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Li Y, Wei J, Zhu S, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Wang M. Analysis of characteristic aromas of buckwheat with different germplasm using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics and multivariate statistical analysis. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101475. [PMID: 38827020 PMCID: PMC11140191 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the volatile components in 40 samples of Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat from 6 major producing areas in China were analyzed. A total of 77 volatile substances were identified, among which aldehydes and hydrocarbons were the main volatile components. Odor activity value analysis revealed 26 aromatic compounds, with aldehydes making a significant contribution to the aroma of buckwheat. Seven key compounds that could be used to distinguish Tartary buckwheat from common buckwheat were identified. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis was effectively used to classify Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat from different producing areas. This study provides valuable information for evaluating buckwheat quality, breeding high-quality varieties, and enhancing rational resource development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Li
- Institute of Functional Food of Shanxi, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianan Wei
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Siyi Zhu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Minglong Wang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
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2
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Bhat S, Majeed Y, Yatoo GN, Hassan S, Khan T, Sofi PA, Ganai BA, Fazili KM, Zargar SM. Unravelling effects of phytochemicals from buckwheat on cholesterol metabolism and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and its validation through gene expression analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:759. [PMID: 38874818 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this research was to elucidate the hypocholesterolemic effects of a bioactive compound extracted from buckwheat, and to delineate its influence on the regulatory mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism. The compound under investigation was identified as quercetin. MATERIAL AND RESULTS In vitro experiments conducted on HepG2 cells treated with quercetin revealed a significant reduction in intracellular cholesterol accumulation. This phenomenon was rigorously quantified by assessing the transcriptional activity of key genes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of cholesterol. A statistically significant reduction in the expression of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) was observed, indicating a decrease in endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Conversely, an upregulation in the expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) was also observed, suggesting an enhanced catabolism of cholesterol to bile acids. Furthermore, the study explored the combinatory effects of quercetin and simvastatin, a clinically utilized statin, revealing a synergistic action in modulating cholesterol levels at various dosages. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this research provide a comprehensive insight into the mechanistic pathways through which quercetin, a phytochemical derived from buckwheat, exerts its hypocholesterolemic effects. Additionally, the observed synergistic interaction between quercetin and simvastatin opens up new avenues for the development of combined therapeutic strategies to manage hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreena Bhat
- CORD, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Younis Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Gulam Nabi Yatoo
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Shahnawaz Hassan
- CORD, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Tamana Khan
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Parvaze A Sofi
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Bashir Ahmed Ganai
- CORD, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Khalid Majid Fazili
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
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Li L, Zhang R, Hu Y, Deng H, Pei X, Liu F, Chen C. Impact of Oat ( Avena sativa L.) on Metabolic Syndrome and Potential Physiological Mechanisms of Action: A Current Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14838-14852. [PMID: 37797345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa L.), an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Gramineae family, is widely grown in various regions including EU, Canada, America, Australia, etc. Due to the nutritional and pharmacological values, oats have been developed into various functional food including fermented beverage, noodle, cookie, etc. Meanwhile, numerous studies have demonstrated that oats may effectively improve metabolic syndrome, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity. However, the systematic pharmacological mechanisms of oats on metabolic syndrome have not been fully revealed. Therefore, in order to fully explore the benefits of oat in food industry and clinic, this review aims to provide up-to-date information on oat and its constituents, focusing on the effects on metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyuan Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Hongdan Deng
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Pei
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Brisbane, Australia
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4
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Li L, Zhang R, Hu Y, Deng H, Pei X, Liu F, Chen C. Impact of Oat ( Avena sativa L.) on Metabolic Syndrome and Potential Physiological Mechanisms of Action: A Current Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14838-14852. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiyuan Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongdan Deng
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Pei
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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Duan H, Wang L, Huangfu M, Li H. The impact of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on macrophage activities in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115276. [PMID: 37542852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from the fermentation of carbohydrates by gut microbiota play a crucial role in regulating host physiology. Among them, acetate, propionate, and butyrate are key players in various biological processes. Recent research has revealed their significant functions in immune and inflammatory responses. For instance, butyrate reduces the development of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) generating cells while promoting the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Propionate inhibits the initiation of a Th2 immune response by dendritic cells (DCs). Notably, SCFAs have an inhibitory impact on the polarization of M2 macrophages, emphasizing their immunomodulatory properties and potential for therapeutics. In animal models of asthma, both butyrate and propionate suppress the M2 polarization pathway, thus reducing allergic airway inflammation. Moreover, dysbiosis of gut microbiota leading to altered SCFA production has been implicated in prostate cancer progression. SCFAs trigger autophagy in cancer cells and promote M2 polarization in macrophages, accelerating tumor advancement. Manipulating microbiota- producing SCFAs holds promise for cancer treatment. Additionally, SCFAs enhance the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) by blocking histone deacetylase, resulting in increased production of antibacterial effectors and improved macrophage-mediated elimination of microorganisms. This highlights the antimicrobial potential of SCFAs and their role in host defense mechanisms. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the latest research on the functional aspects and underlying mechanisms of SCFAs in relation to macrophage activities in a wide range of diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. By elucidating the intricate interplay between SCFAs and macrophage functions, this review aims to contribute to the understanding of their therapeutic potential and pave the way for future interventions targeting SCFAs in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Duan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - LiJuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Mingmei Huangfu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Hanyang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
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6
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Fabiano GA, Shinn LM, Antunes AEC. Relationship between Oat Consumption, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis: An Integrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3534. [PMID: 37630725 PMCID: PMC10459712 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota consists of a set of microorganisms that colonizes the intestine and ferment fibers, among other nutrients, from the host's diet. A healthy gut microbiota, colonized mainly by beneficial microorganisms, has a positive effect on digestion and plays a role in disease prevention. However, dysregulation of the gut microbiota can contribute to various diseases. The nutrition of the host plays an important role in determining the composition of the gut microbiota. A healthy diet, rich in fiber, can beneficially modulate the gut microbiota. In this sense, oats are a source of both soluble and insoluble fiber. Oats are considered a functional ingredient with prebiotic potential and contain plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and antioxidant compounds. The impact of oat consumption on the gut microbiota is still emerging. Associations between oat consumption and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii have already been observed. Therefore, this integrative review summarizes the findings from studies on the relationship between oat consumption, the gut microbiota, and the metabolites, mainly short-chain fatty acids, it produces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Alexandre Fabiano
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St., Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil;
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Abdo A, Zhang C, Al-Dalali S, Hou Y, Gao J, Yahya MA, Saleh A, Aleryani H, Al-Zamani Z, Sang Y. Marine Chitosan-Oligosaccharide Ameliorated Plasma Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Hamsters by Modifying the Gut Microflora, Bile Acids, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2023; 15:2923. [PMID: 37447249 PMCID: PMC10346597 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the cholesterol-alleviating effect and underlying mechanisms of chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS) in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Male hamsters (n = 24) were divided into three groups in a random fashion, and each group was fed one particular diet, namely a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high-cholesterol diet (HCD), and an HCD diet substituting 5% of the COS diet for six weeks. Subsequently, alterations in fecal bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microflora (GM) were investigated. COS intervention significantly reduced and increased the plasma total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in hypercholesteremic hamsters. Furthermore, Non-HDL-C and total triacylglycerols (TG) levels were also reduced by COS supplementation. Additionally, COS could reduce and increase food intake and fecal SCFAs (acetate), respectively. Moreover, COS had beneficial effects on levels of BAs and GM related to cholesterol metabolism. This study provides novel evidence for the cholesterol-lowering activity of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Abdo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Sam Al-Dalali
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
| | - Yakun Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Mohammed Abdo Yahya
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Saleh
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamzah Aleryani
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
| | - Zakarya Al-Zamani
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
| | - Yaxin Sang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
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Yang Y, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R, Borozdkin L, Zhu P. The interplay between microbial metabolites and macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: A comprehensive review. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110546. [PMID: 37364331 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a crucial player in developing and progressing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent studies have highlighted the role of microbial metabolites in modulating immune cell function and their impact on CVD. Macrophages, which have a significant function in the pathogenesis of CVD, are very vulnerable to the effects of microbial metabolites. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), have been linked to atherosclerosis and the regulation of immune functions. Butyrate has been demonstrated to reduce monocyte migration and inhibit monocyte attachment to injured endothelial cells, potentially contributing to the attenuation of the inflammatory response and the progression of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, TMAO, another compound generated by gut bacteria, has been linked to atherosclerosis due to its impact on lipid metabolism and the accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages. Indole-3-propionic acid, a tryptophan metabolite produced solely by microbes, has been found to promote the development of atherosclerosis by stimulating macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and raising the expression of ABCA1. This review comprehensively discusses how various microbiota-produced metabolites affect macrophage polarization, inflammation, and foam cell formation in CVD. We also highlight the mechanisms underlying these effects and the potential therapeutic applications of targeting microbial metabolites in treating CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leonid Borozdkin
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China.
