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Santos LB, da Silva JC, Abdala MGG, da Silva MTS, de Souza JJG, de Lima ARV, Borges AA, Silva-Júnior A, Bassi ÊJ, Damasceno FS, Vital MVC, Ribeiro-Andrade M, Silva MC. Drastic reduction in the notification of acute cases of Chagas disease in the Northeast region of Brazil. Epidemiological evaluation in the period 2001-2021. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107267. [PMID: 38777256 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is a neglected disease endemic to some Latin American countries, including Brazil. Soon after infection, individuals develop an acute phase, which in most cases is asymptomatic and may go undetected. However, when CD is detected early, notification in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), is mandatory. This study aimed to evaluate the information registered in the SINAN database and to determine the epidemiological profile of acute CD in Northeast Brazil, an endemic region, from 2001 to 2021. According to this survey, 1,444 cases of acute CD were reported in the Northeastern region of Brazil during this period. During the first six years, referred to as period 1, 90.24% of the notifications were registered, while the number of notifications significantly decreased in the subsequent years, referred to as period 2. Most individuals diagnosed with acute CD were Afro-Brazilian adults. All known routes of infection by the parasite were reported. Vector-borne transmission was predominant during period 1 (73.29%) and oral transmission during period 2 (58.87%). All nine states in Northeast Brazil reported cases in both periods. A higher incidence of disease was reported in Rio Grande do Norte (RN) during period 1, and in Maranhão (MA) during period 2. Our results show that CD remains a significant public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laryssa Bezerra Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Julyane Corato da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Gomes Abdala
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Marina Taissa Santiago da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - José Jeferson Gomes de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Ana Rachel Vasconcelos de Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Abel Borges
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Damasceno
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Carneiro Vital
- Laboratório de Ecologia Quantitativa, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Müller Ribeiro-Andrade
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, CEP 57020-600, Brazil.
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Viana MC, Alves-Pereira A, Oliveira MAP, Valença-Barbosa C, Folly-Ramos E, Souza AP, Takiya DM, Almeida CE. Population genetics and genomics of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) in an area of high pressure of domiciliary infestation in Northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107144. [PMID: 38336343 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the population dynamics of vectors is crucial for effective control of vector-borne diseases. In the Northeastern Brazilian semi-arid region, Triatoma brasiliensis persists as the most significant Chagas disease vector, frequently displaying recurrent domiciliary infestations. This situation raises relevant public health concerns in the municipality of Currais Novos in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. This area has experienced a high prevalence of peridomiciliary re-infestations by T. brasiliensis, coupled with elevated rates of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Therefore, we assessed the distribution of genetic variation via mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene (MT-CYB) sequencing (n = 109) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, n = 86) to assess the gene flow among distinct populations distributed in varied geographic spots and environments, mainly sylvatic and peridomiciliary. Insects were collected from rural communities at Currais Novos, enclosed within a 16 km radius. Sampling included 13 populations: one intradomiciliary, eight peridomiciliary, and four sylvatic. Furthermore, an external population located 220 km from Currais Novos was also included in the study. The method employed to obtain SNP information relied on ddRAD-seq genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), enabling a genome-wide analysis to infer genetic variation. Through AMOVA analysis of MT-CYB gene variation, we identified four distinct population groups with statistical significance (FCT= 0.42; p<0.05). We identified a total of 3,013 SNPs through GBS, with 11 loci showing putative signs of being under selection. The variation based on 3,002 neutral loci evidenced low genetic structuration based on low FST values (p>0.05), indicating local panmixia. However, resampling algorithms pointed out that three samples from the external population were assigned (>98 %) in a cluster contrasting from the ones putatively under local panmixia - validating the newly applied genome-wide marker for studies on the population genetics at finer-scale resolution for T. brasiliensis. The presence of population structuring in some of the sampled points, as suggested by the mitochondrial marker, leads us to assume that infestations were probably initiated by small populations of females - demographic event poses a risk for rapid re-infestations. The local panmictic pattern revealed by the GBS marker poses a challenge for vector control measures, as re-infestation foci may be distributed over a wide geographical and ecological range. In such instances, vectors exhibit reduced susceptibility to conventional insecticide spraying operations since sylvatic populations are beyond the reach of these interventions. The pattern of infestation exhibited by T. brasiliensis necessitates integrating innovative strategies into the existing control framework, holding the potential to create a more resilient and adaptive vector control program. In our dataset, the results demonstrated that the genetic signals from both markers were complementary. Therefore, it is essential to consider the nature and inheritance pattern of each marker when inferring the pattern of re-infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Viana
- Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, IB, UNICAMP; Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância do Câncer (CONPREV), Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo A P Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética- IB, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Valença-Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; Grupo Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Fiocruz, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos E Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, IB, UNICAMP; Laboratorio de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFRJ.
