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Ding W, Chen C, Li J, Geng X, Zhang H, Sun Y. Quercus acutissima Carruth. root extract triggers apoptosis, autophagy and inhibits cell viability in breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115039. [PMID: 35092826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The bark of Quercus acutissima Carruth. (QA) has long been used by Chinese people to treat noncancerous growths and cancerous ailments. It was traditionally used by Chinese folk to inhibit tumor proliferation in cancerous treatment, but the specific mechanism remain to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the anticancer activities of QA root extract and its regulatory pathways in two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and SUM159). MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried QA root barks were extracted by ethanol and used to treat human breast cancer MCF-7 and SUM159 cells with varying concentrations. The CCK-8 assay, Hoechst 33342 staining assay and wound healing assay were used to detect the cell proliferation, apoptotic cell morphology, and cell migration in each group, respectively. Caspase 3 activity assay kit was used to determine caspase 3 activity. Western blot was used to measure proteins expression level in apoptosis and autophagy pathways (Bcl-W, caspase 3, Beclin1, LC3 and Atg5). LC-MS was performed to determine the chemical components in QA root extract. RESULTS CCK-8 assay showed that QA root extract significantly inhibited cell viability and proliferation in breast cancer cells by a concentration-dependent manner. Cell wound healing assay indicated that it had high suppression ability on cell migration both in MCF-7 and SUM159 cells. QA root extract treatment induced the morphological and nuclear structural changes in breast cancer cells including rounded appearance and shrunken nucleus with several nuclear body fragments. Western blot indicated that QA root extract induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by up-regulating caspase 3 and down-regulating Bcl-W. Moreover, QA root extract up-regulated Beclin1 and Atg5, and activated LC3 in two human breast cancer cell lines. LC-MS results showed that QA root extract contains high content of bioactive compounds like coumarins and derivatives, prenol lipids, flavonoids and tannins. CONCLUSIONS QA root extract inhibited cell proliferation and migration in MCF-7 and SUM159 cells, and it also induced cell morphology changes and regulated mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death and autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Xuexia Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China.
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China.
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Chen C, Ding W, Li J, Geng X, Zhang H, Sun Y. The anticancer activity of root extract from Quercus acutissima Carruth. Via regulating apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021:114730. [PMID: 34634366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The bark of Quercus acutissima Carruth. (QA) has long been used by Chinese people to treat noncancerous growths and cancerous ailments. It was traditionally used by Chinese folk to inhibit tumor proliferation in cancerous treatment, but the specific mechanism remain to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women and the leading cause of mortality around the globe. This study investigated the anticancer activities of QA root extract and its regulatory pathways in two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and SUM159). MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried QA root barks were extracted by ethanol and used to treat human breast cancer MCF-7 and SUM159 cells with varying concentrations. The CCK-8 assay, Hoechst 33342 staining assay and wound healing assay were used to detect the cell proliferation, apoptotic cell morphology, and cell migration in each group, respectively. Caspase 3 activity assay kit was used to determine caspase 3 activity. Western blot was used to measure proteins expression level in apoptosis and autophagy pathways (Bcl-W, caspase 3, Beclin1, LC3 and Atg5). RESULTS CCK-8 assay showed that QA root extract significantly inhibited cell viability and proliferation in breast cancer cells by a hormone receptor independent manner. Cell wound healing assay indicated that it had high suppression ability on cell migration both in MCF-7 and SUM159 cells. QA root extract treatment induced the morphological and nuclear structural changes in breast cancer cells including rounded appearance and shrunken nucleus with several nuclear body fragments. Western blot indicated that QA root extract induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by up-regulating caspase 3 and down-regulating Bcl-W. Moreover, QA root extract up-regulated Beclin1 and Atg5, and activated LC3 in two human breast cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS QA root extract inhibited cell proliferation and migration in MCF-7 and SUM159 cells, and it also induced cell morphology changes and regulated mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death and autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Wenjing Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Xuexia Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China.
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China.
