The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view

Machine learning-based integration develops a disulfidptosis-related lncRNA signature for improving outcomes in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers globally due to delayed detection and limited treatment options, underscoring the critical need for innovative prognostic methods. Disulfidptosis, a recently discovered programmed cell death triggered by disulphide stress, presents a fresh avenue for therapeutic exploration. This research examines disulfidptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (DRLs) in gastric cancer, with the goal of leveraging these lncRNAs as potential markers to enhance patient outcomes and treatment approaches. Comprehensive genomic and clinical data from stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Employing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, a prognostic model was devised incorporating five key DRLs to forecast survival rates. The effectiveness of this model was validated using Kaplan-Meier survival plots, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and extensive functional enrichment studies. The importance of select lncRNAs and the expression variability of genes tied to disulfidptosis were validated via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot tests, establishing a solid foundation for their prognostic utility. Analyses of functional enrichment and tumour mutation burden highlighted the biological importance of these DRLs, connecting them to critical cancer pathways and immune responses. These discoveries broaden our comprehension of the molecular framework of gastric cancer and bolster the development of tailored treatment plans, highlighting the substantial role of DRLs in clinical prognosis and therapeutic intervention.

Advances of dual inhibitors based on ALK for the treatment of cancer

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which encodes a highly conserved receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is important for the development and progression of many tumors, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently, third-generation ALK inhibitors are used to treat ALK-mutant NSCLC, but the rapid emergence of resistance during treatment greatly limits their efficacy in clinic. In comparison to single-target inhibitors, ALK dual inhibitors offer the benefits of reducing the emergence of drug resistance, improving treatment efficacy, and optimizing pharmacokinetic features due to the synergistic function of ALK and other associated targets involved in tumor progression. Therefore, we outline the development of ALK dual inhibitors, highlight their design approaches and structure-activity relationship (SAR), and offer insights into new challenges and potential future directions in this area.

MSC-derived extracellular vesicles: Precision miRNA delivery for overcoming cancer therapy resistance

Cancer remains a prominent worldwide health concern, presenting existing therapies with frequent difficulties, including major toxicity, limited effectiveness, and treatment resistance emergence. These issues highlight the necessity for novel and enhanced remedies. Exosomes, tiny extracellular vesicles that facilitate intercellular communication, have attracted interest for their potential medicinal applications. Carrying a variety of molecules, including microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and DNA, these vesicles are positioned as promising cancer treatment options. Current studies have increasingly investigated the capacity of microRNAs as a strategic approach for combating malignancy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are recognized for their aptitude to augment blood vessel formation, safeguard against cellular death, and modulate immune responses. Consequently, researchers examine exosomes derived from MSCs as a safer, non-cellular choice over therapies employing MSCs, which risk undesirable differentiation. The focus is shifting towards employing miRNA-encapsulated exosomes sourced from MSCs to target and heal cancerous cells selectively. However, the exact functions of miRNAs within MSC-derived exosomes in the context of cancer are still not fully understood. Additional exploration is necessary to clarify the role of these miRNAs in malignancy progression and to pinpoint viable therapeutic targets. This review offers a comprehensive examination of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, focusing on the encapsulation of miRNAs, methods for enhancing cellular uptake and stability, and their potential applications in cancer treatment. It also addresses the difficulties linked to this methodology and considers future avenues, including insights from current clinical oncology research.

Expanding horizons of cancer immunotherapy: hopes and hurdles

Background

Tumor displays various forms of tumor heterogeneity including immune heterogeneity that allow cancer cells to survive during conventional anticancer drug interventions. Thus, there is a strong rationale for overcoming anticancer drug resistance by employing the components of immune cells. Using the immune system to target tumor cells has revolutionized treatment. Recently, significant progress has been achieved at preclinical and clinical levels to benefit cancer patients.

Approach

A review of literature from the past ten years across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science focused on immunotherapy strategies. These include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), cancer vaccines, CAR T-cell therapy, and the role of the gut microbiome.

Conclusion

While immunotherapy outcomes have improved, particularly for tumor types such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), challenges persist regarding predictive biomarker identification and better management. Ongoing research on modifiers of immune function like gut microbiome-derived metabolites, next-generation ADCs, and new classes of biologics is warranted. Overall, continued investigation toward optimizing synergistic immunotherapeutic combinations through strategic drug delivery systems is imperative for preclinical and clinical success in cancer patients.

Liquid Biopsy in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors-Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are slow-growing neoplasms with various clinical presentations, often leading to diagnostic challenges. While neuroimaging assessment and histopathological evaluation remain the gold standard for diagnosis, emerging research highlights the potential of liquid biopsy, mainly through the analysis of circulating non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), as a promising diagnostic and prognostic tool. Recent studies have demonstrated distinct expression profiles in different types and subtypes of tumors, with implications in assessing tumor aggressiveness and predicting treatment response. The current article summarizes data about potential biofluid markers implicated in PitNET development, mainly circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free RNAs (cfRNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and exosomes. Many studies on genetic and molecular markers in PitNET tissue samples provide exciting information about tumor biology, but to date, specific studies on liquid biopsy biomarkers are still few. Over the past years, a certain understanding of the mechanisms involved in pituitary tumorigenesis has been gained, including the landscape of genomic alterations, changes in epigenetic profile, crucial molecules involved in specific signaling pathways, and non-coding RNA molecules with critical roles in malignant transformation. Genetic and molecular characterization of the PitNETs could help distinguish between functional and non-functional PitNETs, different types and subtypes of pituitary tumors, and invasive and non-invasive forms. Further studies are required to identify and validate innovative biomarkers or therapeutic targets for treating PitNET. Integrating liquid biopsy into clinical workflows could revolutionize the management of pituitary adenomas, enabling more personalized and less invasive diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Nanoformulations: Reforming treatment for non-small cell lung cancer metastasis

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, with 20 % of cases presenting as localized disease, 25 % with regional metastasis, and 55 % with distant metastasis, contributing significantly to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Current treatments, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy, have shown therapeutic efficacy but are limited by issues such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and therapeutic resistance. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising solutions to these challenges by enhancing drug penetration and retention, improving biocompatibility and stability, and achieving greater precision in targeting cancer cells. This review provides insights into various types of NPs utilized in anti-metastatic drug delivery, emphasizing their ability to enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutics for the prophylaxis of metastatic NSCLC. The usage of NPs as carriers of synthetic and natural compounds aimed at inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion have also been reviewed. Special attention has been given to biomimetic nanomaterials including extracellular vesicles, exosomes and engineered NPs, that are capable of targeting molecular pathways such as EMT, p53 and PI3K/Akt to treat metastatic NSCLC. Additionally, emphasis has been given to clinical trials of these nanoformulations and their efficacy. Although therapeutic outcomes have demonstrated certain improvements, challenges related to toxicity persist, highlighting the need for further optimization of these formulations to enhance safety and efficacy. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and future perspectives for integrating NPs into clinical settings as novel therapeutic agents for lung cancer metastasis.

Diagnostic value of exosome-derived lncRNA PITPNA-AS1 in lung cancer

Background

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer, and effective diagnostic biomarkers are required. There is increasing evidences that exosome-secreted lncRNAs could play an important role in lung cancer diagnosis. However, the diagnostic value and molecular mechanism of the key lncRNA PITPNA-AS1 in lung cancer remain unclear.

