Induction of transforming growth factor-beta 1 by androgen is mediated by reactive oxygen species in hair follicle dermal papilla cells

Enhancing hair growth through phytochemicals: mechanisms, supporting evidence, and future directions

AIMS

To explore the mechanisms, formulations, delivery strategies, and therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in promoting hair growth, emphasizing their effects on hair follicle physiology and growth cycles.

METHODS

Databases including PubMed, Springer, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and other databases were searched using key terms such as "phytochemicals," "hair growth," "hair follicles," "growth factors," and "natural treatments" were used to identify experimental and clinical studies on phytochemicals affecting hair growth.

KEY FINDINGS

Key phytochemicals stimulate hair follicles and promote keratinocyte proliferation. Malva verticillata influences the (Wingless/Integrated and β-catenin) Wnt/β-catenin pathway and AKT (protein kinase B) signaling. Elephantopus scaber L. extracts elevate insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while Sophora flavescens boosts IGF-1 and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) by increasing mRNA levels. Similarly, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate activates AKT signaling, caffeine reduces transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) and raises IGF-1, and Carthamus tinctorius enhances VEGF and KGF while suppressing TGF-β1. Although evidence highlights their potential, challenges remain in improving bioavailability and standardizing formulations.

CONCLUSIONS

Phytochemicals offer natural, safer alternatives for promoting hair growth with fewer side effects than conventional drugs. Further research is needed to optimize formulations and improve bioavailability.

Minoxidil cyclodextrin inclusion complex-loaded microemulsions and transfersomes for androgen alopecia treatment: a comparative study

Our MXD/SCD@TF designed by the combination of transfersome and inclusion technology was obviously superior to commercial 2% MXD tincture in treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in mice, but its complex preparation and poor stability undoubtedly increased both development and usage costs. In this paper, using our previous alcohol-free low surfactant microemulsion technology with VES as auxiliary oil phase, microemulsions loaded with the inclusion complex of MXD and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) were prepared, optimized and characterized, and the therapeutic effect on AGA C57BL/6 mice was compared with MXD/SCD@TF. According to the ternary phase diagram, steady-state permeation rate of MXD through SD rat skin and drug retention, MXD/SCD@ME was selected as the optimal prescription, composed of 5.25% oil phase, 9.75% surfactants, 10.20% SBE-β-CD, 1.02% MXD and 73.78% water, which conformed to the characteristics of microemulsion. MXD/SCD@ME had good stability, and the application of inclusion technology increased the MXD loading in microemulsion to nearly 5 times. The results of in vivo skin penetration test and laser confocal scanning visualization showed that MXD/SCD@ME was easier to deliver drugs to deeper skin tissues than MXD/SCD@TF. Hair regeneration study demonstrated that MXD/SCD@ME had higher ability than MXD/SCD@TF in promoting hair growth, prolonging hair growth period, reducing ROS level and promoting cell proliferation of hair follicles. In addition, the blank microemulsion of MXD/SCD@ME had certain therapeutic effect on AGA, indicating the synergistic effect between VES and MXD. All these indicated that MXD/SCD@ME is expected to provide a better choice for pharmacological therapy of MXD on AGA than MXD/SCD@TF.

Kyoh® Rocket Leaf Extract Regulates Proliferation and VEGF and FGF7 Expression in Human Dermal Follicle Papilla Cells

Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss for women and men. Current treatments for androgenetic alopecia, such as those based on drugs like Minoxidil, Finasteride, or Dutasteride, have been associated with a variety of side effects, such as irritation, contact dermatitis, scalp pruritus, burning, etc. In this regard, plant extracts have emerged as promising alternatives to available chemical-based treatments for androgenetic alopecia given their efficacy, customer acceptability, and potentially minimized side effects. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Kyoh®, an extract from rocket leaves, as a treatment to improve the signs of androgenetic alopecia. We found that Kyoh® contained 2.1% total flavonoids, with kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin diglucosides being the most abundant. Additionally, Kyoh® showed a stimulating effect on the growth of human dermal follicle papilla cells in laboratory conditions. Most importantly, Kyoh® enhanced the gene expression of the hair growth-associated growth factors VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) and FGF7 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 7). Specifically, VEGF expression increased by 60.7% after 4 h and 267.3% after 24 h, while FGF7 expression increased by 50.3% after 4 h and 244.3% after 24 h, indicating both a rapid induction of gene expression and a sustained effect lasting at least one day. Moreover, Kyoh® increased the gene expression of NRF2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) by 71.2%, which encodes for a protein participating in the antioxidant response. Overall, our study shows that flavonol-rich rocket extract (Kyoh®) is a promising treatment for promoting hair growth, demonstrated by its proliferation-promoting effect, potential antioxidant priming, and induction of the expression of growth factors associated with hair growth and health.

Anti-Hair Loss Effect of Veratric Acid on Dermal Papilla Cells

The activation of hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs), a critical target of hair loss relief, can be achieved through the upregulation of proliferation, the stimulation of hair inducibility, and the inhibition of cellular senescence. Veratric acid (VA) is a major benzoic acid found in fruits and vegetables. The biological activity of VA on HFDPCs remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the capacity of VA for hair loss mitigation. An MTT assay, Ki67 staining, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and a Western blot analysis were performed to confirm the proliferative effect of VA. Hair inductivity was determined through a cell aggregation assay and ALP staining. Annexin V/PI staining was performed to confirm the anti-apoptotic effect of VA. The inhibitory effect of VA on cellular senescence was confirmed by a β-galactosidase (β-gal) assay and qRT-PCR using replicative senescence and oxidative stress-induced senescence models. As a result, VA dose-dependently upregulated the proliferation of HFDPCs, the expression of growth factors, and β-catenin protein levels. VA also dose-dependently increased ALP activity and cell aggregation and decreased apoptotic cells through the regulation of BCL2 and BAX expression. Moreover, VA reduced β-gal activity and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in a dose-dependent manner in senescent HFDPCs. These findings suggest that VA may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating hair loss by targeting multiple pathways involved in HFDPC activation.

Immune and Non-immune Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Androgenetic Alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), a leading cause of progressive hair loss, affects up to 50% of males aged 50 years, causing significant psychological burden. Current treatments, such as anti-androgen drugs and minoxidil, show heterogeneous effects, even with long-term application. Meanwhile, the large-scale adoption of other adjuvant therapies has been slow, partly due to insufficient mechanistic evidence. A major barrier to developing better treatment for AGA is the incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. The predominant academic consensus is that AGA is caused by abnormal expression of androgens and their receptors in individuals with a genetic predisposition. Emerging evidence suggests the contributing role of factors such as immune responses, oxidative stress, and microbiome changes, which were not previously given due consideration. Immune-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress disrupt hair follicles' function and damage the perifollicular niche, while scalp dysbiosis influences local metabolism and destabilizes the local microenvironment. These interconnected mechanisms collectively contribute to AGA pathogenesis. These additional aspects enhance our current understanding and confound the conventional paradigm, bridging the gap in developing holistic solutions for AGA. In this review, we gather existing evidence to discuss various etiopathogenetic factors involved in AGA and their possible interconnections, aiming to lay the groundwork for the future identification of therapeutic targets and drug development. Additionally, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of AGA research models, ranging from cells and tissues to animals, to provide a solid basis for more effective mechanistic studies.

