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Bahar ME, Kim HJ, Kim DR. Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 38105263 PMCID: PMC10725898 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying metastasis, chemoresistance, and the mechanistic backgrounds of individuals whose cancers are prone to migration. The most prevalent signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, encompassing the RAS-RAF-MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. RAF kinase is a primary mediator of the MAPK pathway, responsible for the sequential activation of downstream targets, such as MEK and the transcription factor ERK, which control numerous cellular and physiological processes, including organism development, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell survival, and death. Defects in this signaling cascade are associated with diseases such as cancer. RAF inhibitors (RAFi) combined with MEK blockers represent an FDA-approved therapeutic strategy for numerous RAF-mutant cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. However, the development of therapy resistance by cancer cells remains an important barrier. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosome-dependent catabolic recycling process, plays a critical role in the development of RAFi resistance in cancer. Thus, targeting RAF and autophagy could be novel treatment strategies for RAF-mutant cancers. In this review, we delve deeper into the mechanistic insights surrounding RAF kinase signaling in tumorigenesis and RAFi-resistance. Furthermore, we explore and discuss the ongoing development of next-generation RAF inhibitors with enhanced therapeutic profiles. Additionally, this review sheds light on the functional interplay between RAF-targeted therapies and autophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
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Li Q, Lin Y, Liang G, Xiao N, Zhang H, Yang X, Yang J, Liu A. Autophagy and Senescence: The Molecular Mechanisms and Implications in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16880. [PMID: 38069199 PMCID: PMC10706096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the primary organ accountable for complex physiological functions, including lipid metabolism, toxic chemical degradation, bile acid synthesis, and glucose metabolism. Liver function homeostasis is essential for the stability of bodily functions and is involved in the complex regulation of the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Cell proliferation-halting mechanisms, including autophagy and senescence, are implicated in the development of several liver diseases, such as cholestasis, viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Among various cell death mechanisms, autophagy is a highly conserved and self-degradative cellular process that recycles damaged organelles, cellular debris, and proteins. This process also provides the substrate for further metabolism. A defect in the autophagy machinery can lead to premature diseases, accelerated aging, inflammatory state, tumorigenesis, and cellular senescence. Senescence, another cell death type, is an active player in eliminating premalignant cells. At the same time, senescent cells can affect the function of neighboring cells by secreting the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and induce paracrine senescence. Autophagy can promote and delay cellular senescence under different contexts. This review decodes the roles of autophagy and senescence in multiple liver diseases to achieve a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms and implications of autophagy and senescence in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anding Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan 430100, China; (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (G.L.); (N.X.); (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.)
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3
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Tian Z, Hua X, Zhu J, Li P, Chen R, Li X, Li T, Zhou C, Huang C. ATG7 upregulation contributes to malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by B[a]PDE via DNMT3B protein degradation and miR-494 promoter methylation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115273. [PMID: 37480691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer primarily arises from exposure to various environmental factors, particularly airborne pollutants. Among the various lung carcinogens, benzo(a)pyrene and its metabolite B[a]PDE are the strongest ones that actively contribute to lung cancer development. ATG7 is an E1-like activating enzyme and contributes to activating autophagic responses in mammal cells. However, the potential alterations of ATG7 and its role in B[a]PDE-caused lung carcinogenesis remain unknown. Here, we found that B[a]PDE exposure promoted ATG7 expression in mouse lung tissues, while B[a]PDE exposure resulted in ATG7 induction in human normal bronchial epithelial cells. Our studies also demonstrated a significant correlation between high ATG7 expression levels and poor overall survival in lung cancer patients. ATG7 knockdown significantly repressed Beas-2B cell transformation upon B[a]PDE exposure, and such promotive effect of ATG7 on cell transformation mediated the p27 translation inhibition. Further studies revealed that miR-373 inhibition was required to stabilize ATG7 mRNA, therefore increasing ATG7 expression following B[a]PDE exposure, while ATG7 induction led to the autophagic degradation of the DNA methyltransferase 3 Beta (DNMT3B) protein, in turn promoted miR-494 transcription via its promoter region methylation status suppression. We also found that the miR-494 upregulation inhibited p27 protein translation and promoted bronchial epithelial cell transformation via its directly targeting p27 mRNA 3'-UTR region. Current studies, to the best of our knowledge, are for the first time to identify that ATG7 induction and its mediated autophagy is critical for B[a]PDE-induced transformation of human normal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Tian
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Chest Cancer, Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Junlan Zhu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peiwei Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033 China
| | - Ruifan Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xin Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tengda Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chengfan Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Jain V, Singh MP, Amaravadi RK. Recent advances in targeting autophagy in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:290-302. [PMID: 36931971 PMCID: PMC10106406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular homeostasis mechanism that fuels the proliferation and survival of advanced cancers by degrading and recycling organelles and proteins. Preclinical studies have identified that within an established tumor, tumor cell autophagy and host cell autophagy conspire to support tumor growth. A growing body of evidence suggests that autophagy inhibition can augment the efficacy of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy to enhance tumor shrinkage. First-generation autophagy inhibition trials in cancer using the lysosomal inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have produced mixed results but have guided the way for the development of more potent and specific autophagy inhibitors in clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss the role of autophagy in cancer, newly discovered molecular mechanisms of the autophagy pathway, the effects of autophagy modulation in cancer and host cells, and novel autophagy inhibitors that are entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jain
- Abramson Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mahendra Pal Singh
- Abramson Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Ahmadi-Dehlaghi F, Mohammadi P, Valipour E, Pournaghi P, Kiani S, Mansouri K. Autophagy: A challengeable paradox in cancer treatment. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36760166 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway conserved in all eukaryotes from yeast to humans. This process plays a quality-control role by destroying harmful cellular components under normal conditions, maintaining cell survival, and establishing cellular adaptation under stressful conditions. Hence, there are various studies indicating dysfunctional autophagy as a factor involved in the development and progression of various human diseases, including cancer. In addition, the importance of autophagy in the development of cancer has been highlighted by paradoxical roles, as a cytoprotective and cytotoxic mechanism. Despite extensive research in the field of cancer, there are many questions and challenges about the roles and effects suggested for autophagy in cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the paradoxical roles of autophagy in different tumors and related cancer treatment options. METHODS In this study, to find articles, a search was made in PubMed and Google scholar databases with the keywords Autophagy, Autophagy in Cancer Management, and Drug Design. RESULTS According to the investigation, some studies suggest that several advanced cancers are dependent on autophagy for cell survival, so when cancer cells are exposed to therapy, autophagy is induced and suppresses the anti-cancer effects of therapeutic agents and also results in cell resistance. However, enhanced autophagy from using anti-cancer drugs causes autophagy-mediated cell death in several cancers. Because autophagy also plays roles in both tumor suppression and promotion further research is needed to determine the precise mechanism of this process in cancer treatment. CONCLUSION We concluded in this article, autophagy manipulation may either promote or hinder the growth and development of cancer according to the origin of the cancer cells, the type of cancer, and the behavior of the cancer cells exposed to treatment. Thus, before starting treatment it is necessary to determine the basal levels of autophagy in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ahmadi-Dehlaghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Valipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarah Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Ayatollahi H, Boroumand-Noughabi S, Ferns G, Sheikhi M, Siyadat P, Rostami M, Khoshnegah Z. Evaluation of the expression of LC3-II and BECLIN1 genes of autophagy pathway in patients with hematological malignancies. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2023; 14:694-702. [PMID: 38024167 PMCID: PMC10646357 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.14.4.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic components, which plays an essential role in various cellular and physiological processes, including cell renewal and survival, and immune responses. While recent studies have shown that they can play a role in cancer treatment, the precise mechanisms of autophagy in leukemogenesis are not fully understood. We have assessed the expression levels of LC3 and BECLIN1 as two crucial autophagy mediators in patients with leukemia. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on bone marrow or peripheral blood samples of 61 leukemia patients (24 AML, 20 ALL, and 17 CML) and compared to 18 healthy controls. Real-time PCR was used to quantitate gene expression. SPSS statistics 16.0 and Graph Pad Prism 8.4.2 software were applied for statistical analysis. Results While BECLIN1 expression was significantly lower in AML, ALL, and CML patients as compared to the control group (p < 0.05), LC3 showed significantly different expression only in the AML patients (P= 0.03). There was no significant correlation between the expression levels of BECLIN1 with LC3 (p> 0.05). Whilst the AML LC3high group had a significantly lower lymphocyte count (P= 0.023), the AML BECLIN1low group had a significantly higher MPV levels (P= 0.044). Furthermore, ALL LC3high group indicated a significantly lower HCT count (P= 0.017). Conclusion Significant changes in the expression levels of BECLINI and LC3 in hematologic malignancies may indicate a possible role for autophagy in their pathogenesis. However, further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ayatollahi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Boroumand-Noughabi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon Ferns
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Maryam Sheikhi
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Payam Siyadat