Methods

qRT-PCR was conducted to determine the levels of exosomal lncRNA PITPNA-AS1 in pleural effusions from lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell lung carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of PITPNA-AS1. Its role in lung cancer development was determined by a series of experiments, including CCK-8, flow cytometry, and transwell assays. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to examine the interaction between PITPNA-AS1 and Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1).

Results

We discovered PITPNA-AS1 in exosomes from lung cancer patients. Its expression was significantly increased in lung cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients, and it was strongly associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis in all lung cancer subtypes assessed (all p<0.05). ROC curve analyses demonstrated that exosomal PITPNA-AS1 had a high accuracy for differentiating among lung cancer subtypes. Furthermore, PITPNA-AS1 boosted H1299 and A549 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, via direct interaction, PITPNA-AS1 increased FMR1 stability by preventing its ubiquitination.

Conclusions

These results reveal that exosome-derived lncRNA PITPNA-AS1 acts as an oncogene to promote malignant biological behaviors and is a promising diagnostic biomarker in lung cancer.

SNHG19 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating the miR-137/protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A3 axis

Objectives

Long noncoding RNAs plays the important part in tumor biology. SNHG19 was found to be a new oncogenic lncRNA in some malignant tumors. However, the effect of SNHG19 in hepatocellular carcinoma has not been reported.

Methods

The expression of SNHG19 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues were detected by using quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Melanoma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas were included in this study. cell counting kit-8 assay, Transwell, and scratch wound assay were used to explore the role of SNHG19 in melanoma cells. Luciferase reporter assays and RNA pull-down assay were used to explore the molecular mechanism of SNHG19 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Results

Here, we found that SNHG19 level was upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma patients with high levels of SNHG19 have shorter Disease-Free Survival (RFS). SNHG19 promotes the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 4A3 expression by sponging miR-137 to liberate Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 4A3 mRNA transcripts. SNHG19 enhances the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by affecting miR-137/Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 4A3 axis.

Conclusion

These results demonstrated the effect of SNHG19 in the occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. SNHG19 may be used as the specific molecular target in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

LINC01559: roles, mechanisms, and clinical implications in human cancers

Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1559 (LINC01559), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) located on chromosome 12p13.1, plays a critical role in the progression of various cancers. The aberrant expression of LINC01559 significantly impacts multiple biological processes in tumor cells, including cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and cellular stemness. Notably, the expression levels of LINC01559 correlate with the pathological features and prognosis of several cancers, such as pancreatic, breast, and gastric cancers, and it may serve as a diagnostic marker for non-small cell lung cancer. Moreover, the expression of LINC01559 is regulated by various mechanisms and can influence cancer initiation and progression through a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, where it interacts with a cohort of eight different microRNAs (miRNAs). Additionally, LINC01559 may directly interact with downstream proteins, thereby promoting their functions or enhancing their stability. LINC01559 is also implicated in key signaling pathways associated with cancer development, including the PI3 K/AKT, RAS, and autophagy signaling pathways. Furthermore, it has been linked to drug resistance in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the clinical implications of dysregulated LINC01559 expression across various cancer types, highlighting its crucial functions and underlying molecular mechanisms in tumorigenesis. Additionally, we present in-depth discussions and propose hypotheses regarding the functional roles of LINC01559 in cancer pathogenesis, while outlining potential research avenues for future exploration of this molecular target.

The Hallmarks of Cancer as Eco-Evolutionary Processes

SIGNIFICANCE

Viewing the hallmarks as a sequence of adaptations captures the "why" behind the "how" of the molecular changes driving cancer. This eco-evolutionary view distils the complexity of cancer progression into logical steps, providing a framework for understanding all existing and emerging hallmarks of cancer and developing therapeutic interventions.

A luminal non-coding RNA-based genomic classifier confirms favourable outcomes in patients with clinically organ-confined bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy

OBJECTIVE

To further evaluate a genomic classifier (GC) in a cohort of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC), as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-based genomic profiling has suggested utility in identifying a distinct tumour subgroup corresponding to a favourable prognosis in patients with bladder cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Transcriptome-wide expression profiling using Decipher Bladder was performed on transurethral resection of bladder tumour samples from a cohort of patients with high-grade, clinically organ-confined (cTa-T2N0M0) urothelial carcinoma (UC) who subsequently underwent RC without any neoadjuvant therapy (n = 226). The lncRNA-based luminal favourable status was determined using a previously developed GC. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) after RC. Secondary endpoints included cancer-specific mortality and upstaging at RC.

RESULTS

In the study, 134 patients were clinical non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (cTa/Tis/T1) and 92 patients were cT2. We identified 60 patients with luminal favourable subtype, all of which showed robust gene expression patterns associated with less aggressive bladder cancer biology. On multivariate analysis, patients with the luminal favourable subtype (vs without) were significantly associated with lower odds of upstaging to pathological (p)T3+ disease (odds ratio [OR] 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.82; P = 0.02), any upstaging (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.20-0.83; P = 0.01), and any upstaging and/or pN+ (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.25-1.00; P = 0.05). Luminal favourable bladder cancer was significantly associated with better OS (hazard ratio 0.33, 95% CI 0.15-0.74; P = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

This study validates the performance of the GC for identifying UCs with a luminal favourable subtype, harbouring less aggressive tumour biology.

Antitumor Effects of Sesamin via the LincRNA-p21/STAT3 Axis in Human Bladder Cancer: Inhibition of Metastatic Progression and Enhanced Chemosensitivity

Bladder cancer (BC) ranks as the tenth most common malignancy worldwide, with high recurrence and progression rates despite current treatments. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP2, play critical roles in tumor invasion and metastasis, contributing to poor prognosis. The p53-induced long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) lincRNA-p21, which acts as a tumor suppressor, has been implicated in various cancers, but its role in BC remains unclear. Sesamin, a bioactive lignan derived from sesame oil, has shown promise as a chemopreventive agent with multiple antitumor effects. In this study, sesamin was found to significantly inhibit cell viability in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Additionally, sesamin inhibits MMP2 expression by downregulating the STAT3 signaling pathway, leading to reduced tumor cell migration, invasion, and anoikis resistance. LincRNA-p21 was identified as a crucial mediator in this process, helping sesamin reduce STAT3 activity. Co-administration of a PARP inhibitor with sesamin further enhanced the sensitivity of BC cells to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, mitomycin-c), suggesting its potential as an adjuvant therapy. These findings highlight the potential of sesamin as a therapeutic agent, both as a standalone treatment and in combination with conventional chemotherapy, to reduce tumor progression and chemotherapy-related toxicity in BC patients.

Clinical Significance of LINC00261 in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic, Colorectal, Hepatocellular, and Gallbladder Cancer

Pancreatic (PC), colorectal (CRC), hepatocellular (HCC), and gallbladder (GC) cancers together account for nearly 20% of all cancer cases. However, specific biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these cancers are lacking. Diagnosing these cancers early and providing timely, appropriate treatment to improve patient outcomes is crucial. In this context, previous studies, including ours, have highlighted the potential of non-coding RNAs, particularly long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in diagnosing and prognosis of various cancers. This review focuses on the mechanistic role of the recently identified lncRNA LINC00261 in PC, CRC, HCC, and GC. Our comprehensive literature analysis revealed that LINC00261 functions as a tumor suppressor, and its reduced expression is associated with larger tumor size, advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages, lymphatic metastasis, and poorer overall survival rates. Additionally, we discovered that LINC00261 acts as a molecular sponge for miRNAs, such as miR-550a-3p, miR-23a-3p, miR-148a, miR-324-3p, and miR-105-5p, regulating critical cancer-related signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Protein kinase B, and Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Further bioinformatic analysis revealed that LINC00261 regulates key cellular processes, such as protein-DNA complex formation, ribonuclease complex activity, histone deacetylase complexes, and nuclear matrix interactions. Overall, we believe that LINC00261 holds significant promise as a future biomarker and, when combined with existing treatment strategies, may enhance cancer patient care and survival.