In silico Analysis of Berberine as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for Various Signalling Pathways Linked to Androgenetic Alopecia

BACKGROUND

Alopecia is defined by a loss of hair density and is often considered a symptom of multiple illnesses, such as infection and inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

The molecular mechanisms underlying the hair-promoting effects include inhibition of 5α-reductase activity, reducing the binding affinity of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to androgen receptors, and decreasing/down-regulating TGF-β2 activity, which have a suggestive role in androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride and minoxidil are the approved non-surgical treatment alternatives for hair loss, but they cause side effects in patients. Therefore, bioactive phytoconstituents with multiple targets can be used to find novel, secure, and efficacious hair-promoting medicinal products.

METHODS

This study has carried out the in silico evaluation of berberine using various software. To find possible interactions between the 5α-reductase enzyme and Transforming Growth Factor-- beta 2 (TGF-β2), a critical protein involved in the human hair development cycle, computer-aided drug discovery was employed.

RESULTS

According to in silico studies, berberine has been found to bind well to the 4K7a and 6M2N binding sites. The drug has been found to adhere to Lipinski's rule of five, and its pharmacokinetic characteristics were noteworthy. Drug-likeness and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) properties showed appreciable results. Furthermore, berberine showed docking scores of -8.4 (5α-reductase) and -7.1 (TGF-β2), which were significantly better than minoxidil (-4.8, -3.2). In general, the drug exhibited improved binding interactions, and the possible toxicity investigations provided very little basis for risk prediction.

CONCLUSION

The current protocol has offered experimental support for berberine's possible therapeutic use in reducing male pattern baldness. Therefore, it can be a possible target for the therapy of androgenetic alopecia through the regulation of TGF-β2 and 5α-reductase activity.

Obacunone improves dihydrotestosterone-induced androgen alopecia by inhibiting androgen receptor dimerization

BACKGROUND

Dihydrotestosterone-induced androgen receptor activation and nuclear translocation was identified as the key event in androgen alopecia, which led to dermal papilla cell damage and hair growth cycle arrest. Inhibiting androgen receptor activation or nuclear translocation thus represents a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing dermal papilla cell damage and treating androgen alopecia.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effects of obacunone androgen alopecia and explore the potential underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

The effects of obacunone on androgen receptor activation and changes in the properties of dermal papilla cells were investigated. Meanwhile, the effects of obacunone on transforming growth factor-β-induced hair follicle stem cell damage and on androgen alopecia mice induced by dihydrotestosterone were evaluated.

RESULTS

Obacunone can competitively bind to androgen receptors with dihydrotestosterone, thereby alleviating the androgen receptor dimerization and nuclear translocation. The negative effects of dihydrotestosterone on dermal papilla cell apoptosis, senescence, and cycle arrest were alleviated by obacunone. Obacunone also counteracted the proliferation and apoptosis of transforming growth factor-β-mediated hair follicle stem cells. In mice with androgen alopecia, treatment with obacunone promoted mice hair growth and inhibited TGF-β/smad signaling.

CONCLUSION

Thus, inhibiting androgen receptor dimerization was found to be an effective strategy for alleviating androgen alopecia. Obacunone follows a novel mechanism and holds potential as a drug candidate for androgen alopecia through inhibition of the dimerization of the androgen receptor. This targeting strategy may provide a new avenue for the development of new drugs different from the existing therapeutic approaches.

Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitor Promotes Hair Growth via Protecting from Oxidative-Stress and Regulating Glycogen Breakdown in Human Hair follicles

Hair growth cycles are mainly regulated by human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) and human outer root sheath cells (hORSCs). Protecting hDPCs from excessive oxidative stress and hORSCs from glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) is crucial to maintaining the hair growth phase, anagen. In this study, we developed a new PYGL inhibitor, Hydroxytrimethylpyridinyl Methylindolecarboxamide (HTPI) and assessed its potential to prevent hair loss. HTPI reduced oxidative damage, preventing cell death and restored decreased level of anagen marker ALP and its related genes induced by hydrogen peroxide in hDPCs. Moreover, HTPI inhibited glycogen degradation and induced cell survival under glucose starvation in hORSCs. In ex-vivo culture, HTPI significantly enhanced hair growth compared to the control with minoxidil showing comparable results. Overall, these findings suggest that HTPI has significant potential as a therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of hair loss.

Effects of Nannochloropsis salina Fermented Oil on Proliferation of Human Dermal Papilla Cells and Hair Growth

The hair follicle is the basis of hair regeneration, and the dermal papilla is one of the most important structures in hair regeneration. New intervention and reversal strategies for hair loss may arise due to the prevention of oxidative stress. GC/MS analysis was used to determine the compounds contained in NSO. Then, NSO was applied to DPC for cell proliferation and oxidative stress experiments. RNA-seq was performed in cells treated with NSO and minoxidil. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to verify the gene expression. The effects of NSO on hair length, weight, the number and depth of hair follicles, and the dermal thickness were also studied. GC/MS analysis showed that the main components of NSO were eicosapentaenoic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid. NSO promotes DPC proliferation and reduces H2O2-mediated oxidative damage. NSO can also activate hair growth-related pathways and upregulate antioxidant-related genes analyzed by gene profiling. The topical application of NSO significantly promotes hair growth and increases hair length and weight in mice. NSO extract promotes hair growth and effectively inhibits oxidative stress, which is beneficial for the prevention and treatment of hair loss.

Can Plant Extracts Help Prevent Hair Loss or Promote Hair Growth? A Review Comparing Their Therapeutic Efficacies, Phytochemical Components, and Modulatory Targets

This narrative review aims to examine the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of plant extracts in preventing and treating alopecia (baldness). We searched and selected research papers on plant extracts related to hair loss, hair growth, or hair regrowth, and comprehensively compared the therapeutic efficacies, phytochemical components, and modulatory targets of plant extracts. These studies showed that various plant extracts increased the survival and proliferation of dermal papilla cells in vitro, enhanced cell proliferation and hair growth in hair follicles ex vivo, and promoted hair growth or regrowth in animal models in vivo. The hair growth-promoting efficacy of several plant extracts was verified in clinical trials. Some phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids, sulfur-containing compounds, and fatty acids were identified as active compounds contained in plant extracts. The pharmacological effects of plant extracts and their active compounds were associated with the promotion of cell survival, cell proliferation, or cell cycle progression, and the upregulation of several growth factors, such as IGF-1, VEGF, HGF, and KGF (FGF-7), leading to the induction and extension of the anagen phase in the hair cycle. Those effects were also associated with the alleviation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cellular senescence, or apoptosis, and the downregulation of male hormones and their receptors, preventing the entry into the telogen phase in the hair cycle. Several active plant extracts and phytochemicals stimulated the signaling pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB, also called AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Wingless and Int-1 (WNT), or sonic hedgehog (SHH), while suppressing other cell signaling pathways mediated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Thus, well-selected plant extracts and their active compounds can have beneficial effects on hair health. It is proposed that the discovery of phytochemicals targeting the aforementioned cellular events and cell signaling pathways will facilitate the development of new targeted therapies for alopecia.