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Li F, Han X, Chen Y, Wang S, Cheng Z, Hu G, Liu W, Zhu Q. In vitro metabolic characterization of orbitazine, a novel derivative of the PAC-1 anticancer agent. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1199-1210. [PMID: 32583524 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The in vitro evaluation of new drugs is an important step in the drug development pipeline. Orbitazine is a derivative of PAC-1 that has substituted the functional group homopiperazine ring with a piperazine ring. The purpose of this study was to assess the metabolic profile of orbitazine. METHODS Metabolism was characterized in vitro by incubating liver microsomes with metabolize orbitazine or the classical metabolic enzyme substrates. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS/MS were used to identify the parent drugs and metabolites of orbitazine or metabolic enzyme substrates. KEY FINDINGS There was no difference in metabolic stability or metabolites across different species. The metabolites included a debenzyl compound and several hydroxyl compounds, defined as M1(316), M2(440), M3(422), M4(422) and M5(422). We found that orbitazine was metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 in a human liver microsomes incubation system. Orbitazine had no significant inhibitory effect on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, or CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes, but showed a dose-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; and there was no orbitazine-mediated induction of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4 or mRNA expression in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS This in vitro data on the metabolism of orbitazine may provide valuable information to support further clinical progression as a potential therapeutic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuhua Han
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanfen Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qubo Zhu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Jang YG, Ko EB, Choi KC. Gallic acid, a phenolic acid, hinders the progression of prostate cancer by inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 and 2 expression. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108444. [PMID: 32615369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is known to possess diverse biological activities, including anticancer. Histone deacetylase (HDACs) are controlled by tumor suppressor gene transcription and are overexpressed in various tumors, resulting in tumor development, progression and poor prognosis. This study aims to demonstrate the effect of GA on inhibition of prostate cancer (PCa) progression by modulating the expression of HDAC1 and 2 in PCa cells. To prove our research rationale, we used diverse experimental methods. GA decreased the cell viability of only PCa cell lines and not normal cells (contrary to another HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) and also inhibited colony and tumor spheroid formation. Exposure to GA decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increased the number of apoptotic cells and induced DNA fragmentation. Western blot analysis revealed down-regulated expression of HDAC1 and 2, leading to up-regulation of acetyl-p53 expression at the protein level, subsequent to down-regulating the expression of cell-cycle-related genes, i.e., proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1 and E1, up-regulating the expression of cell cycle arrest gene p21 and regulating the expression of apoptosis intrinsic pathway-related genes, such as Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in both PCa cell lines. Furthermore, oral administration of GA for 8 weeks on PC-3 cells-derived tumor xenograft mice model decreases the tumor size, damages the tumor structure and down-regulates the expression of HDAC1 and 2 and PCNA in tumor mass, as confirmed by histological analysis. These results indicated that GA may hinder the PCa progression by inhibiting HDAC1 and 2 expression, thereby demonstrating the potential of GA to be used as HDACs inhibitor and anti-PCa therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Gi Jang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul-Bee Ko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Wong SK, Kamisah Y, Mohamed N, Muhammad N, Masbah N, Mohd Fahami NA, Mohamed IN, Shuid AN, Mohd Saad Q, Abdullah A, Mohamad NV, Ibrahim NI, Pang KL, Chow YY, Thong BKS, Subramaniam S, Chan CY, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. Potential Role of Tocotrienols on Non-Communicable Diseases: A Review of Current Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:E259. [PMID: 31963885 PMCID: PMC7019837 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienol (T3) is a subfamily of vitamin E known for its wide array of medicinal properties. This review aimed to summarize the health benefits of T3, particularly in prevention or treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, metabolic, gastric, and skin disorders, as well as cancers. Studies showed that T3 could prevent various NCDs, by suppressing 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) in the mevalonate pathway, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and alternating hormones. The efficacy of T3 in preventing/treating these NCDs is similar or greater compared to tocopherol (TF). TF may lower the efficacy of T3 because the efficacy of the combination of TF and T3 was lower than T3 alone in some studies. Data investigating the effects of T3 on osteoporosis, arthritis, and peptic ulcers in human are limited. The positive outcomes of T3 treatment obtained from the preclinical studies warrant further validation from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (S.K.W.); (Y.K.); (N.M.); (N.M.); (N.M.); (N.A.M.F.); (I.N.M.); (A.N.S.); (Q.M.S.); (A.A.); (N.-V.M.); (N.I.I.); (K.-L.P.); (Y.Y.C.); (B.K.S.T.); (S.S.); (C.Y.C.); (S.I.-N.)