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Rostami
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Khoshnegah
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Yan C, Gao R, Gao C, Hong K, Cheng M, Liu X, Zhang Q, Zhang J. FDXR drives primary and endocrine-resistant tumor cell growth in ER+ breast cancer via CPT1A-mediated fatty acid oxidation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1105117. [PMID: 37207154 PMCID: PMC10189134 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of breast cancers (BCs) expressing estrogen receptor (ER) have shown endocrine resistance. Our previous study demonstrated that ferredoxin reductase (FDXR) promoted mitochondrial function and ER+ breast tumorigenesis. But the underlying mechanism is not clear. Methods Liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based metabolite profiling was utilized to reveal the metabolites regulated by FDXR. RNA microarray was utilized to determine the potential downstream targets of FDXR. Seahorse XF24 analyzer was performed to analyze the FAO-mediated oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Q-PCR and western blotting assays were used to measure expression levels of FDXR and CPT1A. MTS, 2D colony formation and anchorage-independent growth assays were used to evaluate the effects of FDXR or drug treatments on tumor cell growth of primary or endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells. Results We found that depletion of FDXR inhibited fatty acid oxidation (FAO) by suppressing CPT1A expression. Endocrine treatment increased the expression levels of both FDXR and CPT1A. Further, we showed that depletion of FDXR or FAO inhibitor etomoxir treatment reduced primary and endocrine-resistant breast cancer cell growth. Therapeutically, combining endocrine therapy with FAO inhibitor etomoxir synergistically inhibits primary and endocrine-resistant breast cancer cell growth. Discussion We reveal that the FDXR-CPT1A-FAO signaling axis is essential for primary and endocrine-resistant breast cancer cell growth, thus providing a potential combinatory therapy against endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Yan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ronghui Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Hong
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhang, ; Qing Zhang,
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhang, ; Qing Zhang,
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Hudlikar RR, Sargsyan D, Cheng D, Kuo HCD, Wu R, Su X, Kong AN. Tobacco carcinogen 4-[methyl(nitroso)amino]-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) drives metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprograming in A/J mice lung cancer model and prevention with diallyl sulphide (DAS). Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:140-149. [PMID: 34888630 PMCID: PMC8947221 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of biomarkers in lung cancer is one of the best preventive strategies. Although many attempts have been made to understand the early events of lung carcinogenesis including cigarette smoking (CS) induced lung carcinogenesis, the integrative metabolomics and next-generation sequencing approaches are lacking. In this study, we treated the female A/J mice with CS carcinogen 4-[methyl(nitroso)amino]-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and naturally occurring organosulphur compound, diallyl sulphide (DAS) for 2 and 4 weeks after NNK injection and examined the metabolomic and DNA CpG methylomic and RNA transcriptomic profiles in the lung tissues. NNK drives metabolic changes including mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolites and pathways including Nicotine and its derivatives like nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. RNA-seq analysis and Reactome pathway analysis demonstrated metabolism pathways including Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes, mitochondrial oxidation and signaling kinase activation pathways modulated in a sequential manner. DNA CpG methyl-seq analyses showed differential global methylation patterns of lung tissues from week 2 versus week 4 in A/J mice including Adenylate Cyclase 6 (ADCY6), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (Rac3). Oral DAS treatment partially reversed some of the mitochondrial metabolic pathways, global methylation and transcriptomic changes during this early lung carcinogenesis stage. In summary, our result provides insights into CS carcinogen NNK's effects on driving alterations of metabolomics, epigenomics and transcriptomics and the chemopreventive effect of DAS in early stages of sequential lung carcinogenesis in A/J mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika R Hudlikar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Davit Sargsyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hsiao-Chen Dina Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Huang DH, He J, Su XF, Wen YN, Zhang SJ, Liu LY, Zhao H, Ye CP, Wu JH, Cai S, Dong H. The airway microbiota of non-small cell lung cancer patients and its relationship to tumor stage and EGFR gene mutation. Thorac Cancer 2022; 13:858-869. [PMID: 35142041 PMCID: PMC8930493 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating studies have suggested the airway microbiota in lung cancer patients is significantly different from that of healthy controls. However, little is known about the relationship between airway microbiota and important clinical parameters of lung cancer. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between sputum microbiota and lung cancer stage, lymph node metastasis, intrathoracic metastasis, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation. METHODS The microbiota of sputum samples from 85 newly-diagnosed NSCLC patients were sequenced via 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3-V4 region. Sequencing reads were filtered using QIIME2 and clustered against UPARSE. RESULTS Alpha- and β-diversity was significantly different between patients in stages I to II (early stage, ES) and patients in stages III to IV (advanced stage, AS). Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) identified that genera Granulicatella and Actinobacillus were significantly enriched in ES, and the genus Actinomyces was significantly enriched in AS. PICRUSt2 identified that the NAD salvage pathway was significantly enriched in AS, which was positively associated with Granulicatella. Patients with intrathoracic metastasis were associated with increased genus Peptostreptococcus and incomplete reductive TCA cycle, which was associated with increased Peptostreptococcus. Genera Parvimonas, Pseudomona and L-valine biosynthesis were positively associated with lymph node metastasis. L-valine biosynthesis was related with increased Pseudomona. Finally, the genus Parvimonas was significantly enriched in adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR mutation. CONCLUSION The taxonomy structure differed between different lung cancer stages. The tumor stage, intrathoracic metastasis, lymph node metastasis, and EGFR mutation were associated with alteration of specific airway genera and metabolic function of sputum microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hui Huang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing He
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fang Su
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Na Wen
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Jia Zhang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Yu Liu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijin Zhao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Pin Ye
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hangming Dong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Boustani H, Khodadi E, Shahidi M. Autophagy in Hematological Malignancies: Molecular Aspects in Leukemia and Lymphoma. Lab Med 2021; 52:16-23. [PMID: 32634208 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of the hematopoietic system is dependent on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation to produce different blood cell lines. Autophagy has a central role in energy production and metabolism of the cells during starvation, cellular stress adaption, and removing mechanisms for aged or damaged organelles. The role and importance of autophagy pathways are becoming increasingly recognized in the literature because these pathways can be useful in organizing intracellular circulation, molecular complexes, and organelles to meet the needs of various hematopoietic cells. There is supporting evidence in the literature that autophagy plays an emerging role in the regulation of normal cells and that it also has important features in malignant hematopoiesis. Understanding the molecular details of the autophagy pathway can provide novel methods for more effective treatment of patients with leukemia. Overall, our review will emphasize the role of autophagy and its different aspects in hematological malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Boustani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Khodadi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Minoo Shahidi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Wan T, Fu M, Wu Z, Gao X, Zhou S. Advances in the role of autophagy in the development of retinoblastoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:632. [PMID: 34267824 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a feedback regulatory mechanism of cells to external stress, which helps cells to adapt to changes in physiological conditions and environmental stress. Autophagy possesses a variety of target genes that control a wide range of signaling pathways. Maintenance of an appropriate level of autophagy is essential for the growth, metastasis and characteristics of tumors. Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor found in the eyes of children following exposure to extreme environmental factors, such as mitochondrial defects, oxidative stress and excessive autophagy; this leads to the development of DNA damage and progressive loss of the function of the eye, which results in the occurrence of RB. Recent studies have documented the involvement of autophagy in the transformation, occurrence and metastasis of RB. High or low levels of autophagy exert notably promotive or repressive effects on the development, invasion, drug resistance and survival of RB, respectively. The present review reports the research progress on the association between autophagy and RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, P.R. China.,Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Mingyuan Fu
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xue Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, P.R. China.,Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College; Guilin, Guangxi 541199, P.R. China
| | - Shouhong Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, P.R. China.,Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College; Guilin, Guangxi 541199, P.R. China
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12
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Kilinc S, Paisner R, Camarda R, Gupta S, Momcilovic O, Kohnz RA, Avsaroglu B, L'Etoile ND, Perera RM, Nomura DK, Goga A. Oncogene-regulated release of extracellular vesicles. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1989-2006.e6. [PMID: 34118203 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenes can alter metabolism by changing the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. However, how oncogenes regulate tumor cell biomass remains poorly understood. Using isogenic MCF10A cells transformed with nine different oncogenes, we show that specific oncogenes reduce the biomass of cancer cells by promoting extracellular vesicle (EV) release. While MYC and AURKB elicited the highest number of EVs, each oncogene selectively altered the protein composition of released EVs. Likewise, oncogenes alter secreted miRNAs. MYC-overexpressing cells require ceramide, whereas AURKB requires ESCRT to release high levels of EVs. We identify an inverse relationship between MYC upregulation and activation of the RAS/MEK/ERK signaling pathway for regulating EV release in some tumor cells. Finally, lysosome genes and activity are downregulated in the context of MYC and AURKB, suggesting that cellular contents, instead of being degraded, were released via EVs. Thus, oncogene-mediated biomass regulation via differential EV release is a new metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Kilinc
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Rebekka Paisner
