Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases

The effect of Jian Gan powder on the proliferation, migration and polarization of macrophages and relative mechanism

CONTEXT

Jian Gan powder (JGP) is a Chinese medicine compound comprised ginseng, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Astragali, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Yujin, Rhizoma Cyperi, Fructus aurantii, Sophora flavescens, Yinchen, Bupleurum and licorice.

OBJECTIVE

This study explored the inhibitory effects, polarization and potential mechanisms associated with JGP in macrophages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RAW264.7 cells were randomly divided into six groups for 24 h: control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), overexpression, 1% JGP, 2% JGP, 4% JGP, 8% JGP and 16% JGP. The effects of JGP on RAW264.7 cell proliferation were assessed using colony formation assays and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. The Transwell assay was used to evaluate its impact on RAW264.7 cell migration. Moreover, we analysed the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (IL-6/STAT3) signaling pathway using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Furthermore, we examined the M1/M2 polarization levels.

RESULTS

Unlike LPS stimulation, JGP serum treatment markedly suppressed macrophage proliferation and migration capacity, while STAT3 overexpression enhanced RAW264.7 cell proliferation and migration. JGP inhibited the proliferation and migration of RAW264.7 cells by attenuating the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, it inhibited macrophage M1 polarization, promoting M2 polarization.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

JGP effectively suppressed the cellular function of RAW264.7 cells by down-regulating the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and modulating macrophage M1/M2 polarization. These findings provide valuable theoretical and experimental basis for considering the potential clinical application of JGP in the treatment of immune-mediated liver injury in clinical practice.

Iguratimod prevents renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction model mice by suppressing M2 macrophage infiltration and macrophage-myofibroblast transition

Iguratimod is a novel synthetic, small-molecule immunosuppressive agent used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Through ongoing exploration of its role and mechanisms of action, iguratimod has been observed to have antifibrotic effects in the lung and skin; however, its effect on renal fibrosis remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether iguratimod could affect renal fibrosis progression. Three different concentrations of iguratimod (30 mg/kg/day, 10 mg/kg/day, and 3 mg/kg/day) were used to intervene in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model mice. Iguratimod at 10 mg/kg/day was observed to be effective in slowing UUO-mediated renal fibrosis. In addition, stimulating bone marrow-derived macrophages with IL-4 and/or iguratimod, or with TGF-β and iguratimod or SRC inhibitors in vitro, suggested that iguratimod mitigates the progression of renal fibrosis in UUO mice, at least in part, by inhibiting the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway to attenuate renal M2 macrophage infiltration, as well as by impeding SRC activation to reduce macrophage-myofibroblast transition. These findings reveal the potential of iguratimod as a treatment for renal disease.

OsteoMac: A new player on the bone biology scene

The knowledge of bone biology has undergone major advances in recent decades. In bone, resorbing osteoclasts have classically been described as tissue-resident macrophages, however, it is currently known that a new subtype of macrophages, called OsteoMacs, are specialised bone-resident macrophages, which, depending on certain conditions, may play an important role not only in bone homeostasis, but also in promoting pro-anabolic functions or in creating an inflammatory environment. There is growing evidence that these osteal macrophages may influence the development of bone-loss diseases. It is essential to understand the biological bases underlying bone physiological processes to search for new therapeutic targets for bone-loss diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or even periodontal disease. This narrative review provides an update on the origin, characterisation, and possible roles of osteoMacs in bone biology. Finally, the potential clinical applications of this new cell in bone-loss disorders are discussed.

Inhibition of PI3K p110δ rebalanced Th17/Treg and reduced macrophages pyroptosis in LPS-induced sepsis

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by trauma or infection, which can lead to multiple organ dysfunction. In severe cases, sepsis can also progress to septic shock and even death. Effective treatments for sepsis are still under development. This study aimed to determine if targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling with CAL-101, a PI3K p110δ inhibitor, could alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis and contribute to immune tolerance. Our findings indicated that CAL-101 treatment improved survival rates and alleviated the progression of LPS-induced sepsis. Compared to antibiotics, CAL-101 not only restored the Th17/regulatory T cells (Treg) balance but also enhanced Treg cell function. Additionally, CAL-101 promoted type 2 macrophage (M2) polarization, inhibited TNF-α secretion, and increased IL-10 secretion. Moreover, CAL-101 treatment reduced pyroptosis in peritoneal macrophages by inhibiting caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD) activation. This study provides a mechanistic basis for future clinical exploration of targeted therapeutics and immunomodulatory strategies in the treatment of sepsis.

