms for vaccine deployment are well studied. However, no single experimental report on the role of VP1 in the assembly and stability of BPV-VLPs is available. Furthermore, the self-assembly, integrity and stability of the VLPs of recombinant BPV VP2 in comparison to VP1 VP2 Cap proteins using any expression method has not been studied previously. In this study, we experimentally evaluated the self-assembling ability with which BPV virus-like particles (VLPs) could be synthesized from a single structural protein (VP2) and by integrating both VP2 and VP1 amino acid sequences. METHODS In silico and experimental cloning methods were carried out. His-tagged and without-His-tag VP2 and V1VP2-encoding amino acid sequences were cloned and inserted into pFastbacdual, and insect cell-generated recombinant protein was evaluated by SDS‒PAGE and western blot. Period of infectivity and expression level were determined by IFA. The integrity and stability of the BPV VLPs were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. The secondary structure of the BPV VLPs from both VP2 and V1VP2 was analyzed by circular dichroism. RESULTS Our findings show that VP2 alone was equally expressed and purified into detectable proteins, and the stability at different temperatures and pH values was not appreciably different between the two kinds of VLPs. Furthermore, BPV-VP2 VLPs were praised for their greater purity and integrity than BPV-VP1VP2 VLPs, as indicated by SDS‒PAGE. Therefore, our research demonstrates that the function of VP1 has no bearing on the stability or integrity of BPV-VLPs. CONCLUSIONS In summary, incredible physiochemically stable BPV VP2-derived VLPs have been found to be promising candidates for the development of multivalent vaccines and immunodiagnostic kits against enteric viruses and to carry heterogeneous epitopes for various economically important livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Department of Veterinary Basics and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, 2084, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Guo-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Zhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Gebremeskel Mamu Werid
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Birhanu Hadush Abera
- Department of Veterinary Basics and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, 2084, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Asmelash Tassew Kebede
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Raya University, 92, Maychew, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- College of Animal Science & Technology (CAST), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology (HNUST), Qinhuangdao, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhang Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- College of Animal Science & Technology (CAST), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology (HNUST), Qinhuangdao, People's Republic of China.
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Han M, Han S. A novel multiplex RT-qPCR assay for simultaneous detection of bovine norovirus, torovirus, and kobuvirus in fecal samples from diarrheic calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:742-750. [PMID: 37571922 PMCID: PMC10621540 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231191723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea results in significant economic loss and is caused by a variety of pathogens, including enteric viruses. Many of these viruses, including bovine norovirus (BNoV), bovine torovirus (BToV), and bovine kobuvirus (BKoV), are recognized as the causative agents of diarrhea; however, they remain understudied as major pathogens. We developed a multiplex reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for rapid and simple detection of BNoV, BToV, and BKoV. Our method had high sensitivity and specificity, with detection limits of 1 × 102 copies/μL for BNoV, BToV, and BKoV, which is a lower detection limit than conventional RT-PCR for BNoV and BKoV and identical for BToV. We tested fecal samples from 167 diarrheic calves with our multiplex RT-qPCR method. Viral detection was superior to conventional RT-PCR methods in all samples. The diagnostic sensitivity of the multiplex RT-qPCR method (100%) is higher than that of the conventional RT-PCR methods (87%). Our assay can detect BNoV, BToV, and BKoV in calf feces rapidly and with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Han
- Institute of Chungbuk Provincial Veterinary Service and Research, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Seongtae Han
- Institute of Chungbuk Provincial Veterinary Service and Research, Cheongju, South Korea
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Schwaiger K, Storch J, Bauer C, Bauer J. Lactobacillus ( Limosilactobacillus) reuteri: a probiotic candidate to reduce neonatal diarrhea in calves. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266905. [PMID: 37854332 PMCID: PMC10579909 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea in newborn calves is considered life-threatening and results in large economic losses in dairy farms. Lactobacilli generally play an important role in intestinal health, and Lactobacillus (Limosilactobacillus; L.) reuteri is the dominant Lactobacillus species in the feces of healthy calves during the first week of life. In calves with diarrhea on day 2 postpartum, lactobacilli are significantly reduced even up to 24 h before the onset of clinical signs. Since the probability of occurrence of diarrheal disease decreases as the L. reuteri count in the feces increases, oral administration of this species might have a protective effect against diarrhea. Objective These studies were designed to demonstrate whether oral administration of preselected L. reuteri isolates can reduce the incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves on dairy farms. Microorganisms 46 L. reuteri isolates from 2-day-old healthy calves were available from a previous study. Animals 170 newborn calves of Simmental breed of 10 dairy farms in Bavaria (Germany), were included in the study; of 166 