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roman Camarda
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Suprit Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Olga Momcilovic
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rebecca A Kohnz
- Departments of Chemistry and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Baris Avsaroglu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noelle D L'Etoile
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Departments of Chemistry and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrei Goga
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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13
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Li X, Zhao F, Wang A, Cheng P, Chen H. Role and mechanisms of autophagy in lung metabolism and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5051-5068. [PMID: 33864479 PMCID: PMC11072280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian lungs are metabolically active organs that frequently encounter environmental insults. Stress responses elicit protective autophagy in epithelial barrier cells and the supportive niche. Autophagy promotes the recycling of damaged intracellular organelles, denatured proteins, and other biological macromolecules for reuse as components required for lung cell survival. Autophagy, usually induced by metabolic defects, regulates cellular metabolism. Autophagy is a major adaptive response that protects cells and organisms from injury. Endogenous region-specific stem/progenitor cell populations are found in lung tissue, which are responsible for epithelial repair after lung damage. Additionally, glucose and fatty acid metabolism is altered in lung stem/progenitor cells in response to injury-related lung fibrosis. Autophagy deregulation has been observed to be involved in the development and progression of other respiratory diseases. This review explores the role and mechanisms of autophagy in regulating lung metabolism and epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - An Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peiyong Cheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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14
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Loucif H, Dagenais-Lussier X, Beji C, Cassin L, Jrade H, Tellitchenko R, Routy JP, Olagnier D, van Grevenynghe J. Lipophagy confers a key metabolic advantage that ensures protective CD8A T-cell responses against HIV-1. Autophagy 2021; 17:3408-3423. [PMID: 33459125 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1874134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although macroautophagy/autophagy has been proposed as a critical defense mechanism against HIV-1 by targeting viral components for degradation, its contribution as a catabolic process in providing optimal anti-HIV-1 immunity has never been addressed. The failure to restore proper antiviral CD8A/CD8 T-cell immunity, especially against HIV-1, is still the major limitation of current antiretroviral therapies. Consequently, it is of clinical imperative to provide new strategies to enhance the function of HIV-1-specific CD8A T-cells in patients under antiretroviral treatments (ART). Here, we investigated whether targeting autophagy activity could be an optional solution to make this possible. Our data show that, after both polyclonal and HIV-1-specific activation, CD8A T-cells from ART displayed reduced autophagy-dependent degradation of lysosomal contents when compared to naturally HIV-1 protected elite controllers (EC). We further confirmed in EC, by using specific BECN1 gene silencing and lysosomal inhibitors, the critical role of active autophagy in superior CD8A T-cell protection against HIV-1. More importantly, we found that an IL21 treatment was effective in rescuing the antiviral CD8A T-cell immunity from ART in an autophagy-dependent manner. Finally, we established that IL21-dependent rescue occurred due to the enhanced degradation of endogenous lipids via autophagy, referred to as lipophagy, which fueled the cellular rates of mitochondrial beta-oxidation. In summary, our data show that autophagy/lipophagy can be considered as a therapeutic tool to elicit functional antiviral CD8 T-cell responses. Our results also provide additional insights toward the development of improved T-cell-based prevention and cure strategies against HIV-1.Abbreviations: ART: patients under antiretroviral therapy; BaF: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; CEF: cytomegalo-, Epstein-Barr- and flu-virus peptide pool; Chloro.: chloroquine; EC: elite controllers; FAO: fatty acid beta-oxidation; HIVneg: HIV-1-uninfected control donors; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IL21: interleukin 21; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Loucif
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Cherifa Beji
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Léna Cassin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Hani Jrade
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roman Tellitchenko
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
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15
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Clinical research on the combined use of systemic chemotherapy and CT-guided radiofrequency ablation in treatment of lung cancer. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:233-239. [PMID: 33417066 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical efficacy and safety of the combined use of systemic chemotherapy and CT-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in treatment of lung cancer. A panel of 256 patients with lung cancer who were admitted to our hospital from June 2017 to October 2019 were recruited. According to the treatment plan, the patients were divided into test group (n = 128) and control group (n = 128). Patients in the test group were treated by systemic chemotherapy combined with CT-guided RFA, while patients in the control group were given systemic chemotherapy only. After treatment, a comparative analysis was conducted in terms of clinical efficacy, level of tumor markers, and adverse reactions. Meanwhile, patients in the two groups were followed up for analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). After treatment, the tumor objective response rate and disease control rate of patients in the test group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Besides, in patients of the test group, tumor markers, such as serum carcino-embryonic antigen, neuro-specific enolase, cytokeratin-19, and carbohydrate antigen-199, presented a remarkably lower level relative to those in the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference observed with regard to the incidence of complications (p > 0.05). Additionally, patients in the test group were more likely to have better PFS and OS. Notably, we monitored that in the test group, superior clinical efficacy was achieved in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma relative to that in patients with small cell lung cancer and lung squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The combined use of systemic chemotherapy and CT-guided RFA can produce good clinical efficacy in treatment of lung cancer. It is relatively safe and deserves promotion and application in clinic.
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16
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Feng X, Han L, Ma S, Zhao L, Wang L, Zhang K, Yin P, Guo L, Jing W, Li Q. Microbes in Tumoral In Situ Tissues and in Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:572570. [PMID: 33330121 PMCID: PMC7732458 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.572570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancerous tumors are severe diseases affecting human health that have a complicated etiology and pathogenesis. Microbes have been considered to be related to the development and progression of numerous tumors through various pathogenic mechanisms in recent studies. Bacteria, which have so far remained the most studied microbes worldwide, have four major possible special pathogenic mechanisms (modulation of inflammation, immunity, DNA damage, and metabolism) that are related to carcinogenesis. This review aims to macroscopically summarize and verify the relationships between microbes and tumoral in situ tissues from cancers of four major different systems (urinary, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive); the abovementioned four microbial pathogenic mechanisms, as well as some synergistic pathogenic mechanisms, are also discussed. Once the etiologic role of microbes and their precise pathogenic mechanisms in carcinogenesis are known, the early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers would progress significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sijia Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lanbo Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kailu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Panyue Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Molecular Insights into the Multifunctional Role of Natural Compounds: Autophagy Modulation and Cancer Prevention. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110517. [PMID: 33228222 PMCID: PMC7699596 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vacuolar, lysosomal degradation pathway for injured and damaged protein molecules and organelles in eukaryotic cells, which is controlled by nutrients and stress responses. Dysregulation of cellular autophagy may lead to various diseases such as neurodegenerative disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and malignancies. Recently, natural compounds have come to attention for being able to modulate the autophagy pathway in cancer prevention, although the prospective role of autophagy in cancer treatment is very complex and not yet clearly elucidated. Numerous synthetic chemicals have been identified that modulate autophagy and are favorable candidates for cancer treatment, but they have adverse side effects. Therefore, different phytochemicals, which include natural compounds and their derivatives, have attracted significant attention for use as autophagy modulators in cancer treatment with minimal side effects. In the current review, we discuss the promising role of natural compounds in modulating the autophagy pathway to control and prevent cancer, and provide possible therapeutic options.
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18
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Abstract
Post-translational modifications of cellular substrates with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs), including ubiquitin, SUMOs, and neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8, play a central role in regulating many aspects of cell biology. The UBL conjugation cascade is initiated by a family of ATP-dependent enzymes termed E1 activating enzymes and executed by the downstream E2-conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases. Despite their druggability and their key position at the apex of the cascade, pharmacologic modulation of E1s with potent and selective drugs has remained elusive until 2009. Among the eight E1 enzymes identified so far, those initiating ubiquitylation (UBA1), SUMOylation (SAE), and neddylation (NAE) are the most characterized and are implicated in various aspects of cancer biology. To date, over 40 inhibitors have been reported to target UBA1, SAE, and NAE, including the NAE inhibitor pevonedistat, evaluated in more than 30 clinical trials. In this Review, we discuss E1 enzymes, the rationale for their therapeutic targeting in cancer, and their different inhibitors, with emphasis on the pharmacologic properties of adenosine sulfamates and their unique mechanism of action, termed substrate-assisted inhibition. Moreover, we highlight other less-characterized E1s-UBA6, UBA7, UBA4, UBA5, and autophagy-related protein 7-and the opportunities for targeting these enzymes in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The clinical successes of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy and the emerging resistance to these agents have prompted the exploration of other signaling nodes in the ubiquitin-proteasome system including E1 enzymes. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the biology of different E1 enzymes, their roles in cancer, and how to translate this knowledge into novel therapeutic strategies with potential implications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H Barghout
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (S.H.B.)