Emerging roles of lactate in acute and chronic inflammation

Traditionally, lactate has been considered a 'waste product' of cellular metabolism. Recent findings have shown that lactate is a substance that plays an indispensable role in various physiological cellular functions and contributes to energy metabolism and signal transduction during immune and inflammatory responses. The discovery of lactylation further revealed the role of lactate in regulating inflammatory processes. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the paradoxical characteristics of lactate metabolism in the inflammatory microenvironment and highlight the pivotal roles of lactate homeostasis, the lactate shuttle, and lactylation ('lactate clock') in acute and chronic inflammatory responses from a molecular perspective. We especially focused on lactate and lactate receptors with either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects on complex molecular biological signalling pathways and investigated the dynamic changes in inflammatory immune cells in the lactate-related inflammatory microenvironment. Moreover, we reviewed progress on the use of lactate as a therapeutic target for regulating the inflammatory response, which may provide a new perspective for treating inflammation-related diseases.

Resveratrol-loaded sulfated Hericium erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and synergistic anti-inflammatory effects

Resveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenol with excellent biological activity. But the poor stability and bioavailability of RES severely limit its application. Thus, the resveratrol-loaded sulfated Hericium erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan nanoparticles (DS-CS-RES NPs) were prepared using electrostatic self-assembly to solve these problems in this study. The structure of DS-CS-RES NPs was spherical or sub spherical shape with small average particle size (191.07 nm), which was characterized by FT-IR, FS, XRD and TEM. DS-CS-RES NPs exhibited good stability and RES had a sustainable release from the nanoparticles in gastrointestinal digestion. Meanwhile, DS-CS-RES NPs could improve the inflammatory injury of LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages by inhibiting the production of NO, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, DS-CS-RES NPs had strong anti-inflammatory activity by regulating protein levels of NF-κB p65, STAT1 and TLR4 through NF-κB and JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway in vitro, and sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan nanoparticle (DS-CS NPs) and RES had synergistic anti-inflammatory effect. Overall, DS-CS NPs can serve as a potential green and safe functional carrier for encapsulating resveratrol, which can improve its anti-inflammatory activity. This work may be conducive to the development of functional carrier for encapsulating RES and applications of hydrophobic active molecules in functional foods or medicines.

Fatty acids promote M1 polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages in healthy or ketotic dairy cows and a bovine macrophage cell line via impairing mTOR-mediated autophagy

Excessive concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) are the main factors causing immune dysfunction and inflammation in dairy cows with ketosis. Polarization of macrophages (the process of macrophages freely switching from one phenotype to another) into M1 or M2 phenotypes is an important event during inflammation induced by environmental stimuli. In non-ruminants, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated autophagy (a major waste degradation process) regulates macrophage polarization. Thus, the objective was to unravel the role of mTOR-mediated autophagy on macrophage polarization in ketotic dairy cows. Four experiments were performed as follows: (1) In vitro differentiated monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy dairy cows or dairy cows with clinical ketosis (CK) were treated with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 100 ng/mL interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or 10 ng/mL interleukin-4 (IL4) and 10 ng/mL interleukin-10 (IL10) for 24 h; (2) Immortalized bovine macrophages were treated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 mM FFA and LPS and IFN-γ or IL4 and IL10 for 24 h; (3) Macrophages were pretreated with 2 μM 4,6-dimorpholino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (MHY1485) for 30 min before treatment with LPS and IFN-γ or IL4 and IL10; (4) Macrophages were pretreated with 100 nM rapamycin (RAPA) for 2 h before treatment with LPS and IFN-γ or IL4 and IL10. Compared with healthy cows, cows with CK had a greater mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD86+, but lower MFI of CD206+ and lower number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in macrophages. Exogenous FFA treatment upregulated protein abundance of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and mean fluorescence intensity of CD86, whereas it downregulated the protein abundance of arginase 1 (ARG1) and mean fluorescence intensity of CD206. In addition, FFA increased the p-p65/p65 protein abundance and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA), interleukin-1B (IL1B), and interleukin-6 (IL6) mRNA abundance, but decreased LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) protein abundance and autophagosomes and autolysosomes number. Pretreatment with MHY1485 promoted macrophage M1 polarization and inhibited macrophage M2 polarization via decreased mTOR-mediated autophagy. Activation of mTOR-mediated autophagy by pretreatment with RAPA attenuated the upregulation of inflammation in M1 macrophages that was induced by FFA. These data revealed that high concentrations of FFA promote macrophage M1 polarization in ketotic dairy cows via impairing mTOR-mediated autophagy.