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Zhou H, Liu K, Liu W, Wu M, Wang Y, Lv Y, Meng H. Diets Enriched in Sugar, Refined, or Whole Grain Differentially Influence Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations and Cholesterol Metabolism Pathways with Concurrent Changes in Bile Acid Profile and Gut Microbiota Composition in ApoE -/- Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37307383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of diets enriched in sugar, refined grain (RG), or whole grain (WG) on circulating cholesterol concentrations and established and emerging mechanisms regulating cholesterol metabolism. Forty-four male ApoE-/- mice aged 8 weeks were randomly fed an isocaloric sugar-, RG-, or WG-enriched diet for 12 weeks. Compared to WG-enriched diet, fasting plasma LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations were higher and the mRNA expression of intestinal LXR-α was lower in sugar- and RG-enriched diets; plasma TC, non-HDL-C, TG and VLDL-C concentrations, and cecal concentrations of lithocholic acid were higher and the mRNA expression of intestinal ABCG5 was lower in sugar-enriched diet, and the mRNA expression of hepatic IDOL and cecal concentrations of lithocholic and deoxycholic acids was higher in RG-enriched diet. The relative abundance of Akkermansia, Clostridia_UCG-014, Alistipes, and Alloprevotella, which were lower in sugar- and/or RG- than in WG-enriched diet, had inverse correlations with fasting plasma cholesterol concentrations or cecal concentrations of secondary bile acids and positive correlations with gene expressions in intestinal cholesterol efflux. Conversely, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Colidextribacter, and Helicobacter had reverse correlations. Both sugar- and RG-enriched diets had unfavorable effects on cholesterol concentrations; yet, their effects on the gene expressions of cholesterol efflux, uptake, bile acid synthesis, and bile acid concentrations were distinctive and could be partially attributable to the concurrent changes in gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Man Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yiqian Lv
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Huicui Meng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Lin X, Xie H, Zhang Y, Tian X, Cui L, Shi N, Wang L, Zhao J, An L, Wang J, Li B, Li YF. The toxicity of nano polyethylene terephthalate to mice: Intestinal obstruction, growth retardant, gut microbiota dysbiosis and lipid metabolism disorders. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113585. [PMID: 36566972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are widely used in our daily life while they may be broken to smaller fractions as nano-sized PET (nPET) in the environment. The toxicity of nPET is still less studied. This work first evaluated the LD50 of different size of nPET (200 nm, S-nPET; 700 nm, B-nPET) in mice, then studied the health effects of single exposure to S/B-nPET at 200 mg/kg bw for 30 days. It was found that the LD50 was 266 mg/kg bw for S-nPET and 523 mg/kg bw for B-nPET, respectively, showing a size-dependent effect. S-nPET caused weight loss, cyst, intestinal obstruction, organ damage and mortality (40%), and perturbed gut microbiome and metabolome especially lipid metabolism, such as upregulated cholesterol, glycocholic, propionic acid, niacinamide, ectoine and xanthine, and downregulated arachidonic acid, anserine, histamine, while B-nPET did not. Serological analysis found S-nPET brought more lipid metabolic immune and neurological damage than B-nPET, confirming the size-dependent effect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the systematic toxicity of nPET to mice. Further studies are warranted for life-long effects of nPET. The protocol applied in this work may also be used for the study of the health effects of other plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Lin
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China.
| | - Hongxin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liwei Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nianqiu Shi
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Treatment of Dyslipidemia through Targeted Therapy of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010228. [PMID: 36615885 PMCID: PMC9823358 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a multifaceted condition with various genetic and environmental factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Further, this condition represents an important risk factor for its related sequalae including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Emerging evidence has shown that gut microbiota and their metabolites can worsen or protect against the development of dyslipidemia. Although there are currently numerous treatment modalities available including lifestyle modification and pharmacologic interventions, there has been promising research on dyslipidemia that involves the benefits of modulating gut microbiota in treating alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we examine the relationship between gut microbiota and dyslipidemia, the impact of gut microbiota metabolites on the development of dyslipidemia, and the current research on dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and microbiota transplant as therapeutic modalities in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and their metabolites affect dyslipidemia progression will help develop more precise therapeutic targets to optimize lipid metabolism.