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (S.H.B.)
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Qu S, Liu S, Qiu W, Liu J, Wang H. Screening of autophagy genes as prognostic indicators for glioma patients. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5320-5331. [PMID: 33042422 PMCID: PMC7540153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although autophagy is reported to be involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, its correlation with the prognosis of glioma patients remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify prognostic autophagy-related genes, analyze their correlation with clinicopathological features of glioma, and further construct a prognostic model for glioma patients. After 139 autophagy-related genes were obtained from the GeneCards database, their expression data in glioma patients were extracted from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas database. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic autophagy-related genes. Ten hub autophagy-related genes associated with prognosis were identified. The autophagy risk score (ARS) was only positively correlated with histopathology (P = 0.000) and World Health Organization grade (P = 0.000). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the overall survival of patients with a high ARS was significantly worse than that of patients with a low ARS (hazard ratio = 1.59, 95% confidence interval = 1.25-2.03, P = 0.0001). In addition, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses revealed several common biological processes and signaling pathways related to the 10 hub genes in glioblastoma. A prediction model was developed for glioma patients, which demonstrated high prediction efficiency on calibration. Moreover, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probabilities were 0.790, 0.861, and 0.853, respectively. In conclusion, we identified 10 autophagy-related genes that can serve as novel prognostic biomarkers for glioma patients. Our prediction model accurately predicted patient outcomes, and thus, may be a valuable tool in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqiang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuhao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen 518107, China
| | - Weiwen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Lishui People’s Hospital (The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University)Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lishui People’s Hospital (The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University)Lishui 323000, China
| | - Huafu Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Lishui People’s Hospital (The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University)Lishui 323000, China
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20
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Paul R, Bharambe H, Shirsat NV. Autophagy inhibition impairs the invasion potential of medulloblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5673-5680. [PMID: 32621115 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a highly malignant pediatric brain tumor, consists of four distinct molecular subgroups called WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 that differ in their clinical characteristics with the WNT subgroup having excellent survival rate. About 1/3rd medulloblastomas have metastasis at the time of diagnosis suggesting, high invasion potential of these tumors. We have earlier reported that the tumor-suppressive role of miR-204 and miR-30a is accompanied by inhibition of autophagy in medulloblastoma cells. In the present study, we have investigated the role of autophagy in medulloblastoma biology. Autophagy was inhibited in the medulloblastoma cell lines belonging to the SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 using the shRNA mediated knockdown of ATG5, an upstream regulator of autophagy. The effect of autophagy inhibition was studied on the growth and malignant behavior of medulloblastoma cells. ATG5 knockdown resulted in the autophagy inhibition in medulloblastoma cells as judged by the reduction in the flux of LC3B, a marker for autophagy. Autophagy inhibition did not result in a significant difference in the proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of the medulloblastoma cells. On the other hand, autophagy inhibition brought about a substantial reduction in the invasion potential of all three medulloblastoma cell lines studied. The present study suggests a therapeutic potential for autophagy inhibitors in the treatment of medulloblastoma. Autophagy inhibitors could be effective in reducing the dose of craniospinal radiation, thereby leading to a significant reduction in the treatment-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raikamal Paul
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Harish Bharambe
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Neelam Vishwanath Shirsat
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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21
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Perez-Montoyo H. Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy Modulation in Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:E614. [PMID: 32143356 PMCID: PMC7140412 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a multistep catabolic process through which misfolded, aggregated or mutated proteins and damaged organelles are internalized in membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and ultimately fused to lysosomes for degradation of sequestered components. The multistep nature of the process offers multiple regulation points prone to be deregulated and cause different human diseases but also offers multiple targetable points for designing therapeutic strategies. Cancer cells have evolved to use autophagy as an adaptive mechanism to survive under extremely stressful conditions within the tumor microenvironment, but also to increase invasiveness and resistance to anticancer drugs such as chemotherapy. This review collects clinical evidence of autophagy deregulation during cholangiocarcinogenesis together with preclinical reports evaluating compounds that modulate autophagy to induce cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell death. Altogether, experimental data suggest an impairment of autophagy during initial steps of CCA development and increased expression of autophagy markers on established tumors and in invasive phenotypes. Preclinical efficacy of autophagy modulators promoting CCA cell death, reducing invasiveness capacity and resensitizing CCA cells to chemotherapy open novel therapeutic avenues to design more specific and efficient strategies to treat this aggressive cancer.
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22
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Kang R, Zeh H, Lotze M, Tang D. The Multifaceted Effects of Autophagy on the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1225:99-114. [PMID: 32030650 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of cancer cells, noncancer cells (e.g., immune cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes), and various mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and humoral factors) that work together to support cancer growth, progression, and resistance to therapies. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation mechanism by which various cytosolic cargos (e.g., damaged organelles, unused molecules, or invaded pathogens) are engulfed by double-membrane autophagosomes, and then delivered into the lysosome for degradation and recycling. The level of autophagy is a crucial threshold to either promote cell survival or induce cell death in response to environmental stresses. Autophagy plays a context-dependent role in tumorigenesis and anticancer therapy via shaping the inflammatory, hypoxic, immunosuppressive, and metabolic tumor microenvironment. In particular, impaired autophagy flux is associated with chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, stromal formation, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, metastasis, and metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the molecular machinery of autophagy and its communication with hallmarks of cancer could lead to potential new anticancer strategies or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Herbert Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Zhang Y, Li C, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhao R, Yang Y, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Zhang X. circHIPK3 promotes oxaliplatin-resistance in colorectal cancer through autophagy by sponging miR-637. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:277-288. [PMID: 31631038 PMCID: PMC6838436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is a major cause of recurrence in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. There is increasing evidence indicating that circHIPK3 is involved in the development and progression of tumours. However, little is known about the potential role of circHIPK3 in CRC chemotherapy and its molecular mechanisms in chemoresistance also remain unclear. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect circHIPK3 expression in tissues of 2 cohorts of CRC patients who received oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. The chemoresistant effects of circHIPK3 were assessed by cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy assays. The relationship between circHIPK3, miR-637, and STAT3 mRNA was confirmed by biotinylated RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter, and western blot assays. FINDINGS In the pilot study, increased circHIPK3 expression was observed in chemoresistant CRC patients. Functional assays showed that circHIPK3 promoted oxaliplatin resistance, which was dependent on inhibition of autophagy. Mechanistically, circHIPK3 sponged miR-637 to promote STAT3 expression, thereby activating the downstream Bcl-2/beclin1 signalling pathway. A clinical cohort study showed that circHIPK3 was upregulated in tissues from recurrent CRC patients and correlated with tumour size, regional lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and survival. INTERPRETATION circHIPK3 functions as a chemoresistant gene in CRC cells by targeting the miR-637/STAT3/Bcl-2/beclin1 axis and might be a prognostic predictor for CRC patients who receive oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (81301506), Shandong Medical and Health Technology Development Project(2018WSB20002), Shandong Key Research and Development Program (2016GSF201122), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2017MH044), and Jinan Science and Technology Development Plan(201805084, 201805003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, 250031, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, 250031, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yongmei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
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24
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Thakur C, Chen F. Connections between metabolism and epigenetics in cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 57:52-58. [PMID: 31185282 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past half century, our version on cancer, from tumor initiation, growth, to metastasis, is dominated by genetic mutation. The importance of metabolism and epigenetics was not recognized until most recently. Extensive cell proliferation is one of the hallmarks of cancers. To support the energetic and anabolic demands of enhanced proliferation, tumors reprogram the pathways of nutrient procurement and metabolism. In this context, a new link between metabolic alterations and cancer progression has been unraveled over the last decade by the studies conducted in the area of cancer cell metabolism. Cancer cells are known to alter their metabolic profile during the course of tumorigenesis and metastasis thereby exhibiting a tightly regulated program of metabolic plasticity. Noteworthy, certain metabolic alteration are known to occur at the epigenetic level, thus making epigenetics and metabolism highly interwoven in a reciprocal manner. Metabolites that are generated during metabolic pathways, such as in glycolytic cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, serve as cofactors or substrates for the enzymatic reactions that catalyze the epigenetic modifications and transcriptional regulation. Several studies also indicate that the epigenome is sensitive to cellular metabolism. Since many of the metabolic alterations and consequently aberrated epigenetic regulation are common to a wide range of cancer types, they serve as promising targets for anti-cancer therapies. Here we discuss the latest findings in cancer cell metabolism, elucidating the major anabolic, catabolic and energetic demands required for sustaining cancer growth, and the influence of altered metabolism on epigenetics and vice versa. A comprehensive research pertaining to metabolomic profiling and epigenome interactors/mediators in malignant neoplasias is imperative in deciphering the potential targets that can be exploited for the development of robust anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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25