Synergistic therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 modified minoxidil transfersomes (MXD-Rg3@TFs) on androgenic alopecia in C57BL/6 mice

Inflammation in hair follicles will reduce the effectiveness of minoxidil (MXD) in the treatment of androgen alopecia (AGA) caused by elevated androgen levels. To target multiple physiological and pathological processes in AGA, a novel natural bioactive compound modified transfersomes (MXD-Rg3@TFs) was prepared to replace cholesterol that may disrupt hair growth, with ginsenosides Rg3 (Rg3) that have anti-inflammatory effects on AGA. The effects of MXD, Rg3 and their combination on AGA were evaluated using dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced human dermal papilla cells (DPCs), and the results showed that the combination of MXD and Rg3 can significantly promote the proliferation, reduce the level of intracellular ROS and inflammatory factors, and inhibit the aging of DHT induced DPCs. Compared with cholesterol membrane transfersomes (MXD-Ch@TFs), MXD-Rg3@TFs has similar deformability, smaller particle size and better stability. MXD-Rg3@TFs has also significant advantages in shortening telogen phase and prolonging the growth period of hair follicles in C57BL/6 mice than MXD-Ch@TFs and commercial MXD tincture. The prominent ability of MXD-Rg3@TFs to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to DHT and reduce the level of inflammatory factors suggested that Rg3 and MXD in MXD-Rg3@TFs have synergistic effect on AGA therapy. MXD-Ch@TFs with no irritation to C57BL/6 mice skin is expected to reduce the dose of MXD and shorten the treatment time, which would undoubtedly provide a promising therapeutic option for treatment of AGA.

The development of anin vitrohuman hair follicle organoid with a complexity similar to thatin vivo

In vitrohair follicle (HF) models are currently limited toex vivoHF organ cultures (HFOCs) or 2D models that are of low availability and do not reproduce the architecture or behavior of the hair, leading to poor screening systems. To resolve this issue, we developed a technology for the construction of a humanin vitrohair construct based on the assemblage of different types of cells present in the hair organ. First, we demonstrated that epithelial cells, when isolatedin vitro, have similar genetic signatures regardless of their dissection site, and their trichogenic potential is dependent on the culture conditions. Then, using cell aggregation techniques, 3D spheres of dermal papilla (DP) were constructed, and subsequently, epithelial cells were added, enabling the production and organization of keratins in hair, similar to what is seenin vivo. These reconstructed tissues resulted in the following hair compartments: K71 (inner root-sheath), K85 (matrix region), K75 (companion layer), and vimentin (DP). Furthermore, the new hair model was able to elongate similarly toex vivoHFOC, resulting in a shaft-like shape several hundred micrometers in length. As expected, when the model was exposed to hair growth enhancers, such as ginseng extract, or inhibitors, such as TGF-B-1, significant effects similar to thosein vivowere observed. Moreover, when transplanted into skin biopsies, the new constructs showed signs of integration and hair bud generation. Owing to its simplicity and scalability, this model fully enables high throughput screening of molecules, which allows understanding of the mechanism by which new actives treat hair loss, finding optimal concentrations, and determining the synergy and antagonism among different raw materials. Therefore, this model could be a starting point for applying regenerative medicine approaches to treat hair loss.

Clinical study on the efficacy and tolerability of a topical regenerative treatment in patients with telogen effluvium and mild androgenetic alopecia

Hair loss may change the quality of life since modern society considers hair an essential element in beauty definition. The most common causes of hair loss are androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and telogen effluvium (TE). AGA requires a lifetime use of minoxidil or finasteride (and sometimes they lose efficacy over the years), whereas TE has no standardized therapy available. Our study focuses on a novel topical regenerative preparation that, by mimicking autologous PRP, can safely and efficiently improve hair loss in patients affected by TE and AGA.

Identifying characteristics of dermal fibroblasts in skin homeostasis and disease

Heterogeneous dermal fibroblasts are the main components that constitute the dermis. Distinct fibroblast subgroups show specific characteristics and functional plasticity that determine dermal structure during skin development and wound healing. Although researchers have described the roles of fibroblast subsets, this is not completely understood. We review recent evidence supporting understanding about the heterogeneity of fibroblasts. We summarize the origins and the identified profiles of fibroblast subpopulations. The characteristics of fibroblast subpopulations in both healthy and diseased states are highlighted, and the potential of subpopulations to be involved in wound healing in different ways was discussed. Additionally, we review the plasticity of subpopulations and the underlying signalling mechanisms. This review may provide greater insights into potential novel therapeutic targets and tissue regeneration strategies for the future.

Feasibility of adipose-derived therapies for hair regeneration: Insights based on signaling interplay and clinical overview

Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is a dynamic component of the skin and closely interacts with the hair follicle. Interestingly, dWAT envelops the hair follicle during anagen and undergoes fluctuations in volume throughout the hair cycle. dWAT-derived extracellular vesicles can significantly regulate the hair cycle, and this provides a theoretical basis for utilizing adipose tissue as a feasible clinical strategy to treat hair loss. However, the amount and depth of the available literature are far from enough to fully elucidate the prominent role of dWAT in modulating the hair growth cycle. This review starts by investigating the hair cycle-coupled dWAT remodeling and the reciprocal signaling interplay underneath. Then, it summarizes the current literature and assesses the advantages and limitations of clinical research utilizing adipose-derived therapies for hair regeneration.

Investigation of hub genes and immune infiltration in androgenetic alopecia using bioinformatics analysis

Background

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a type of non-scarring hair loss. Current drugs for AGA are accompanied by adverse reactions and a high recurrence rate. Thus, the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AGA remains imperatively warranted.

Methods

The GSE90594 dataset, which contained scalp skin biopsies from 14 male AGA cases and healthy volunteers, was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis was subsequently performed. Next, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database combined with the cytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape were used to obtain the key genes of AGA. Thereafter, the Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm was performed to evaluate the relative abundance of immune cells between male AGA patients and healthy controls. The correlation between key genes and infiltrating immune cells was analyzed to obtain the significant immune-cell related genes (IRGs), then intersected with the DEGs between immortalized balding and non-balding human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) of the GSE93766 dataset as well as the DEGs obtained by the GSE90594 dataset, thus obtaining the hub genes of AGA. Finally, the hub genes were validated using GSE36169, which contained expression profiling of tissues biopsied from haired and bald scalps of five individuals with AGA.

Results

A total of 234 DEGs were obtained from the GSE90594 dataset, which were mainly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM)-related pathways and immune-related activities. The STRING database and ten algorithms in the cytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape disclosed 21 key DEGs. The results of the CIBERSORT algorithm revealed the relative abundances of 20 kinds of immune cells between diseased and healthy individuals, and yielded 15 IRGs involved in the pathogenesis of AGA. Next, the intersection analysis identified four hub genes of AGA, comprising COL1A2, PCOLCE, ITGAX, and LOX. The GSE36169 dataset validated the expression pattern of hub genes in the haired scalp of AGA patients.

Conclusions

We discovered that the hub genes identified are closely linked with the causative factors of AGA, which could be used as the viable diagnostic and therapeutic target in the clinical applications.

Influence of Nutrition, Food Supplements and Lifestyle in Hair Disorders

Genetic, androgenic, epigenetic, environmental, lifestyle, diet, and nutritional factors have influence over promoting or regulating inflammation, immunity, and genetic expression predisposing to hair loss. Oxidative stress is a major mediator for various mechanisms of hair loss, including the release of transforming growth factor-β ( TGF-β). Nutrients counter oxidative stress, repair cellular damage, support cellular functions, and restore hair growth. Nutrients can be synergistic or antagonistic. Covert subclinical nutritional deficiencies are common. Higher dose of nutrients does not mean higher efficiency but may reverse the benefits converting an antioxidant to become prooxidant. Nutrients do not work alone but are supported by accessory micronutrients which ensure biological utilization. Providing proper nutritional environment can neutralize free radicals and perpetuate active hair growth cycles.