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12
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Khorasaniha R, Olof H, Voisin A, Armstrong K, Wine E, Vasanthan T, Armstrong H. Diversity of fibers in common foods: Key to advancing dietary research. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on the Gut Microbiota and Liver Transcriptome in Mice Reveal Gut–Liver Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911008. [PMID: 36232309 PMCID: PMC9569613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure has a harmful impact on health and increases the risk of disease. However, studies on cigarette-smoke-induced adverse effects from the perspective of the gut–liver axis are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the adverse effects of cigarette smoke exposure on mice through physiological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses and explored cigarette-smoke-induced gut microbiota imbalance and changes in liver gene expression through a multiomics analysis. We demonstrated that cigarette smoke exposure caused abnormal physiological indices (including reduced body weight, blood lipids, and food intake) in mice, which also triggered liver injury and induced disorders of the gut microbiota and liver transcriptome (especially lipid metabolism). A significant correlation between intestinal bacterial abundance and the expression of lipid-metabolism-related genes was detected, suggesting the coordinated regulation of lipid metabolism by gut microbiota and liver metabolism. Specifically, Salmonella (harmful bacterium) was negatively and positively correlated with up- (such as Acsl3 and Me1) and downregulated genes (such as Angptl4, Cyp4a12a, and Plin5) involved in lipid metabolism, while Ligilactobacillus (beneficial bacterium) showed opposite trends with these genes. Our results clarified the key role of gut microbiota in liver damage and metabolism and improved the understanding of gut–liver interactions caused by cigarette smoke exposure.
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14
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Sun Q, Xin X, An Z, Hu Y, Feng Q. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Plants Against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Targeting the Interplay Between Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:854879. [PMID: 35356532 PMCID: PMC8959594 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.854879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains a common disease with a significant health and economic burden worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) and bile acids (BAs), which play important roles in the gut-liver axis, have been confirmed to jointly participate in the development of NAFLD. GM not only regulate bile acids’ synthesis, transport, and reabsorption by regulating other metabolites (such as trimetlyl amine oxide, butyrate), but also regulate dehydrogenation, dehydroxylation and desulfurization of bile acids. Meanwhile, disordered bile acids influence the gut microbiota mainly through promoting the bacterial death and lowering the microbial diversity. Although weight loss and lifestyle changes are effective in the treatment of NAFLD, the acceptability and compliance of patients are poor. Recently, increasing natural plants and their active ingredients have been proved to alleviate NAFLD by modulating the joint action of gut microbiota and bile acids, and considered to be promising potential candidates. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of natural plants in treating NAFLD in the context of their regulation of the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and bile acids, the crosstalk of which has been shown to significantly promote the progression of NAFLD. Herein, we summarize the prior work on this topic and further suggest future research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- QinMei Sun
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - ZiMing An
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - YiYang Hu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: YiYang Hu, ; Qin Feng,
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: YiYang Hu, ; Qin Feng,
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15
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Mohamed D, Mohammed S, Hamed I. Chia seeds oil enriched with phytosterols and mucilage as a cardioprotective dietary supplement towards inflammation, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2022.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Non-communicable diseases are a cluster of metabolic diseases, which include type-2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of the current research was to incorporate dietary fibers (mucilage) and phytosterol for enriching chia seeds oil for producing new dietary supplements for cardio-protection from oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. Methods: Fatty acids profile, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds content of the prepared dietary supplement were assessed. The cardioprotective potency of the dietary supplement was evaluated in rats fed on a high-fat diet for a month. Biochemical parameters related to inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid profile, cardiac enzymes, and kidney function were determined in all rats. Results: The results revealed that dietary supplement was rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Beta-sitosterol and campesterol were the major phytosterols in chia seeds oil dietary supplement. Phenolic compounds were present by 25.9 ± 1.202 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dietary supplements. Rats fed on the high-fat diet showed significant elevation (P < 0.05) in inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and cardiac enzymes in association with the elevation of kidney function compared with normal rats. Administration of both doses of dietary supplement significantly (P < 0.05) improved all the studied biochemical parameters. The high dose of the dietary supplement was promising in the reduction of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and improved dyslipidemia in accordance with the reduction of all cardiac enzymes and kidney function. Conclusion: Dietary supplements investigated in the current research showed cardioprotective potency through its anti-inflammatory and dyslipidemic activities, which may be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols, and