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Almeida CE, Máximo MM, Pires-Silva D, Takiya DM, Valença-Barbosa C, Viana MC, Reigada C, Iñiguez AM, Harry M, Folly-Ramos E. From molecules to ecosystems: Insights into a network of interactions for a Chagas disease outbreak using Triatoma brasiliensis as natural samplers. Acta Trop 2024; 251:107107. [PMID: 38190930 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the dynamics of disease transmission involves an understanding of complex interactions within the eco-epidemiologic framework. In the context of Chagas disease (CD), elements are mainly represented by the interactions among the pathogen, insect vector, host, humans and the environment. We performed quantitative and qualitative analyses on a dataset derived from 98 Triatoma brasiliensis infected by trypanosomatids, which were linked to a CD outbreak in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. We extracted invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) from these insects, comprising 18 populations around the outbreak area, each indicative of various strata of anthropogenic influence. Food source (FS) diversity, representing potential parasite reservoirs, was determined through mitochondrial gene (cyt b) sequencing of vertebrates, and parasite genotyping was accessed using fluorescent amplified fragment barcodes (FFLB) of trypanosomatids. We also assessed the residents' awareness of breeding sites for CD vectors in the inspected houses. The quantification of Trypanosoma cruzi was estimated via real-time PCR and is denominated here as the average parasite load (PL) per insect (T. cruzi/intestinal unit). We aimed to address vector-parasite-host-environment interactions that were discussed based on their significance among the components. Notably, among the significant interactions, we observed that the PL in the insects was significantly influenced by FS. Infected insects that fed on the classic reservoir, Didelphis albiventris, and Galea spixii exhibited higher PLs, compared to those that fed on Kerodon rupestris (p < 0.04)-a primary host. While D. albiventris is already recognized as a synanthropic species, we propose that G. spixii may also be undergoing a synanthropic process. Conversely, domestic cats are frequently identified as FS in infected insects from the sylvatic environment, suggesting a possible change in their behavior towards a wild state. Therefore, we propose that neglected anthropogenic actions have facilitated the reciprocal (sylvatic-peridomestic) circulation of T. cruzi-especially noted for TcI because it was predominant in insects found in peridomestic environments. Residents are often unaware of the existence of insect breeding grounds near their homes, particularly when it involves the storage of materials without planning for use, such as piles of tiles, bricks and wood. Although indirect inferences about the interaction among vector-parasite-host-environment are still incipient, we highlight the potential use of vectors as natural samplers of biological and ecological components in transmitting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Campus IV, Rio Tinto, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Milena M Máximo
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Campus IV, Rio Tinto, Brasil
| | | | - Daniela M Takiya
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Maria C Viana
- Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Myriam Harry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR EGCE, Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, IDEEV, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Correia N, Paschoaletto L, Reigada C, Gonçalves TCM, Moreira CJDC, Costa J. Experimental Hybrids of the Triatoma brasiliensis Species Complex Show Higher Susceptibility to the Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Than Their Parentals. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2850. [PMID: 38137994 PMCID: PMC10745812 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Triatoma brasiliensis species complex is a monophyletic group encompassing two subspecies and six species. Recently, a hybrid zone of members of this complex was recorded in the state of Pernambuco. Questions concerning the capability of the hybrids to become infected with Trypanosoma cruzi have been raised. This study aimed to compare the susceptibility of Triatoma b. brasiliensis, Triatoma juazeirensis, and their experimental hybrids to infection with T. cruzi. We infected the parentals and their experimental hybrids (obtained through reciprocal crosses) through artificial feeding with citrated rabbit blood, to which the TcI 0354 strain of T. cruzi had been added. The insects were weighed before and after feeding on the rabbit blood, and then they were dissected on the 10th, 20th, and 30th day after infection. Both the hybrids and the parentals remained infected throughout the experiment. The parasite was mostly found in the epimastigote form. The number of epimastigotes was significantly lower in the stomach and small intestine of T. juazeirensis than in the hybrids or in T. b. brasiliensis. A significantly higher percentage of metacyclic trypomastigotes was detected in the small intestine and rectum of the hybrids. Hybrids demonstrated higher susceptibility to the TcI 0354 strain than their parentals, opening up new avenues to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Correia
- Entomology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Letícia Paschoaletto
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Carolina Reigada
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, São Carlos University, UFSCAR, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil;
| | - Teresa Cristina Monte Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Entomological Surveillance of Diptera and Hemiptera, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | | | - Jane Costa
- National and International Reference Laboratory in Taxonomy of Triatomines, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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Baldoni NR, Quintino ND, Oliveira CDL, da Silva JLP, Ferreira AM, Ribeiro ALP, Sabino EC, Cardoso CS. Chagas disease and perceived quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:e02062023. [PMID: 37909506 PMCID: PMC10615335 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0206-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease (ChD) is a neglected tropical disease that is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and can negatively impact quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to assess and compare QoL between individuals with and without ChD. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed within a concurrent cohort study (REDS). The participants were derived from two blood donation centers: São Paulo capital and Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Participants with ChD were identified in blood donations by serological diagnosis between 2008 and 2010, and those without ChD were donors with negative serology identified during the same period. QoL was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between the groups, and mean, standard deviation, and beta regression were used to compare QoL. RESULTS In total, 611 individuals participated in the study (328 with ChD and 283 without ChD). Participants with ChD had lower QoL in the physical (p=0.02) and psychological (p<0.01) domains than did individuals without CD. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with ChD had worse QoL perceptions. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of ChD on individuals' QoL, while also highlighting potential opportunities for improving the care and treatment of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Ragi Baldoni
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Departamento de Medicina, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
- Universidade de Itaúna, Itaúna, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Ariela Mota Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Clareci Silva Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Departamento de Medicina, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
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Sampaio GHF, da Silva ANB, de Negreiros CCA, Honorato NRM, Martins RR, Aguiar LMA, Sales LML, Brito CRDN, Guedes PMDM, da Câmara ACJ, Galvão LMDC. Temporal assessment of entomological surveillance of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors in an endemic area of northeastern Brazil. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287260. [PMID: 37319301 PMCID: PMC10270571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomological surveillance is essential for the control of triatomines and the prevention of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans and domestic animals. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate entomological indicators and triatomine control during the period from 2005 to 2015 in an endemic area in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. This observational and retrospective study was developed based on data analysis related to active entomological surveillance activities and chemical control of infested housing units (HU) in the Agreste mesoregion of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in the period between 2005 to 2015. The quantitative analysis of housing units surveyed for entomological indicators was performed by linear regression of random effects (p < 0.05). The effect of the number of HU surveyed on the entomological indicators was analyzed by fitting a linear random effects regression model and an increasing intradomiciliary colonization rate was significant. In the period evaluated 92,156 housing units were investigated and the presence of triatomines was reported in 4,639 (5.0%). A total of 4,653 specimens of triatomines were captured and the species recorded were Triatoma pseudomaculata (n = 1,775), Triatoma brasiliensis (n = 1,569), Rhodnius nasutus (n = 741) and Panstrongylus lutzi (n = 568), with an index of natural infection by T. cruzi of 2.2%. Only 53.1% of the infested HU were subjected to chemical control. Moreover, there was a decrease in the total number of HU surveyed over time associated with an increase in the index of intradomiciliary colonization (p = 0.004). These data demonstrated that entomological surveillance and control of vectors in the Agreste mesoregion of the state has been discontinued, emphasizing the need for more effective public policies to effectively control the vectors, in order to avoid the exposure of humans and domestic animals to the risk of T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Harisson Felinto Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Andressa Noronha Barbosa da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Nathan Ravi Medeiros Honorato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rand Randall Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Letícia Mikardya Lima Sales
- Curso de Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Carlos Ramon do Nascimento Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Paulo Marcos da Matta Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Antonia Claudia Jácome da Câmara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Maria da Cunha Galvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Morphological Stasis in Time? A Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis Study Using Geometric Morphometrics in the Long Run. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111362. [PMID: 35681826 PMCID: PMC9179344 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triatomines are vector insects capable of transmitting the protozoan that causes Chagas disease, thus representing a health risk in several countries, especially in Central and South America. Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis, the main triatomine vector in northeastern Brazil, needs frequent monitoring as it is able to colonize various natural and artificial ecotopes as well as to infest domiciles. This research uses geometric morphometrics as a tool to evaluate changes in the morphology and analyze a large temporal dataset of 102 years of collections of T. b. brasiliensis. Finding novelty results which indicate a morphological stasis in the morphology. Abstract Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 is one of the most important vectors of Chagas disease in the Brazilian semiarid regions in the north-east. The risk imposed by T. b. brasiliensis to the human populations, due to frequent invasions and/or colonization of the domiciles, demands constant monitoring and control actions as well as an understanding of its evolutionary process. In this context, the following research studies the pattern of shape adaptation over time using a large dataset from 102 years of specimen collections in order to identify the morphological plasticity of this vector in Brazil. This dataset was analyzed using geometric morphometrics tools and the timescale was divided into eight different groups, containing specimens from 1912 to 2014. Geometric morphometrics analysis showed an interesting morphological stasis in the wing shape of T. b. brasiliensis, which allowed us to understand the high capacity of adaptation to changes in climate condition through time, and the invasive status which Triatoma species have around the world. Moreover, these results showed novel findings as an interesting phenotypic pattern, with no modifications in more than 100 years, leading us to understand the shape evolution in Triatominae as a vector species of diseases.