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Weis GCC, Assmann CE, Cadoná FC, Bonadiman BDSR, Alves ADO, Machado AK, Duarte MMMF, da Cruz IBM, Costabeber IH. Immunomodulatory effect of mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and thiophanate methyl pesticides on macrophage cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109420. [PMID: 31299472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb (MZ), chlorothalonil (CT), and thiophanate methyl (TM) are pesticides commonly used in agriculture due to their efficacy, low acute toxicity to mammals, and short environmental persistence. Although the toxic effects of these pesticides have been previously reported, studies regarding their influence on the immune system are limited. As such, this study focused on the immunomodulatory effect of MZ, CT, and TM pesticides on macrophage cells. RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to a range of concentrations (0.1-100 μg/mL) of these pesticides. CT exposure promoted an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. The MTT and ds-DNA assay results demonstrated that MZ, CT, and TM exposure induced macrophage proliferation. Moreover, MZ, CT, and TM promoted cell cycle arrest at S phase, strongly suggesting macrophage proliferation. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and caspases (caspase 1, 3, and 8) in macrophages exposed to MZ, CT, and TM pesticides increased, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels decreased. These results suggest that MZ, CT, and TM exert an immunomodulatory effect on the immune system, inducing macrophage activation and enhancing the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Audrei de Oliveira Alves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Dihydrochalcone Derivative Induces Breast Cancer Cell Apoptosis via Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and ER Stress Pathways but Abolishes EGFR/MAPK Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7298539. [PMID: 31772936 PMCID: PMC6855007 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7298539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrochalcone derivatives are active compounds that have been purified from the Thai medicinal plant Cyathostemma argenteum. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of two dihydrochalcone derivatives on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell proliferation and to study the relevant mechanisms involved. The two dihydrochalcone derivatives are 4′,6′-dihydroxy-2′,4-dimethoxy-5′-(2″-hydroxybenzyl)dihydrochalcone (compound 1) and calomelanone (2′,6′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxydihydrochalcone, compound 2), both of which induced cytotoxicity toward both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner by using MTT assay. Treatment with both derivatives induced apoptosis as determined by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide employing flow cytometry. The reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (staining with 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide, DiOC6, employing a flow cytometer) was established in the compound 1-treated cells. Compound 1 induced caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities in both cell lines, as has been determined by specific colorimetric substrates and a spectrophotometric microplate reader which indicated the involvement of both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Calcium ion levels in mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments increased in compound 1-treated cells as detected by Rhod-2AM and Fluo-3AM intensity, respectively, indicating the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Compound 1 induced cell cycle arrest via enhanced atm and atr expressions and by upregulating proapoptotic proteins, namely, Bim, Bad, and tBid. Moreover, compound 1 significantly inhibited the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, compound 1 induced MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell apoptosis via intrinsic, extrinsic, and ER stress pathways, whereas it ameliorated the EGFR/MAPK pathway in the MCF-7 cell line. Consequently, it is believed that compound 1 could be effectively developed for cancer treatments.
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Shan S, Xie Y, Zhao H, Niu J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Li Z. Bound polyphenol extracted from jujube pulp triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of HepG2 cell in vitro and in vivo. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Vanitha MK, Anandakumar P, Sakthisekaran D. Taurine abrogates mammary carcinogenesis through induction of apoptosis in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22204. [PMID: 30101532 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most severe problems in oncology. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid with vital biological functions. The current study was intended to investigate the abnormalities in the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins that lead to the progression of 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer and to expose the protective effect of taurine on it. Rats were induced with DMBA by gastric intubation to induce breast cancer. Breast cancer-bearing animals were posttreated with taurine. The breast tumors induced by DMBA, analyzed in the current study, were characterized by increased protein/DNA expression of Bcl-2 associated with downregulation in the expression of p53, Bax, and caspases. Taurine treatment reverted all the above changes induced by DMBA and inhibited the development of rat breast carcinoma through its ability to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Kalappan Vanitha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Pandi Anandakumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Dhanapal Sakthisekaran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