animals the data could be evaluated. Methods Microbiological (antibiotic sensitivity test, acid and bile salt stability test, antimicrobial activity of the supernatants), molecular biological (PCR, RAPD-PCR) and toxicological methods (MTT test) were used to select and to characterize suitable L. reuteri isolates. The administration of a suspension of two selected L. reuteri isolates (6-8 × 108 colony forming units per day) to calves was performed from day 2 to day 5 after birth in a double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Clinical monitoring of the calves continued until the 14th day of life. Results Out of 46 L. reuteri isolates, only 2 met the set criteria and were used in the feeding trial. In the placebo group, 44 of 83 calves developed diarrhea within the first 2 weeks of life, whereas in the L. reuteri group this was only the case in 31 of 83 animals (p < 0.05). Conclusion L. reuteri appears to be of particular importance for the intestinal health of newborn calves. The diarrhea protective effect could be even more pronounced if an improved administration regimen is developed in terms of start, frequency, and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Storch
- Veterinary Office Landratsamt Fürstenfeldbruck, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Department of Quality Assurance and Analytics, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Ji C, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Zhang X, Ma J, Pan Z, Kawaguchi A, Yao H. Systematic Surveillance of an Emerging Picornavirus among Cattle and Sheep in China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0504022. [PMID: 37162348 PMCID: PMC10269770 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05040-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses are a constant threat to human and animal health. Boosepivirus is a novel picornavirus considered a gastrointestinal pathogen and has broken out in recent years. In 2020, we identified a strain of boosepivirus NX20-1 from Chinese calf feces and performed genetic characterization and evolutionary analysis. NX20-1 was closely related to the Japanese strain Bo-12-38/2009/JPN and belonged to Boosepivirus B. We found that 64 of 603 samples (10.6%) from 20 different provinces across the country were positive for boosepivirus by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Further, coinfection with other diarrheal pathogens was also present in 35 of these positive samples. Importantly, we found the prevalence of boosepivirus in sheep as well, indicating that Boosepivirus can infect different domestic animals. Our data suggest that boosepivirus is a potential diarrheal pathogen, but the pathogenicity and the mechanism of pathogenesis need further study. IMPORTANCE We identified a novel picornavirus, boosepivirus, for the first time in China. Genetic evolutionary analysis revealed that NX20-1 strain was closely related to the Japanese strain Bo-12-38/2009/JPN and belonged to Boosepivirus B. In addition, we found that the virus was prevalent in China with an overall positivity rate of 10.6% (64 of 603 samples), and there was significant coinfection with other pathogens. Importantly, we found the prevalence of boosepivirus in sheep as well, suggesting that boosepivirus has a risk of spillover and can be transmitted across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Ji
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiqiu Feng
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinqin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Huochun Yao
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Su N, Wang Q, Liu HY, Li LM, Tian T, Yin JY, Zheng W, Ma QX, Wang TT, Li T, Yang TL, Li JM, Diao NC, Shi K, Du R. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle between 2010 and 2021: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1086180. [PMID: 36733426 PMCID: PMC9887317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1086180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea is one of the diseases that cause huge economic losses in animal husbandry. Many countries or regions have successively introduced eradication plans, but BVDV still has a high prevalence in the world. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of BVDV in the world in recent 10 years, and is expected to provide some reference and theoretical basis for BVDV control plans in different regions. Method Relevant articles published from 2010 to 2021 were mainly retrieved from NCBI, ScienceDirect, Chongqing VIP, Chinese web of knowledge (CNKI), web of science and Wanfang databases. Results 128 data were used to analyze the prevalence of BVDV from 2010 to 2021. BVDV antigen prevalence rate is 15.74% (95% CI: 11.35-20.68), antibody prevalence rate is 42.77% (95% CI: 37.01-48.63). In the two databases of antigen and antibody, regions, sampling time, samples, detection methods, species, health status, age, sex, breeding mode, and seasonal subgroups were discussed and analyzed, respectively. In the antigen database, the prevalence of dairy cows in the breed subgroup, ELISA in the detection method subgroup, ear tissue in the sample subgroup, and extensive breeding in the breeding mode were the lowest, with significant differences. In the antibody database, the prevalence rate of dairy cows in the breed subgroup and intensive farming was the highest, with a significant difference. The subgroups in the remaining two databases were not significantly different. Conclusion This meta-analysis determined the prevalence of BVDV in global cattle herds from 2010 to 2021. The prevalence of BVDV varies from region to region, and the situation is still not optimistic. In daily feeding, we should pay attention to the rigorous and comprehensive management to minimize the spread of virus. The government should enforce BVDV prevention and control, implement control or eradication policies according to local conditions, and adjust the policies in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Su
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Ying Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lian-Min Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Ying Yin