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Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs of the triatomine species in a Chagas disease endemic area. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:64-71. [PMID: 35299926 PMCID: PMC8901897 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical infection with great public health importance. This protozoan has triatomine insects as vector but may also be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplants, ingestion of contaminated food, or congenitally. It has a heterogeneous population classified into Discrete Typing Units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI and TcBat. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize the DTUs of T. cruzi in triatomines from a Chagas disease endemic area in Northeastern Brazil. Triatomines were collected and the gut content was microscopically analyzed to investigate the presence of trypanosomatid flagellates. In addition, digestive tracts of some specimens were dissected and molecularly analyzed through PCR for Trypanosoma spp. and sequencing. PCR positive samples were further submitted to a multiplex PCR for DTUs of T. cruzi. A total of 117 triatomines were collected, 93.16% being in intradomicile and 6.84% in peridomicile environments. Insects were identified as Panstrongylus lutzi (37.60%), Triatoma pseudomaculata (26.50%), Triatoma brasiliensis (23.08%) and Panstrongylus megistus (12.82%). The specimens herein analyzed presented infection rates by T. cruzi of 5.49% and 12.09% in parasitological and molecular examinations, respectively. Multiplex PCR screening revealed 70.59% of the TcI genotype, detected in all triatomine species identified in this study and 29.41% of the DTU TcIII/TcIV detected in P. megistus and P. lutzi. T. cruzi infect triatomines in intradomicile and peridomicile environments, which brings attention to the risk of human infections and to the importance of the implementation of surveillance and entomological control actions.
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Lima-Neiva V, Toma HK, Abrantes Aguiar LM, Lopes CM, Dias LP, Monte Gonçalves TC, Costa J. The connection between Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles by Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis: A threat to human health in an area susceptible to desertification in the Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009919. [PMID: 34752464 PMCID: PMC8577756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of Chagas disease, possibly involving its vector Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis, was identified in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Given the historical significance of this vector in public health, the study aimed to evaluate its role in the transmission dynamics of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi in an area undergoing desertification in the Seridó region, RN, Brazil. We captured triatomines in sylvatic and anthropic ecotopes. Natural vector infection was determined using parasitological and molecular methods and we identified discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi by analyzing the COII gene of mtDNA, 24Sα rDNA, and mini-exon gene. Their blood meals sources were identified by amplification and sequencing of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene. A total of 952 T. b. brasiliensis were captured in peridomestic (69.9%) and sylvatic ecotopes (30.4%). A wide range of natural infection rates were observed in peridomestic (36.0% - 71.1%) and sylvatic populations (28.6% - 100.0%). We observed the circulation of TcI and TcII DTUs with a predominance of Tcl in sylvatic and peridomestic environments. Kerodon rupestris, rocky cavy (13/39), Homo sapiens, human (8/39), and Bos taurus, ox (6/39) were the most frequently detected blood meals sources. Thus, Triatoma b. brasiliensis is invading and colonizing the human dwellings. Furthermore, high levels of natural infection, coupled with the detection of TcI and TcII DTUs, and also the detection of K. rupestris and H. sapiens as blood meals sources of infected T. b. brasiliensis indicate a risk of T. cruzi transmission to human populations in areas undergoing desertification. Chagas disease currently affects about six to seven million people worldwide, resulting in high morbidity, mortality, and economic burden in endemic countries of Latin America. Its etiological agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, circulates among a wide variety of mammalian and insect vectors. Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis is adapted to the dry and warm climate of the Caatinga biome, and is considered the main vector in the semi-arid areas of northeastern Brazil. Information on the infestation, natural infection rates, T. cruzi strains, and blood meals sources of this vector is crucial for understanding the dynamics of T. cruzi transmission in areas susceptible to desertification. Triatoma b. brasiliensis colonizes peridomestic structures, particularly in the stone walls of cattle corrals that emerge as a refuge for sylvatic populations where they access a variety of blood meals sources. The predominance of the TcI strain in the sylvatic and peridomestic environments shows an overlap of transmission cycles by T. cruzi mediated by T. b. brasiliensis. The high rates of natural infection and the evidence of their feeding on humans and the rodent K. rupestris are worrisome and indicate the threat this vector poses to human health in the area studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lima-Neiva
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Helena Keiko Toma
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular e Hematologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Catarina Macedo Lopes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz /FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Paschoaletto Dias
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Teresa Cristina Monte Gonçalves
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz /FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Valença-Barbosa C, Finamore-Araujo P, Moreira OC, Vergara-Meza JG, Alvarez MVN, Nascimento JR, Borges-Veloso A, Viana MC, Lilioso M, Miguel DC, Gadelha FR, Teixeira MMG, Almeida CE. Genotypic Trypanosoma cruzi distribution and parasite load differ ecotypically and according to parasite genotypes in Triatoma brasiliensis from endemic and outbreak areas in Northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106054. [PMID: 34273309 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes and their relationship with parasitic load in distinct geographic and ecotypic populations of Triatoma brasiliensis in two sites, including one where a Chagas disease (ChD) outbreak occurred in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Triatomine captures were performed in peridomestic and sylvatic ecotopes in two municipalities: Marcelino Vieira - affected by the outbreak; and Currais Novos - where high pressure of peridomestic triatomine infestation after insecticide spraying have been reported. The kDNA-PCR was used to select 124 T. cruzi positive triatomine samples, of which 117 were successfully genotyped by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB). Moreover, the T. cruzi load quantification was performed using a multiplex TaqMan qPCR. Our findings showed a clear ecotypic segregation between TcI and TcII harboured by T. brasiliensis (p<0.001). Although no genotypes were ecotypically exclusive, TcI was predominant in peridomestic ecotopes (86%). In general, T. brasiliensis from Rio Grande do Norte had a higher T. cruzi load varying from 3.94 to 7.66 x 106T. cruzi per insect. Additionally, TcII (median value=299,504 T. cruzi/intestine unit equivalents) had more than twice (p=0.1) the parasite load of TcI (median value=149,077 T. cruzi/intestine unit equivalents), which can be attributed to a more ancient co-evolution with T. brasiliensis. The higher prevalence of TcII in the sylvatic T. brasiliensis (70%) could be associated with a more diversified source of bloodmeals for wild insect populations. Either TcI or TcII may have been responsible for the ChD outbreak that occurred in the city of Marcelino Vieira. On the other hand, a smaller portion of T. brasiliensis was infected by TcIII (3%) in the peridomicile, in addition to T. rangeli genotype A (1%), often found in mixed infections. Our results highlight the need of understanding the patterns of T. cruzi genotype´s development and circulation in insect vectors and reservoirs as a mode of tracking situations of epidemiologic importance, as the ChD outbreak recently recorded for Northeastern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Valença-Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Paula Finamore-Araujo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - André Borges-Veloso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Lilioso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