soluble dietary fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha Mohamed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Mohammed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Hamed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Liu L, Zhao Y, Ming J, Chen J, Zhao G, Chen ZY, Wang Y, Lei L. Polyphenol extract and essential oil of Amomum tsao-ko equally alleviate hypercholesterolemia and modulate gut microbiota. Food Funct 2021; 12:12008-12021. [PMID: 34755750 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of polyphenol extract (TKP) and essential oil (TKO) from Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire (tsao-ko) on plasma total cholesterol and gut microbiota. Four groups of hamsters (n = 8 each) were fed one of four diets, respectively, namely a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) containing 0.1% cholesterol, a HCD containing 0.5% cholestyramine (PCD), a HCD with daily oral administration of 1000 mg per kg body weight TKP, and a HCD with daily oral administration of 200 mg per kg body weight TKO for 6 weeks. TKP and TKO equally lowered plasma total cholesterol (TC) by 13-18% via increasing the fecal elimination of total acidic sterols by 50-191%. This might be due to up-regulation of liver cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) at both transcriptional and translational levels. At a family level, TKP and TKO diets favorably modified the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae associated with acidic sterols and CYP7A1. It was therefore concluded that TKP and TKO were equally effective in alleviating hypercholesterolemia in hamsters via the interaction between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yimin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jian Ming
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Resource and Environment, Baoshan University, Baoshan 678000, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Lei
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Ren G, Fan X, Teng C, Li Y, Everaert N, Blecker C. The Beneficial Effect of Coarse Cereals on Chronic Diseases through Regulating Gut Microbiota. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112891. [PMID: 34829172 PMCID: PMC8620804 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders have been the leading causes of incapacity and death globally. Increasing evidence suggests that improvements of lifestyle habits and diet is the most commonly adopted strategy for the prevention of chronic disorders. Moreover, many dietary compounds have revealed health-promoting benefits beyond their nutritional effects. It is worth noting that diet plays an important role in shaping the intestinal microbiota. Coarse cereals constitute important sources of nutrients for the gut microbiota and contribute to a healthy gut microbiome. Furthermore, the gut microbiota converts coarse cereals into functional substances and mediates the interaction between the host and these components. In this study, we summarize the recent findings concerning functional components of cereal grains and their potential chemopreventive activity via modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixing Ren
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 1 Shilling Road, Chenglo Avenue, Longquan District, Chengdu 610106, China;
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 80 South Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (X.F.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6211-5596; Fax: +86-10-6215-6596
| | - Xin Fan
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 80 South Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (X.F.); (C.T.)
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (N.E.); (C.B.)
| | - Cong Teng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 80 South Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (X.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Yajie Li
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 1 Shilling Road, Chenglo Avenue, Longquan District, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (N.E.); (C.B.)
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (N.E.); (C.B.)
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18
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang B, Zhou J. Mechanistic basis and preliminary practice of butyric acid and butyrate sodium to mitigate gut inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review. Nutr Res 2021; 95:1-18. [PMID: 34757305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A key event featured in the early stage of chronic gut inflammatory diseases is the disordered recruitment and excess accumulation of immune cells in the gut lamina propria. This process is followed by the over-secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and the prolonged overactive inflammatory responses. Growing evidence has suggested that gut inflammatory diseases may be mitigated by butyric acid (BA) or butyrate sodium (NaB). Laboratory studies show that BA and NaB can enhance gut innate immune function through G-protein-mediated signaling pathways while mitigating the overactive inflammatory responses by inhibiting histone deacetylase. The regulatory effects may occur in both epithelial enterocytes and the immune cells in the lamina propria. Prior to further clinical trials, comprehensive literature reviews and rigid examination concerning the underlying mechanism are necessary. To this end, we collected and reviewed 197 published reports regarding the mechanisms, bioactivities, and clinical effects of BA and NaB to modulate gut inflammatory diseases. Our review found insufficient evidence to guarantee the safety of clinical practice of BA and NaB, either by anal enema or oral administration of capsule or tablet. The safety of clinical use of BA and NaB should be further evaluated. Alternatively, dietary patterns rich in "fruits, vegetables and beans" may be an effective and safe approach to prevent gut inflammatory disease, which elevates gut microbiota-dependent production of BA. Our review provides a comprehensive reference to future clinical trials of BA and NaB to treat gut inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Xianqi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Baozhen Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
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19