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Xia Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Kun Shi ✉
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Rui Du ✉
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Jang DH, Cho HC, Park YJ, Park J, Choi KS. First report of Cryptosporidium andersoni and risk factors associated with the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned native Korean calves with diarrhea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1145096. [PMID: 37026096 PMCID: PMC10070877 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1145096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are important enteric protozoan parasites that infect humans and other animals throughout the world. Cryptosporidium infection in cattle industry leads to substantial economic losses due to diarrhea, growth retardation, weight loss, and possibly death. Most studies have focused on C. parvum, and studies on other Cryptosporidium spp. and calf diarrhea are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves, to determine the risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. infection such as age and season, and to identify subtypes of C. parvum circulating in the Republic of Korea (ROK). A total of 510 fecal samples were collected from calves with diarrhea and divided by age and season. Cryptosporidium spp. were first screened using PCR targeting the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and further the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene for subtyping of C. parvum. Out of 510 fecal samples, 71 (13.9%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea. C. andersoni (2.8%), C. bovis (30.9%), C. parvum (29.6%), and C. ryanae (36.6%) were identified. C. ryanae was the most predominant in calves in the ROK. Calf age was a significant risk factor for C. bovis (χ2 = 13.83, P = 0.001), C. parvum (χ2 = 7.57, P = 0.023), and C. ryanae (χ2 = 20.18, P = 0.000) occurrence. Additionally, C. parvum was detected 3.1-fold more frequently in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in fall (95% CI: 1.23-7.81; P = 0.016) than in spring, whereas C. ryanae was 8.9-fold more frequently detected in summer (95% CI: 1.65-48.68; P = 0.011) than in spring. Three subtypes (IIaA17G4R1, IIaA18G3R1, and IIaA20G3R1) of C. parvum were identified. Of them, IIaA17G4R1 was the most common, whereas IIaA20G3R1 was not previously detected in calves in the ROK. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. andersoni in pre-weaned calves in the ROK. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. appears to be age-dependent in calves. Season had a significant effect on the occurrence of C. parvum and C. ryanae. Taken together, C. bovis and C. ryanae along with C. parvum are detected in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea and these two pathogens should not be overlooked in the diagnosis of calf diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Kyoung-Seong Choi
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Park GN, Choe S, Cha RM, Shin J, Kim KS, An BH, Kim SY, Hyun BH, An DJ. Genetic Diversity of Bovine Group A Rotavirus Strains Circulating in Korean Calves during 2014 and 2018. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243555. [PMID: 36552475 PMCID: PMC9774190 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate annual changes in BoRVA strains by examining the VP4 and VP7 genes of rotaviruses in Korean calves. Between 2014 and 2018, 35 out of 138 samples of calf diarrhea feces collected nationwide were positive for BoRVA. Further genetic characterization of the VP7 and VP4 genes of 35 BoRVA isolates identified three different G-genotypes (G6, G8, and G10) and two different P genotypes (P[5] and P[11]). The G6 genotype was most common (94.3%) in BoRVA-positive calves, followed by the P[5] genotype (82.9%). Four genotypes comprised combinations of VP4 and VP7: 80% were G6P[5], 14.2% were G6P[11], 2.9% were G8P[5], and 2.9% were G10P[11]. Susceptibility to infection was highest in calves aged < 10 days (35%) and lowest in calves aged 30−50 days (15.4%). The data presented herein suggest that the G6P[5] genotype is the main causative agent of diarrhea in Korean calves. In addition, it is predicted that G6P[5] will continue to act as a major cause of diarrhea in Korean calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, GwanAk-Ro 1, GwanAk-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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14
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Schwaiger K, Storch J, Bauer C, Bauer J. Abundance of selected bacterial groups in healthy calves and calves developing diarrhea during the first week of life: Are there differences before the manifestation of clinical symptoms? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958080. [PMID: 36386688 PMCID: PMC9641020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is still the most common and economically most significant disease of newborn calves. Objective Analysis of the development of selected bacterial groups in the feces of neonatal calves and its significance regarding diarrhea. Animals A total of 150 newborn Simmental calves reared in 13 Bavarian farms were included in the study. Methods Fecal samples of calves taken at 0/6/12/24/48/72/168 hours (h) since birth were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, enterococci, and lactobacilli, using cultural, biochemical, and molecular-biological methods. Concurrently, the health status of the animals was recorded. The bacterial levels of healthy and diarrheic animals were compared using statistical methods. In addition, feces samples from calves that developed diarrhea were examined by ELISA for the presence of rotaviruses, coronaviruses, E. coli F5, and Cryptosporidium (Cr.) parvum. Results Fifty-seven out of 150 calves (37.3 %) that were examined developed diarrhea within the first week of life. In the feces of calves with diarrhea on day 1 of life, the levels of aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while no