A novel lncRNA FLJ promotes castration resistance in prostate cancer through AR mediated autophagy

BACKGROUND

Progression to castration resistance is the leading cause of death in prostate cancer patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently become a focal point in the regulation of cancer development. However, few lncRNAs associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have been reported.

METHODS

Firstly, we explore the CRPC associated lncRNAs by RNA sequencing and validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH). The clinical significance of FLJ was evaluated in a collected cancer cohort. Functional loss assays were performed to assess the effects of FLJ on CRPC cells both in vitro and in vivo. The regulatory mechanism of FLJ was investigated using immunohistochemistry (IHC), qRT-PCR, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays.

RESULTS

FLJ is highly expressed in CRPC and is associated with higher stages and Gleason scores in prostate cancer. FLJ is strongly positively correlated with androgen receptor (AR), which acts as a transcription factor and directly binds to the FLJ promoter region to enhance its transcription. Knockdown of FLJ inhibits CRPC cell proliferation and increases sensitivity to castration and enzalutamide (ENZA) in vitro. Mechanistically, FLJ promotes castration resistance in prostate cancer cells by inhibiting AR nuclear import and cytoplasmic protein degradation, thereby activating the androgen-independent AR signaling pathway. Importantly, in vivo experiments showed that FLJ knockdown inhibited tumor growth and enhanced the therapeutic effect of ENZA.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identifies a novel regulatory mechanism by which lncRNA FLJ promotes CRPC progression. Sustained AR activation in CRPC acts as a transcription factor to upregulate FLJ expression. FLJ circumvents the traditional androgen-dependent survival mechanism by inhibiting AR nuclear entry and cytoplasmic protein degradation, thereby activating the AR signaling pathway. Targeting the FLJ-AR signaling axis may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Exosome-based miRNA delivery: Transforming cancer treatment with mesenchymal stem cells

Recently, increasing interest has been in utilizing mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), especially exosomes, as nanocarriers for miRNA delivery in cancer treatment. Due to such characteristics, nanocarriers are specific: biocompatible, low immunogenicity, and capable of spontaneous tumor accumulation. MSC-EVs were loaded with therapeutic miRNAs and minimized their susceptibility to degradation by protecting the miRNA from accessibility to degrading enzymes and providing targeted delivery of the miRNAs to the tumor cells to modulate oncogenic pathways. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that MSC-EVs loaded with miRNAs may inhibit tumor growth, prevent metastasis, and increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, these improvements present difficulties such as isolation, scalability, and stability of delivered miRNA during storage. Furthermore, the issues related to off-target effects, as well as immunogenicity, can be a focus. The mechanisms of miRNA loading into MSC-EVs, as well as their targeting efficiency and therapeutic potential, can be outlined in this manuscript. For the final part of the manuscript, the current advances in MSC-EV engineering and potential strategies for clinical application have been described. The findings of MSC-EVs imply that they present MSC-EVs as a second-generation tool for precise oncology.

Exploring TGF-β Signaling in Cancer Progression: Prospects and Therapeutic Strategies

Cancer persists as a ubiquitous global challenge despite the remarkable advances. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and metastasis. The Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is considered a primary regulator of various normal physiological processes in the human body. Recently, factors determining the nature of TGF-β response have received attention, specifically its signaling pathway which can be an attractive therapeutic target for various cancer treatments. The TGF-β receptor is activated by its ligands and undergoes transduction of signals via canonical (SMAD dependent) or non-canonical (SMAD independent) signaling pathways regulating several cellular functions. Furthermore, the cross talk of the TGF-β signaling pathway cross with other signaling pathways has shown the controlled regulation of cellular functions. This review highlights the cross talk between various major signaling pathways and TGF-β. These signaling pathways include Wnt, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and Hedgehog (Hh). TGF-β signaling pathway has a dual role at different stages. It can suppress tumor formation at early stages and promote progression at advanced stages. This complex behaviour of TGF-β has made it a promising target for therapeutic interventions. Moreover, many strategies have been designed to control TGF-β signaling pathways at different levels, inhibiting tumor-promoting while enhancing tumor-suppressive effects, each with unique molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. This review also discusses various therapeutic inhibitors including ligand traps, small molecule inhibitors (SMIs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and antisense oligonucleotides which target specific components of TGF-β signaling pathway to inhibit TGF-β signaling and are studied in both preclinical and clinical trials for different types of cancer. The review also highlights the prospect of TGF-β signaling in normal physiology and in the case of dysregulation, TGF-β inhibitors, and different therapeutic effects in cancer therapy along with the perspective of combinational therapies to treat cancer.

Long non-coding RNA MIR4435-2HG modulates pancreatic cancer stem cells and chemosensitivity to gemcitabine by targeting the miR-1252-5p/STAT1

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are key drivers of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of CSC properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MIR4435-2HG in regulating CSC characteristics, tumorigenesis, and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Functional assays were conducted to evaluate CSC self-renewal, tumorigenic potential, and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells with altered expression of MIR4435-2HG. RNA interference (RNAi) was employed to knock down MIR4435-2HG, and a STAT1 reintroduction model was established to examine downstream signaling pathways. The role of miR-1252-5p as a competing endogenous RNA was also explored. Overexpression of MIR4435-2HG significantly enhanced CSC self-renewal and tumorigenic potential, whereas silencing MIR4435-2HG notably diminished these properties. Mechanistically, MIR4435-2HG promoted STAT1 expression by sponging miR-1252-5p, thereby enhancing CSC stemness and tumorigenesis. Moreover, depletion of MIR4435-2HG sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine-induced growth inhibition and ferroptosis. Reintroduction of STAT1 restored gemcitabine resistance in MIR4435-2HG-deficient cells. Our findings demonstrate that MIR4435-2HG plays a critical role in pancreatic cancer progression by modulating CSC properties and chemoresistance through the MIR4435-2HG/miR-1252-5p/STAT1 axis. Targeting MIR4435-2HG presents a promising therapeutic approach to regulate CSCs and improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer.

Non-coding RNAs in Cancer: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications

Non-coding RNAs have gathered significant attention for their unique roles in biological regulation. Across a broad spectrum of developmental processes and diseases, particularly in human malignancies, ncRNAs play pivotal roles in regulatory mechanisms. MicroRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs stand out among the diverse forms of ncRNAs that have been implicated in cancer. MiRNAs, classified as short non-coding RNAs, modulate gene expression by binding to messenger RNA molecules, thereby inhibiting their translation. Altered miRNA expression has been associated with the onset and progression of various malignancies, including lung, breast, and prostate cancer. In contrast, lncRNAs, characterized as longer ncRNAs, exert control over gene expression through various mechanisms, such as chromatin remodelling and gene silencing. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the numerous ncRNAs that have emerged as crucial regulators of gene expression, playing implicated roles in the initiation and progression of diverse cancers.