Effects of taxifolin from enzymatic hydrolysis of Rhododendron mucrotulatum on hair growth promotion

Flavonoid aglycones possess biological activities, such as antioxidant and antidiabetic activities compared to glycosides. Taxifolin, a flavonoid aglycones, is detected only in trace amounts in nature and is not easily observed. Therefore, in this study, to investigate the hair tonic and hair loss inhibitors effect of taxifolin, high content of taxifolin aglycone extract was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis. Taxifolin effectively regulates the apoptosis of dermal papilla cells, which is associated with hair loss, based on its strong antioxidant activities. However, inhibition of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a major cause of male pattern hair loss, was significantly reduced with taxifolin treatment compared with minoxidil, as a positive control. It was also confirmed that a representative factor for promoting hair growth, IGF-1, was significantly increased, and that TGF-β1, a representative biomarker for hair loss, was significantly reduced with taxifolin treatment. These results suggest that taxifolin from enzymatic hydrolysis of RM is a potential treatment for hair loss and a hair growth enhancer.

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induce NGF Secretion by Pulmonary Arterial Cells through a TGF-β1-Dependent Mechanism

Expression of the nerve growth factor NGF is increased in pulmonary hypertension (PH). We have here studied whether oxidative stress and inflammation, two pathological conditions associated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in PH, may trigger NGF secretion by pulmonary arterial (PA) cells. Effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were investigated ex vivo on rat pulmonary arteries, as well as in vitro on human PA smooth muscle (hPASMC) or endothelial cells (hPAEC). TβRI expression was assessed by Western blotting. NGF PA secretion was assessed by ELISA after TGF-β1 blockade (anti-TGF-β1 siRNA, TGF-β1 blocking antibodies, TβRI kinase, p38 or Smad3 inhibitors). TβRI PA expression was evidenced by Western blotting both ex vivo and in vitro. H2O2 or IL-1β significantly increased NGF secretion by hPASMC and hPAEC, and this effect was significantly reduced when blocking TGF-β1 expression, binding to TβRI, TβRI activity, or signaling pathways. In conclusion, oxidative stress and inflammation may trigger TGF-β1 secretion by hPASMC and hPAEC. TGF-β1 may then act as an autocrine factor on these cells, increasing NGF secretion via TβRI activation. Since NGF and TGF-β1 are relevant growth factors involved in PA remodeling, such mechanisms may therefore be relevant to PH pathophysiology.

Antioxidant and 5α-Reductase Inhibitory Activity of Momordica charantia Extract, and Development and Characterization of Microemulsion

Momordica charantia (M. charantia) is rich in flavonoids, which possess a strong antioxidant capacity and may help prevent hair loss. This study aims to develop the microemulsion of M. charantia with antioxidant activity and 5α-reductase (5aR) inhibitory activity. The total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and 5aR inhibitory activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the fruit were investigated. The preparation of M. charantia extract-loaded microemulsion (MELM) was optimized and characterized the MELM. The aqueous extract of M. charantia fruit flesh displayed a TPC of 780.75 ± 24.82 mg Gallic acid equivalence/g of extract. ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activities were observed in all the extracts. About 0.461 ± 0.003 mg finasteride equivalence/g of extract of 5aR inhibitory activity was detected in the aqueous extract of the inner tissue of M. charantia fruit. Based on NO radical scavenging and 5aR inhibitory activity, an aqueous extract of the inner tissue (pericarp with seed) of M. charantia fruit was used to prepare the MELM. The MELM was prepared using a different ratio of tween 80 and ethanol as Smix. The results showed that the 1:1 ratio of tween 80: ethanol produced microemulsion of an optimum size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. The MELM samples were stored at 5, 30, and 40 °C for 12 weeks, and the stability was assessed. The results revealed that the size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of the formulated MELM remained unchanged during the investigated time. This study primarily reports the 5aR inhibitory activity of M. charantia extract and the development of microemulsion. The prepared MELM could be further developed into cosmetic or pharmacological preparations to manage hair loss.

Expanded CUG Repeat RNA Induces Premature Senescence in Myotonic Dystrophy Model Cells

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a dominantly inherited disorder due to a toxic gain of function of RNA transcripts containing expanded CUG repeats (CUGexp). Patients with DM1 present with multisystemic symptoms, such as muscle wasting, cognitive impairment, cataract, frontal baldness, and endocrine defects, which resemble accelerated aging. Although the involvement of cellular senescence, a critical component of aging, was suggested in studies of DM1 patient-derived cells, the detailed mechanism of cellular senescence caused by CUGexp RNA remains unelucidated. Here, we developed a DM1 cell model that conditionally expressed CUGexp RNA in human primary cells so that we could perform a detailed assessment that eliminated the variability in primary cells from different origins. Our DM1 model cells demonstrated that CUGexp RNA expression induced cellular senescence by a telomere-independent mechanism. Furthermore, the toxic RNA expression caused mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive reactive oxygen species production, and DNA damage and response, resulting in the senescence-associated increase of cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p16 and secreted mediators insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). This study provides unequivocal evidence of the induction of premature senescence by CUGexp RNA in our DM1 model cells.

Regulation of Cytokines and Dihydrotestosterone Production in Human Hair Follicle Papilla Cells by Supercritical Extraction-Residues Extract of Ulmus davidiana

This study was conducted to examine the anti-hair loss mechanism of the supercritical fluid extraction-residues extract of Ulmus davidiana by the regulation of cytokine production and hormone function in human dermal follicle papilla cells (HDFPCs). To investigate the modulatory effects on H₂O₂-induced cytokines, we measured transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like growth factor 1 secreted from HDFPCs. To investigate the regulatory effects of supercritical extraction-residues extract of Ulmus davidiana on dihydrotestosterone hormone production, cells were co-incubated with high concentrations of testosterone. The supercritical extraction-residues extract of Ulmus davidiana significantly inhibited the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta but rescued insulin-like growth factor 1 in a dose-dependent manner. The supercritical extraction-residues extract of Ulmus davidiana markedly reduced dihydrotestosterone production. These results suggest that the supercritical fluid extract residues of Ulmus davidiana and their functional molecules are candidates for preventing human hair loss.

Observations that suggest a contribution of altered dermal papilla mitochondrial function to androgenetic alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent hair loss condition in males that develops due to the influence of androgens and genetic predisposition. With the aim of elucidating genes involved in AGA pathogenesis, we modelled AGA with three-dimensional culture of keratinocyte-surrounded dermal papilla (DP) cells. We co-cultured immortalised balding and non-balding human DP cells (DPC) derived from male AGA patients with epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) using multi-interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation technique. We observed up-regulated mitochondria-related gene expression in balding compared to non-balding DP aggregates which indicated altered mitochondria metabolism. Further observation of significantly reduced electron transport chain complex activity (complex I, IV and V), ATP levels and ability to uptake metabolites for ATP generation demonstrated compromised mitochondria function in balding DPC. Balding DP was also found to be under significantly higher oxidative stress than non-balding DP. Our experiments suggest that application of antioxidants lowers oxidative stress levels and improve metabolite uptake in balding DPC. We postulate that the observed up-regulation of mitochondria-related genes in balding DP aggregates resulted from an over-compensatory effort to rescue decreased mitochondrial function in balding DP through the attempted production of new functional mitochondria. In all, our three-dimensional co-culturing revealed mitochondrial dysfunction in balding DPC, suggesting a metabolic component in the etiology of AGA.