significant differences in enterococci and lactobacilli were found. In animals with the onset of diarrhea on day 2 after birth, the load of lactobacilli was significantly reduced up to 24 h before the manifestation of clinical symptoms compared to healthy calves. For enterococci, this was only the case on the day of the onset of diarrhea. In addition, the ratios of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae or E. coli to lactobacilli, of calves with diarrhea starting on day 2 after birth are significantly higher than those of healthy calves. The detection frequency of specific pathogens in diarrheic calves increased over the first week of life. Conclusion The results suggest that the incidence of neonatal diarrhea in calves is favored by low levels of lactobacilli in the feces. From this, the hypothesis can be derived that, in addition to an optimal supply of colostrum, the earliest possible administration of lactobacilli might reduce neonatal diarrhea in calves. However, this must be verified in a subsequent feeding experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Karin Schwaiger
| | - Julia Storch
- Veterinary Office Landratsamt Fürstenfeldbruck, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Department of Quality Assurance and Analytics, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Liu Y, Liu L, Wang J, Sun X, Gao Y, Yuan W, Wang J, Li R. Rapid detection of bovine rotavirus a by isothermal reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:339. [PMID: 36076203 PMCID: PMC9453720 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine rotavirus A (BRVA) is considered to be the most common pathogen of severe diarrhea in cattle worldwide, which could lead to the death of newborn calves and cause the significant economic losses to the cattle industry. As a novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has been applied widely for the rapid detection of different important pathogens in human and animals. Results An RT-RPA assay based on the real time fluorescence monitoring (real-time RT-RPA) and an RT-RPA assay combined with a lateral flow strip (LFS RT-RPA) were successfully developed by targeting the VP6 gene of BRVA. The RT-RPA assays allowed the exponential amplification of the target fragment in 20 min. After incubation of the LFS RT-RPA on a metal bath at 40 °C, the results were displayed on the lateral flow strip within 5 min, while real-time RT-RPA allowed the real-time observation of the results in Genie III at 42 °C. Both of the two assays showed high specificity for BRVA without any cross-reaction with the other tested pathogens causing diarrhea in cattle. With the standard RNA of BRVA serving as a template, the limit of detection for real-time RT-RPA and LFS RT-RPA were 1.4 × 102 copies per reaction and 1.4 × 101 copies per reaction, respectively. In the 134 fecal samples collected from cattle with diarrhea, the BRVA positive rate were 45.52% (61/134) and 46.27% (62/134) in real-time RT-RPA and LFS RT-RPA, respectively. Compared to a previously published real-time PCR, the real-time RT-RPA and LFS RT-RPA showed a diagnostic specificity of 100%, diagnostic sensitivity of 98.39% and 100%, and a kappa coefficient of 0.985 and 1.0, respectively. Conclusions In this study, BRVA was successfully detected in cattle fecal samples by the developed real-time RT-RPA and LFS RT-RPA assays. The developed RT-RPA assays had great potential for the rapid detection of BRVA in under-equipped diagnostic laboratory and the point-of-need diagnosis at quarantine stations and farms, which is of great importance to control BRVA-associated diarrhea in cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Liu
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, No.318 Heping Xi Lu, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, No.318 Heping Xi Lu, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, No.318 Heping Xi Lu, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, No.318 Heping Xi Lu, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China.
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Cho HC, Kim EM, Shin SU, Park J, Choi KS. Molecular surveillance of rotavirus A associated with diarrheic calves from the Republic of Korea and full genomic characterization of bovine-porcine reassortant G5P[7] strain. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 100:105266. [PMID: 35276340 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the most common diarrhea-causing pathogen among humans and animals worldwide. Rotavirus infection in neonatal calves causes major problems in the livestock industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine rotavirus (BoRVA) infections in calves with diarrhea and to perform whole genome analysis of an unusual strain, designated as RVA/Calf-wt/KOR/KNU-GJ2/2020/G5P[7], that was detected in a 2-day-old diarrheic calf. From 459 diarrheic calves aged 1-40 days, fecal samples were collected and BoRVA infections were screened using real-time RT-PCR targeting VP6 gene. BoRVA was detected in 195 (42.4%) samples and was most prevalent in calves aged 1-10 days (47.2%). No significant difference in the BoRVA infection rate was observed between calves born in herds that were (42.1%) and were not (42.6%) vaccinated against BoRVA. A binomial regression analysis revealed that calves aged 1-10 days (95% confidence intervals [CI]:1.18-24.34; P = 0.000) and 11-20 days (95% CI: 0.76-16.83, P = 0.000) had a 5.37- and 3.58-fold higher BoRVA prevalence in comparison to those aged 31-40 days, respectively. The RVA-positive samples were subsequently subjected to amplification of the VP7 and VP4 genes for determining G and P genotypes. Overall, 45 (23.1%, 45/195) and 63 (32.3, 63/195) sequences for VP7 and VP4 were obtained. In this study, four G and three P genotypes were identified. G6 (86.7%) was the most prevalent genotype, followed by G8 (8.9%), G10 (2.2%), and G5 (2.2%). P[5] (92.1%) was the most frequently detected, followed by P[11] (6.3%), and P[7] (1.6%). The G6P[5] (82.2%) is the most common combination found in Korean native calves with diarrhea, whereas G6P[11] (4.4%) and G10P[11] (2.2%) had