Targeting macrophagic RasGRP1 with catechin hydrate ameliorates sepsis-induced multiorgan dysfunction

BACKGROUND

The proinflammatory response induced by macrophages plays a crucial role in the development of sepsis and the resulting multiorgan dysfunction. Identifying new regulatory targets for macrophage homeostasis and devising effective treatment strategies remains a significant challenge in contemporary research.

PURPOSE

This study aims to identify new regulatory targets for macrophage homeostasis and develop effective strategies for treating sepsis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Macrophage infiltration in septic patients and in lungs, kidneys, and brains of caecum ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic mice was observed using CIBERSORT and immunofluorescence (IF). Upon integrating the MSigDB database and GSE65682 dataset, differently expressed macrophage-associated genes (DEMAGs) were identified. Critical DEMAGs were confirmed through machine learning. The protein level of the critical DEMAG was detected in PBMCs of septic patients, RAW264.7 cells, and mice lungs, kidneys, and brains using ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and IF. siRNA was applied to investigate the effect of the critical DEMAG in RAW264.7 cells. A natural product library was screened to find a compound targeting the critical DEMAG protein. The binding of compounds and proteins was analyzed through molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, CETSA, and MST analysis. The therapeutic efficacy of the compounds against sepsis was then evaluated through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Macrophage infiltration was inversely correlated with survival in septic patients. The critical differentially expressed molecule RasGRP1 was frequently observed in the PBMCs of septic patients, LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and the lungs, kidneys, and brains of septic mice. Silencing RasGRP1 alleviated proinflammatory response and oxidative stress in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Catechin Hydrate (CH) was identified as an inhibitor of RasGRP1, capable of maintaining macrophage homeostasis and mitigating lung, kidney, and brain damage during sepsis.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that RasGRP1, a novel activator of macrophage proinflammatory responses, plays a crucial role in the excessive inflammation and oxidative stress associated with sepsis. CH shows potential for treating sepsis by inhibiting RasGRP1.

Traditional Chinese medicine in regulating macrophage polarization in immune response of inflammatory diseases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Numerous studies have demonstrated that various traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects against inflammatory diseases mediated through macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this review was to assess and consolidate the current understanding regarding the pathogenic mechanisms governing macrophage polarization in the context of regulating inflammatory diseases. We also summarize the mechanism action of various TCMs on the regulation of macrophage polarization, which may contribute to facilitate the development of natural anti-inflammatory drugs based on reshaping macrophage polarization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive review of recently published articles, utilizing keywords such as "macrophage polarization" and "traditional Chinese medicines" in combination with "inflammation," as well as "macrophage polarization" and "inflammation" in conjunction with "natural products," and similar combinations, to search within PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

RESULTS

A total of 113 kinds of TCMs (including 62 components of TCMs, 27 TCMs as well as various types of extracts of TCMs and 24 Chinese prescriptions) was reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects through the regulation of key pathways of macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming.

CONCLUSIONS

In this review, we have analyzed studies concerning the involvement of macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming in inflammation therapy. TCMs has great advantages in regulating macrophage polarization in treating inflammatory diseases due to its multi-pathway and multi-target pharmacological action. This review may contribute to facilitate the development of natural anti-inflammatory drugs based on reshaping macrophage polarization.

A cross-linked macropore hydrogel based on M1 macrophage lysate and alginate regulates tumor-associated macrophages for the treatment of melanoma

Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages possess the ability to change the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by releasing various inflammatory factors simultaneously, which can effectively inhibit tumor progression and relapse. Promoting macrophage polarization towards M1 may be an effective way to treat Melanoma. However, the risk of cytokine storm caused by the proliferation and excessive activation of M1 macrophages greatly limits it as a biosafety therapeutic strategy in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, how to engineer natural M1 macrophage to a biocompatible biomaterial that maintains the duration time of tumor suppressive property duration time still remains a huge challenge. To achieve this goal, we developed an injectable macroporous hydrogel (M1LMHA) using natural M1 macrophage lysates and alginate as raw materials. M1LMHA had excellent biocompatibility, adjustable degradation rate and could sustainably release varieties of natural inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), etc. M1LMHA could repolarize anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages by the synergistic effect of released tiny inflammatory factors via the NF-κB pathway. This study supported that M1LMHA might be an effective and safe tool to activate tumor-associated immune cells, improving the efficiency of anti-tumor immunotherapy.

Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles without drug loading

Neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles (NM-NPs) are nanomedicines with traits of mimicking the surface properties and functions of neutrophils, which are the most abundant type of white blood cells in the human body. NM-NPs have been widely used as targeted drug delivery systems for various inflammatory diseases, but their intrinsic effects on inflammation are not fully characterized yet. This study found that NM-NPs could modulate inflammation by multiple mechanisms without drug loading. NM-NPs could inhibit the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the inflamed site by capturing chemokines and blocking their adhesion to inflamed endothelial cells. After internalized by macrophages and other phagocytic cells, NM-NPs could alter their phenotype by phosphatidylserine and simultaneously degrade the sequestered and neutralized cytokines and chemokines by lysosomal degradation. Under these effects, NM-NPs exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced inflammatory liver injury in vivo without drug loading. Our study unveiled the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of NM-NPs without drug loading, and provided new insights and evidence for understanding their biological effects and safety, as well as developing more effective and safe targeted drug delivery systems.

Obesity-related glomerulopathy: recent advances in inflammatory mechanisms and related treatments

Obesity-related glomerulopathy, which is an obesity-triggered kidney damage, has become a significant threat to human health. Several studies have recently highlighted the critical role of inflammation in obesity-related glomerulopathy development. Additionally, excess adipose tissue and adipocytes in patients with obesity produce various inflammatory factors that cause systemic low-grade inflammation with consequent damage to vascular endothelial cells, exacerbating glomerular injury. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review of obesity-related glomerulopathy and addressed the critical role of obesity-induced chronic inflammation in obesity-related glomerulopathy pathogenesis and progression, which leads to tubular damage and proteinuria, ultimately impairing renal function. The relationship between obesity and obesity-related glomerulopathy is facilitated by a network of various inflammation-associated cells (including macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells) and a series of inflammatory mediators (such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) and their inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, we discuss a recently discovered relationship between micronutrients and obesity-related glomerulopathy inflammation and the important role of micronutrients in the body's anti-inflammatory response. Therefore, assessing these inflammatory molecules and pathways will provide a strong theoretical basis for developing therapeutic strategies based on anti-inflammatory effects to prevent or delay the onset of kidney injury.

The Role of Copper-Induced M2 Macrophage Polarization in Protecting Cartilage Matrix in Osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND The pathological mechanism of osteoarthritis is still unclear. The regulation of the immune microenvironment has been of growing interest in the progression and treatment of osteoarthritis. Macrophages with different phenotypes, producing different cytokines, have been linked to the mechanism of cartilage injury in osteoarthritis. Copper ions play a role in the immune response and are involved in the pathological mechanisms of osteoarthritis by affecting the metabolism of the cartilage matrix. Bioactive glass (BG) is an osteogenic material with superior biocompatibility. Here, we report on the regulatory behavior of macrophages using a copper-based composite BG material. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cu-BGC powder was prepared by sol-gel method, and scaffolds were fabricated and characterized using 3D printing. Macrophage cultures grown with Cu-BGC were examined for cell culture and proliferation. The effect of Cu-BGC on the degradation metabolism of chondrocytes, cultured in the environment of inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß, was determined. In addition, the morphology of macrophages, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and expression of surface markers were examined. RESULTS The results show that Cu-BGC promotes macrophage proliferation at a range of concentrations and increases the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines while inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines. At the same time, M2-type cell surface markers are definitely expressed and the morphology of macrophages is altered. In addition, Cu-BGC inhibited the degradation metabolism of chondrocytes in the inflammatory environment induced by IL-1ß. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Cu-BGC induced macrophage polarization into an M2 type anti-inflammatory phenotype, and inhibition of immune injury response may play a role in delaying cartilage matrix damage in osteoarthritis.

hUC-MSCs therapy for Crohn's disease: efficacy in TNBS-induced colitis in rats and pilot clinical study

BACKGROUND

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has recently emerged as a promising new therapeutic strategy for many diseases including perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease (CD). Whether hUC-MSCs can promote the healing of luminal ulcer in CD has not been studied so far.