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Huang X, Li Y, Shou L, Li L, Chen Z, Ye X, Qian W. The molecular mechanisms underlying BCR/ABL degradation in chronic myeloid leukemia cells promoted by Beclin1-mediated autophagy. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5197-5208. [PMID: 31239774 PMCID: PMC6559765 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s202442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of drug resistance and the persistence of leukemia stem cells are major obstacles for the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The induction of autophagic death in tumor cells represents a new route for leukemia treatment. Our previous study showed that infection of CML cells with oncolytic viruses carrying the autophagy gene Beclin1 downregulated BCR/ABL protein expression and significantly increased the killing effect of the oncolytic viruses on CML cells via autophagy activation. However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of BCR/ABL and Beclin1-dependent CML cell killing remain unclear. Methods: A physical interaction between BCR/ABL and Beclin1 was characterized via GST-pulldown, co-IP and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Cell proliferation was examined via CCK-8 and clone formation assays. The expression levels of the related proteins were measured via Western blotting. Autophagosomes were observed under transmission electron microscopy. Lentiviral vectors carrying Atg7/UVRAG shRNA or the Beclin1 gene were used to modulate the expression levels of the indicated genes. Immunofluorescence were performed to examine colocalization of BCR/ABL and p62/SQSTM1. CD34+CD38− cells were isolated from bone marrow samples from CML patients via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Results: In this study, we observed that Beclin1 directly interacts with BCR/ABL. Beclin1 inhibited the activity of the BCR/ABL promoter to downregulate the level of BCR/ABL protein and to promote the downstream colocalization of p62/SQSTM1 and BCR/ABL to autolysosomes for degradation via activation of the autophagy signaling pathway. In CML cell lines, primary cells and CD34+CD38− leukemia stem cells, Beclin1 overexpression significantly inhibited cell growth and proliferation and induced autophagy. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy induction via Beclin1 overexpression might offer new approaches for treating TKI-resistant CML and for promoting the clearance of leukemia stem cells, both of which have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Shou
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Huzhou City, Huzhou 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of Hematology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujin Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China.,Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China
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26
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Bacci M, Ippolito L, Magnelli L, Giannoni E, Chiarugi P. Stromal-induced mitochondrial re-education: Impact on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer aggressiveness. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:71-79. [PMID: 31108187 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming as well as the flexible utilisation of fuel sources by tumour cells has been considered not only intrinsic to malignant cells but also sustained by resident and/or recruited stromal cells. The complexity of tumour-stroma cross-talk is experienced by neoplastic cells through profound changes in the own metabolic machinery. In such context, mitochondria are dynamic organelles that receive, orchestrate and exchange a multiplicity of stromal cues within the tumour cells to finely regulate key metabolic and signalling pathways, allowing malignant cells to adapt and thrive in an ever-changing environment. In this review, we focus on how tumour mitochondria are coached by stromal metabolic supply and how this re-education sustains tumour malignant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Luigi Ippolito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Lucia Magnelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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27
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Liao GY, Lee MT, Fan JJ, Hsiao PW, Lee CS, Su SY, Hwang JJ, Ke FC. Blockage of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis affects mTORC1/2 activity and ultimately leads to cellular senescence-like response. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.038257. [PMID: 31097446 PMCID: PMC6550068 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of study was to explore the role of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis in cell fate determination (proliferation and senescence) and the potential associated mechanism by employing a pharmacological inhibitor of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis, amino-oxyacetate (AOA). Using the WI38 normal human embryonic fibroblast cell line, we found that exposure to AOA induced mTORC1 inactivation−mTORC2 activation (within day 1), cell cycle arrest (day 2–6) and cellular senescence (day 4–6). These AOA effects were blocked by concomitantly providing anaplerotic factors [α-ketoglutarate (αKG), pyruvate or oxaloacetate], and not affected by ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Moreover, AOA-induced cellular senescence in WI38 cells is associated with elevated protein levels of p53, p21CIP1 and p16INK4A and decreased Rb protein level, which was blocked by αKG supplementation. In p16INK4A-deficient U2OS human osteosarcoma cells and p16INK4A-knockdown WI38 cells, AOA exposure also induced similar effects on cell proliferation, and protein level of P-Rb-S807/811 and Rb. Interestingly, no AOA induction of cellular senescence was observed in U2OS cells, yet was still seen in p16INK4A-knockdown WI38 cells accompanied by the presence of p16 antibody-reactive p12. In summary, we disclose that glutamine-dependent anaplerosis is essential to cell growth and closely associated with mTORC1 activation and mTORC2 inactivation, and impedes cellular senescence particularly associated with p16INK4A. Summary: Glutamine-dependent anaplerosis is essential to cell growth and closely associated with mTORC1 activation and mTORC2 inactivation, and impedes cellular senescence particularly associated with p16INK4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-You Liao
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ting Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Jia Fan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yi Su
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jiuan-Jiuan Hwang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ferng-Chun Ke
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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28
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Lysosome inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer to replication stress by aspartate depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6842-6847. [PMID: 30894490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812410116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional lysosomes mediate autophagy and macropinocytosis for nutrient acquisition. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors exhibit high basal lysosomal activity, and inhibition of lysosome function suppresses PDAC cell proliferation and tumor growth. However, the codependencies induced by lysosomal inhibition in PDAC have not been systematically explored. We performed a comprehensive pharmacological inhibition screen of the protein kinome and found that replication stress response (RSR) inhibitors were synthetically lethal with chloroquine (CQ) in PDAC cells. CQ treatment reduced de novo nucleotide biosynthesis and induced replication stress. We found that CQ treatment caused mitochondrial dysfunction and depletion of aspartate, an essential precursor for de novo nucleotide synthesis, as an underlying mechanism. Supplementation with aspartate partially rescued the phenotypes induced by CQ. The synergy of CQ and the RSR inhibitor VE-822 was comprehensively validated in both 2D and 3D cultures of PDAC cell lines, a heterotypic spheroid culture with cancer-associated fibroblasts, and in vivo xenograft and syngeneic PDAC mouse models. These results indicate a codependency on functional lysosomes and RSR in PDAC and support the translational potential of the combination of CQ and RSR inhibitors.
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29
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Deng S, Shanmugam MK, Kumar AP, Yap CT, Sethi G, Bishayee A. Targeting autophagy using natural compounds for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer 2019; 125:1228-1246. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Deng
- Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Muthu K. Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore
- Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute National University Health System Singapore
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University Perth West Australia Australia
| | - Celestial T. Yap
- Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute National University Health System Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
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30
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Therapeutic Modulation of Autophagy in Leukaemia and Lymphoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020103. [PMID: 30704144 PMCID: PMC6406467 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is a tightly orchestrated process where a pool of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high self-renewal potential can give rise to both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The HSPCs pool is reduced with ageing resulting in few HSPC clones maintaining haematopoiesis thereby reducing blood cell diversity, a phenomenon called clonal haematopoiesis. Clonal expansion of HSPCs carrying specific genetic mutations leads to increased risk for haematological malignancies. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that hematopoietic tumours develop in higher frequency in elderly people. Unfortunately, elderly patients with leukaemia or lymphoma still have an unsatisfactory prognosis compared to younger ones highlighting the need to develop more efficient therapies for this group of patients. Growing evidence indicates that macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is essential for health and longevity. This review is focusing on the role of autophagy in normal haematopoiesis as well as in leukaemia and lymphoma development. Attenuated autophagy may support early hematopoietic neoplasia whereas activation of autophagy in later stages of tumour development and in response to a variety of therapies rather triggers a pro-tumoral response. Novel insights into the role of autophagy in haematopoiesis will be discussed in light of designing new autophagy modulating therapies in hematopoietic cancers.