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Sun X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Chen Q, Liu L, Bao Y. Synergistic Inhibition of Thalidomide and Icotinib on Human Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas Through ERK and AKT Signaling. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3193-3203. [PMID: 29763936 PMCID: PMC5978026 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been widely used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with sensitive EGFR mutations. However, the survival of patients with EGFR-TKI administration is limited by the inevitable development of acquired drug resistance. Recently, multi-targeted drugs combination has been shown to be a promising strategy to improve the efficacy of EGFR-TKI treatment and enable the reduction of drug resistance in NSCLC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Humanized NSCLC cell lines PC9 and A549 were co-cultured with thalidomide and/or icotinib to test for anti-tumor efficiency. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay, cell apoptosis by flow cytometry and cell migration by wound healing assay. Western blot was performed to determine the expression of caspase-3, -8, -9, Bax, EGFR, VEGF-R, AKT, ERK, MMP2, MMP9, and NF-κB. The xenograft mouse model was used to explore the effects of thalidomide and icotinib in vivo. Immunohistochemical testing was used to determine the expression of Ki-67 and TUNEL staining in tumor tissues. RESULTS Treatments of thalidomide and/or icotinib reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, and suppressed migration. Attenuation of pEGFR and pVEGF-R resulted in deactivation of ERK and AKT pathways, which eventually increased the anti-proliferative response. In PC9 xenograft model, combined administration of thalidomide and icotinib restrained tumor growth with remarkable reduced Ki-67 index and increased TUNEL positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Thalidomide sensitizes icotinib to increase apoptosis and prevent migration, and it may be a potentially promising anti-tumor drug in lung cancer multi-modality therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yangyi Bao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Tóth C, Sükösd F, Valicsek E, Herpel E, Schirmacher P, Tiszlavicz L. Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3586-3593. [PMID: 29467879 PMCID: PMC5796384 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) has been well-established as a diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer (CRC); however, less is known about its regulation, particularly its potential interactions with the DNA repair proteins, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β-catenin, in a non-transcriptional manner. In the present study, the protein expression of CDX2 was analyzed, depending on the expression of the DNA repair proteins, mismatch repair (MMR), O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1), and its importance in Wnt signaling was also determined. A total of 101 liver metastases were punched into tissue microarray (TMA) blocks and serial sections were cut for immunohistochemistry. For each protein, an immunoreactive score was generated according to literature data and the scores were fitted to TMA. Subsequently, statistical analysis was performed to compare the levels of expression with each other and with clinical data. CDX2 loss of expression was observed in 38.5% of the CRC liver metastasis cases. A statistically significant association between CDX2 and each of the investigated MMRs was observed: MutL Homolog 1 (P<0.01), MutS protein Homolog (MSH) 2 (P<0.01), MSH6 (P<0.01), and postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (P=0.040). Furthermore, loss of MGMT and ERCC1 was also associated with CDX2 loss (P=0.039 and P<0.01, respectively). In addition, CDX2 and ERCC1 were inversely associated with metastatic tumor size (P=0.038 and P=0.027, respectively). Sustained CDX2 expression was associated with a higher expression of cytoplasmic/membranous β-catenin and with nuclear APC expression (P=0.042 and P<0.01, respectively). In conclusion, CDX2 loss of expression was not a rare event in liver metastasis of CRC and the results suggested that CDX2 may be involved in mechanisms resulting in the loss of DNA repair protein expression, and in turn methylation; however, its exact function in this context remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Tóth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Farkas Sükösd
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Valicsek
- Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Tissue Bank of The National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang X, He B, Kong B, Wei L, Wang R, Zhou C, Shao Y, Lin J, Jin Y, Fu Z. β-Cypermethrin and its metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid exhibit immunotoxicity in murine macrophages. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:1083-1091. [PMID: 29040392 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cypermethrin (β-CYP), one of most important pyrethroids, is widely used to control insects, and has been detected in organisms, including human. Pyrethroids have been shown to pose neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, endocrine disruption and reproductive risks in mammals. However, research in immunotoxicity of pyrethroids, especially their metabolites, is limited. A common metabolite of pyrethroids is 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) in mammals. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the immunotoxicity of β-CYP and 3-PBA in mouse macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells. MTT assays showed that both β-CYP and 3-PBA reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry with Annexin-V/PI staining demonstrated that both β-CYP and 3-PBA induced RAW 264.7 cell apoptosis. Furthermore, our results also showed that N-acetylcysteine partially blocked β-CYP- and 3-PBA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Intrinsic apoptotic pathway was stimulated by both β-CYP and 3-PBA exposure. In addition, we found that β-CYP and 3-PBA inhibited mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines with or without LPS stimulation. Phagocytosis assay showed that both β-CYP and 3-PBA inhibited phagocytic ability of macrophages. Moreover, it was also found that both β-CYP and 3-PBA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in RAW 264.7 cells. Accordingly, both β-CYP and 3-PBA were found to regulate the mRNA levels of oxidative stress-related genes in RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that β-CYP and 3-PBA may have immunotoxic effect on macrophages and that elevated ROS may underlie the mechanism. The present study will help to understand the health risks caused by β-CYP and other pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingnan He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baida Kong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenqian Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Shao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Lee J, Shishido-Hara Y, Suzuki K, Shimizu S, Kobayashi K, Kamma H, Shiokawa Y, Nagane M. Prognostic factors for primary central nervous system lymphomas treated with high-dose methotrexate-based chemo-radiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2017; 47:925-934. [PMID: 28981733 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) remains an aggressive and refractory tumor despite high-dose methotrexate-based chemo-radiotherapy. Age and performance status have been shown to be important clinical prognostic factors, however others, especially molecular factors, affecting the prognosis are still uncertain. Methods We investigate clinical, neuroimaging and immunohistochemical