Androgen receptor-mediated paracrine signaling induces regression of blood vessels in the dermal papilla in androgenetic alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known as male pattern baldness, is associated with androgen and androgen receptor (AR) signaling; however, the pathogenesis of AGA remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear localization of androgen receptor is elevated in the dermal papilla (DP) of balding scalp from patients with AGA. Transcriptome analysis identifies microvascular abnormalities in the DP of balding scalp compared to non-balding scalp of AGA patients. We provide further evidence that blood vessels regress in the DP of balding scalp at the early stage of hair follicle miniaturization in AGA development. Consistently, we find that microvascular vessels accumulate around the dermal papilla upon anagen initiation, and angiogenesis is required for hair regeneration in mice. Mechanistically, we show that AR-mediated paracrine signaling, mainly TGF-β signaling, from DP cells induces apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells in the DP of balding scalp of AGA. These findings define a role of AR-mediated regression of blood vessels in DP in AGA and support the notion that early anti-AR treatment is better than late treatment.

Modulation of Hair Growth Promoting Effect by Natural Products

A large number of people suffer from alopecia or hair loss worldwide. Drug-based therapies using minoxidil and finasteride for the treatment of alopecia are available, but they have shown various side effects in patients. Thus, the use of new therapeutic approaches using bioactive products to reduce the risk of anti-hair-loss medications has been emphasized. Natural products have been used since ancient times and have been proven safe, with few side effects. Several studies have demonstrated the use of plants and their extracts to promote hair growth. Moreover, commercial products based on these natural ingredients have been developed for the treatment of alopecia. Several clinical, animal, and cell-based studies have been conducted to determine the anti-alopecia effects of plant-derived biochemicals. This review is a collective study of phytochemicals with anti-alopecia effects, focusing mainly on the mechanisms underlying their hair-growth-promoting effects.

Short-Term Efficacy of Autologous Cellular Micrografts in Male and Female Androgenetic Alopecia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose

Autologous cellular micrografts (ACM) is a novel treatment method in hair loss, and few data are available regarding its efficacy. The present study was carried out to assess the short-term clinical efficacy of a single application of ACM in the treatment of male and female androgenetic alopecia (AGA).

Materials and Methods

This was a single-center retrospective study involving 140 consecutive adults with confirmed AGA, who received a single session of ACM (Regenera Activa®). Efficacy was evaluated 1–6 months after treatment, by analyzing the change of trichometry parameters, which were assessed using TrichoScan digital image analysis.

Results

Depending on the scalp region, there was increase in mean hair density by 4.5–7.12 hair/cm², average hair thickness by 0.96–1.88 μm, % thick hair by 1.74–3.26%, and mean number of follicular units by 1.30–2.77, resulting in an increase of cumulative hair thickness by 0.48–0.56 unit. Additionally, the frontal region showed a significant decrease in % thin hair (−1.81%, p = 0.037) and yellow dots (−1.93 N/cm², p = 0.003). A favorable response was observed in 66.4% of the participants in the frontal region. Further, a gender-specific effect of treatment was observed.

Conclusion

ACM is a promising treatment in AGA with a short-term favorable response observed in up to approximately two-thirds of patients.

Dexpanthenol Promotes Cell Growth by Preventing Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Cultured Human Hair Follicle Cells

Dexpanthenol (D-panthenol) is a precursor of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) and is widely used for dietary supplements and topical applications. D-panthenol has long been used in hair care products for the purpose of anti-hair loss, its effects and the underlying mechanisms, however, were barely reported. In this study, the effects of D-panthenol on human hair follicle cells, including dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) and outer root sheath cells (hORSCs), were investigated. D-panthenol enhanced the cell viability, increasing the cellular proliferation marker Ki67 in cultured hDPCs. The markers for apoptosis (Caspase3/9) and cell senescence (p21/p16), reported to be expressed in aged or resting phase follicles, were significantly reduced by D-panthenol. Anagen-inducing factors (ALP; β-catenin; versican), which trigger or elongate the anagen phase, were stimulated by D-panthenol. On the other hand, D-panthenol reduced TGF-β1 expressions in both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of VEGF, which is important for peripheral blood vessel activation; was up-regulated by D-panthenol treatment. In cultured hORSCs, cell proliferation and viability were enhanced, while the mRNA expression of cell senescence markers (p21/p16) was significantly down-regulated. The expressions of both VEGF and its receptor (VEGFR) were up-regulated by D-panthenol. In conclusion, our data suggest that the hair growth stimulating activity of D-panthenol was exerted by increasing the cell viability, suppressing the apoptotic markers, and elongating the anagen phase in hair follicles.

A Cross-sectional Study of Plasma Trace Elements and Vitamins Content in Androgenetic Alopecia in Men

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common variant of male pattern baldness in which occurrence and development of multiple genetic, hormonal, and metabolic factors are involved. We aimed to estimate plasma element content (Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Se, Fe), vitamin status (B12, D, E, and folic acid) in patients with AGA using direct colorimetric tests or atomic absorption spectrometry, and the influence of these parameters in the formation of various hair loss patterns. The study included 50 patients with I-IV stages of AGA divided into two groups with normal and high levels of dihydrotestosterone compared with 25 healthy individuals. The presence of two patterns of pathological hair loss in the androgen-dependent (parietal) and androgen-independent (occipital) areas of the scalp was confirmed. It was shown that all patients with AGA have a deficiency of elements (Zn, Cu, Mg, Se) and vitamins (B12, E, D, folic acid). However, the hair loss rate was not due to their content. А positive interrelation between quantitative trichogram parameters in the occipital region and iron metabolism in pairs "hair density vs Fe" and "hair diameter vs ferritin" was shown. In turn, in the parietal region, an inverse correlation of hair diameter with plasma Cu level was found, the most pronouncing in patients with high levels of dihydrotestosterone. The obtained results indicate the importance of multiple micronutrient deficiencies in the AGA occurrence accompanied by the existence of two different hair loss patterns, differently related to the content of certain trace elements and androgens in the blood.

TGF-β2 and collagen play pivotal roles in the spheroid formation and anti-aging of human dermal papilla cells

Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) tend to aggregate both in vitro and in vivo, which increases the hair inductivity of DPCs. However, the underlying mechanism of spheroid formation is unknown. We investigated whether collagen expression in human DPCs (hDPCs) is involved in the spheroid formation and hair inductivity of hDPCs and further examined the underlying molecular mechanism of collagen upregulation. The expression of diverse collagens, such as COL13A1 and COL15A1, was upregulated in three dimensional (3D)-cultured or intact DPCs, compared to 2D-cultured hDPCs. This collagen expression was a downregulated in aged hair follicle, and aged DPCs were difficult to aggregate. Blocking of COL13A1 and COL15A1 by small interfering RNA reduced aggregation, while induced senescence of hDPCs in vitro. Further, transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) expression decreases with aging, and is involved in regulating the expression of COL13A1 and COL15A1. Addition of recombinant TGF-β2 delayed cellular senescence, and recovered spheroid formation in aged hDPCs by upregulating collagen levels. On the contrary, knock-out of TGF-β2 induced the aging of DPCs, and inhibited spheroid formation. These results suggested that COL13A1 and COL15A1 expression is downregulated with aging in DPCs, and upregulation of collagen by TGF-β2 induces the spheroid formation of DPCs. Therefore, TGF-β2 supplement in DPC culture medium could enhance the maintenance and hair inductivity of DPCs.