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11
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Honorato NRM, da Silva ANB, de Negreiros CCA, Aguiar LMA, Marliére NP, de Souza RDCM, Souza E Guimarães RJDP, Galvão LMDC, da Câmara ACJ. Triatomine and Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units distribution in a semi-arid area of northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105950. [PMID: 33979639 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of triatomine species, their bloodmeal sources and the discrete typing units (DTUs) of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from them were determined in different municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Triatomine captures were carried out in the rural areas of 23 municipalities. The genotyping of T. cruzi isolates was performed using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (coii) gene, the D7 region of the 24Sα rDNA, and the spliced leader intergenic region (SL-IR). Five triatomine species were captured, and the most frequent was Triatoma brasiliensis (84.3%; 916/1086), which was found in 16 of the 23 municipalities surveyed, and infested all types of environment investigated. The TcI DTU was found in all mesoregions surveyed in 51.5% (17/33) of the culture-positive samples. In contrast, TcII (9.1%; 3/33) was detected in the Central mesoregion, while TcIII (27.3%; 9/33) was found in all mesoregions. The geographic distribution and spatial overlap of different DTUs was inferred using the superposition of the radius of occurrence of isolates and using ecological niche distribution modelling. Triatoma brasiliensis was found infected in all mesoregions and with all three T. cruzi DTUs, including mixed infections. With regard to bloodmeal sources, the DNA of rodents was found in triatomines infected with either TcI or TcIII, while that of domestic animals and humans was associated with both single and mixed infections. Our findings demonstrate that different DTUs of T. cruzi are widely dispersed among triatomines in our study area. The association of T. brasiliensis with several different mammalian hosts, as well as overlapping areas with different DTUs, suggests that this triatomine species may have an important role as a vector in both anthropic and sylvatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ravi Medeiros Honorato
- Graduate Program in Parasitic Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Newmar Pinto Marliére
- René Rachou Institute - FIOCRUZ Minas, Triatomine Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lúcia Maria da Cunha Galvão
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Antônia Cláudia Jácome da Câmara
- Graduate Program in Parasitic Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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12
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Costa J, Dale C, Galvão C, Almeida CE, Dujardin JP. Do the new triatomine species pose new challenges or strategies for monitoring Chagas disease? An overview from 1979-2021. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210015. [PMID: 34076075 PMCID: PMC8186471 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease persists as one of the most important, and yet most neglected, diseases in the world, and several changes in its epidemiological aspects have been recorded since its discovery. Currently, some of the most relevant changes are related to: (i) the reduction in the incidence of the endemic due to the control of the most important vectors, Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus, in many countries; (ii) the migration of human populations spreading cases of the disease throughout the world, from endemic to non-endemic areas, transforming Chagas disease into a global threat; and (iii) new acute cases and deaths caused by oral transmission, especially in the north of Brazil. Despite the reduction in the number of cases, new challenges need to be responded to, including monitoring and control activities aiming to prevent house infestation by the secondary vectors from occurring. In 1979, Lent & Wygodzinsky(1) published the most complete review of the subfamily Triatominae, encompassing 111 recognised species in the taxon. Forty-two years later, 46 new species and one subspecies have been described or revalidated. Here we summarise the new species and contextualise them regarding their ecology, epidemiologic importance, and the obstacles they pose to the control of Chagas disease around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carolina Dale
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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13
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Monsalve-Lara J, Lilioso M, Valença-Barbosa C, Thyssen PJ, Miguel DC, Limeira C, Gadelha FR, Fontes FVHM, Pires-Silva D, Dornak LL, Lima MM, Donalisio MR, Almeida CE. The risk of oral transmission in an area of a Chagas disease outbreak in the Brazilian northeast evaluated through entomological, socioeconomic and schooling indicators. Acta Trop 2021; 215:105803. [PMID: 33373585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease strongly associated with low socioeconomic status, affecting nearly 8 million people - mainly Latin Americans. The current infection risk is based on acute case reports, most of which are typically associated with oral transmissions. In the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil, serious outbreaks of this transmission type have surged in the last years. One of those occurred in 2016 in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Rural residents of four municipalities surrounding Marcelino Vieira ingested sugar cane juice - which was probably ground with Trypanosoma cruzi-infected insects. Eighteen cases of Chagas disease were confirmed serologically, with two deaths reported. Socioeconomic information, schooling of residents and the structure of peridomestic and domestic environments in the rural area of Marcelino Vieira, along with entomological indicators, were investigated to understand better the factors related to the outbreaks in this region. We found triatomines (mainly Triatoma brasiliensis) in 35% (24/67) of domiciliary units and all rocky outcrops inspected (n = 7). Overall, 25% (91/357) of examined T. brasiliensis were infected by T. cruzi in artificial ecotopes, with almost the same prevalence in the sylvatic environment (22%; 35/154). Among all ecotopes investigated, wood/tile/brick piles were the ones linked to high insect infestations and triatomine T. cruzi infection prevalence. Ninety-five percent of people interviewed recognized the triatomines and knew the classic route of transmission of disease - triatomine bite-dependent. However, only 7.5% admitted knowledge that Chagas disease can also be acquired orally - which poses a risk this transmission route currently recognized. Here, we highlight the physical proximity between humans and triatomine populations with high T. cruzi infection prevalence as an additional risk factor to oral/vector contaminations. In sum, residents have low income, low level of education, and/or a willful disregard for the routes of Chagas disease transmission (specifically oral transmission), a combination of factors that may have favored the Chagas disease outbreak. We here provide recommendations to avoid further outbreaks.