Circular RNAs in cancer

Circular RNA (circRNA), a subtype of noncoding RNA, has emerged as a significant focus in RNA research due to its distinctive covalently closed loop structure. CircRNAs play pivotal roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes, functioning through mechanisms such as miRNAs or proteins sponging, regulation of splicing and gene expression, and serving as translation templates, particularly in the context of various cancers. The hallmarks of cancer comprise functional capabilities acquired during carcinogenesis and tumor progression, providing a conceptual framework that elucidates the nature of the malignant transformation. Although numerous studies have elucidated the role of circRNAs in the hallmarks of cancers, their functions in the development of chemoradiotherapy resistance remain unexplored and the clinical applications of circRNA-based translational therapeutics are still in their infancy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of circRNAs, covering their biogenesis, unique characteristics, functions, and turnover mechanisms. We also summarize the involvement of circRNAs in cancer hallmarks and their clinical relevance as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, especially in thyroid cancer (TC). Considering the potential of circRNAs as biomarkers and the fascination of circRNA-based therapeutics, the "Ying-Yang" dynamic regulations of circRNAs in TC warrant vastly dedicated investigations.

Upregulated PCAT-1 predicts poor prognosis and reduced immune cell infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through the miR-145-5p / FSCN-1 axis

BACKGROUND

LncRNA PCAT-1 is known to promote cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. However, its significance in HNSCC is not fully understood. This research investigates how the PCAT-1 / miR-145-5p / FSCN-1 axis promote HNSCC.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We analyzed the gene expression patterns on 238 fresh-frozen samples, comparing tumors with their normal adjacent tissues (NATs). HNSCC samples showed higher PCAT-1 and FSCN-1 expression compared to NATs (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, miR-145-5p expression was markedly downregulated compared to NATs (p < 0.001). Notably, ROC curve analysis revealed exceptional diagnostic power, with an AUC of 0.83 for PCAT-1, 0.95 for miR-145-5p, and 0.91 for FSCN-1. Pearson correlation analysis unveiled a significant positive correlation between PCAT-1 and FSCN-1 expression levels (r = 0.084, p < 0.001) and negative correlations between FSCN-1 and miR-145-5p (r = -0.710, p < 0.001) as well as between PCAT-1 and miR-145-5p (r = -0.759, p < 0.001). Distinct molecular profiles were observed in the levels of PCAT-1, miR-145-5p, and FSCN-1 between HPV (-) and HPV ( +) 16 and 18 genotypes (p = 0.007, p = 0.027, and p = 0.002). MiR-145-5p expression showed significant differences between HPV (-) and HPV ( +) other genotypes (p = 0.035). FSCN-1 expression showed notable distinctions between HPV ( +) 18 & 16 and HPV ( +) other genotypes (p = 0.031).

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated levels of lncRNA PCAT-1 promote HNSCC through the miR-145-5p/FSCN-1 axis and are associated with poor prognosis and reduced immune cell infiltration levels.

Non-coding RNAs in BRAF-mutant melanoma: targets, indicators, and therapeutic potential

Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, is often driven by BRAF mutations, such as the V600E mutation, which promotes cancer growth through the MAPK pathway and contributes to treatment resistance. Understanding the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in these processes is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between ncRNAs and BRAF mutations in melanoma, focusing on their regulatory roles and impact on treatment resistance. We comprehensively reviewed current literature to synthesize evidence on ncRNA-mediated regulation of BRAF-mutant melanoma and their influence on therapeutic responses. Key ncRNAs, including microRNAs and long ncRNAs, were identified as significant regulators of melanoma development and therapy resistance. MicroRNAs such as miR-15/16 and miR-200 families modulate critical pathways like Wnt signaling and melanogenesis. Long ncRNAs like ANRIL and SAMMSON play roles in cell growth, invasion, and drug susceptibility. Specific ncRNAs, such as BANCR and RMEL3, intersect with the MAPK pathway, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets or biomarkers in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Additionally, ncRNAs involved in drug resistance, such as miR-579-3p and miR-1246, target processes like autophagy and immune checkpoint regulation. This review highlights the pivotal roles of ncRNAs in regulating BRAF-mutant melanoma and their contribution to drug resistance. These findings underscore the potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, paving the way for innovative treatments to improve outcomes for melanoma patients.

Bibliometric analysis of research hotspots and trends of lncRNA in angiogenesis-related diseases

OBJECTIVES

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) play important roles in the pathological processes of angiogenesis-related diseases such as cancer and diabetic retinopathy. This study aims to identify global research trends and hotspots in the field of lncRNAs in angiogenesis-related diseases and to explore future research directions.

METHODS

Relevant literature published between 2012 and 2022 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). A total of 1 516 articles on lncRNAs and angiogenesis-related diseases were included for bibliometric analysis. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to analyze publication countries, institutions, journals, authors, co-cited references, and key words.

RESULTS

The number of publications in this field has shown a steadily increasing trend from 2012 to 2022, peaking in 2021. China has the highest number of publications, while the United States ranked highest in centrality. Nanjing Medical University was the most prolific institution. Liu Y was the most productive author, while Wang Y ranked first in co-citation frequency. Cell was the most frequently cited journal. The latest terms of burst key words were vascular remodeling, dysfunction, heart, target, suppress, and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

From 2012 to 2022, research on lncRNAs in angiogenesis-related diseases has grown significantly. China leads in publication volume, while the United States holds the most academic influence. Emerging research hotspots such as vascular remodeling and dysfunction point to key directions for future research.

Prognostic role of long noncoding RNA CASC11 in cancer patients: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a significant component of the noncoding genome and refers to RNA molecules that exceed 200 nucleotides in length. It plays a crucial role in both promoting and suppressing cancer by regulating the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. We have found a correlation between cancer susceptibility candidate 11 (CASC11) experssion and tumorigenesis development prognosis in a number of studies on tumors. Hence, this meta-analysis was conducted to further investigate the effects of CASC11 expression on clinicopathological features and outcome. Furthermore, CASC11 can act both as a therapeutic target and a cancer biomarker.

METHOD

We conducted a thorough search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify all eligible studies until September 20, 2023. These studies examined the potential relationship between the expression levels of CASC11 and survival or the range of pathological feature in cancer patients. The impact of CASC11 expression on overall survival (OS) was evaluated using pooled hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The relationship between CASC11 expression and clinicopathological features was assessed through pooled odds ratios and 95% CI.

RESULTS

A total of 11 studies, involving 660 patients, were examined in this analysis. The results revealed that the overexpression of CASC11 was significantly associated with poor OS (hazard ratios = 2.07, 95%CI = 1.64-2.60) in cancer. Further subgroup analysis demonstrated that the overexpression of CASC11 was consistently linked to poorer OS in diverse types of cancer, including digestive system neoplasm, respiratory neoplasms, and gynecologic tumor.

CONCLUSION

Overall, this analysis established a strong correlation between CASC11 expression and tumor prognosis, suggesting its potential as a predictive marker for tumor progression in diverse cancer types.

Interaction of noncoding RNAs with hippo signaling pathway in cancer cells and cancer stem cells

The Hippo signaling pathway has a regulatory function in the organogenesis process and cellular homeostasis, switching the cascade reactions of crucial kinases acts to turn off/on the Hippo pathway, altering the downstream gene expression and thereby regulating proliferation, apoptosis, or stemness. Disruption of this pathway can lead to the occurrence of various disorders and different types of cancer. Recent findings highlight the importance of ncRNAs, such as microRNA, circular RNA, and lncRNAs, in modulating the Hippo pathway. Defects in ncRNAs can disrupt Hippo pathway balance, increasing tumor cells, tumorigenesis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. This review summarizes ncRNAs' inhibitory or stimulatory role in - Hippo pathway regulation in cancer and stem cells. Identifying the relation between ncRNAs and the components of this pathway could pave the way for developing new biomarkers in the treatment and diagnosis of cancers.