Topical and nutricosmetic products for healthy hair and dermal antiaging using "dual-acting" (2 for 1) plant-based peptides, hormones, and cannabinoids

One of the side effects of oral antiaging retinoids is increased hair shedding. Retinoids promote the expression of TGF-β2 from fibroblasts, which stimulate collagen expression but silences keratinocytes. Since keratinocytes normally influence differentiation of dermal papilla cells at the base of the hair follicle, retinoids feasibly inhibit hair growth via the increased expression of TGF-β2, which inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Fortunately, the plant kingdom provides an array of alternatives as dual-acting nutricosmetics and topicals that work independently of TGF-β2 to confer dermal antiaging and hair health effects. These alternatives include "plant hormones" such as cytokinins and phytoestrogens. Many cytokinins are agonists of the G-coupled adenosine receptors. Partial agonism of adenosine receptors promotes collagen synthesis independently of TGF-β2 signaling. Adenosine expression is potentially also the mechanism of minoxidil in promotion of scalp hair growth. Because of crosstalk between adenosine and cannabinoid receptors it makes sense to try combinations of specific CB2 agonists and cytokinins (or phytoestrogens). However, dual-acting cosmetics including peptides with high numbers of positively charged amino acids, such as lysine or arginine, offer real potential as they can be processed from multiple botanical candidates, including almond, fenugreek, pea sprouts, soy, and seaweeds. The current review summarizes much of what is known about retinoid alternatives in the plant kingdom and identifies potentially fruitful new areas of research.

Understanding Causes of Hair Loss in Women

Hair loss affects millions of people worldwide and can have devastating effects on an individual's psychoemotional well-being. Today hair restoration technologies through hair transplantation have advanced with the use of robots and follicular unit extraction and grafting that it is possible to offer to patient's excellent clinical results. Adjuvant modalities such as platelet-rich plasma injections, lasers, and stem cells can further enhance the durability, health, and appearance of hair transplants.

In vitro and clinical evaluation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cell-conditioned media for hair regeneration

BACKGROUND

The field of regenerative medicine may present a non-drug, non-steroid, and non-invasive alternative toward addressing male and female pattern hair loss, a global concern.

OBJECTIVE

The aim was to carry out the in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy evaluation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cell-conditioned media (MSC-CM) for hair regeneration.

METHODS

Various in vitro parameters were used to estimate the consistency across various batches of MSC-CM. Total protein content was measured by the Biuret method and antioxidant activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to determine spectral signatures and biocompatibility was carried out by the Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) and Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays. In vivo safety and efficacy was evaluated in an experimental pilot study on 15 volunteers.

RESULTS

The in vitro results confirmed stability in the protein content (7 mg/ml), antioxidant activity (49.50%), and FTIR fingerprints of the MSC-CM. In the biocompatibility experiments by both SRB and NRU methods, no IC₅₀ value could be derived at 100% concentration indicating safety at the cellular level. The in vivo results indicated safety with no side effects or adverse reactions, while 86.6% of the subjects experienced a positive effect of hair regeneration.

CONCLUSION

MSC-CM comprises a rich cocktail of physiologically balanced growth factors, cytokines, and beneficial proteins which may explain the bioactivity and mechanism of action in hair regrowth. This may indicate a biocompatible, gentle, and safe regenerative approach to address hair loss.

A Multimodal Hair-Loss Treatment Strategy Using a New Topical Phytoactive Formulation: A Report of Five Cases

Introduction. Current approved medications for hair loss, such as topical minoxidil and oral finasteride, may have suboptimal efficacy or side effects precluding continued use in some patients. Thus, we report an evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a new topical botanical formulation -GASHEE containing over 12 phytoactive ingredients that affect multiple targets in the cascade of pathophysiologic events that cause hair loss. Five patients with various hair-loss conditions, including cases of previous treatment failures, are presented. Case Presentation. This is a case series of four women and one man with hair loss due to various causes, four of whom had failed minoxidil treatment for over a year. All patients used the topical treatment as a sole therapy for at least 3 months before the documentation of outcomes, which involved interval changes noted through each patient's account, direct observation, and photography. Discussion. In all patients, we observed significant improvements in hair regrowth in the nape, crown, vertex, and temple areas after 3-15 months of treatment. All patients were highly satisfied with their results and reported no adverse events. Although the use of botanicals in the treatment of hair loss is in an infant stage, the new formulation used in this study demonstrated a good efficacy related to hair growth, warranting further evaluation.

Para rubber seed oil: The safe and efficient bio-material for hair loss treatment

OBJECTIVES

Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.)) is the important crop of the word. It has been vastly used in biomedical products. However, its pharmacologically application besides the latex is sparely to be explored especially the seed. Cellular biological activities of the standardized para rubber seed oil for hair loss treatment were therefore assessed.

METHODS

Para rubber seed oil was prepared and standardized using GC/MS on the basis of its pharmacologically active fatty acids. The oil was safety assessed in human dermal papilla and DU-145 human prostate carcinoma. Cellular antioxidant activity was determined as well as proliferation stimulating efficacy and inhibitory effect against 5α-reductase.

RESULTS

Oleic acid, fatty acid of cutaneous benefits, was majorly detected in the oil and followed by linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. The standardized para rubber seed oil was proved to be safe on human follicle dermal papilla and DU-145 human prostate carcinoma at the concentration of 0.1-50 and 0.1-100 µg/mL, respectively. The standardized para rubber seed oil stimulated the cell proliferation and posed cellular antioxidant activity in human dermal papilla at a comparable potency to minoxidil, dutasteride and vitamin C at the same tested concentration. In addition, the standardized para rubber seed oil inhibited 5α-reductase as examined in DU-145 human prostate carcinoma, although at a lesser degree than the standards at the same tested concentration.

CONCLUSIONS

The standardized para rubber seed oil is evidenced as the safe and efficient bio-oil to be used for hair growth stimulating or reduce/suppress hair loss treatment.

Androgens Accentuate TGF-β Dependent Erk/Smad Activation During Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Marfan Syndrome Male Mice

Background Male patients with Marfan syndrome have a higher risk of aortic events and root dilatation compared with females. The role androgens play during Marfan syndrome aneurysm development in males remains unknown. We hypothesized that androgens potentiate transforming growth factor beta induced Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/Smad activation, contributing to aneurysm progression in males. Methods and Results Aortic diameters in Fbn1C1039G/+ and littermate wild-type controls were measured at ages 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Fbn1C1039G/+ males were treated with (1) flutamide (androgen receptor blocker) or (2) vehicle control from age 6 to 16 weeks and then euthanized. p-Erk1/2, p-Smad2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity were measured in ascending/aortic root and descending aorta specimens. Fbn1C1039G/+ male and female ascending/aortic root-derived smooth muscle cells were utilized in vitro to measure Erk/Smad activation and MMP-2 activity following dihydrotestosterone, flutamide or transforming growth factor beta 1 treatment. Fbn1C1039G/+ males have increased aneurysm growth. p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 were elevated in ascending/aortic root specimens at age 16 weeks. Corresponding with enhanced Erk/Smad signaling, MMP-2 activity was higher in Fbn1C1039G/+ males. In vitro smooth muscle cell studies revealed that dihydrotestosterone potentiates transforming growth factor beta-induced Erk/Smad activation and MMP-2 activity, which is reversed by flutamide treatment. Finally, in vivo flutamide treatment reduced aneurysm growth via p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 reduction in Fbn1C1039G/+ males. Conclusions Fbn1C1039G/+ males have enhanced aneurysm growth compared with females associated with enhanced p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 activation. Mechanistically, in vitro smooth muscle cell studies suggested that dihydrotestosterone potentiates transforming growth factor beta induced Erk/Smad activation. As biological proof of concept, flutamide treatment attenuated aneurysm growth and p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 signaling in Fbn1C1039G/+ males.