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14
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Kamimura EH, Viana MC, Lilioso M, Fontes FHM, Pires-Silva D, Valença-Barbosa C, Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Folly-Ramos E, Solferin VN, Thyssen PJ, Costa J, Almeida CE. Drivers of molecular and morphometric variation in Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Triatominae): the resolution of geometric morphometrics for populational structuring on a microgeographical scale. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:455. [PMID: 32894173 PMCID: PMC7487581 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi circulates in semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil in distinct ecotopes (sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic) where Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 is the most important Chagas disease vector. In this study, we analyzed microevolutionary and demographic aspects of T. brasiliensis populations at the ecotypic, micro and macro-geographic scales by combining morphometrics and molecular results. Additionally, we aimed to address the resolution of both markers for delimiting populations in distinct scales. Methods We sampled populations of T. brasiliensis from distinct ecotypic and geographic sites in the states Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Paraíba (PB). The geometric morphometry was carried out with 13 landmarks on the right wings (n = 698) and the genetic structure was assessed by sequencing a region of cytochrome b mitochondrial gene (n = 221). Mahalanobis distance (MD) and coefficient of molecular differentiation (ΦST) were calculated among all pairs of populations. The results of comparisons generated MD and ΦST dendrograms, and graphics of canonical variate analysis (CVA). Results Little structure was observed for both markers for macro-geographic scales. Mantel tests comparing geographic, morphometric and genetic matrices showed low correlation (all R2 < 0.35). The factorial graphics built with the CVA evidenced population delimitation for the morphometric data at micro-geographic scales. Conclusions We believe that T. brasiliensis carries in its genotype a source of information to allow the phenotypical plasticity across its whole distribution for shaping populations, which may have caused a lack of population delimitation for CVAs in morphometric analysis for macro-geographic scale analysis. On the other hand, the pattern of morphometric results in micro-geographic scales showed well-defined groups, highlighting the potential of this tool to inferences on the source for infestation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard H Kamimura
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Viana
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lilioso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H M Fontes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dayane Pires-Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Ana L Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Vera N Solferin
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia J Thyssen
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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15
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Lilioso M, Reigada C, Pires-Silva D, Fontes FVHM, Limeira C, Monsalve-Lara J, Folly-Ramos E, Harry M, Costa J, Almeida CE. Dynamics of food sources, ecotypic distribution and Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma brasiliensis from the northeast of Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008735. [PMID: 32986738 PMCID: PMC7575107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative approaches used to combat Chagas disease transmission tend to combine a set of comprehensive efforts to understand the ecology of local vectors. In this work we identified molecularly the blood meal of 181 Triatoma brasiliensis, distributed in 18 populations (8 sylvatic and 10 peridomestic), which were collected across a range of 240 km (East-West) and 95 km (North-South) in the semi-arid region of northeastern, Brazil. We used the vertebrate mitochondrial gene (cytochrome B) sequencing applied to DNA isolated from bug midgut to identify the insect blood meal sources via the BLAST procedure. The peridomestic populations were classified according to two main hypotheses of site-occupancy for T. brasiliensis: the first says that the infestation is mainly driven by structures that resemble its natural habitat (stony-like ecotopes) and the second assumes that it is associated with key-hosts (rodents and goats). Rodents of the Caviidae family (Galea spixii and Kerodon rupestris) were identified as the key-host of T. brasiliensis, but also the potential Trypanosoma cruzi reservoir-able to connect the sylvatic and domestic T. cruzi cycle. Cats also deserve to be studied better, as potential T. cruzi reservoirs. By modeling the food sources + site-occupancy + T. cruzi natural infection, we identified man-made ecotopes suitable for forming dense triatomine infestations with high rates of T. cruzi natural infection, which may be taken into account for vector control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Lilioso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Reigada
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCAR, Brazil
| | - Dayane Pires-Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil
| | | | - Cleanne Limeira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Myriam Harry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Bezerra CM, Belisário CJ, D'Ávilla Pessoa GC, Rosa ACL, Barezani CP, Ferreira FC, Ramos AN, Gürtler RE, Diotaiuti L. Microsatellite variation revealed panmictic pattern for Triatoma brasiliensis (Triatominae: Reduviidae) in rural northeastern Brazil: the control measures implications. BMC Genet 2020; 21:92. [PMID: 32854614 PMCID: PMC7457261 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 is the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the caatinga of Northeastern Brazil. Despite of its epidemiological relevance, there are few studies on its genetic variability. Using microsatellite markers, we characterized the variability and dynamics of infestation and reinfestation of T. brasiliensis after residual insecticide spraying in five surveys conducted in a well-defined rural area located in the municipality of Tauá, Ceará, between 2009 and 2015. We evaluated: (1) general variability among local of captures; (2) variability along the time analysis (2009, 2010 and 2015); (3) and reinfestation process. Results On the analysis (1) global and pairwise FST values suggested absence of clusters among the area. AMOVA indicated that total variation is mainly represented by individual differences. Absence of clustering indicates a panmitic unit, with free gene flow. For (2), Pairwise FST indicated alterations in the genetic profile of the triatomines along the time. (3) Analysis of the reinfestation process showed that the domiciliary units investigated had different sources of infestation despite of its proximity. Conclusions Observed homogeneity can be explained by the great dispersal capacity of T. brasiliensis, overlapping the different environments. Persistent house infestation in Tauá may be attributed to the occurrence of postspraying residual foci and the invasion of triatomines from their natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mendonça Bezerra
- Departamento de Saúde Comunitária. Rua Professor Costa Mendes 1608 - Bloco Didático 5° andar - Rodolfo Teófilo, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP: 60430-140, Brazil. .,Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Carlota Josefovicz Belisário
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto René Rachou / FIOCRUZ - MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Cristine Luiz Rosa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto René Rachou / FIOCRUZ - MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carla Patrícia Barezani
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto René Rachou / FIOCRUZ - MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávio Campos Ferreira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto René Rachou / FIOCRUZ - MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alberto Novaes Ramos
- Departamento de Saúde Comunitária. Rua Professor Costa Mendes 1608 - Bloco Didático 5° andar - Rodolfo Teófilo, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP: 60430-140, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Esteban Gürtler
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA). Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Lilioso M, Pires-Silva D, von Hertwig Mascarenhas Fontes F, Oliveira J, da Rosa JA, Vilela RV, Folly-Ramos E, Almeida CE. Triatoma petrocchiae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): A Chagas disease vector of T. brasiliensis species complex associated to reptiles. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 82:104307. [PMID: 32240799 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In semi-arid areas of northeastern Brazil, Chagas disease vectors of Triatoma brasiliensis species complex comprise a monophyletic group of kissing bugs that inhabit rock outcrops. Most of them exhibit allopatric or parapatric distribution; the exception is T. petrocchiae, which is found in cohabitation with T. brasiliensis in rock outcrops. We used vertebrate mitochondrial gene sequencing applied to DNA isolated from bug midgut to identify the insect blood meal sources via BLAST procedure. Fourteen sylvatic insects from four geographic districts in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba had their blood meal sources detected. While T. brasiliensis is recorded to be associated mainly (52-71%) with rodents, T. petrocchiae samples were strongly associated (86%) with reptiles of Tropidurus and Hemidactylus genera. We suggest that T. petrocchiae is the single member within this complex to be associated with reptiles, indicating a distinct niche occupation related to the trophic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Lilioso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil.