Prognostic value of circulating long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer patients: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of circulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases (Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library) up to July 2022. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 17.0. Publication bias was assessed using Begg's test, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the meta-analysis results.

RESULTS

Ten articles, comprising 1,473 CRC patients and 18 different circulating lncRNAs, were included. Thirteen circulating lncRNAs were found to be up-regulated in CRC patients, while five were down-regulated. High expression of circulating lncRNAs up-regulated in CRC patients was associated with shorter CRC OS (HR = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.17, 7.22; P = 0.02, I2 = 86%). Conversely, high expression of circulating lncRNAs down-regulated in CRC patients was linked to longer CRC OS (HR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.40; P < 0.0001, I2 = 0%) and improved DFS (HR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.74; P = 0.0002, I2 = 0%). Additionally, circulating lncRNA levels correlated with TNM staging, tumor location, and lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Circulating lncRNAs show promise as prognostic markers for CRC patients, but further studies are warranted to validate these findings.

Dynamic role of exosomal long non-coding RNA in liver diseases: pathogenesis and diagnostic aspects

BACKGROUND

Liver disease has emerged as a significant health concern, characterized by high rates of morbidity and mortality. Circulating exosomes have garnered attention as important mediators of intercellular communication, harboring protein and stable mRNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). This review highlights the involvement of exosomal lncRNA in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of various liver diseases. Notably, exosomal lncRNAs exhibit therapeutic potential as targets for conditions including hepatic carcinoma, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatic viral infections.

METHOD

An online screening process was employed to identify studies investigating the association between exosomal lncRNA and various liver diseases.

RESULT

Our study revealed a diverse array of lncRNAs carried by exosomes, including H19, Linc-ROR, VLDLR, MALAT1, DANCR, HEIH, ENSG00000248932.1, ENST00000457302.2, ZSCAN16-AS1, and others, exhibiting varied levels across different liver diseases compared to normal liver tissue. These exosomal-derived lncRNAs are increasingly recognized as pivotal biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosticating liver diseases, supported by emerging evidence. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the involvement of certain exosomal lncRNAs remain incompletely understood. Furthermore, the combined analysis of serum exosomes using ENSG00000258332.1, LINC00635, and serum AFP may serve as novel and valuable biomarker for HCC. Clinically, exosomal ATB expression is upregulated in HCC, while exosomal HEIH and RP11-513I15.6 have shown potential for distinguishing HCC related to HCV infection.

CONCLUSION

The lack of reliable biomarkers for liver diseases, coupled with the high specificity and sensitivity of exosomal lncRNA and its non-invasive detection, promotes exploring their role in pathogenesis and biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment liver diseases.

Liposomes and Their Therapeutic Applications in Enhancing Psoriasis and Breast Cancer Treatments

Psoriasis and breast cancer are two examples of diseases where associated inflammatory pathways within the body's immune system are implicated. Psoriasis is a complex, chronic and incurable inflammatory skin disorder that is primarily recognized by thick, scaly plaques on the skin. The most noticeable pathophysiological effect of psoriasis is the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes. Breast cancer is currently the most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women globally. While treatments targeting the primary tumor have significantly improved, preventing metastasis with systemic treatments is less effective. Nanocarriers such as liposomes and lipid nanoparticles have emerged as promising drug delivery systems for drug targeting and specificity. Advances in technologies and drug combinations have emerged to develop more efficient lipid nanocarriers to include more than one drug in combinational therapy to enhance treatment outcomes and/or relief symptoms for better patients' quality of life. Although there are FDA-approved liposomes with anti-cancer drugs for breast cancer, there are still unmet clinical needs to reduce the side effects associated with those nanomedicines. Hence, combinational nano-therapy may eliminate some of the issues and challenges. Furthermore, there are no nanomedicines yet clinically available for psoriasis. Hence, this review will focus on liposomes encapsulated single and/or combinational therapy to augment treatment outcomes with an emphasis on the effectiveness of combinational therapy within liposomal-based nanoparticulate drug delivery systems to tackle psoriasis and breast cancer. This review will also include an overview of both diseases, challenges in delivering drug therapy and the roles of nanomedicines as well as psoriasis and breast cancer models used for testing therapeutic interventions to pave the way for effective in vivo testing prior to the clinical trials.

LncRNA MACC1-AS1 facilitates the cell growth of small cell lung cancer by sequestering miR-579-3p and mediating NOTCH1-pathway

As reported, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been confirmed to be of great importance in regulating the progression of diseases, especially of cancers. LncRNA MACC1 antisense RNA 1 (MACC1-AS1) has been studied in some cancers, whereas its biological role and underlying mechanism is still unclear in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In the current research, we found high level of MACC1-AS1 in SCLC cells. Subsequently, it was discovered that MACC1-AS1 knockdown considerably restrained the proliferative and migratory ability of SCLC cells by inducing the apoptosis. Importantly, the knockdown of MACC1-AS1 inhibited protein levels of genes of NOTCH pathway, and NOTCH pathway activator (Jagged1) countervailed the inhibition of MACC1-AS1 depletion on SCLC cell growth. Further, the deficiency of NOTCH1 hampered SCLC cell growth. More importantly, miR-579-3p was identified as a downstream gene of MACC1-AS1 and thereby targeted to NOTCH1. In addition, miR-579-3p repression recovered the suppressive role of MACC1-AS1 knockdown in NOTCH1 expression. Rescue assays indicated that repressed SCLC cell growth caused by MACC1-AS1 knockdown could be reserved by miR-579-3p repression or NOTCH1 overexpression. In brief, lncRNA MACC1-AS1 boosted SCLC cell growth via sequestering miR-579-3p and mediating NOTCH1-pathway.

LncRNAs in tumor metabolic reprogramming and tumor microenvironment remodeling

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic ecosystem composed of tumor cells, immune cells, supporting cells, and the extracellular matrix. Typically, the TME is characterized by an immunosuppressive state. To meet the demands of rapid proliferation, cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, which enhances their biosynthesis and bioenergy supply. Immune cells require similar nutrients for activation and proliferation, leading to competition and immunosuppression within the TME. Additionally, tumor metabolites inhibit immune cell activation and function. Consequently, an immunosuppressed and immune-tolerant TME promotes cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a category of non-coding RNA longer than 200 nucleotides, regulate tumor metabolic reprogramming by interacting with key enzymes, transporters, and related signaling pathways involved in tumor metabolism. Furthermore, lncRNAs can interact with both cellular and non-cellular components in the TME, thereby facilitating tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance, and inducing immunosuppression. Recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs play a crucial role in reshaping the TME by regulating tumor metabolic reprogramming. In this discussion, we explore the potential mechanisms through which lncRNAs regulate tumor metabolic reprogramming to remodel the TME. Additionally, we examine the prospects of lncRNAs as targets for anti-tumor therapy and as biomarkers for tumor prognosis.