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Paudel D, Dhungana B, Caffe M, Krishnan P. A Review of Health-Beneficial Properties of Oats. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112591. [PMID: 34828872 PMCID: PMC8625765 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oat is among the food crops and ancient grains cultivated and consumed worldwide. It is gaining in popularity owing to its nutritional composition and multifunctional benefits of select bioactive compounds. Beta-glucan is an important component of dietary fiber found in oat grains. It is the major active compound in oats with proven cholesterol-lowering and antidiabetic effects. Oats also provide substantial levels of other bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, tocols, sterols, avenacosides, and avenanthramides. The consumption of oats has been determined to be beneficial for human health by promoting immunomodulation and improving gut microbiota. In addition, oat consumption assists in preventing diseases such as atherosclerosis, dermatitis, and some forms of cancer. While much has been published in relation to oat nutrients and oat fibers and their impact on major diseases, the oat industries and consumers may benefit from greater knowledge and understanding of clinical effects, range of occurrence, distribution, therapeutic doses and food functional attributes of other oat bioactives such as avenanthramides and saponins as well as other anti-inflammatory agents found in the cereal. This review focuses on the various studies relevant to the contribution of the consumption of oats and oat-based products in preventing human diseases and promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Paudel
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Bandana Dhungana
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (B.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Melanie Caffe
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (B.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Padmanaban Krishnan
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Li Y, Shi R, Qin C, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wu Z. Gluten‐free and prebiotic oat bread: Optimization formulation by transglutaminase improvement dough structure. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food Ningbo University Meishan Campus Ningbo PR China
| | - Ranran Shi
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food Ningbo University Meishan Campus Ningbo PR China
| | - Chuan Qin
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food Ningbo University Meishan Campus Ningbo PR China
| | - Yunzhen Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food Ningbo University Meishan Campus Ningbo PR China
| | - Lianliang Liu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food Ningbo University Meishan Campus Ningbo PR China
| | - Zufang Wu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food Ningbo University Meishan Campus Ningbo PR China
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21
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Guo H, Wu H, Sajid A, Li Z. Whole grain cereals: the potential roles of functional components in human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8388-8402. [PMID: 34014123 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1928596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole grain cereals have been the basis of human diet since ancient times. Due to rich in a variety of unique bioactive ingredients, they play an important role in human health. This review highlights the contents and distribution of primary functional components and their health effects in commonly consumed whole grain cereals, especially dietary fiber, protein, polyphenols, and alkaloids. In general, cereals exert positive effects in the following ways: 1) Restoring intestinal flora diversity and increasing intestinal short-chain fatty acids. 2) Regulating plasma glucose and lipid metabolism, thereby the improvement of obesity, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and other chronic metabolic diseases. 3) Exhibiting antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. 4) Preventing gastrointestinal cancer via the regulation of classical signaling pathways. In summary, this review provides a scientific basis for the formulation of whole-grain cereals-related dietary guidelines, and guides people to form scientific dietary habits, so as to promote the development and utilization of whole-grain cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Guo
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Haili Wu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Amin Sajid
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China;,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
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22
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Huanglian Jiedu decoction remodels the periphery microenvironment to inhibit Alzheimer's disease progression based on the "brain-gut" axis through multiple integrated omics. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:44. [PMID: 33579351 PMCID: PMC7881564 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, excellent results have suggested an association between the "brain-gut" axis and Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, yet the role of the "brain-gut" axis in AD pathogenesis still remains obscure. Herein, we provided a potential link between the central and peripheral neuroinflammatory disorders in AD progression. METHODS The Morris water maze (MWM) test, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, ProcartaPlex Multiplex immunoassay, multiple LC-MS/MS methods, and the V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA genes were applied to explore potential biomarkers. RESULTS In Tg-APP/PS1 mice, gut dysbiosis and lipid metabolism were highly associated with AD-like neuroinflammation. The combination of inflammatory factors (IL-6 and INF-γ), phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and SCFA-producing bacteria were expected to be early diagnostic biomarkers for AD. Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDD) suppressed gut dysbiosis and the associated Aβ accumulation, harnessed neuroinflammation and reversed cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Together, our findings highlighted the roles of neuroinflammation induced by gut dysbiosis and lipid metabolism disorder in AD progression. This integrated metabolomics approach showed its potential to understand the complex mechanisms of HLJDD in the treatment of AD.