| | - Dayane Pires-Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil
| | | | - Jader Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", FCFAR/UNESP, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto V Vilela
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
| | - Elaine Folly-Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba- UFPB, Campus IV, Brazil
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Lima-Oliveira TM, Fontes FVHM, Lilioso M, Pires-Silva D, Teixeira MMG, Meza JGV, Harry M, Fileé J, Costa J, Valença-Barbosa C, Folly-Ramos E, Almeida CE. Molecular eco-epidemiology on the sympatric Chagas disease vectors Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma petrocchiae: Ecotopes, genetic variation, natural infection prevalence by trypanosomatids and parasite genotyping. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105188. [PMID: 31545949 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Triatoma petrocchiae is the newly member of the Triatoma brasiliensis species complex. This species overlaps with T. brasiliensis in geographic and ecotypic occupation in the sylvatic habitat because both inhabit rocky outcrops in the semi-arid portion of Brazilian northeast. In this region T. brasiliensis is the most important Chagas disease vector because it constantly colonizes domiciles. In contrast, T. petrocchiae is rarely found in peri or intradomiciliary habitats - reason why little is known about this species. Therefore, Here, we present information for the first time on. the T. petrocchiae ecotopes, genetic diversity, Trypanosoma cruzi prevalence/genotyping in comparison to T. brasiliensis. We found T. brasilensis (N = 223) and T. petrocchiae (N = 69) in co-habitation in rocky outcrops in three Districts of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte states. Forty-tree T. petrocchiae insects of eleven sampling spots (composing three geographic populations) were genotyped for the mitochondrial Cyt B gene and little geographic structure was observed. Tajima's D test suggested that species is evolving toward a mutation-drift equilibrium in our collection range. Sylvatic T. petrocchiae had 4% (3/68) of infected insects by T. cruzi, whereas T. brasiliensis had 26% (59/223). Fluorescent Fragment Length Barcoding demonstrated that all three T. petrocchiae harbored TcI whereas T. brasiliensis had TcI, but also TcIII, TcII/TcVI and T. rangeli genotype A, sometimes under mixed infections. None of infected T. petrocchiae were carrying mixed infections. However, this result should be confirmed using a larger pool of infected bugs. We here presented the first documentation of T. rangeli infecting T. brasiliensis. The finding of infected T. petrocchiae calls for constant vector monitoring because the epidemiologic scenario is dynamic and sylvatic vectors are progressively found in adaptation to anthropic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcianne M Lima-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB, Campus IV, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, 58297, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Fernanda von Hertwig M Fontes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lilioso
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Dayane Pires-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Filogenia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Gabriel Vergara Meza
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Filogenia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Myriam Harry
- CNRS-IRD-Univ. Paris-Sud, IDEEV, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91190, France
| | - Jonathan Fileé
- CNRS-IRD-Univ. Paris-Sud, IDEEV, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91190, France
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Valença-Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Elaine Folly-Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB, Campus IV, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, 58297, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil.
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19
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Ribeiro G, Dos Santos CGS, Lanza F, Reis J, Vaccarezza F, Diniz C, Miranda DLP, de Araújo RF, Cunha GM, de Carvalho CMM, Fonseca EOL, Dos Santos RF, de Sousa OMF, Reis RB, de Araújo WN, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Dos Reis MG. Wide distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomines in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:604. [PMID: 31878960 PMCID: PMC6933904 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of Trypanosoma cruzi and blood-meal sources in synanthropic triatomines is important to assess the potential risk of Chagas disease transmission. We identified T. cruzi infection and blood-meal sources of triatomines caught in and around houses in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, and mapped the occurrence of infected triatomines that fed on humans and domestic animals. Methods Triatominae bugs were manually captured by trained agents from the Epidemiologic Surveillance team of Bahia State Health Service between 2013 and 2014. We applied conventional PCR to detect T. cruzi and blood-meal sources (dog, cat, human and bird) in a randomized sample of triatomines. We mapped triatomine distribution and analyzed vector hotspots with kernel density spatial analysis. Results In total, 5906 triatomines comprising 15 species were collected from 127 out of 417 municipalities in Bahia. The molecular analyses of 695 triatomines revealed a ~10% T. cruzi infection rate, which was highest in the T. brasiliensis species complex. Most bugs were found to have fed on birds (74.2%), and other blood-meal sources included dogs (6%), cats (0.6%) and humans (1%). Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomines that fed on humans were detected inside houses. Spatial analysis showed a wide distribution of T. cruzi-infected triatomines throughout Bahia; triatomines that fed on dogs, humans, and cats were observed mainly in the northeast region. Conclusions Synanthropic triatomines have a wide distribution and maintain the potential risk of T. cruzi transmission to humans and domestic animals in Bahia. Ten species were recorded inside houses, mainly Triatoma sordida, T. pseudomaculata, and the T. brasiliensis species complex. Molecular and spatial analysis are useful to reveal T. cruzi infection and blood-meal sources in synanthropic triatomines, identifying areas with ongoing threat for parasite transmission and improving entomological surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmar Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil.,Faculdades Ruy Barbosa-Wyden, Rua Theodomiro Baptista, 422 - Rio Vermelho, Salvador, BA, 41940-320, Brazil
| | - Carlos G S Dos Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil.,SESAB/Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVEP), Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Netto., Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, s/nº, Parque Bela Vista, Salvador, BA, CEP 41.820-000, Brazil.,SESAB/Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof, Gonçalo Moniz LACEN, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 12, Candeal, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lanza