Identification of key lncRNAs associated with oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cells and isolated exosomes: From In-Silico prediction to In-Vitro validation

One of the critical challenges in managing colorectal cancer (CRC) is the development of oxaliplatin (OXP) resistance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a crucial role in CRC progression and chemotherapy resistance, with exosomal lncRNAs emerging as potential biomarkers. This study aimed to predict key lncRNAs involved in OXP-resistance using in-silico methods and validate them using RT-qPCR methods in CRC cells and their isolated exosomes. Two public datasets, GSE42387 and GSE119481, were downloaded from the GEO database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) associated with OXP-resistance in the HCT116 cell line. The analysis of GSE42387 revealed 210 DEGs, and GSE119481 identified 73 DEmiRNAs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of the DEGs identified 133 interconnected genes, from which the top ten genes with the highest degree scores were selected. By intersecting predicted miRNAs targeting these genes with the DEmiRNAs, 38 common miRNAs were found. Subsequently, 224 lncRNAs targeting these common miRNAs were predicted. LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network were constructed and the top five lncRNAs with the highest degree scores were identified. Analysis using the Kaplan-Meier plotter database revealed that the key lncRNAs NEAT1, OIP5-AS1, and MALAT1 are significantly associated with the overall survival of CRC patients. To validate these lncRNAs, OXP-resistant HCT116 sub-cell line (HCT116/OXR) was developed by exposing parental HCT116 cells to gradually increasing concentrations of OXP. Exosomes derived from both HCT116 and HCT116/OXR cells were isolated and characterized utilizing dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Western blotting. RT-qPCR confirmed elevated levels of NEAT1, OIP5-AS1, and MALAT1 in HCT116/OXR cells and their exosomes compared to parental HCT116 cells and their exosomes. This study concludes that NEAT1, OIP5-AS1, and MALAT1 are associated with the OXP-resistance in CRC. The high levels of these lncRNAs in exosomes of resistant cells suggest their involvement in intercellular communication and resistance propagation. This positioning makes them promising biomarkers for OXP-resistance in CRC.

Early detection of pancreatic cancer in the era of precision medicine

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality and it is often diagnosed at advanced stages due to non-specific clinical presentation. Disease detection at localized disease stage followed by surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment. In this era of precision medicine, a multifaceted approach to early detection of PDAC includes targeted screening in high-risk populations, serum biomarkers and "liquid biopsies", and artificial intelligence augmented tumor detection from radiologic examinations. In this review, we will review these emerging techniques in the early detection of PDAC.

RNA-protein interactions reveals the pivotal role of lncRNA1840 in tomato fruit maturation

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in various biological processes in plants. However, the functional mechanism of lncRNAs in fruit ripening, particularly the transition from unripe to ripe stages, remains elusive. One such lncRNA1840, reported by our group, was found to have important role in tomato fruit ripening. In the present study, we gain insight into its functional role in fruit ripening. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated lncRNA1840 mutants caused the delayed tomato fruit ripening. Notably, loss function of lncRNA1840 did not directly impact ethylene signaling but rather delay ethylene synthesis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differences in the expression of ripening related genes in lncRNA1840 mutants, suggesting that it is involved in gene regulation of fruit ripening. We used Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)-Seq to identify lncRNA1840 binding sites on chromatin. ChIRP-seq suggested that lncRNA1840 had occupancy on 40 genes, but none of them is differentially expressed genes in transcriptomic analysis, which indicated lncRNA1840 might indirectly modulate the gene expression. ChIRP-mass spectrometry analysis identified potential protein interactors of lncRNA1840, Pre-mRNA processing splicing factor 8, highlighting its involvement in post-transcriptional regulatory pathways. In summary, lncRNA1840 is key player in tomato plant growth and fruit ripening, with multifaceted roles in gene expression and regulatory networks.

Non-metabolic enzyme function of pyruvate kinase M2 in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent malignant tumor in women, and its incidence has been steadily increasing in recent years. Compared with other types of cancer, it has the highest mortality and morbidity rates in women. So, it is crucial to investigate the underlying mechanisms of BC development and identify specific therapeutic targets. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an important metabolic enzyme in glycolysis, has been found to be highly expressed in BC. It can also move to the nucleus and interact with various transcription factors and proteins, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), β-catenin, cellular-myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-Myc), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (MST1). This interaction leads to non-metabolic functions that control the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and tumor microenvironment in BC. This review provides an overview of the latest advancements in understanding the interactions between PKM2 and different transcription factors and proteins that influence the initiation and progression of BC. It also examined how natural drugs and noncoding RNAs affect various biological processes in BC cells through the regulation of the non-metabolic enzyme functions of PKM2. The findings provide valuable insights for improving the prognosis and developing targeted therapies for BC in the coming years.

Investigating the effect of LncRNA DLGAP1-AS2 suppression on chemosensitivity of gastric cancer to chemotherapy

Gastric cancer, as the fifth most frequent disease and the fourth foremost cause of cancer-related death worldwide, remains a main clinical challenge due to its poor prognosis, limited treatment choices, and ability to metastasize. Combining siRNAs to suppress lncRNA with chemotherapeutic medications is a novel treatment approach that eventually increases the therapeutic efficacy of the drug while lessening its adverse effects. This study was performed with the purpose of examining the impact of inhibiting DLGAP1-AS2 expression on gastric cancer cells' drug chemosensitivity. AGS cells were cultured as the study cell line and were transfected with an optimum dose of DLGAP1-AS2 siRNA and then treated with oxaliplatin. Cell viability was examined using the MTT technique. Apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated using Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. Later, the scratch test was conducted to investigate the ability of cells to migrate, and the inhibition of the stemness of AGS cells was further investigated through the colony formation method. Finally, the qRT-PCR technique was used to assess the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, p53, MMP-2, and CD44 genes. The MTT test indicated the effect of gene therapy with siRNA and oxaliplatin in combination reduced the chemotherapy drug dose to 29.92 µM and increased AGS cells' sensitivity to oxaliplatin. Also, the combination therapy caused a significant increase in apoptosis. However, it reduced the stemness feature, the rate of cell viability, proliferation, and metastasis compared to the effect of each treatment alone; the results also showed the arrest of the cell cycle in the Sub G1 phase after the combined treatment and a further reduction in the number and size of the formed colonies. Suppressing the expression of lncRNA DLGAP1-AS2 by siRNA followed by treatment with oxaliplatin can be utilized as an effective and new therapeutic technique for gastric cancer therapy.

Functional Bidirectionality of ERV-Derived Long Non-Coding RNAs in Humans

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are widely recognized as the result of exogenous retroviruses infecting the ancestral germline, stabilizing integration and vertical transmission during human genetic evolution. To date, endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) appear to have been selected for human physiological functions with the loss of retrotransposable capabilities. ERV elements were previously regarded as junk DNA for a long time. Since then, the aberrant activation and expression of ERVs have been observed in the development of many kinds of human diseases, and their role has been explored in a variety of human disorders such as cancer. The results show that specific ERV elements play respective crucial roles. Among them, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed from specific long-terminal repeat regions of ERVs are often key factors. lncRNAs are over 200 nucleotides in size and typically bind to DNA, RNA, and proteins to perform biological functions. Dysregulated lncRNAs have been implicated in a variety of diseases. In particular, studies have shown that the aberrant expression of some ERV-derived lncRNAs has a tumor-suppressive or oncogenic effect, displaying significant functional bidirectionality. Therefore, theses lncRNAs have a promising future as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to explore the concise relationship between ERVs and cancers. In this review, we first summarize the role of ERV-derived lncRNAs in physiological regulation, mainly including immunomodulation, the maintenance of pluripotency, and erythropoiesis. In addition, pathological regulation examples of their aberrant activation and expression leading to carcinogenesis are highlighted, and specific mechanisms of occurrence are discussed.