data in tissue from 41 PCNSL patients treated primarily with methotrexate-based chemo-radiotherapy and evaluate the influence of potential prognostic factors on clinical outcome as well as correlation among these factors. Results Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 29 and 73 months, respectively. Expression of the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2, correlated tightly with each other and high expression of MSH2 was significantly associated with better OS and PFS (P = 0.005 and P = 0.007), while methotrexate metabolism-related proteins did not affect survival. In addition, low expression of PMS2 was an independent predictor of methotrexate resistance (P = 0.039). Among neuroimaging findings, involvement of the fornix and tegmentum/velum were significantly associated with poorer OS (P < 0.001 and P = 0.013) and PFS (P = 0.014 and P = 0.043, respectively). Germinal center B cell (GCB)-PCNSL subtype as opposed to non-GCB subtype, tended toward better survival. Regarding oncogenes, cMYC-positive cases showed unfavorable OS (P = 0.046). By multivariate analysis, MSH2 and involvement of the fornix were independent predictors for both OS and PFS, whereas tegmentum/velum location and cMYC expression were significantly associated with OS. Conclusions Although further studies are needed, these results suggest that MMR protein expression, as well as specific deep locations and cMYC expression, may be a novel prognostic and predictive markers for PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeunghun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Kaori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Hiroshi Kamma
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Motoo Nagane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine
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14
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Zhang M, Xin W, Yi Z, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhang H, Chen H, Chen X, Tan S, Zhu D. Human biliverdin reductase regulates the molecular mechanism underlying cancer development. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1337-1345. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical University (Daqing)DaqingChina
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical University (Daqing)DaqingChina
| | - Zhi Yi
- Department of Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical University (Daqing)DaqingChina
| | - Yue Li
- College of PharmacyHarbin University of CommerceHarbinChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical University (Daqing)DaqingChina
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical University (Daqing)DaqingChina
| | - He Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical University (Daqing)DaqingChina
| | - Shujie Tan
- Department of Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical University (Daqing)DaqingChina
| | - Daling Zhu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHarbin Medical University (Daqing)DaqingChina
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang ProvinceHarbinChina
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15
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Poaty H, Aba Gandzion C, Soubeyran I, Gassaye D, Peko JF, Nkoua Bon JB, Gombé Mbalawa C. The identification of Lynch syndrome in Congolese colorectal cancer patients. Bull Cancer 2017; 104:831-839. [PMID: 28988047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Lynch syndrome as one of hereditary causes of colorectal cancer (CRC) among young Congolese individuals affected by the CRC, and to define methods for diagnosis in Congo Brazzaville. METHODS We conducted a transversal cohort study of 34 patients having a CRC with a family history for a period of eight years. They were selected among 89 CRCs of any type from the Bethesda guidelines criteria combined with pedigrees. Mismatch repair (MMR) genes alterations were researched by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS We identified with the Bethesda criteria a total of 38.2% (34/89) patients having familial CRC with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%=[0.34-0.41]. Only 14.7% (5/34) 95% CI=[0.34-2.32] patients showed MMR immunodeficiency involving firstly MLH1 protein then MSH2 protein. These data account for 5.6% (5/89) 95% CI=[0.15-0.33] of patients affected by Lynch syndrome with an earlier median age of 35 years (range 20 to 47 years). CONCLUSION The prevalence of Lynch syndrome found in Brazzaville is comparable to that is found in northern countries. The combined Bethesda guidelines, pedigree and IHC is an accessible and good alternative method for the positive diagnosis of Lynch syndrome in current practice in Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Poaty
- Marien Ngouabi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Histology-Embryology and Genetics Laboratory, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo; National Research Institute on Health Sciences, Brazzaville, Congo.
| | - Chandra Aba Gandzion
- Marien Ngouabi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Histology-Embryology and Genetics Laboratory, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Isabelle Soubeyran
- Cancer Institute of Bergonie, Morbid Anatomy Unit, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Déby Gassaye
- CHU of Brazzaville, Gastro-Enterology Service, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Jean Félix Peko
- CHU of Brazzaville, Morbid Anatomy Service, Brazzaville, Congo
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16
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Tóth C, Sükösd F, Valicsek E, Herpel E, Schirmacher P, Renner M, Mader C, Tiszlavicz L, Kriegsmann J. Expression of ERCC1, RRM1, TUBB3 in correlation with apoptosis repressor ARC, DNA mismatch repair proteins and p53 in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1457-1465. [PMID: 28949378 PMCID: PMC5627886 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis in colorectal cancer is common and the primary treatment is chemotherapy. To date, there is no routinely used test in clinical practice to predict the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy. Therefore, biomarkers with predictive value for conventional chemotherapy would be of considerable benefit in treatment planning. We analysed three proteins [excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1), ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 1 (RRM1) and class III β-tubulin (TUBB3)] in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. We used tissue microarray slides with 101 liver metastasis samples, stained for ERCC1, RRM1 and TUBB3 and established scoring systems (fitted for tissue microarray) for each protein. In statistical analysis, we compared the expression of ERCC1, RRM1 and TUBB3 to mismatch proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2), p53 