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31
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Parejo S, Tschan MP, Muraro MG, Garattini E, Spagnoli GC, Schläfli AM. Assessing Autophagy During Retinoid Treatment of Breast Cancer Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2019:237-256. [PMID: 31359401 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9585-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are derived from vitamin A through a multi-step process. Within a target cell, retinoids regulate gene expression by activating the retinoid acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid x receptors (RXR), which are ligand-dependent transcription factors. Besides its therapeutic use in dermatological disorders, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is successfully utilized to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients. The use of ATRA in APL patients is the first example of clinically useful differentiation therapy. Therapeutic strategies aiming at cancer cell differentiation have great potential for solid tumors, including breast cancer. The few clinical studies conducted with ATRA in breast cancer are rather disappointing. However, these studies did not take into account the heterogeneity of the disease and were conducted on unselected cohorts of patients.We recently showed that ATRA treatment of breast cancer cells induces autophagy, a highly conserved process aiming at degrading and recycling superfluous or harmful cellular components. In addition, autophagy inhibition significantly increases the therapeutic activity of ATRA. This finding is of fundamental importance, since autophagy has a dual role in cancer. Whereas autophagy may be a protective mechanism during the initial phases of cancer development, it may support cancer cell survival in already established tumors. Furthermore, autophagy can lower or enhance therapeutic efficiency, depending on the tumor type and the anticancer agent considered. Therefore, it is important to investigate the role of autophagy in the context of specific tumors and therapeutic approaches. Accurate autophagy studies are challenging given the dynamic nature of the process and the difficulty of measuring the rate of autophagosome degradation (autophagic flux). In this chapter, we provide protocols for a careful assessment of the autophagic flux in ATRA treated 2D and 3D breast cancer cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Parejo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuele G Muraro
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M Schläfli
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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32
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Koustas E, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. The role of autophagy in the treatment of BRAF mutant colorectal carcinomas differs based on microsatellite instability status. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207227. [PMID: 30427914 PMCID: PMC6241137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been identified as a catabolic mechanism in cells but its' role in cancer remains controversial. Autophagy has been characterized either as tumor suppressor or inducer mechanism in many tumor types. Monoclonal antibodies against EGFR (cetuximab and panitumumab) represent a major step in the treatment of mCRC. Several studies propose that cetuximab and panitumumab trigger autophagy which reveals a potential resistance mechanism to these agents. The last years immunotherapy appears to be a novel promising strategy for the treatment of patients with solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) antibodies have already been developed and applied in mCRC patients with MSI-H phenotype. The association between mtBRAF and autophagy or MSI status has already been characterized. In our study, we identify the autophagy initiation through anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal carcinoma cell lines according to microsatellite status. The combination of autophagy inhibition, anti-EGFR antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors as well as autophagy targeting, MEK inhibition and anti-EGFR antibodies or checkpoint inhibitors appears to be the best treatment approach for microsatellite instability high and stable colorectal cancer cell lines, respectively. Both combinatorial approaches reduce cell viability through the induction of apoptotic cell death. The findings of this study point out the importance of different approach for the treatment of BRAF mutant metastatic colorectal cancers based on their microsatelite instability phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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33
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Yeo SK, Paul R, Haas M, Wang C, Guan JL. Improved efficacy of mitochondrial disrupting agents upon inhibition of autophagy in a mouse model of BRCA1-deficient breast cancer. Autophagy 2018; 14:1214-1225. [PMID: 29938573 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1460010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and stratification of patients is fundamental to the success of treatment modalities. Breast tumors deficient in BRCA1 are mostly associated with basal-like breast cancers and targeted therapeutics for this disease subtype are still lacking. In order to address whether macroautophagy/autophagy inhibition will be effective in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors, we generated mice with conditional deletion of an essential autophagy gene, Rb1cc1, along with Brca1 and Trp53, through utilization of the K14-Cre transgene. We found that Rb1cc1 deletion suppressed tumorigenesis in the BRCA1-deficient model when compared to wild type and heterozygous Rb1cc1 controls. However, in contrast to previous studies in the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) model, tumor growth and the distribution of histological subtypes were not affected by loss of RB1CC1. Interestingly, loss of RB1CC1 decreased mitochondrial mass and oxidative respiratory capacity of these tumor cells, along with a decrease in the phosphorylation of MTOR substrates and transcript levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Importantly, we observed an increased sensitivity to mitochondrial disrupting agents upon loss of RB1CC1. Consequently, our data showed that combination of an autophagy inhibitor, spautin-1, along with a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, metformin, was more effective in limiting oxidative respiratory capacity, colony-forming ability and tumor growth. Altogether, our results indicate that inhibition of autophagy can increase the benefits of metformin treatment in BRCA1-deficient breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syn Kok Yeo
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Ritama Paul
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Michael Haas
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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34
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Autophagy in cancer: a complex relationship. Biochem J 2018; 475:1939-1954. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is the process by which cells package and degrade cytosolic components, and recycle the breakdown products for future use. Since its initial description by Christian de Duve in the 1960s, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that underlie this vital cellular process and its specificity. Furthermore, macroautophagy is linked to pathologic conditions such as cancer and is being studied as a therapeutic target. In this review, we will explore the connections between autophagy and cancer, which are tumor- and context-dependent and include the tumor microenvironment. We will highlight the importance of tumor compartment-specific autophagy in both cancer aggressiveness and treatment.
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35
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Lleonart ME, Abad E, Graifer D, Lyakhovich A. Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Autophagy Defines the Fate of Cancer Stem Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1066-1079. [PMID: 28683561 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: A fraction of tumorigenic cells, also known as tumor initiating or cancer stem cells (CSCs), is thought to drive tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. However, little is known regarding mechanisms that convey relevant pathways contributing to their self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation abilities. Recent Advances: Recent works on CSCs provide evidence on the role of redox disruption and regulation of autophagic flux. This has been linked to increased DNA repair capacity and chemoresistance. Critical Issues: The current review summarizes the most recent studies assessing the role of redox homeostasis, autophagy, and chemoresistance in CSCs, including some novel findings on microRNAs and their role in horizontal transfer within cancer cell populations. Future Directions: Rational anticancer therapy and prevention should rely on the fact that cancer is a redox disease with the CSCs being the apex modulated by redox-mediated autophagy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1066-1079.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde E Lleonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Etna Abad
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dmitry Graifer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,ICRC-FNUSA, International Clinical Research Center and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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36
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Abstract
Cell-intrinsic mechanisms of nutrient sensing are intimately linked to adaptive metabolic responses, and these pathways play critical roles in the complex and dynamic nutrient environment of a growing tumor. Nutrient-responsive transcription factors (e.g., HIF, SREBP, ATF4) and signaling pathways (e.g., mTORC1, AMPK) allow tumor cells to tune their metabolic output and strategies to fluctuations in nutrient availability, thus balancing tumor cell proliferation and survival with a combination of anabolic and adaptive responses. Coupling these nutrient-sensing mechanisms to the control of recycling and scavenging processes, such as autophagy and macropinocytosis, further enhances the adaptability to nutrients within tumors. Here, we discuss the key nutrient-sensing pathways active in cancer cells, how oncogenic events influence these pathways, and their likely contributions to tumor growth and survival. A better understanding of nutrient-sensing strategies and metabolic adaptations within the tumor microenvironment is critical to defining and targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Torrence
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brendan D. Manning
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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37
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Lee E, Wei Y, Zou Z, Tucker K, Rakheja D, Levine B, Amatruda JF. Genetic inhibition of autophagy promotes p53 loss-of-heterozygosity and tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67919-67933. [PMID: 27655644 PMCID: PMC5356529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that plays an essential role in enabling eukaryotic organisms to adapt to nutrient deprivation and other forms of environmental stress. In metazoan organisms, autophagy is essential for differentiation and normal development; however, whether the autophagy pathway promotes or inhibits tumorigenesis is controversial, and the possible mechanisms linking defective autophagy to cancer remain unclear. To determine if autophagy is important for tumor suppression, we inhibited autophagy in transgenic zebrafish via stable, tissue-specific expression of a dominant-negative autophagy protein Atg5K130R. In heterozygous tp53 mutants, expression of dominant-negative atg5K130R increased tumor incidence and decreased tumor latency compared to non-transgenic heterozygous tp53 mutant controls. In a tp53-deficient background, Tg(mitfa:atg5K130R) mutantsdeveloped malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), neuroendocrine tumors and small-cell tumors. Expression of a Sox10-dependent GFP transgene in the tumors demonstrated their origin from neural crest cells, lending support to a model in which mitfa-expressing cells can arise from sox10+ Schwann cell precursors. Tumors from the transgenic animals exhibited increased DNA damage and loss-of-heterozygosity of tp53. Taken together, our data indicate that genetic inhibition of autophagy promotes tumorigenesis in tp53 mutant zebrafish, and suggest a possible role for autophagy in the regulation of genome stability during oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmyong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongju Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn Tucker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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38