Examination of androgenetic alopecia with serum biomarkers

BACKGROUND

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss and affects approximately 50% of the male population.

AIMS

In the present study, to investigate microinflammation, perifollicular fibrosis, and oxidative stress in AGA cases, some serum biomarker levels were measured and evaluated.

PATIENTS/METHODS

Serum samples were drawn from patients (n = 58) and control (n = 30) groups referring to Atatürk Training and Investigation Hospital Dermatology Outpatient clinic. In serum samples, NF-κB, TNF-α, TGF-β1, thioredoxin, nitric oxide, TOS, TAS, and thiol disulfide homeostasis (native thiol, total thiol, disulfide) were measured and evaluated.

RESULTS

In patients with AGA, NF-κB (P = .005), TNF-α (P = .008), TGF-β1 (P = .028), thioredoxin (P = .004), nitric oxide (P < .001), and TOS (P < .001) serum levels were found to be significantly higher than those in control group, while TAS (P = .003), native thiol (P < .001), total thiol (P < .001), and disulfide (P < .001) serum levels were found to be significantly lower.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the results of the present study, it was concluded that in that AGA androgens lead to oxidative stress by increasing free oxygen radicals, which accelerates hair loss by causing microinflammation and fibrosis. The recognition of the effect of androgens and associated factors on the hair follicle cycle is essential for the development of new and effective treatment methods.

Platelet factor 4 inhibits human hair follicle growth and promotes androgen receptor expression in human dermal papilla cells

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been reported recently as a potential therapeutic approach for alopecia, such as androgenetic alopecia, but the exact mechanisms and effects of specific components of this recipe remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified that platelet factor 4 (PF4), a component of PRP, significantly suppressed human hair follicle growth and restrained the proliferation of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs). Furthermore, our results showed that PF4 upregulated androgen receptor (AR) in human dermal papilla cells in vitro and via hair follicle organ culture. Among the hair growth-promoting and DP-signature genes investigated, PF4 decreased the expression of Wnt5a, Wnt10b, LEF1, HEY1 and IGF-1, and increased DKK1 expression, but did not affect BMP2 and BMP4 expression. Collectively, Our data demonstrate that PF4 suppresses human hair follicle growth possibly via upregulating androgen receptor signaling and modulating hair growth-associated genes, which provides thought-provoking insights into the application and optimization of PRP in treating hair loss.

Stromal Vascular Fraction and its Role in the Management of Alopecia: A Review

Adipose cells organized in small clusters under the reticular dermis closely interact with hair follicular cells and regulate the hair cycle. Intradermal adipocyte progenitor cells are activated toward the end of the telogen phase to proliferate and differentiate into mature adipocytes. These cells, surrounding the hair follicles, secrete signaling molecules that control the progression of the hair cycle. Diseases associated with defects in adipocyte homeostasis, such as lipodystrophy and focal dermal hypoplasia, lead to alopecia. In this review, we discuss the potential influence of stromal vascular fraction from adipose tissue in the management of alopecia as well as its involvement in preclinical and clinical trials.

Androgenetic alopecia: combing the hair follicle signaling pathways for new therapeutic targets and more effective treatment options

Introduction: In the past 30 years, only two drugs have received FDA approval for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia reflecting a lack of success in unraveling novel targets for pharmacological intervention. However, as our knowledge of hair biology improves, new signaling pathways and organogenesis processes are being uncovered which have the potential to yield more effective therapeutic modalities. Areas covered: This review focuses on potential targets for drug development to treat hair loss. The physiological processes underlying the promise of regenerative medicine to recreate new functional hair follicles in bald scalp are also examined. Expert opinion: The discovery of promising new targets may soon enable treatment options that modulate the hair cycle to preserve or extend the growth phase of the hair follicle. These new targets could also be leveraged to stimulate progenitor cells and morphogenic pathways to reactivate miniaturized follicles in bald scalp or to harness the potential of wound healing and embryogenic development as an emerging paradigm to generate new hair follicles in barren skin.

RE-ORGA, a Korean Herb Extract, Can Prevent Hair Loss Induced by Dihydrotestosterone in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

Background

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss. It is likely inherited genetically and is promoted by dihydrotestosterone. 5α-reductase has been proven a good target through finasteride use. However, the pathogenesis of AGA cannot be fully explained based only on dihydrotestosterone levels.

Objective

To identify similar hairloss inhibition activity of RE-ORGA with mode of action other than finasteride.

Methods

We prepared RE-ORGA from Korean herb mixtures. We performed MTT assays for cytotoxicity, Cell Counting Kit-8 assays for cell proliferation, and western blot to identify expression levels of 5α-reductase and Bax. RNA-sequencing was performed for the expression patterns of genes in dihydrotestosterone-activated pathways. Anti-inflammatory activity was also assessed by the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6.

Results

REORGA could promote the proliferation of human dermal papilla cells and showed low cytotoxicity. It also inhibited the expression of 5α-reductases and Bax in the cells. RNA-sequencing results verified that the mRNA expressions of SRD5A1, Bax, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and TGF-β1 induced transcript 1 (TGFβ1I1) were decreased, whereas expression of protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (PTK2β) was more elevated. REORGA also showed anti-inflammatory activity through decreased mRNA levels of TNF-α.

Conclusion

Transcriptionally, up-regulation of PTK2β and concomitant down-regulation of TGFβ1I1 imply that RE-ORGA can modulate androgen receptor sensitivity, decreasing the expression of 5α-reductase type II and Bax together with TGF-β1 transcripts; RE-ORGA also showed partial anti-inflammatory activity. Overall, RE-ORGA is expected to alleviate hair loss by regulating 5α-reductase activity and the receptor's androgen sensitivity.

Review of Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla cells as in vitro screening model for hair growth

Hair disorders such as hair loss (alopecia) and androgen dependent, excessive hair growth (hirsutism, hypertrichosis) may impact the social and psychological well-being of an individual. Recent advances in understanding the biology of hair have accelerated the research and development of novel therapeutic and cosmetic hair growth agents. Preclinical models aid in dermocosmetic efficacy testing and claim substantiation of hair growth modulators. The in vitro models to investigate hair growth utilize the hair follicle Dermal Papilla cells (DPCs), specialized mesenchymal cells located at the base of hair follicle that play essential roles in hair follicular morphogenesis and postnatal hair growth cycles. In this review, we have compiled and discussed the extensively reported literature citing DPCs as in vitro model to study hair growth promoting and inhibitory effects. A variety of agents such as herbal and natural extracts, growth factors and cytokines, platelet-rich plasma, placental extract, stem cells and conditioned medium, peptides, hormones, lipid-nanocarrier, light, electrical and electromagnetic field stimulation, androgens and their analogs, stress-serum and chemotherapeutic agents etc. have been examined for their hair growth modulating effects in DPCs. Effects on DPCs' activity were determined from untreated (basal) or stress induced levels. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and secretion of growth factors were included as primary end-point markers. Effects on a wide range of biomolecules and mechanistic pathways that play key role in the biology of hair growth were also investigated. This consolidated and comprehensive review summarizes the up-to-date information and understanding regarding DPCs based screening models for hair growth and may be helpful for researchers to select the appropriate assay system and biomarkers. This review highlights the pivotal role of DPCs in the forefront of hair research as screening platforms by providing insights into mechanistic action at cellular level, which may further direct the development of novel hair growth modulators.