and to apoptosis repressor protein (ARC). Statistically significant correlations were found between ERCC1, TUBB3 and MLH1, MSH2 and RRM1 and MSH2, MSH6. Noteworthy, our analysis revealed a strong significant correlation between cytoplasmic ARC expression and RRM1, TUBB3 (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively), implying an additional role of TUBB3 and RRM1 not only in therapy resistance, but also in the apoptotic machinery. Our data strengthens the importance of ERCC1, TUBB3 and RRM1 in the prediction of chemotherapy effectiveness and suggest new functional connections in DNA repair, microtubule network and apoptotic signaling (i.e. ARC protein). In conclusion, we showed the importance and need of predictive biomarkers in metastasized colorectal cancer and pointed out the relevance not only of single predictive markers but also of their interactions with other known and newly explored relations between different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Tóth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Farkas Sükösd
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Valicsek
- Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Renner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mader
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - László Tiszlavicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jörg Kriegsmann
- MVZ for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Trier, D-54296 Trier, Germany
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17
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Zhao G, Han X, Cheng W, Ni J, Zhang Y, Lin J, Song Z. Apigenin inhibits proliferation and invasion, and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human melanoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2277-2285. [PMID: 28260058 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most invasive and fatal form of cutaneous cancer. Moreover it is extremely resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Apigenin, a non-mutagenic flavonoid, has been found to exhibit chemopreventive and/or anticancerogenic properties in many different types of human cancer cells. Therefore, apigenin may have particular relevance for development as a chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effects of apigenin on the viability, migration and invasion potential, dendrite morphology, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in human melanoma A375 and C8161 cell lines in vitro. Apigenin effectively suppressed the proliferation of melanoma cells in vitro. Moreover, it inhibited cell migration and invasion, lengthened the dendrites, and induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, apigenin promoted the activation of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP proteins and decreased the expression of phosphorylated (p)‑ERK1/2 proteins, p-AKT and p-mTOR. Consequently, apigenin is a novel therapeutic candidate for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ni
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Jingrong Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqi Song
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Abraha AM, Ketema EB. Apoptotic pathways as a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:583-591. [PMID: 27574550 PMCID: PMC4980648 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i8.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer among adults. The disease begins as a benign adenomatous polyp, which develops into an advanced adenoma with high-grade dysplasia and then progresses to an invasive cancer. Appropriate apoptotic signaling is fundamentally important to preserve a healthy balance between cell death and cell survival and in maintaining genome integrity. Evasion of apoptotic pathway has been established as a prominent hallmark of several cancers. During colorectal cancer development, the balance between the rates of cell growth and apoptosis that maintains intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis gets progressively disturbed. Evidences are increasingly available to support the hypothesis that failure of apoptosis may be an important factor in the evolution of colorectal cancer and its poor response to chemotherapy and radiation. The other reason for targeting apoptotic pathway in the treatment of cancer is based on the observation that this process is deregulated in cancer cells but not in normal cells. As a result, colorectal cancer therapies designed to stimulate apoptosis in target cells would play a critical role in controlling its development and progression. A better understanding of the apoptotic signaling pathways, and the mechanisms by which cancer cells evade apoptotic death might lead to effective therapeutic strategies to inhibit cancer cell proliferation with minimal toxicity and high responses to chemotherapy. In this review, we analyzed the current understanding and future promises of apoptotic pathways as a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer treatment.
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Goldar S, Khaniani MS, Derakhshan SM, Baradaran B. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and roles in cancer development and treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2129-44. [PMID: 25824729 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is a mechanism which is crucial for all multicellular organisms to control cell proliferation and maintain tissue homeostasis as well as eliminate harmful or unnecessary cells from an organism. Defects in the physiological mechanisms of apoptosis may contribute to different human diseases like cancer. Identification of the mechanisms of apoptosis and its effector proteins as well as the genes responsible for apoptosis has provided a new opportunity to discover and develop novel agents that can increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis or reset their apoptotic threshold. These novel targeted therapies include those targeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, p53, the extrinsic pathway, FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and the caspases. In recent years a number of these novel agents have been assessed in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we introduce some of the key regulatory molecules that control the apoptotic pathways, extrinsic and intrinsic death receptors, discuss how defects in apoptotic pathways contribute to cancer, and list several agents being developed to target apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Goldar
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Labratorary, Division of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail :
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20