Long non-coding RNA PVT1 regulates TGF-β and promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of hypopharyngeal carcinoma FaDu cells

Hypopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the malignant tumors of the head and neck with a particularly poor prognosis. Recurrence and metastasis are important reasons for poor prognosis of hypopharyngeal cancer patients, and malignant proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells are important factors for recurrence and metastasis of hypopharyngeal cancer. Therefore, elucidating hypopharyngeal cancer cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion mechanism is essential for improving diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1 (PVT1) is considered a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for tumors. However, it remains unclear whether PVT1 is related to the occurrence and development of hypopharyngeal cancer and its specific mechanism. In this study, the promoting effect of PVT1 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of hypopharyngeal carcinoma FaDu cells was verified by cell biology experiments and animal studies, and it was found that PVT1 inhibited the expression of TGF-β, suggesting that PVT1 may regulate the occurrence and development of hypopharyngeal carcinoma FaDu cells through TGF-β.

Identification of a novel histone acetylation-related long non-coding RNA model combined with qRT-PCR experiments for prognosis and therapy in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is considered a global health crisis due to the scarcity of early diagnostic methods. Numerous studies have substantiated the involvement of histone acetylation imbalance in the progression of diverse tumor types. The potential roles of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in improving prognostic, predictive as well as therapeutic approaches in cancers have made it a major hotspot in recent years. Nevertheless, existent studies have never concerned the prognostic and clinical value of histone acetylation-related lncRNAs (HARlncs) in GC. Based on the aforementioned rationale, we developed a prognostic model incorporating four HARlncs-AC114730.1, AL445250.1, LINC01778, and AL163953.1-which demonstrated potential as an independent predictor of prognosis. Subsequently, GC patients were stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups. The low-risk group exhibited significantly higher overall survival (OS) compared to the high-risk group. Based on the analyses of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune responses, significant differences were observed between the two risk groups in terms of immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint (ICP) expression, and other TME alterations. Furthermore, the sensitivity of GC patients to some chemotherapeutic drugs and the discrepant biological behaviors of three tumor clusters were studied in this model. In summary, we developed an effective HARlncs model with the objective of offering novel prognostic prediction methods and identifying potential therapeutic targets for GC patients.

Phytochemicals regulate cancer metabolism through modulation of the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cancer progression and metastasis, current therapeutic approaches lack efficacy and have significant adverse effects. Therefore, it is essential to establish novel strategies for combating cancer. Phytochemicals, which possess multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, anti-angiogenesis, and antimetastatic properties, can regulate cancer progression and interfere in various stages of cancer development by suppressing various signaling pathways.

METHODS

The current systematic and comprehensive review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria, using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct, until the end of December 2023. After excluding unrelated articles, 111 related articles were included in this systematic review.

RESULTS

In this current review, the major signaling pathways of cancer metabolism are highlighted with the promising anticancer role of phytochemicals. This was through their ability to regulate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. The AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism via targeting energy homeostasis and mitochondria biogenesis, glucose oxidation, and fatty acid oxidation, thereby generating ATP for cell growth. As a result, targeting this signaling pathway may represent a novel approach to cancer treatment. Accordingly, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpene/terpenoids, and miscellaneous phytochemicals have been introduced as promising anticancer agents by regulating the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Novel delivery systems of phytochemicals targeting the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in combating cancer are also highlighted in this review.

Epigenetic modification of ferroptosis by non-coding RNAs in cancer drug resistance

The development of drug resistance remains a major challenge in cancer treatment. Ferroptosis, a unique type of regulated cell death, plays a pivotal role in inhibiting tumour growth, presenting new opportunities in treating chemotherapeutic resistance. Accumulating studies indicate that epigenetic modifications by non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) can determine cancer cell vulnerability to ferroptosis. In this review, we first summarize the role of chemotherapeutic resistance in cancer growth/development. Then, we summarize the core molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, its upstream epigenetic regulation, and its downstream effects on chemotherapeutic resistance. Finally, we review recent advances in understanding how ncRNAs regulate ferroptosis and from such modulate chemotherapeutic resistance. This review aims to enhance general understanding of the ncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulatory mechanisms which modulate ferroptosis, highlighting the ncRNA-ferroptosis axis as a key druggable target in overcoming chemotherapeutic resistance.

Anticancer Effects of Secoiridoids-A Scoping Review of the Molecular Mechanisms behind the Chemopreventive Effects of the Olive Tree Components Oleocanthal, Oleacein, and Oleuropein

The olive tree (Olea europaea) and olive oil hold significant cultural and historical importance in Europe. The health benefits associated with olive oil consumption have been well documented. This paper explores the mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of olive oil and olive leaf, focusing on their key bioactive compounds, namely oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein. The chemopreventive potential of oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein is comprehensively examined through this systematic review. We conducted a systematic literature search to identify eligible articles from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases published up to 10 October 2023. Among 4037 identified articles, there were 88 eligible articles describing mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein. These compounds have the ability to inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis), inhibit angiogenesis, suppress tumor metastasis, and modulate cancer-associated signalling pathways. Additionally, oleocanthal and oleuropein were also reported to disrupt redox hemostasis. This review provides insights into the chemopreventive mechanisms of O. europaea-derived secoiridoids, shedding light on their role in chemoprevention. The bioactivities summarized in the paper support the epidemiological evidence demonstrating a negative correlation between olive oil consumption and cancer risk. Furthermore, the mapped and summarized secondary signalling pathways may provide information to elucidate new synergies with other chemopreventive agents to complement chemotherapies and develop novel nutrition-based anti-cancer approaches.

Hypoxia-Mediated Long Non-Coding RNA Fragment Identified in Canine Oral Melanoma through Transcriptome Analysis

Hypoxia contributes to tumor progression and metastasis, and hypoxically dysregulated RNA molecules may, thus, be implicated in poor outcomes. Canine oral melanoma (COM) has a particularly poor prognosis, and some hypoxia-mediated miRNAs are known to exist in this cancer; however, equivalent data on other hypoxically dysregulated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are lacking. Accordingly, we aimed to elucidate non-miRNA ncRNAs that may be mediated by hypoxia, targeting primary-site and metastatic COM cell lines and clinical COM tissue samples in next-generation sequencing (NGS), with subsequent qPCR validation and quantification in COM primary and metastatic cells and plasma and extracellular vesicles (EVs) for any identified ncRNA of interest. The findings suggest that a number of non-miRNA ncRNA species are hypoxically up- or downregulated in COM. We identified one ncRNA, the long ncRNA fragment ENSCAFT00000084705.1, as a molecule of interest due to its consistent downregulation in COM tissues, hypoxically and normoxically cultured primary and metastatic cell lines, when compared to the oral tissues from healthy dogs. However, this molecule was undetectable in plasma and plasma EVs, suggesting that its expression may be tumor tissue-specific, and it has little potential as a biomarker. Here, we provide evidence of hypoxic transcriptional dysregulation for ncRNAs other than miRNA in COM for the first time and suggest that ncRNA ENSCAFT00000084705.1 is a molecule of interest for future research on the role of the transcriptome in the hypoxia-mediated progression of this aggressive cancer.