METHODS

The model of TNBS-induced colitis in rats was used to confirm the efficacy of hUC-MSCs in the treatment of CD. Then, seventeen CD patients refractory to or unsuitable for currently available therapies were enrolled and received once submucosal local injection through colonoscopy combined with once intravenous drip on the next day. All patients received a 24-week follow-up. Clinical and laboratory assessments were monitored at baseline, week 4, 8, 12, and 24. Endoscopic evaluations were conducted at baseline and week 12. Mucosal specimens were obtained at the margin of lesions by endoscopy biopsies and used for RNA sequencing. Two hUC-MSCs co-culture systems were established in vitro, one with the mucosa specimens and the other with M1 macrophages induced from THP1. The expressions of genes representing inflammation (TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β) and intestinal barrier function (ZO1, CLAUDIN1, and CDH1) were tested by RT-PCR.

FINDINGS

hUC-MSCs treatment increased body weight and decreased disease activity index (DAI), colon macroscopic damage index (CMDI), and histopathological score (HPS) of rats with TNBS-induced colitis. The results of the clinical study also showed that this mode of hUC-MSCs application was associated with regression of intestinal ulceration. Eight patients (47%) got endoscopic responses (SES-CD improvement of ≥50% from baseline) and three patients (17.65%) got mucosal healing (SES-CD is zero), with a parallel improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters without serious adverse events. RNA sequencing showed hUC-MSCs therapy was associated with an upregulation of transcripts linked to intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and a downregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways in the intestinal mucosa, especially the TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and TLR signaling pathway. RNA expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction protein (ZO1, CLAUDIN1, and CDH1), and the RNA expression of major intestinal inflammatory factors in CD (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, p < 0.001 for all) were improved significantly. Moreover, hUC-MSCs could attenuate the polarization of M1 macrophage induced from THP1, thereby decreasing the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα significantly (p < 0.05 for all). TSG-6 expression was evaluated in hUC-MSCs culture supernatant after treatment with TNFα, IFNγ, and LPS for 48 h. And hUC-MSCs could inhibit the phosphorylation of JAK/STAT1 in the intestinal mucosa of CD patients.

INTERPRETATION

hUC-MSCs transplantation alleviated TNBS-induced colitis in rats. In this pilot clinical study, preliminary data suggested that this approach to administering hUC-MSCs might have potential for clinical efficacy and manageable safety in treating refractory CD, potentially providing hope for better outcomes. No serious adverse events were observed.

FUNDING

This work was funded by General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82270639), the Scientific research project of Shanghai Municipal Health Committee (Grant No. 202240001), Specialty Feature Construction Project of Shanghai Pudong New Area Health Commission (Grant No. PWZzb2022-05), Shanghai East Hospital Youth Research and Cultivation Foundation program (Grant No. DFPY2022015), Peak Disciplines (Type IV) of Institutions of Higher Learning in Shanghai and Technology Development Project of Pudong Science, Technology and Economic Commission of Shanghai (Grant No. PKJ2021-Y08).

EGFR of platelet regulates macrophage activation and bacterial phagocytosis function

BACKGROUND

Beyond their crucial role in hemostasis, platelets possess the ability to regulate inflammation and combat infections through various mechanisms. Stringent control of macrophage activation is essential during innate immune responses in sepsis. Macrophages are considered crucial phagocytic cells that aid in the elimination of pathogens. Platelet interactions with monocytes-macrophages are known to be significant in the response against bacterial infections, but the primary mediator driving these interactions remains unclear. EGFR plays critical role in the regulation of inflammation and infection through various mechanisms.

RESULTS

The overexpression of platelets by thrombopoietin (TPO) leads to the sequestration of both pro-inflammatory (IL-6/IL-1) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in the organ tissue of septic mice. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is critical for platelet activation in sepsis. EGFR-licensed platelets enhance macrophage immune function, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the clearance of bacteria. Platelet EGFR also induces M1 macrophage polarization by increasing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and CD64.

CONCLUSION

EGFR can activate platelet immune function. Moreover, activated platelets efficiently regulate bacterial phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory function of macrophages through an EGFR-dependent pathway.