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Tóth C, Meinrath J, Herpel E, Derix J, Fries J, Buettner R, Schirmacher P, Heikaus S. Expression of the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer and its correlation with DNA mismatch repair proteins and p53. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:927-35. [PMID: 26721253 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptotic signaling is one of the most important processes in the measurement of chemotherapeutic effectiveness. In apoptotic machinery, various pathways and proteins are involved (i.e., mismatch repair proteins, p53). One of the regulatory proteins is ARC, which can inhibit not only the extrinsic but also the intrinsic apoptotic signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the expression levels of ARC in colorectal liver metastasis and compared them with the expression of mismatch repair proteins and p53. Furthermore, we investigated ARC expression level depending on sex, age, tumor grade, mucin production, tumor size and number of liver metastasis. RESULTS ARC expression level in colorectal cancer liver metastasis was independent from clinical data (i.e., age, gender, tumor size, tumor number or mucin production) but strongly correlated with MSH2 and MSH6 expression, which further supported the evidence for the regulatory role of MSH2 and MSH6 in apoptosis; i.e., in case of sufficient MSH2 and MSH6 expression, significantly higher ARC level is required to suppress the apoptosis. A regulatory interaction between ARC and p53 has been described, but we found no correlation between p53 expression levels and ARC levels. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to define the exact role of ARC in apoptotic signaling and thus its role in chemoresistance and survival of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Tóth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Oncology, CIO Biobank, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jeannine Meinrath
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Cancer Institute, Tissue Bank, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Derix
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jochen Fries
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Yu Y, Zhong Z, Guan Y. The downregulation of Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter indicates worse outcomes in patients with small cell lung carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:13075-13082. [PMID: 26722503 PMCID: PMC4680448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that lung cancer is the 1st leading cause of death worldwide. Many reports have demonstrated that Bad, the Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter plays a crucial role in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of Bad and its clinical significance in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) By analyzing the expression of Bad in 147 SCLC patient specimen, we found that Bad expression was remarkably decreased in 55.8% (82/147) cases, compared with the neighboring non-tumor tissues. Further study showed that Bad expression was correlated with adverse clinical characters such as clinical stage (P = 0.001), tumor size (P = 0.036) and tumor recurrence (P = 0.030). Furthermore, the results of Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that low Bad expression was significantly correlated to overall survival (P < 0.0001) and disease-free survival (P = 0.017) of patients with SCLC. Moreover, multivariate analyses revealed that Bad was an independent indicator of overall survival in SCLC (hazard ration = 0.620, 95% confidence interval: 0.389-0.987, P < 0.001). In summary, we can conclude that patients with SCLC represent downregulation of Bad and the latter could be served as a useful biomarker for the outcomes of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Zhaokui Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Yaowu Guan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
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22
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Fukuhara S, Chang I, Mitsui Y, Chiyomaru T, Yamamura S, Majid S, Saini S, Hirata H, Deng G, Gill A, Wong DK, Shiina H, Nonomura N, Dahiya R, Tanaka Y. DNA mismatch repair gene MLH1 induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11297-307. [PMID: 25526032 PMCID: PMC4294331 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) enzymes have been shown to be deficient in prostate cancer (PCa). MMR can influence the regulation of tumor development in various cancers but their role on PCa has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the functional effects of the mutL-homolog 1 (MLH1) gene on growth of PCa cells. The DU145 cell line has been established as MLH1-deficient and thus, this cell line was utilized to determine effects of MLH1 by gene expression. Lack of MLH1 protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting in DU145 cells whereas levels were high in normal PWR-1E and RWPE-1 prostatic cells. MLH1-expressing stable transfectant DU145 cells were then created to characterize the effects this MMR gene has on various growth properties. Expression of MLH1 resulted in decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion properties. Lack of cell growth in vivo also indicated a tumor suppressive effect by MLH1. Interestingly, MLH1 caused an increase in apoptosis along with phosphorylated c-Abl, and treatment with MLH1 siRNAs countered this effect. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Abl with STI571 also abrogated the effect on apoptosis caused by MLH1. These results demonstrate MLH1 protects against PCa development by inducing c-Abl-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fukuhara
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Oral Biology,Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yozo Mitsui
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Chiyomaru
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guoren Deng
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ankurpreet Gill
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Darryn K Wong
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroaki Shiina
- Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a serious health problem, a challenge for research, and a model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in its development. According to its incidence, this pathology manifests itself in three forms: family, hereditary, and most commonly sporadic, apparently not associated with any hereditary or familial factor. For the types having inheritance patterns and a family predisposition, the tumours develop through defined stages ranging from adenomatous lesions to the manifestation of a malignant tumour. It has been established that environmental and hereditary factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer, as indicated by the accumulation of mutations in oncogenes, genes which suppress and repair DNA, signaling the existence of various pathways through which the appearance of tumours may occur. In the case of the suppressive and mutating tracks, these are characterised by genetic disorders related to the phenotypical changes of the morphological progression sequence in the adenoma/carcinoma. Moreover, alternate pathways through mutation in BRAF and KRAS genes are associated with the progression of polyps to cancer. This review surveys the research done at the cellular and molecular level aimed at finding specific alternative therapeutic targets for fighting colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arvelo