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Jamylle Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vaccarezza
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Camila Diniz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Diego Lopes Paim Miranda
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina-UFBA, Rua Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Renato Freitas de Araújo
- SESAB/Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVEP), Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Netto., Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, s/nº, Parque Bela Vista, Salvador, BA, CEP 41.820-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Muricy Cunha
- SESAB/Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVEP), Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Netto., Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, s/nº, Parque Bela Vista, Salvador, BA, CEP 41.820-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Medeiros Moraes de Carvalho
- SESAB/Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVEP), Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Netto., Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, s/nº, Parque Bela Vista, Salvador, BA, CEP 41.820-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Oyama Lins Fonseca
- Instituto de Tecnologias da Saúde (CIMATEC ITS), Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador, BA, 41650-010, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fonseca Dos Santos
- SESAB/Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof, Gonçalo Moniz LACEN, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 12, Candeal, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Orlando Marcos Farias de Sousa
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância de Zoonoses e Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, SRTV 702, Via W 5 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70723-040, Brazil
| | | | - Wildo Navegantes de Araújo
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federa, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus, Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G Dos Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Medicina-UFBA, Rua Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA, 40110-100, Brazil. .,Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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20
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Daflon-Teixeira NF, Coutinho C, Gomes TF, Toma HK, Duarte R, Bóia MN, Carvalho-Costa FA, Almeida CE, Lima MM. Multiple Approaches to Address Potential Risk Factors of Chagas Disease Transmission in Northeastern Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:296-302. [PMID: 30734691 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most significant systemic parasitosis in Latin America, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mainly transmitted by hematophagous insects, the triatomines. This research was carried out in both domestic and wild environments throughout a Northeastern rural locality. Triatomines were captured in both peridomicile and wild environments, obtaining 508 specimens of triatomines, of which 99.6% were Triatoma brasiliensis. Insects were captured in 10 (18.5%) peridomiciles with an average of 8.3 triatomines per residence. Triatoma brasiliensis nymphs and adults were found in six peridomiciles, generating a 11.1% colonization. No T. cruzi infection was detected in the 447 peridomestic insects analyzed. On the other hand, of the 55 sylvatic T. brasiliensis molecularly examined for T. cruzi, 12 (21%) were positive, all harboring T. cruzi I. The blood meal analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from gut content revealed that both peridomestic and wild triatomine populations fed mainly on birds, refractory to the parasite, which may explain the null rate of natural infection prevalence in the domestic environment. However, infected triatomines for potential home infestation within the radius of insect dispersion capacity were registered in rock outcrops around the dwellings. Anthropogenic environmental influences are able to rapidly alter these scenarios. Therefore, to avoid disease transmission to humans, we recommend constant vector control combined with periodic serological surveillance. The associated methodology presented herein may serve as a model for early detections of risk factors for Chagas disease transmission in the Brazilian Northeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Coutinho
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taís Ferreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena Keiko Toma
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular e Hematologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosemere Duarte
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (ENSP)/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio Neves Bóia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Teresina, Brazil.,Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marli Maria Lima
- Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Trypanosoma cruzi circulating among dogs and triatomines in the endemic countryside of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Acta Trop 2019; 200:105067. [PMID: 31255585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs in several areas of Brazil, including the northeastern region, and domestic animals can serve as reservoirs of the parasite. The aim of this study was to monitor dogs as domestic reservoirs for infection by T. cruzi, and the main triatomine species involved in parasite transmission in rural areas of municipalities in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in northeastern, Brazil. Blood samples from dogs (n = 40) and manual triatomine capture were performed in domiciliary and peridomiciliary environments in rural areas of the towns of Acari, Caraúbas and Marcelino Vieira, between 2013 and 2016. Subsequently, infection of dogs was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the detection of IgM and IgG isotypes and Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) reactions for detection of IgG. Triatomine infection was determined by PCR. Forty (16/40) percent of the dogs were seropositive for T. cruzi; 20.0% (8/40) of such reactivity indicated the acute phase, and 20.0% (8/40), the chronic phase. PCR was positive in 42.5% (17/40) of the dogs' blood samples. Specimens of Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Rhodnius nasutus and Panstrongylus lutzi were found to be infected; however only T. brasiliensis nymphs and adults were infected in both environments. Triatomines evaluation showed 82.5% (94/114) of PCR positivity. Taken together, our results confirm that dogs are domestic reservoirs of T. cruzi in northeastern Brazil and T. brasiliensis is the main triatomine species correlated with parasite transmission in domiciliary environments. There is a continuing need to control peridomiciliary populations of triatomines and to implement continuous surveillance strategies for reservoirs with the help from the community.