Nature-derived lignan compound VB-1 exerts hair growth-promoting effects by augmenting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human dermal papilla cells

Background

Vitexin is a kind of lignan compound which has been shown to possess a variety of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-cancer activities. However the effect of vitexin on hair regeneration has not been elaborated.

Methods

The proliferation of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) was examined by cell counting and continuous cell culture after vitexin compound 1 (VB-1) was treated. The expression of lef1, wnt5a, bmp2, bmp4, alpl and vcan was examined by RT-PCR. The expression of dkk1, tgf-β1, active-β-Catenin, and AXIN2 was examined by RT-PCR or immunoblotting. Hair shaft growth was measured in the absence or presence of VB-1.

Results

We demonstrated that VB-1 significantly promotes the proliferation of hDPCs in a concentration-dependent manner within a certain concentration range. Among the hair growth-related genes investigated, dkk1 was clearly down-regulated in hDPCs treated with VB-1. The increased active β-Catenin and decreased AXIN2 protein levels suggest that VB-1 facilitates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hDPCs in vitro. The expression of DP signature genes was also upregulated after VB-1 treatment. Our study further indicated that VB-1 promotes human hair follicle (HF) growth by HF organ culture assay.

Discussion

VB-1 may exert hair growth-promoting effects via augmenting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hDPCs.

A hypothetical pathogenesis model for androgenic alopecia: clarifying the dihydrotestosterone paradox and rate-limiting recovery factors

Androgenic alopecia, also known as pattern hair loss, is a chronic progressive condition that affects 80% of men and 50% of women throughout a lifetime. But despite its prevalence and extensive study, a coherent pathology model describing androgenic alopecia's precursors, biological step-processes, and physiological responses does not yet exist. While consensus is that androgenic alopecia is genetic and androgen-mediated by dihydrotestosterone, questions remain regarding dihydrotestosterone's exact role in androgenic alopecia onset. What causes dihydrotestosterone to increase in androgenic alopecia-prone tissues? By which mechanisms does dihydrotestosterone miniaturize androgenic alopecia-prone hair follicles? Why is dihydrotestosterone also associated with hair growth in secondary body and facial hair? Why does castration (which decreases androgen production by 95%) stop pattern hair loss, but not fully reverse it? Is there a relationship between dihydrotestosterone and tissue remodeling observed alongside androgenic alopecia onset? We review evidence supporting and challenging dihydrotestosterone's causal relationship with androgenic alopecia, then propose an evidence-based pathogenesis model that attempts to answer the above questions, account for additionally-suspected androgenic alopecia mediators, identify rate-limiting recovery factors, and elucidate better treatment targets. The hypothesis argues that: (1) chronic scalp tension transmitted from the galea aponeurotica induces an inflammatory response in androgenic alopecia-prone tissues; (2) dihydrotestosterone increases in androgenic alopecia-prone tissues as part of this inflammatory response; and (3) dihydrotestosterone does not directly miniaturize hair follicles. Rather, dihydrotestosterone is a co-mediator of tissue dermal sheath thickening, perifollicular fibrosis, and calcification - three chronic, progressive conditions concomitant with androgenic alopecia progression. These conditions remodel androgenic alopecia-prone tissues - restricting follicle growth space, oxygen, and nutrient supply - leading to the slow, persistent hair follicle miniaturization characterized in androgenic alopecia. If true, this hypothetical model explains the mechanisms by which dihydrotestosterone miniaturizes androgenic alopecia-prone hair follicles, describes a rationale for androgenic alopecia progression and patterning, makes sense of dihydrotestosterone's paradoxical role in hair loss and hair growth, and identifies targets to further improve androgenic alopecia recovery rates: fibrosis, calcification, and chronic scalp tension.

Hair Regenerative Mechanisms of Red Ginseng Oil and Its Major Components in the Testosterone-Induced Delay of Anagen Entry in C57BL/6 Mice

Hair loss (alopecia) is a universal problem for numerous people in the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of red ginseng oil (RGO) and its major components on hair re-growth using testosterone (TES)-induced delay of anagen entry in C57BL/6 mice and their mechanisms of action. Seven-week-old C57BL/6 mice were daily treated with TES for 1 h prior to topical application of 10% RGO, 1% linoleic acid (LA), 1% β-sitosterol (SITOS), or 1% bicyclo(10.1.0)tridec-1-ene (BICYCLO) once a day for 28 days. Hair regenerative capacity was significantly restored by treatment of RGO and its major compounds in the TES-treated mice. Histological analysis showed that RGO along with LA and SITOS but not BICYCLO promoted hair growth through early inducing anagen phase that was delayed by TES in mice. Treatment of mice with RGO, LA, or SITOS up-regulated Wnt/β-catenin and Shh/Gli pathways-mediated expression of genes such as β-catenin, Lef-1, Sonic hedgehog, Smoothened, Gli-1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E in the TES-treated mice. In addition, RGO and its major components reduced the protein level of TGF-β but enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These results suggest that RGO is a potent novel therapeutic natural product for treatment of androgenic alopecia possibly through hair re-growth activity of its major components such as LA and SITOS.

Oxidative stress management in the hair follicle: Could targeting NRF2 counter age-related hair disorders and beyond?

Widespread expression of the transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), which maintains redox homeostasis, has recently been identified in the hair follicle (HF). Small molecule activators of NRF2 may therefore be useful in the management of HF pathologies associated with redox imbalance, ranging from HF greying and HF ageing via androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata to chemotherapy-induced hair loss. Indeed, NRF2 activation has been shown to prevent peroxide-induced hair growth inhibition. Multiple parameters can increase the levels of reactive oxygen species in the HF, for example melanogenesis, depilation-induced trauma, neurogenic and autoimmune inflammation, toxic drugs, environmental stressors such as UV irradiation, genetic defects and aging-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, the potential mechanisms whereby NRF2 activation could prove beneficial in treatment of redox-associated HF disorders are therefore discussed.

Acute Stress-Induced Changes in Follicular Dermal Papilla Cells and Mobilization of Mast Cells: Implications for Hair Growth

BACKGROUND

Stress is a known cause of hair loss in many species.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we investigated the role of acute stress on hair growth using a rat model.

METHODS

Rats were immobilized for 24 hours and blood samples, and skin biopsies were taken. The effect of stress-serum on the in vitro proliferation of rat and human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs), as well as serum cortisol and corticotropin-releasing hormone levels, were measured. Mast cell staining was performed on the biopsied tissue. In addition, Western blot and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess mast cell tryptase and cytokine expression, respectively in rat skin biopsies.

RESULTS

Stress-serum treatment reduced significantly the number of viable hDPCs and arrested the cell cycle in the G1 phase, compared to serum from unrestrained rats (p<0.05, respectively). Moreover, restrained rats had significantly higher levels of cortisol in serum than unrestrained rats (p<0.01). Acute stress serum increased mast cell numbers and mast cell tryptase expression, as well as inducing interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β up-regulation.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that acute stress also has an inhibitory effect on hair growth via cortisol release in addition to substance P-mast cell pathway.