relatively low prevalence. G8P[5] (8.9%) was identified for the first time in diarrheic calves in the KOR. The uncommon strain KNU-GJ2 exhibited a G5-P[7]-I5-R1-C1-M2-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 genotype constellation possessing a typical porcine RVA backbone, with the exception of the VP3 gene, which is derived from bovine. Phylogenetically, except for VP3, ten gene segments of KNU-GJ2 were closely related to porcine, porcine-like, and reassortant bovine strains. Interestingly, the VP3-M2 gene of KNU-GJ2 clustered with bovine-like strains as well as reassortant porcine and bovine strains. Comparison of the NSP4s within a species-specific region of amino acids 131-141 demonstrated that KNU-GJ2 belonged to genotype B with porcine RVAs; however, it differed from porcine RVAs by one to three amino acids. The present study is fundamental to understanding the epidemiology and genotypes of circulating RVAs throughout the KOR and underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of RVAs circulating within animal populations for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu Q, Li B, Sun D. Advances in Bovine Coronavirus Epidemiology. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051109. [PMID: 35632850 PMCID: PMC9147158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a causative agent of enteric and respiratory disease in cattle. BCoV has also been reported to cause a variety of animal diseases and is closely related to human coronaviruses, which has attracted extensive attention from both cattle farmers and researchers. However, there are few comprehensive epidemiological reviews, and key information regarding the effect of S-gene differences on tissue tendency and potential cross-species transmission remain unclear. In this review, we summarize BCoV epidemiology, including the transmission, infection-associated factors, co-infection, pathogenicity, genetic evolution, and potential cross-species transmission. Furthermore, the potential two-receptor binding motif system for BCoV entry and the association between BCoV and SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in this review. Our aim is to provide valuable information for the prevention and treatment of BCoV infection throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Zhu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-045-9681-9121 (D.S.)
| | - Dongbo Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-045-9681-9121 (D.S.)
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18
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Lu M, Hu F, Bi Y, Ma T, Diao Q, Jiang L, Tu Y. Effects of Anemoside B4 on Diarrhea Incidence, Serum Indices, and Fecal Microbial of Suckling Calves. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:851865. [PMID: 35573396 PMCID: PMC9096840 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.851865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Anemoside B4 on diarrhea incidence, serum indices, and fecal microbial of suckling calves. Sixty newborn Chinese Holstein calves with similar body weight (43.7 ± 3.9 kg) were randomly divided into four groups with 15 calves each, fed the diet which was supplied 0 (CON), 15 (A1), 30 (A2), and 45 (A3) mg/day of Anemoside B4, respectively. The trial period is 56 days. The blood and fecal samples were collected at 28 and 56 days of age. Results show that during the whole trial period, the diarrhea incidence in Group A1, A2, and A3 was significantly lower than that in Group CON (p < 0.05). Compared with the Group CON, Anemoside B4 supplementation significantly decreased the contents of serum D-lactic acid and diamine oxidase at 28-day-old (p < 0.05). At 56-day-old, the content of serum D-lactic acid in Group A3 tended to be higher (0.05 < p < 0.01), and the content of serum diamine oxidase in Group A3 increased significantly, in comparison with Group CON (p < 0.05). Group A3 increased the level of Chao1 and Simpson indices at 28-day-old (0.05 < p < 0.01), and Chao1, Observed_species, Shannon, and Simpson indices at 56-day-old (p < 0.05), in comparison to Group CON. Compared with Group CON, 45 mg / day Anemoside B4 supplementation significantly increased the contents of Bacteroidota (at the phylum level), Prevotella (at the genus level) at 28-day-old (p < 0.05), and the content of Sutterella (at the genus level) at 56-day-old (p < 0.05), promoted the processes of energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between Prevotella and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, energy metabolism, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. A positive correlation was observed between Sutterella and energy metabolism. In conclusion, Anemoside B4 could effectively alleviate calf diarrhea, protect the integrity of intestinal mucosa, and change the structure of intestinal microbiota, indicating the potential value of Anemoside B4 in regulating intestinal microbiota and the prevention of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fengming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yanliang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Tu
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Li N, Zhao W, Song S, Ye H, Chu W, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Diarrhoea outbreak caused by coinfections of Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIdA20G1 and rotavirus in pre-weaned dairy calves. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1606-e1617. [PMID: 35226796 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhoea is one of the most important syndromes in neonatal calves. In industrialized nations with intensive animal farming, Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus are primary causes of calf diarrhoea, but the role of these and other enteric pathogens is not clear in China. In November and December 2018, a diarrhoea outbreak was identified in over 150 pre-weaned calves on a dairy farm in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China and approximately 60 calves died. To determine the cause of the outbreak, we analyzed 131 faecal samples collected from pre-weaned calves (0-2 months) during (n = 114) and after the outbreak (n = 17). Initially, 10 diarrheic samples during the outbreak and 10 non-diarrheic samples after the outbreak were screened for rotavirus, coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99 and Cryptosporidium parvum by using an enzymatic immunoassay (EIA). In addition, 81 other samples were tested specifically for rotavirus by EIA, and all 131 samples were analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by PCR. The initial EIA analysis identified C. parvum (8/10) and rotavirus (5/10) as the dominant pathogens in calves during the outbreak, while both pathogens were detected at lower frequency after the outbreak (2/10 and 1/10, respectively). Further PCR analyses indicated that the occurrence of C. parvum infections in calves was significantly higher during the outbreak (75.4%, 86/114) than after the outbreak (11.8%, 2/17; odds ratio [OR] = 23.0), and was significantly associated with the occurrence of watery diarrhoea (OR = 15.7) and high oocyst shedding intensity. All C. parvum isolates were identified as subtype IIdA20G1. Among other pathogens analyzed, the overall prevalence of rotavirus, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi was 19.8% (20/101), 38.9% (51/131) and 42.0% (55/131) in calves, respectively, without significant differences during and after the outbreak. Among the three pathogens, only the rotavirus infection was associated with diarrhoea in calves. More importantly, coinfections of C. parvum and rotavirus were significantly associated with the occurrence of watery diarrhoea in calves and were seen only during the outbreak. Thus, C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1 and rotavirus appeared to be responsible for this diarrhoea outbreak. Control measures should be implemented to effectively prevent the concurrent transmission of these enteric pathogens in pre-weaned dairy calves in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujiao Song
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haojie Ye
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenlun Chu
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Delling C, Daugschies A. Literature Review: Coinfection in Young Ruminant Livestock- Cryptosporidium spp. and Its Companions. Pathogens 2022; 11:103. [PMID: 35056051 PMCID: PMC8777864 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causative pathogens of diarrhoea in young ruminants; therefore, it causes economic losses and impairs animal welfare. Besides C. parvum, there are many other non-infectious and infectious factors, such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and Giardia duodenalis, which may lead to diarrhoeic disease in young livestock. Often, more than one infectious agent is detected in affected animals. Little is known about the interactions bet-ween simultaneously occurring pathogens and their potential effects on the course of disease. In this review, a brief overview about pathogens associated with diarrhoea in young ruminants is presented. Furthermore, information about coinfections involving Cryptosporidium is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Delling
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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21
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Abstract
Historically part of the coronavirus (CoV) family, torovirus (ToV) was recently classified into the new family Tobaniviridae. While reverse genetics systems have been established for various CoVs, none exist for ToVs. Herein, we developed a reverse genetics system using an infectious full-length cDNA clone of bovine ToV (BToV) in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Recombinant BToV harboring genetic markers had the same phenotype as wild-type (wt) BToV. To generate two types of recombinant virus, the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene was edited, as cell-adapted wtBToV generally loses full-length HE (HEf), resulting in soluble HE (HEs). First, recombinant viruses with HEf and HA-tagged HEf or HEs genes were rescued. These exhibited no significant differences in their effect on virus growth in HRT18 cells, suggesting that HE is not essential for viral replication in these cells. Thereafter, we generated recombinant virus (rEGFP), wherein HE was replaced by the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene. The rEGFP expressed EGFP in infected cells, but showed significantly lower viral growth compared to wtBToV. Moreover, the rEGFP readily deleted the EGFP gene after one passage. Interestingly, rEGFP variants with two mutations (C1442F and I3562T) in non-structural proteins (NSPs) that emerged during passages exhibited improved EGFP expression, EGFP gene retention, and viral replication. An rEGFP into which both mutations were introduced displayed a similar phenotype to these variants, suggesting that the mutations contributed to EGFP gene acceptance. The current findings provide new insights into BToV, and reverse genetics will help advance the current understanding of this neglected pathogen. Importance ToVs are diarrhea-causing pathogens detected in various species, including humans. Through the development of a BAC-based BToV, we introduced the first reverse genetics system for Tobaniviridae. Utilizing this system, recombinant BToVs with a full-length HE gene were generated. Remarkably, although clinical BToVs generally lose the HE gene after a few passages, some recombinant viruses generated in the current study retained the HE gene for up to 20 passages while accumulating mutations in NSPs, which suggested that these mutations may be involved in HE gene retention. The EGFP gene of recombinant viruses was unstable, but rEGFP into which two NSP mutations were introduced exhibited improved EGFP expression, gene retention, and viral replication. These data suggested the existence of an NSP-based acceptance or retention mechanism for exogenous RNA or HE genes. Recombinant BToVs and reverse genetics are powerful tools for understanding fundamental viral processes, infection pathogenesis, and BToV vaccine development.