Analysis of fecal microbiota and related clinical indicators in ICU patients with sepsis

Background

To analyze the characteristics of fecal microbiota disturbance in the intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis and the correlation with related clinical indicators.

Methods

This study included 31 patients with sepsis admitted to the emergency ICU ward between September 2019 and December 2021. They were divided into Group without septic shock (ND_NS group, 7 cases) and Group with septic shock (ND_S group, 24 cases) according to the presence or absence of septic shock. Furthermore, we divided these 31 sepsis patients into Clinical Improvement group (21 cases) and Death or DAMA group (10 cases) based on clinical outcome, 15 cases of Physical Examiner recruited in the same period were included as control group: ND_HC group (15 cases). The fecal samples of the patients with sepsis within 24 h of admission and random fecal samples of the control group were collected and analyzed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing used for the analysis of fecal microbiota. At the same time, the relevant clinical data of these patients with sepsis were also collected for analysis.

Results

There were 15 cases with drug-resistant bacteria in the ND_S group and only 2 cases in the ND_NS group (P = 0.015). There were significant differences in APACHE II score, length of ICU stay, lactate level, and oxygenation index of patients between the Death or DAMA group and Clinical Improvement group (all P < 0.05). For phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes decreased in the ND group compared with the ND_HC group, while the abundance of Proteobacteria increased (P < 0.05). For genus level, the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella were significantly increased in the ND group compared with the ND_HC group (P < 0.05). The top six genera in relative abundance in the ND_S group were Escherichia-Shigella, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Klebsiella. Compared with the Clinical Improvement group, the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella in the Death or DAMA group showed an increasing trend with no significant significance, while the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Faecalibacterium decreased in the Death or DAMA group (P < 0.05). Alpha diversity analysis showed that compared with the ND_HC group, the alpha diversity of the fecal microbiota in the ND group decreased. There were significant differences in the Observed_species index, Chao1 index, and ACE index of patients between the ND_HC group and ND group (all P < 0.05). Moreover, compared with the ND_NS group, the Alpha diversity of the ND_S group was more abundant. PCoA analysis showed significant differences in microbial community structure between the ND group and ND_HC group (P = 0.001). There also were significant differences in microbial community structure between the ND_S group and ND_NS group (P = 0.008). LEfSe analysis showed that compared with the ND_HC group, there were significant differences in the species of the ND group, including Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia-Shigella, Enterococcus, Elizabethkingia, and Family_XIII_AD3011_group.

Conclusions

ICU patients with sepsis suffered intestinal microecological disturbances with significantly decreased abundance of fecal microbiota, diversity, and beneficial symbiotic bacteria. For these patients, the ratio of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella increased and became the main bacterial genus in some samples. Moreover, the increasing trend of these two pathogenic bacteria may be correlated with the development of septic shock and the risk of death in patients with sepsis.

Novel cutting edge nano-strategies to address old long-standing complications in cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) impact a substantial portion of the global population and represent a significant threat to experiencing life-threatening outcomes, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. Despite remarkable progress in pharmacology and medical interventions, CVD persists as a major public health concern, and now ranks as the primary global cause of death and the highest consumer of global budgets. Ongoing research endeavours persist in seeking novel therapeutic avenues and interventions to deepen our understanding of CVD, enhance prevention measures, and refine treatment strategies.

METHODS

Nanotechnology applied to the development of new molecular probes with diagnostic and theranostic properties represents one of the greatest technological challenges in preclinical and clinical research.

RESULTS

The application of nanotechnology in cardiovascular medicine holds great promise for advancing our understanding of CVDs and revolutionizing their diagnosis and treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes. In addition, the capacity of drug encapsulation in nanoparticles has significantly bolstered their biological safety, bioavailability and solubility. In combination with imaging technologies, molecular imaging has emerged as a pivotal therapeutic tool, offering insight into the molecular events underlying disease and facilitating targeted treatment approaches.

CONCLUSION

Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in targeted nanoparticle approaches for diagnosing CVDs, encompassing molecular imaging techniques, underscoring the significant progress in theranostic, as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy.

Compound sophora decoction alleviates ulcerative colitis by regulating macrophage polarization through cGAS inhibition: network pharmacology and experimental validation

INTRODUCTION

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a refractory disease with complex pathogenesis, and its pathogenesis is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the potential target and related mechanism of Compound Sophora Decoction (CSD) in treating UC.