Progress of Exosomal LncRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a prevalent malignant tumor with rising medication resistance and mortality. Due to a dearth of specific and trustworthy biomarkers and therapeutic targets, pancreatic cancer early detection and treatment are still not at their best. Exosomal LncRNAs have been found to be plentiful and persistent within exosomes, and they are capable of functioning whether the exosomes are traveling to close or distant cells. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that exosomal LncRNA, identified as an oncogene or tumor suppressor-control the growth, metastasis, and susceptibility of pancreatic cancer to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Promising prospects for both antitumor targets and diagnostic biomarkers are exosomal LncRNAs. The primary features of exosomal LncRNAs, their biological roles in the onset and progression of pancreatic cancer, and their potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic molecular markers are outlined in this review.

Targeting and engineering long non-coding RNAs for cancer therapy

RNA therapeutics (RNATx) aim to treat diseases, including cancer, by targeting or employing RNA molecules for therapeutic purposes. Amongst the most promising targets are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which regulate oncogenic molecular networks in a cell type-restricted manner. lncRNAs are distinct from protein-coding genes in important ways that increase their therapeutic potential yet also present hurdles to conventional clinical development. Advances in genome editing, oligonucleotide chemistry, multi-omics and RNA engineering are paving the way for efficient and cost-effective lncRNA-focused drug discovery pipelines. In this Review, we present the emerging field of lncRNA therapeutics for oncology, with emphasis on the unique strengths and challenges of lncRNAs within the broader RNATx framework. We outline the necessary steps for lncRNA therapeutics to deliver effective, durable, tolerable and personalized treatments for cancer.

Medicinal attributes of thienopyrimidine scaffolds incorporating the aryl urea motif as potential anticancer candidates via VEGFR inhibition

Worldwide, cancer is a major public health concern. It is a well-acknowledged life-threatening disease. Despite numerous advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of cancer growth and progression, therapeutic challenges remain high. Human tumors exhibited mutation or overexpression of several tyrosine kinases (TK). The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) is a TK family member and is well known for tumor growth and progression. Therefore, VEGF/VEGFR pathway inhibition is an appealing approach for cancer drug discovery. This review will discuss the structure-based optimization of thienopyrimidines incorporating the aryl urea moiety to develop scaffolds of potent anticancer activity via VEGFR inhibition published between 2013 and 2023. Increasing knowledge of probable scaffolds that can act as VEGFR inhibitors might spur the hunt for novel anticancer medications that are safer, more effective, or both.

RNA-binding protein QKI promotes the progression of HCC by interacting with long non-coding RNA EGOT

BACKGROUND

RNA-binding proteins are revealed to play important roles during the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the regulatory mechanisms of RNA-binding protein Quaking (QKI) in the expression and role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in HCC cells remain not well understood.

METHODS

Cell Counting Kit-8, wound-healing, Transwell and colony-forming assays were performed to evaluate the effects of QKI and lncRNA EGOT on proliferation and migration of HCC cells. Tumor growth of HCC was analyzed using a mouse xenograft model. Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay was used to investigate the interaction between QKI and EGOT.

RESULTS

The expression of QKI was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and the higher QKI level was significantly associated with a poorer prognosis. Overexpression of QKI promoted the proliferation, migration, and colony-forming ability of HCC cells in vitro and tumor growth of HCC in vivo. Mechanistically, QKI protein could bind to EGOT RNA and increase its expression. Inhibition of EGOT attenuated the effects of QKI on the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells. In addition, both QKI and EGOT could activate the SAPK/JNK signaling pathway in HCC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated that QKI exerted promotive effects on the malignant phenotypes of HCC through its interaction with EGOT.

Dynamics of Replication-Associated Protein Levels through the Cell Cycle

The measurement of dynamic changes in protein level and localization throughout the cell cycle is of major relevance to studies of cellular processes tightly coordinated with the cycle, such as replication, transcription, DNA repair, and checkpoint control. Currently available methods include biochemical assays of cells in bulk following synchronization, which determine protein levels with poor temporal and no spatial resolution. Taking advantage of genetic engineering and live-cell microscopy, we performed time-lapse imaging of cells expressing fluorescently tagged proteins under the control of their endogenous regulatory elements in order to follow their levels throughout the cell cycle. We effectively discern between cell cycle phases and S subphases based on fluorescence intensity and distribution of co-expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-mCherry. This allowed us to precisely determine and compare the levels and distribution of multiple replication-associated factors, including Rap1-interacting factor 1 (RIF1), minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6), origin recognition complex subunit 1 (ORC1, and Claspin, with high spatiotemporal resolution in HeLa Kyoto cells. Combining these data with available mass spectrometry-based measurements of protein concentrations reveals the changes in the concentration of these proteins throughout the cell cycle. Our approach provides a practical basis for a detailed interrogation of protein dynamics in the context of the cell cycle.

TGF-β1-Induced LINC01094 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma through the miR-122-5p/TGFBR2-SAMD2-SMAD3 Axis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with a poor prognosis. It has been proven that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an essential role in regulating HCC progression. However, the involvement of LINC01094 in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC remains unclear. LINC01094 expression in HCC patients was retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Overexpressing and downregulating LINC01094 were conducted to investigate its biological functions using Hep3B, SNU-387, and HuH-7 cells. Western blotting and morphological observation were performed to study the EMT in HCC cells. Transwell assay was adopted to determine the migration and invasion of HCC cells. The underlying mechanism of competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) was investigated using bioinformatics analysis, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and rescue experiments. Elevated LINC01094 expression was observed in HCC and associated with a poor prognosis. Knockdown of LINC01094 expression in SNU-387 and HuH-7 cells could inhibit migration, invasion, and EMT markers. Overexpression of LINC01094 indicated that LINC01094 promoted EMT via the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-122-5p was a target of LINC01094. The miRWalk database analysis showed that TGFBR2, SMAD2, and SMAD3 were downstream targets of miR-122-5p. Mechanically, LINC01094 acted as a ceRNA that facilitated HCC metastasis by sponging miR-122-5p to regulate the expression of TGFBR2, SMAD2, and SMAD3. Further, TGF-β1 could enhance the expression of LINC01094, forming a positive feedback loop. TGF-β1-induced LINC01094 expression promotes HCC cell migration and invasion by targeting the miR-122-5p/TGFBR2-SMAD2-SMAD3 axis. LINC01094 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC metastasis.

The functions and mechanisms of long non-coding RNA in colorectal cancer

CRC poses a significant challenge in the global health domain, with a high number of deaths attributed to this disease annually. If CRC is detected only in its advanced stages, the difficulty of treatment increases significantly. Therefore, biomarkers for the early detection of CRC play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and increasing survival rates. The development of a reliable biomarker for early detection of CRC is particularly important for timely diagnosis and treatment. However, current methods for CRC detection, such as endoscopic examination, blood, and stool tests, have certain limitations and often only detect cases in the late stages. To overcome these constraints, researchers have turned their attention to molecular biomarkers, which are considered a promising approach to improving CRC detection. Non-invasive methods using biomarkers such as mRNA, circulating cell-free DNA, microRNA, LncRNA, and proteins can provide more reliable diagnostic information. These biomarkers can be found in blood, tissue, stool, and volatile organic compounds. Identifying molecular biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for the early and safe, economic, and easily measurable detection of CRC remains a significant challenge for researchers.