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Russo M, Russo GL. Autophagy inducers in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:51-61. [PMID: 29438677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex, physiological process devoted to degrade and recycle cellular components. Proteins and organelles are first phagocytized by autophagosomes, then digested in lysosomes, and finally recycled to be utilized again during cellular metabolism. Moreover, autophagy holds an important role in the physiopathology of several diseases. In cancer, excellent works demonstrated the dual functions of autophagy in tumour biology: autophagy activation can promote cancer cells survival (protective autophagy), or contribute to cancer cell death (cytotoxic/nonprotective autophagy). A better understanding of the dichotomy roles of autophagy in cancer biology can help to identify or design new drugs able to induce/enhance (or block) autophagic flux. These features will necessary be tissue-dependent and confined to a specific time of treatment. The intent of this review is to focus on the different potentialities of autophagy inducers in cancer prevention versus therapy in order to elicit a desirable clinical response. Few promising synthetic and natural compounds have been identified and the pros and cons of their role in autophagy regulation is reviewed here. In the complex framework of autophagy modulation, "connecting the dots" is not a simple work and the lack of clinical studies further complicates the scenario, but the final goal to obtain clinically relevant autophagy inducers can reveal an unexpected landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
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39
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Wang Q, Xue L, Zhang X, Bu S, Zhu X, Lai D. Autophagy protects ovarian cancer-associated fibroblasts against oxidative stress. Cell Cycle 2018; 15:1376-85. [PMID: 27074587 PMCID: PMC4889272 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1170269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq and gene set enrichment anylysis revealed that ovarian cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are mitotically active compared with normal fibroblasts (NFs). Cellular senescence is observed in CAFs treated with H2O2 as shown by elevated SA-β-gal activity and p21 (WAF1/Cip1) protein levels. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and p21 (WAF1/Cip1) elevation may account for H2O2-induced CAFs cell cycle arrest in S phase. Blockage of autophagy can increase ROS production in CAFs, leading to cell cycle arrest in S phase, cell proliferation inhibition and enhanced sensitivity to H2O2-induced cell death. ROS scavenger NAC can reduce ROS production and thus restore cell viability. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), monocarboxylic acid transporter 4 (MCT4) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) were up-regulated in CAFs compared with NFs. There was relatively high lactate content in CAFs than in NFs. Blockage of autophagy decreased LDHA, MCT4 and SOD2 protein levels in CAFs that might enhance ROS production. Blockage of autophagy can sensitize CAFs to chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin, implicating that autophagy might possess clinical utility as an attractive target for ovarian cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- a International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China.,b Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Liang Xue
- c Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- c Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Shixia Bu
- a International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- c Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- a International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
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40
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Almasi S, Kennedy BE, El-Aghil M, Sterea AM, Gujar S, Partida-Sánchez S, El Hiani Y. TRPM2 channel-mediated regulation of autophagy maintains mitochondrial function and promotes gastric cancer cell survival via the JNK-signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3637-3650. [PMID: 29343514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of effective treatment is one of the main factors contributing to gastric cancer-related death. Discovering effective targets and understanding their underlying anti-cancer mechanism are key to achieving the best response to treatment and to limiting side effects. Although recent studies have shown that the cation channel transient receptor potential melastatin-2 (TRPM2) is crucial for cancer cell survival, the exact mechanism remains unclear, limiting its therapeutic potential. Here, using molecular and functional assays, we investigated the role of TRPM2 in survival of gastric cancer cells. Our results indicated that TRPM2 knockdown in AGS and MKN-45 cells decreases cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis. We also observed that the TRPM2 knockdown impairs mitochondrial metabolism, indicated by a decrease in basal and maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates and ATP production. These mitochondrial defects coincided with a decrease in autophagy and mitophagy, indicated by reduced levels of autophagy- and mitophagy-associated proteins (i.e. ATGs, LC3A/B II, and BNIP3). Moreover, we found that TRPM2 modulates autophagy through a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent and mechanistic target of rapamycin-independent pathway. We conclude that in the absence of TRPM2, down-regulation of the JNK-signaling pathway impairs autophagy, ultimately causing the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and death of gastric cancer cells. Of note, by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis, the TRPM2 down-regulation enhanced the efficacy of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in gastric cancer cells. Collectively, we provide compelling evidence that TRPM2 inhibition may benefit therapeutic approaches for managing gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andra M Sterea
- Physiology, Biophysics Faculty of Life Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax and
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Pathology.,Microbiology and Immunology, and.,the Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Services Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Santiago Partida-Sánchez
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and.,the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Yassine El Hiani
- Physiology, Biophysics Faculty of Life Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax and
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41
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Targeting of stress response pathways in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:583-602. [PMID: 29339119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of tumor tissue are not only genetic aberrations but also the presence of metabolic and oxidative stress as a result of hypoxia and lactic acidosis. The stress activates several prosurvival pathways including metabolic remodeling, autophagy, antioxidant response, mitohormesis, and glutaminolysis, whose upregulation in tumors is associated with a poor survival of patients, while their activation in healthy tissue with statins, metformin, physical activity, and natural compounds prevents carcinogenesis. This review emphasizes the dual role of stress response pathways in cancer and suggests the integrative understanding as a basis for the development of rational therapy targeting the stress response.
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42
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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic program that is responsible for the degradation of dysfunctional or unnecessary proteins and organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mechanistically, it involves the formation of double-membrane autophagosomes that sequester cytoplasmic material and deliver it to lysosomes for degradation. Eventually, the material is recycled back to the cytoplasm. Abnormalities of autophagy often lead to human diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer. In the case of cancer, increasing evidence has revealed the paradoxical roles of autophagy in both tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. Here, we summarize the context-dependent role of autophagy and its complicated molecular mechanisms in the hallmarks of cancer. Moreover, we discuss how therapeutics targeting autophagy can counter malignant transformation and tumor progression. Overall, the findings of studies discussed here shed new light on exploiting the complicated mechanisms of the autophagic machinery and relevant small-molecule modulators as potential antitumor agents to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Huang
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xiao Song
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Yongyong Yang
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xuechao Wan
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Angel A. Alvarez
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Namratha Sastry
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Haizhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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43
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Hsieh CH, Wang JP, Chiu CC, Liu CY, Yao CF, Fang K. A triazole-conjugated benzoxazone induces reactive oxygen species and promotes autophagic apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Apoptosis 2017; 23:1-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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44
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Anderson NM, Mucka P, Kern JG, Feng H. The emerging role and targetability of the TCA cycle in cancer metabolism. Protein Cell 2017; 9:216-237. [PMID: 28748451 PMCID: PMC5818369 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central route for oxidative phosphorylation in cells, and fulfills their bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and redox balance requirements. Despite early dogma that cancer cells bypass the TCA cycle and primarily utilize aerobic glycolysis, emerging evidence demonstrates that certain cancer cells, especially those with deregulated oncogene and tumor suppressor expression, rely heavily on the TCA cycle for energy production and macromolecule synthesis. As the field progresses, the importance of aberrant TCA cycle function in tumorigenesis and the potentials of applying small molecule inhibitors to perturb the enhanced cycle function for cancer treatment start to evolve. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the fuels feeding the cycle, effects of oncogenes and tumor suppressors on fuel and cycle usage, common genetic alterations and deregulation of cycle enzymes, and potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting the TCA cycle in cancer cells. With the application of advanced technology and in vivo model organism studies, it is our hope that studies of this previously overlooked biochemical hub will provide fresh insights into cancer metabolism and tumorigenesis, subsequently revealing vulnerabilities for therapeutic interventions in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Anderson
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Mucka
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph G Kern
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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45