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22
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Prevalence of Bovine Rotavirus and Coronavirus in Neonatal Calves in Dairy Farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Preliminary Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5778455. [PMID: 34796233 PMCID: PMC8595031 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5778455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are the most common viral agents in neonatal calf diarrhea and result in serious economic consequences. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiology of those viruses in randomly selected dairy farms of Addis Ababa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 using a probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling technique. A total of 110 calves, less than 30 days of age, from 57 dairy herds were involved in the study. Associated factors of herds and calves were collected using semistructured interviews from farm owners and through physical observation of selected calves. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using the sandwich ELISA method. Data generated from both semistructured interviews and laboratory investigation were analyzed using STATA_MP version 15. Results From the total 110 calves, 42 (38.18%) had diarrhea during the survey. The prevalence of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus was 3.64% (4/110) and 0.91% (1/110), respectively. Diarrhea, feeding colostrum timing, and sex of the neonatal calves had statistically significant association with bovine rotavirus infection (p < 0.05). All rotavirus-positive neonatal calves were identified in small scale dairy farms and in dairy farms that reported mortality though they lack statistically significant association. Only one coronavirus case was detected among the neonatal calves. The case was identified among small scale herds and in a herd with diarrheal cases. The sex of the coronavirus calf was female, diarrheic, and among 11-20 days old. Conclusion The prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus infections in neonatal calves was seldom in dairy farms of the study area. Rotavirus was more common than coronavirus, and further studies should be initiated on other (infectious and noninfectious) causes of neonatal calf diarrhea in the area.
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23
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Jang DH, Cho HC, Shin SU, Kim EM, Park YJ, Hwang S, Park J, Choi KS. Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259824. [PMID: 34780521 PMCID: PMC8592421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified Cryptosporidium spp. and to determine the genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1−60 days and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium spp., namely, C. parvum (n = 72), C. ryanae (n = 12), and C. bovis (n = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11−20 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1−35.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21−30 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0−16.1). The prevalence of C. parvum was detected exclusively in calves aged ≤20 days, and the highest infection rate of C. ryanae was seen in calves ≥31 days of age. The occurrence of C. parvum (χ2 = 25.300, P = 0.000) and C. ryanae (χ2 = 18.020, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to C. parvum were recognized via the sequence analyses of the gp60 gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of C. parvum and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lu X, Hua X, Wang Y, Zhang D, Jiang S, Yang S, Wang X, Shen Q, Zhou T, Lin Z, Zhang W, Cui L. Comparison of gut viral communities in diarrhoea and healthy dairy calves. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34714225 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhoea has been a major cause of economic losses in the global dairy industry. Many factors, including multiple pathogen infections, can directly or indirectly cause calf diarrhoea. This study compared the faecal virome between 15 healthy calves and 15 calves with diarrhoea. Significantly lower diversity of viruses was found in samples from animals with diarrhoea than those in the healthy ones, and this feature may also be related to the age of the calves. Viruses belonging to the families Astroviridae and Caliciviridae that may cause diarrhoea in dairy calves have been characterized, which revealed that reads of caliciviruses and astroviruses in diarrhoea calves were much higher than those in healthy calves. Five complete genomic sequences closely related to Smacoviridae have been identified, which may participate in the regulation of the gut virus community ecology of healthy hosts together with bacteriophages. This research provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of known or potential enteric pathogens related to calf diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shengyao Jiang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Tianji Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Zhibing Lin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Li Cui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Chae JB, Kim HC, Kang JG, Choi KS, Chae JS, Yu DH, Park BK, Oh YS, Choi HJ, Park J. The prevalence of causative agents of calf diarrhea in Korean native calves. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:864-871. [PMID: 34447962 PMCID: PMC8367409 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Infectious calf diarrhea is one of the most significant diseases of neonatal
calves. This study is conducted to identify the prevalence of pathogens in calf
diarrhea for 2 years. A total of 544 feces samples from Korean native beef
calves were obtained to investigate selected seven pathogens causing calf
diarrhea: bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Cryptosporidium
parvum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Eimeria
species, Escherichia coli K99, and Salmonella
species. The presence of diarrhea, the number and species of detected pathogens,
and the calves’ ages were analyzed using various statistical methods
depending on the case. Of the 544 calves, 340 calves (62.5%) had normal feces
and 204 calves (37.5%) had diarrhea. The presence of pathogens was significantly
associated with diarrhea (p < 0.01) and fecal scores and
the number of detected pathogens showed a significant linear trend
(p < 0.001). Of the 7 target pathogens, 6 were
detected in samples, but only C. parvum (p =
0.001) and bovine rotavirus (p < 0.001) were found at
significantly higher rates in diarrheic calves than in non-diarrheic calves.