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22
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Enduring extreme climate: Effects of severe drought on Triatoma brasiliensis populations in wild and man-made habitats of the Caatinga. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007766. [PMID: 31600199 PMCID: PMC6805010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triatoma brasiliensis, a triatomine-bug vector of Chagas disease, evolved in the semiarid Caatinga, where it occupies rocky outcrops, shrubby cacti, and human dwellings. Dwellings and rocks are considered high-quality microhabitats for this saxicolous species, whereas cacti probably represent secondary, lower-quality microhabitats. This ‘microhabitat-quality hierarchy’ hypothesis predicts that T. brasiliensis populations occupying dwellings or rocks should endure harsh environmental conditions better than their cactus-living relatives. Methods/Findings We tested this prediction by comparing T. brasiliensis infestation (proportion of microhabitats with bugs), density (bugs per microhabitat), and crowding (bugs per infested microhabitat) in dwellings, rocks, and cacti sampled before and during the extreme drought that ravaged the Caatinga in 2012–2016. We used random-intercepts generalized linear mixed models to account for microhabitat spatial clustering and for variations in bug-catch effort; we assessed model performance and computed model-averaged effect estimates using Akaike’s information criterion. Pre-drought infestation was similar across microhabitat types; during the drought, infestation remained stable in dwellings and rocks but dropped in cacti. Pre-drought bug density declined from dwellings to rocks to cacti; an additional decline associated with the drought was largely comparable across microhabitats, albeit perhaps somewhat larger in cacti. Finally, pre-drought bug crowding was higher in dwellings than in rocks or cacti and changed little during the drought–possibly with a downward trend in dwellings and an upward trend in cacti. Conclusions Triatoma brasiliensis populations fared better in dwellings and rocks than in cacti during extreme drought. Estimates of microhabitat and drought effects on infestation, density, and crowding suggest that only a few cacti (versus many rocks and dwellings) represent good-quality habitat under such extremely harsh conditions. Our findings provide empirical support to the microhabitat-quality hierarchy hypothesis, and imply that T. brasiliensis can endure extreme climate by exploiting high-quality microhabitats, whether wild or man-made, in the semiarid Caatinga. Triatomine bugs, the vectors of Chagas disease, feed on vertebrate blood and occupy diverse microhabitats in close association with their hosts. Each bug species is adapted to particular, ‘primary’ microhabitats. Many species, however, also use ‘secondary’ microhabitats, sometimes including man-made structures. Secondary wild microhabitats are probably of lower overall quality than primary microhabitats, whereas human dwellings can be of higher overall quality if they provide a stable and abundant blood supply. This suggests that there may be a ‘hierarchy’ of triatomine microhabitat quality–top-quality dwellings, high-quality primary microhabitats, and low-quality secondary wild microhabitats. To test this hypothesis, we measured the impact of a severe drought on Triatoma brasiliensis populations living in dwellings and wild habitats, both primary (rocks) and secondary (shrubby cacti). Dwelling and rock bug populations remained largely stable during the drought, whereas most cactus-living populations either became extinct or shrunk to an undetectable size. A few cacti, however, supported relatively large bug colonies even during the drought, suggesting that they were of higher-than-average quality. Our findings provide support to the microhabitat-quality hierarchy hypothesis, and show that T. brasiliensis (and perhaps other triatomines) can endure extreme climate by exploiting (natural or man-made) high-quality microhabitats.
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23
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Dale C, Almeida CE, endonça VJ, Oliveira J, da osa JA, Galvão C, Costa J. An updated and illustrated dichotomous key for the Chagas disease vectors of Triatomabrasiliensis species complex and their epidemiologic importance. Zookeys 2018; 805:33-43. [PMID: 30588153 PMCID: PMC6300697 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.805.25559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the subfamily Triatominae, Triatoma exhibits the largest number of species, which are arranged in complexes. For the T.brasiliensis species complex, recent investigations based on results of geometric morphometrics combined with phylogeny have provided evidence that it should be composed of seven species: T.brasiliensis, T.bahiensis, T.juazeirensis, T.lenti, T.melanica, T.petrocchiae, and T.sherlocki, in which T.brasiliensis is divided in two subspecies: T.b.brasiliensis and T.b.macromelasoma. A taxonomic key is presented to identify each taxon. Among members of this complex, T.b.brasiliensis is the most important in an epidemiologic context, due to its high prevalence in natural infection by Trypanosomacruzi combined with a pronounced adaptation to domiciliary habitats. However, some members may be currently invading and colonizing homes, a process known as domiciliation. Therefore, the key presented here may be potentially useful for researchers as well as those involved in vector control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dale
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ, BrazilLaboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCamínasBrazil
| | - Vagner José endonça
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, BrazilUniversidade Federal do PiauíPiauíBrazil
| | - Jader Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, FCFAR/UNESP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”São PauloBrazil
| | - João Aristeu da osa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, FCFAR/UNESP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”São PauloBrazil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ, BrazilInstituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ, BrazilLaboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
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Travi BL. Considering Dogs as Complementary Targets of Chagas Disease Control. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:90-94. [PMID: 30102585 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the role that dogs play in Latin American countries where Chagas disease is endemic. Multiple studies determined the high frequency with which canine populations are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The infection prevalence of dogs is greater than that of humans and the presence of infected dogs in households is associated with a higher risk of human infection. Dog infectiousness to triatomine vectors is several-fold higher than that of humans, thereby underscoring their major role in the domestic transmission of T. cruzi. Insecticide spraying of houses is in most cases efficacious but the lack of sustainability hinders this vector-focused strategy. Multi-pronged approaches have been adopted to improve control measures but dog intervention was never included. Experimental evaluation of systemic insecticides or deltamethrin-impregnated collars suggested that dog intervention leading to triatomine killing could curb domestic transmission of T. cruzi. Larger field studies are required to determine its applicability and efficacy. However, the implementation of dog intervention could complement other control measures currently in place, mostly in periods when vector spraying has been interrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Travi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
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Oliveira J, Marcet PL, Takiya DM, Mendonça VJ, Belintani T, Bargues MD, Mateo L, Chagas V, Folly-Ramos E, Cordeiro-Estrela P, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Costa J, da Rosa JA, Almeida CE. Combined phylogenetic and morphometric information to delimit and unify the Triatoma brasiliensis species complex and the Brasiliensis subcomplex. Acta Trop 2017; 170:140-148. [PMID: 28219669 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
"Triatoma brasiliensis species complex" was defined as a monophyletic group of the species: T. brasiliensis, T. juazeirensis, T. melanica, and T. sherlocki. An alternative grouping scheme proposed the concept of "Brasiliensis subcomplex" which included the former species together with T. melanocephala, T. petrocchiae, T. lenti, T. tibiamaculata, and T. vitticeps. To evaluate the relationship among these taxa we combined the results obtained with four mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, COI and Cytb, adding to 1811bp) and geometric morphometric analysis of wings and heads. Panstrongylus megistus was included in the analysis as it was previously found related to T. tibiamaculata, T. melanocephala and T. vitticeps. The results of both molecular and morphometric approaches clearly grouped the species analyzed into two monophyletic units, supported by both genetic and wing variability. The first one (G1) comprises the four species originally included in the T. brasiliensis species complex plus T. lenti and T. petrocchiae. The second group (G2) was composed by T. melanocephala, T. tibiamaculata and T. vitticeps, and remarkably, P. megistus if considering wing variability and phylogenetic results. Nevertheless, geometric morphometrics of heads provided a quantitative measurement that discriminates Panstrongylus from the Triatoma species based on the position of the antennal insertion relative to eyes, as it is used as the generic distinctive character. The discrepancy among approaches questions the validity of this character to define Panstrongylus genus. Independently of the chosen group definition -"T. brasiliensis species complex" or "Brasiliensis subcomplex"-we propose to delimit it to species of G1 that are all associated with the Caatinga biome in the Brazilian Northeast. G2 are the ones associated with the Atlantic Forest biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jader Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Brazil
| | - Paula L Marcet
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, USA
| | | | | | - Tiago Belintani
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Brazil
| | - João A da Rosa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil.
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