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Lampada A, O'Prey J, Szabadkai G, Ryan KM, Hochhauser D, Salomoni P. mTORC1-independent autophagy regulates receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation in colorectal cancer cells via an mTORC2-mediated mechanism. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1045-1062. [PMID: 28475179 PMCID: PMC5442471 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular autophagic degradative pathway can have a tumour suppressive or tumour-promoting role depending on the stage of tumour development. Upon starvation or targeting of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), autophagy is activated owing to the inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signalling pathway and promotes survival, suggesting that autophagy is a relevant therapeutic target in these settings. However, the role of autophagy in cancer cells where the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway is constitutively active remains partially understood. Here we report a role for mTORC1-independent basal autophagy in regulation of RTK activation and cell migration in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. PI3K and RAS-mutant CRC cells display basal autophagy levels despite constitutive mTORC1 signalling, but fail to increase autophagic flux upon RTK inhibition. Inhibition of basal autophagy via knockdown of ATG7 or ATG5 leads to decreased phosphorylation of several RTKs, in particular c-MET. Internalised c-MET colocalised with LAMP1-negative, LC3-positive vesicles. Finally, autophagy regulates c-MET phosphorylation via an mTORC2-dependent mechanism. Overall, our findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of autophagy and mTORC2 in regulation of oncogenic RTK activation, with implications for understanding of cancer cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Lampada
- UCL Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, London, UK
| | | | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - Paolo Salomoni
- UCL Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, London, UK
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46
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Yuan H, Li ZM, Shao J, Ji WX, Xia W, Lu S. FGF2/FGFR1 regulates autophagy in FGFR1-amplified non-small cell lung cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:72. [PMID: 28558758 PMCID: PMC5450166 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process to degrade cellular organelles. The role of autophagy in cancer development is complex. Amplification of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is one of the most frequent targets in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC). Whether fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)/FGFR1 contributes to the regulation of autophagy remains elusive. Methods Autophagic activity was evaluated by immunoblotting for microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), formation of GFP-LC3 puncta, and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining. The effect of autophagy inhibition on cell survival was assessed by cell viability and apoptosis assays. Results We elucidated that FGFR1 activation suppressed autophagy. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of FGFR1 by AZD4547 or FGFR1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) induced autophagy in FGFR1-amplified non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, H1581 and H520 cells. Mechanistic study revealed that the induction of autophagy by FGFR1 inhibition was mediated through inhibiting the ERK/MAPK pathway not by AKT pathway, accompanied by upregulation of beclin-1. Furthermore, activation of ERK/MAPK by transfection with a constitutively active MEK1 (caMEK1) construct or knockdown of beclin-1 by RNAi could attenuate autophagy induced by FGFR1 inhibition. Beclin-1 expression was inversely correlated with MEK1 phosphorylation. Inhibition of autophagy by beclin-1 silencing could enhance apoptosis after AZD4547 treatment in H1581 and H520 cells. High levels of LC3B mRNA was a marker of poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Conclusions Simultaneously inhibiting FGFR1 and autophagy could enhance cell death which should be further explored in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0534-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zi-Ming Li
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jiaxiang Shao
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Ji
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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47
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Relationships of BRAF mutation and HMGB1 to papillary thyroid carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:898-903. [PMID: 28342873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A poor papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) prognosis is strongly associated with the BRAF V600E mutation. During tumor progression, levels of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein are often dysregulated. Results herein demonstrate that HMGB1 protein levels differ between tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissue and that HMGB1 mRNA levels were higher in wild-type BRAF PTC tissues than in BRAF V600E PTC tissues (2-△Ct 0.31 ± 0.25 vs. 0.16 ± 0.12; P < 0.05). HMGB1 protein levels also differed in the same manner (wild-type BRAF PTC tissues 0.11 ± 0.04 vs. BRAF V600E PTC tissues 0.03 ± 0.03; P < 0.001). Although not detected in peripheral blood, low levels of HMGB1 were significantly related to PTC cell lymph node metastasis and extra-glandular infiltration (P = 0.045 and P = 0.002). Experimental results at the cellular level were consistent with tissues and further verified the relationship of BRAF V600E and HMGB1. These findings demonstrate that the BRAF V600E mutation down-regulates levels of HMGB1, likely through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.
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48
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Goulielmaki M, Koustas E, Moysidou E, Vlassi M, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Zografos G, Oikonomou E, Pintzas A. BRAF associated autophagy exploitation: BRAF and autophagy inhibitors synergise to efficiently overcome resistance of BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9188-221. [PMID: 26802026 PMCID: PMC4891035 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the basic catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components. Autophagy has a controversial role in cancer – both in protecting against tumor progression by isolation of damaged organelles, or by potentially contributing to cancer growth. The impact of autophagy in RAS induced transformation still remains to be further analyzed based on the differential effect of RAS isoforms and tumor cell context. In the present study, the effect of KRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA oncogenic pathways on the autophagic cell properties and on main components of the autophagic machinery like p62 (SQSTM1), Beclin-1 (BECN1) and MAP1LC3 (LC3) in colon cancer cells was investigated. This study provides evidence that BRAF oncogene induces the expression of key autophagic markers, like LC3 and BECN1 in colorectal tumor cells. Herein, PI3K/AKT/MTOR inhibitors induce autophagic tumor properties, whereas RAF/MEK/ERK signalling inhibitors reduce expression of autophagic markers. Based on the ineffectiveness of BRAFV600E inhibitors in BRAFV600E bearing colorectal tumors, the BRAF related autophagic properties in colorectal cancer cells are further exploited, by novel combinatorial anti-cancer protocols. Strong evidence is provided here that pre-treatment of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA followed by its combination with BRAFV600E targeting drug PLX4720 can synergistically sensitize resistant colorectal tumors. Notably, colorectal cancer cells are very sensitive to mono-treatments of another autophagy inhibitor, Bafilomycin A1. The findings of this study are expected to provide novel efficient protocols for treatment of otherwise resistant colorectal tumors bearing BRAFV600E, by exploiting the autophagic properties induced by BRAF oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Goulielmaki
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Moysidou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Vlassi
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - George Zografos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas, Athens, Greece
| | - Eftychia Oikonomou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Pintzas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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49
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Kong J, Whelan KA, Laczkó D, Dang B, Caro Monroig A, Soroush A, Falcone J, Amaravadi RK, Rustgi AK, Ginsberg GG, Falk GW, Nakagawa H, Lynch JP. Autophagy levels are elevated in barrett's esophagus and promote cell survival from acid and oxidative stress. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:1526-1541. [PMID: 26373456 PMCID: PMC4794420 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism that is activated during cellular stress. We hypothesized that autophagy may be induced by acid reflux, which causes injury, and inflammation, and therefore, contributes to the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Currently, the role of autophagy in BE and EAC is poorly studied. We quantitatively define autophagy levels in human BE cell lines, a transgenic mouse model of BE, and human BE, and EAC biopsies. Human non-dysplastic BE had the highest basal number of autophagic vesicles (AVs), while AVs were reduced in normal squamous cells and dysplastic BE cells, and nearly absent in EAC. To demonstrate a functional role for autophagy in BE pathogenesis, normal squamous (STR), non-dysplastic BE (CPA), dysplastic BE (CPD), and EAC (OE19) cell lines were exposed to an acid pulse (pH 3.5) followed by incubation in the presence or absence of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor. Acid exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in STR and CPA cells. Chloroquine alone had a small impact on intracellular ROS or cell survival. However, combination of chloroquine with the acid pulse resulted in a significant increase in ROS levels at 6 h in STR and CPA cells, and increased cell death in all cell lines. These findings establish increased numbers of AVs in human BE compared to normal squamous or EAC, and suggest that autophagy functions to improve cell survival after acid reflux injury. Autophagy may thus play a critical role in BE pathogenesis and progression. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Kong
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brendan Dang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angeliz Caro Monroig
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Soroush
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Falcone
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, and the Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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50
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Michalopoulou E, Bulusu V, Kamphorst JJ. Metabolic scavenging by cancer cells: when the going gets tough, the tough keep eating. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:635-40. [PMID: 27537393 PMCID: PMC5023784 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of uncontrolled cell proliferation. Tumour metabolism has emerged as an exciting new discipline studying how cancer cells obtain the necessary energy and cellular 'building blocks' to sustain growth. Glucose and glutamine have long been regarded as the key nutrients fuelling tumour growth. However, the inhospitable tumour microenvironment of certain cancers, like pancreatic cancer, causes the supply of these nutrients to be chronically insufficient for the demands of proliferating cancer cells. Recent work has shown that cancer cells are able to overcome this nutrient insufficiency by scavenging alternative substrates, particularly proteins and lipids. Here, we review recent work identifying the endocytic process of macropinocytosis and subsequent lysosomal processing as an important substrate-acquisition route. In addition, we discuss the impact of hypoxia on fatty acid metabolism and the relevance of exogenous lipids for supporting tumour growth as well as the routes by which tumour cells can access these lipids. Together, these cancer-specific scavenging pathways provide a promising opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Michalopoulou
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Vinay Bulusu
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jurre J Kamphorst
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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