- Centre for Biosciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Foundation-IDEA, Caracas 1015-A, Apartado 17606, Venezuela ; Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Felipe Sojo
- Centre for Biosciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Foundation-IDEA, Caracas 1015-A, Apartado 17606, Venezuela ; Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Cotte
- Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
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Maroni L, Pierantonelli I, Banales JM, Benedetti A, Marzioni M. The significance of genetics for cholangiocarcinoma development. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:28. [PMID: 25332972 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignancy of the liver, arising from bile ducts. The incidence is increasing worldwide, but the prognosis has remained dismal and virtually unchanged in the past 30 years. Although several risk factors have been associated with the development of this cancer, none of them are normally identified in most patients. Diagnosis in advanced stages of the disease and limited therapeutic options contribute to poor survival rates. The recent analysis of genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring in CCA has shed new light in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the malignant transformation of biliary cells. Further studies in this direction may foster new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches. This review provides a global overview of recent advances in CCA and describes the most important genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations so far reported in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maroni
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
| | - Irene Pierantonelli
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
| | - Jesus M Banales
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
| | - Marco Marzioni
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
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Adamkov M, Furjelová M, Horáček J, Benčat M, Kružliak P. Relationship of mismatch repair proteins and survivin in colon polyps and carcinomas. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1007-14. [PMID: 24852932 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair genes (MMR) play an essential role in DNA repair. MMR mutations predominantly in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and rarely in PMS1, may cause the production of abnormally short or inactivated proteins. The antiapoptotic protein survivin functions in the inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of cell division and also enhances angiogenesis. Both MMRP and survivin are considered to be powerful prognostic parameters. This study was designed to determine the relationship between MMRP and survivin in colon lesions. The study included 113 cases of colon carcinoma and 51 cases of colon polyps. Survivin expression and MMRP status were assessed by immunohistochemistry. In each section, expression, intensity of immunostaining and percentage of labeled cells were analyzed. In carcinomas, immunoreaction was detected in 100/113 cases for MLH1 (88.5%), 112/113 cases for MSH2 (99.1%), 110/113 cases for MSH6 (97.3%), and 103/113 cases for PMS2 (91.2%). Survivin was shown in 47/113 cases (41.6%). The statistical analysis confirmed a significant correlation between the expression of MMRP and survivin in the assessed parameters. All 51 polyp samples were positive for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. Only 8 of those (15.7%) were positive for survivin. Statistically significant differences were observed between the expression of MMRP and survivin. In conclusion, this study revealed that MMRP may suppress the antiapoptotic function of survivin through p53 inactivation of its promoter in grade 1 and grade 2 colon carcinomas.
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Sehgal M, Singh TR. DR-GAS: A database of functional genetic variants and their phosphorylation states in human DNA repair systems. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 16:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Different susceptibility of colon cancer DLD-1 and LOVO cell lines to apoptosis induced by DMU-212, a synthetic resveratrol analogue. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Endo A, Koizumi H, Takahashi M, Tamura T, Tatsunami S, Watanabe Y, Takagi M. A significant imbalance in mitosis versus apoptosis accelerates the growth rate of sessile serrated adenoma/polyps. Virchows Arch 2013; 462:131-9. [PMID: 23292000 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sessile serrated adenoma/polyps (SSA/Ps) of the colon are thought to be precursors of sporadic carcinomas. Although it is suggested that SSA/P may grow rapidly from the early stage, its cell kinetics remains obscure. To solve this problem, we analyzed the mitotic and apoptotic activity of normal crypts, microvesicular hyperplastic polyps (MVHPs), and tubular adenomas (TAs), using phospho-histone H3 and cleaved caspase 3 immunohistochemistry. The mitotic index for SSA/Ps (mean, 5.63) and TAs (6.98) was significantly higher than those for normal crypts (2.72) and MVHPs (2.86). Of all tested lesions, the apoptotic index was lowest for SSA/Ps (0.96; normal, 2.71; MVHPs, 2.62; TAs, 6.01) with statistically significant differences. The net growth ratio was close to 1.0 in normal crypts (1.07) while remaining low in MVHPs (1.06) and TAs (1.38), but was markedly elevated in SSA/Ps (7.32, P < 0.01) due to the large imbalance between mitosis and apoptosis. As to apoptosis regulatory proteins, expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was significantly reduced or undetectable in MVHPs and SSA/Ps, while TAs showed stronger staining than normal crypts. Expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and its activators, Bim and Bad, was significantly reduced in MVHPs and SSA/Ps. We suggest that other complex mechanisms may act synergistically with Bax, Bim, or Bad deficiency to regulate apoptosis suppression in SSA/Ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Endo
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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