Only Eimeria spp. showed a significant linear trend between the
detection rate of the pathogen and the age groups (p <
0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Yu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Bae-Keun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
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Ujike M, Taguchi F. Recent Progress in Torovirus Molecular Biology. Viruses 2021; 13:435. [PMID: 33800523 PMCID: PMC7998386 DOI: 10.3390/v13030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family historically. ToVs are associated with enteric diseases in animals and humans. In contrast to CoVs, which are recognised as pathogens of veterinary and medical importance, little attention has been paid to ToVs because their infections are usually asymptomatic or not severe; for a long time, only one equine ToV could be propagated in cultured cells. However, bovine ToVs, which predominantly cause diarrhoea in calves, have been detected worldwide, leading to economic losses. Porcine ToVs have also spread globally; although they have not caused serious economic losses, coinfections with other pathogens can exacerbate their symptoms. In addition, frequent inter- or intra-recombination among ToVs can increase pathogenesis or unpredicted host adaptation. These findings have highlighted the importance of ToVs as pathogens and the need for basic ToV research. Here, we review recent progress in the study of ToV molecular biology including reverse genetics, focusing on the similarities and differences between ToVs and CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
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Genes Encoding the Virulence and the Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterotoxigenic and Shiga-Toxigenic E. coli Isolated from Diarrheic Calves. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060383. [PMID: 32532070 PMCID: PMC7354582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is one of the considerable infectious diseases in calves, which results in tremendous economic losses globally. To determine the prevalence of Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) incriminated in calf diarrhea, with special reference to Shiga- toxins genes (stx1 and stx2) and enterotoxins genes (lt and sta) that govern their pathogenesis, as well as the virulence genes; eaeA (intimin) and f41(fimbrial adhesion), and the screening of their antibiogram and antimicrobial resistance genes; aadB, sul1, and bla-TEM, a total of 274 fecal samples were collected (April 2018–Feb 2019) from diarrheic calves at different farms in El-Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. The bacteriological examination revealed that the prevalence of E. coli in diarrheic calves was 28.8%. The serotyping of the isolated E. coli revealed 7 serogroups; O26, O128, O111, O125, O45, O119 and O91. Furthermore, the Congo red binding test was carried out, where 89.8% of the examined strains (n = 71) were positive. The antibiogram of the isolated strains was investigated; the majority of E. coli serotypes exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) to four antimicrobial agents; neomycin, gentamycin, streptomycin, and amikacin. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the prevalence of the virulence genes; stx1, stx2 lt, sta, f41 and eaeA, as well as the antimicrobial resistance genes; aadB, sul1, and bla-TEM. The prevalence of STEC was 20.2% (n = 16), while the prevalence of ETEC was 30.4% (n = 24). Briefly, the Shiga toxins genes; stx1 and stx2, are the most prevalent virulence genes associated with STEC, which are responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease and helped by the intimin gene (eaeA). In addition, the lt gene is the most prevalent enterotoxin gene accompanied by the ETEC strains, either alone or in combination with sta and/or f41 genes. The majority of pathogenic E. coli incriminated in calf diarrhea possesses the aadB resistance gene, followed by the sul1 gene. Enrofloxacin, florfenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and ampicillin-sulbactam, are the most effective antimicrobial agents against the isolated STEC and ETEC strains.
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Lee H, Jung B, Lim JS, Seo MG, Lee SH, Choi KH, Hwang MH, Kim TH, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from pigs in Korea. Parasitol Int 2020; 78:102154. [PMID: 32531468 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia) is an important zoonotic parasite infecting livestock (including pigs) through ingesting cysts in contaminated food or water. This parasite has been classified into eight different genetic assemblages, A to H. Here, we examined the individual-level prevalence of G. duodenalis in domestic pig farms and confirmed host specificity by genotype comparisons. Samples were collected from southern and central Korea, between May 2017 and January 2019. DNA directly extracted from 745 pig fecal specimens were tested by PCR for G. duodenalis small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and β-giardin gene sequences. Based on ssu rRNA PCR, 110 (14.8%) were positive for G. duodenalis. Infection risk was the highest in the fattener group (31/139, 22.3%) and during the autumn season (52/245, 21.2%: p < .001). No statistically significant differences in risk for infection were observed between fecal types (normal versus diarrheal). Fifty ssu rRNA samples, three gdh samples, and five β-giardin samples were successfully sequenced and genotyped. Ssu rRNA assemblage sequence analysis identified E (40.0%, 20/50), D (34.0%, 17/50), C (24.0%, 12/50), and A (2.0%, 1/50). The gdh locus identified three samples as assemblage E, and the β-giardin locus identified four samples as assemblage E and one as assemblage C. Assemblage A sequences obtained (ssu rRNA; MK430919) had 100% identity with Giardia sequences isolated from a Korean individual (AJ293301), indicating the potential of zoonotic transmission. Continuous management and monitoring for prevention of transmission and protection of animal and human health are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeseung Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - ByeongYeal Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Seo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Hwang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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