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23
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Morales D, Shetty SA, López-Plaza B, Gómez-Candela C, Smidt H, Marín FR, Soler-Rivas C. Modulation of human intestinal microbiota in a clinical trial by consumption of a β-D-glucan-enriched extract obtained from Lentinula edodes. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3249-3265. [PMID: 33580297 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypocholesterolemic, immune- and microbiota-modulatory effect of a mushroom extract in hypercholesterolemic subjects. METHODS A randomized, controlled, double-blind, and parallel clinical trial was carried out with subjects from 18 to 65 years old (n = 52) with untreated mild hypercholesterolemia. Volunteers consumed a β-D-glucan-enriched (BGE) mixture (10.4 g/day) obtained from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) ensuring a 3.5 g/day of fungal β-D-glucans or a placebo incorporated in three different commercial creams. RESULTS This mixture showed hypocholesterolemic activities in vitro and in animal studies. After eight weeks intervention, no significant differences in lipid- or cholesterol-related parameters were found compared to placebo subjects as well as before and after the BGE mixture administration. No inflammatory or immunomodulatory responses were noticed and no changes in IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α or oxLDL were recorded. However, consumption of the BGE mixture was safe and managed to achieve the dietary fibre intake recommended as cardiovascular protective diet. Moreover, the BGE mixture modulated the colonic microbiota differently compared to placebo. Microbial community composition varied from before to after the intervention with several genera being positively or negatively correlated with some biomarkers related to cholesterol metabolism. CONCLUSION These results suggested a relation between cholesterol metabolism, microbiota and BGE administration. Nevertheless, the precise significance of this differential modulation was not fully elucidated and requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Morales
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research - CIAL (UAM+CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sudarshan A Shetty
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bricia López-Plaza
- Nutrition Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez-Candela
- Nutrition Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Ramón Marín
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research - CIAL (UAM+CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Soler-Rivas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research - CIAL (UAM+CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Xiao Y, Guo Z, Li Z, Ling H, Song C. Role and mechanism of action of butyrate in atherosclerotic diseases: a review. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:543-552. [PMID: 33098194 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is a bioactive molecule produced by the intestinal flora and plays a major role in a variety of inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that butyrate can regulate the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis (AS). Coincidentally, it reduces hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, which are major risk factors of AS. However, the mechanism by which butyrate regulates the development of AS remains unclear. In this article, we review the effect of butyrate treatment on AS with a focus on the mechanisms of butyrate-mediated modulation of several atherosclerotic processes. These include the improvement of monocyte-endothelial interactions, macrophage lipid accumulation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and lymphocyte differentiation and function. The existing research indicates that butyrate treatment may be a potentially effective strategy for the prevention of AS. Identity and underlying mechanisms of the molecular pathways of these interactions should be explored in the future to counter AS effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Z Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - H Ling
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - C Song
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Xiong Y, Zhang P, Warner RD, Shen S, Fang Z. Cereal grain-based functional beverages: from cereal grain bioactive phytochemicals to beverage processing technologies, health benefits and product features. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2404-2431. [PMID: 33938780 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1853037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Increased consumer awareness of health and wellness has promoted a high demand for foods and beverages with functional and therapeutic properties. Cereals, apart from being important staple crops and primary sources of energy and nutrition, are replete with bioactive phytochemicals with health properties. Cereal grains contain a diverse range of bioactive phytochemicals including phenolic compounds, dietary fibers, carotenoids, tocols, phytosterols, γ-oryzanol, and phytic acid and therefore have great potential for processing into functional beverages. Although there are a variety of cereal grain-based beverages produced world-wide, very little scientific and technological attention has been paid to them. In this review, we have discussed cereal grain-based functional beverages based on 3 main categories: cereal grain-based milk alternatives, roasted cereal grain teas, fermented nonalcoholic cereal grain beverages. The processing techniques, health properties and product features of these beverages are elaborated, and the challenges and future perspectives are proposed. As the food market becomes increasingly diverse, cereal grain-based beverages could be a promising new category of health functional beverages in our daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn Dorothy Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shuibao Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Taiyuan Brand Will Firm Biotechnology Development Co, Ltd, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Ugural A, Akyol A. Can pseudocereals modulate microbiota by functioning as probiotics or prebiotics? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1725-1739. [PMID: 33190507 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1846493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat, known as pseudocereals, have been consumed since ancient times and are considered sacred in most cultures. Their grains can be used as cereals for breakfast or mixed with other grains in meals and their health-enhancing effects have been investigated more in recent years. They have an antioxidant effect and their nutrient profiles are enriched with processing techniques such as sprouting and fermentation. Their suitability to different processing techniques and the rapid increase in microbiota researches highlighted the probiotic/prebiotic effects of pseudocereals. Using cultures or naturally fermented amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat exhibited good substrate properties for probiotic bacteria, especially for Lactobacillus strains. Studies have found that they reduce the number of pathogen microorganisms, increase the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids due to their prebiotic effects. Also the number of bacterial colonies do not change during the storage period and their organoleptic properties are revealed. It has been determined that pseudocereals decrease Ruminococcacea, Lachnospiraceae, Helicobacteracea, Clostridium, Escherichia and increase Peptoclostridium, Prevotellaceae, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Eubacteriaceae. Due to these effects, they are considered as good sources for synbiotic formulations to be developed for the treatment of dysbiosis, obesity, Celiac Disease, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammation-mediated chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Ugural
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aslı Akyol
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hao W, Zhu H, Chen J, Kwek E, He Z, Liu J, Ma N, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Wild Melon Seed Oil Reduces Plasma Cholesterol and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Hypercholesterolemic Hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2071-2081. [PMID: 31984735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild melon (Cucumis melo var. agrestis) seed oil (CO) contains 71.3% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The present study investigated the effects of CO on blood cholesterol and gut microbiota. Hamsters (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups and given one of four diets, namely noncholesterol diet (NCD), high-cholesterol diet containing 0.1% cholesterol (HCD), HCD containing 4.75% CO (COL), and HCD containing 9.5% CO (COH) for 6 weeks. CO supplementation at 9.5% in the diet reduced plasma cholesterol by 24% and enhanced the excretion of fecal bile acids by 150%. CO supplementation upregulated the gene expression of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). In addition, supplementation of CO in the diet remarkably increased the production of fecal short-chain fatty acids and favorably altered the relative abundances of Eubacteriaceae, Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group, Ruminococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae at a family level. It was concluded that CO could reduce plasma cholesterol via promoting the excretion of fecal acidic sterols and modulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
- Department of Food Science , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong Province 528231 , China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Ning Ma
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Finance and Economics , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
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Wang R, Li S, Jin L, Zhang W, Liu N, Wang H, Wang Z, Wei P, Li F, Yu J, Lu S, Chen Y, Li Z, Wu C. Four-week administration of nicotinemoderately impacts blood metabolic profile and gut microbiota in a diet-dependent manner. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Dietary Fiber, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051155. [PMID: 31126110 PMCID: PMC6566984 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have shown that dietary fiber intake is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. Dietary fiber is a non-digestible form of carbohydrates, due to the lack of the digestive enzyme in humans required to digest fiber. Dietary fibers and lignin are intrinsic to plants and are classified according to their water solubility properties as either soluble or insoluble fibers. Water-soluble fibers include pectin, gums, mucilage, fructans, and some resistant starches. They are present in some fruits, vegetables, oats, and barley. Soluble fibers have been shown to lower blood cholesterol by several mechanisms. On the other hand, water-insoluble fibers mainly include lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; whole-grain foods, bran, nuts, and seeds are rich in these fibers. Water-insoluble fibers have rapid gastric emptying, and as such may decrease the intestinal transit time and increase fecal bulk, thus promoting digestive regularity. In addition to dietary fiber, isolated and extracted fibers are known as functional fiber and have been shown to induce beneficial health effects when added to food during processing. The recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for total fiber intake for men and women aged 19–50 are 38 gram/day and 25 gram/day, respectively. It is worth noting that the RDA recommendations are for healthy people and do not apply to individuals with some chronic diseases. Studies have shown that most Americans do not consume the recommended intake of fiber. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding dietary fiber, sources of food containing fiber, atherosclerosis, and heart disease risk reduction.
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Hao W, He Z, Zhu H, Liu J, Kwek E, Zhao Y, Ma KY, He WS, Chen ZY. Sea buckthorn seed oil reduces blood cholesterol and modulates gut microbiota. Food Funct 2019; 10:5669-5681. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sea buckthorn seed oil favorably decreases plasma cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Wen-Sen He
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
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