METHODS

A network pharmacology approach predicted the components and targets of CSD to treat UC, and cell and animal experiments confirmed the findings of the approach and a new target for CSD treatment of UC.

RESULTS

A total of 155 potential targets were identified for CSD treatment of UC, with some related to macrophage polarization, such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), also known as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that oxidative stress response and multiple inflammatory signaling pathways such as TNF-α may play a significant role. In vitro experiments revealed that Interferon-stimulated DNA (ISD) interference can cause polarization imbalances in Raw 264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Flow cytometry demonstrated that polarization of macrophages in the intestine, spleen, and lymph nodes in vivo was also unbalanced after dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) modeling with pathological intestinal injury. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that after inducing inflammation, the levels of macrophage polarization-related markers (iNOS and Arg1) and inflammation-related factors (CCL17, IL10, TNF-α, and CXCL10) changed, accompanied by increased expression of cGAS. However, CSD treatment based on inflammation can inhibit the expression of cGAS protein and mRNA, lower the level of inflammatory factors, promote the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, and regulate macrophage polarization.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that CSD alleviated DSS-induced UC by inhibiting cGAS, thus regulating macrophage polarization.

Progress of research on the relationship between efferocytosis and tumor

Tumors are genetic changes that develop in an organism as a result of many internal and external causes. They affect the biological behavior of cells, cause them to grow independently, and give rise to new, perpetually proliferating organisms. Recent research has supported the critical function of tumor-associated macrophages in the development, progression, and metastasis of tumors through efferocytosis. Yet, there is still much to learn about the mechanisms behind their contribution to tumor pathological processes. As a result, it's critical to actively investigate how cytosolic processes contribute to the growth of tumors and to create novel therapeutic approaches.

Synergistic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and dexamethasone on macrophage polarization under inflammatory conditions

The undesirable inflammation and the excessive M1 macrophage activity may lead to inflammatory diseases. Corticosteroids and stem cell therapy are used in clinical practice to promote anti-inflammatory responses. However, this protocol has limitations and is associated with numerous side effects. In this study, the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone (Dex) and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) were evaluated to enhance the polarization of M1 inflammatory macrophages into the anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Hence, we designed different combinations of Dex and EVs using three methods, including EVs isolated from Dex-preconditioned MSCs (Pre-Dex-EVs), EVs loaded with Dex (L-Dex-EVs), and EVs and Dex co-administration (Dex + EVs). All designed EVs had a significant effect on reducing the expression of M1-related genes (iNOS, Stat1, and IRF5), cytokines (IL6 and TNF-a), and CD markers (CD86) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. On the other hand, these combinations promoted the expression of alternative-activated M2-related genes (Arg-1, Stat6, and IRF4), cytokine (IL10), and CD markers (CD206).The combination of Dex and MSC-EVs enhances the effectiveness of both and synergistically promotes the conversion of inflammatory macrophages into an anti-inflammatory state.

Macrophage phenotype is determinant for fibrosis development in keloid disease

Keloid refers to a fibroproliferative disorder characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components at the dermis level, overgrowth beyond initial wound, and formation of tumor-like nodule areas. Treating keloid is still an unmet clinical need and the lack of an efficient therapy is clearly related to limited knowledge about keloid etiology, despite the growing interest of the scientific community in this pathology. In past decades, keloids were often studied in vitro through the sole prism of fibroblasts considered as the major effector of ECM deposition. Nevertheless, development of keloids results from cross-interactions of keloid fibroblasts (KFs) and their surrounding microenvironment, including immune cells such as macrophages. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of M1 and M2 monocyte-derived macrophages on KFs in vitro. We focused on the effects of the macrophage secretome on fibrosis-related criteria in KFs, including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and ECM synthesis. First, we demonstrated that M2-like macrophages enhanced the fibrogenic profile of KFs in culture. Then, we surprisingly founded that M1-like macrophages can have an anti-fibrogenic effect on KFs, even in a pro-fibrotic environment. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that M1 and M2 macrophage subsets differentially impact the fibrotic fate of KFs in vitro, and suggest that restoring the M1/M2 balance to favor M1 in keloids could be an efficient therapeutic lever to prevent or treat keloid fibrosis.

Differentiation of monocytes and polarized M1/M2 macrophages from human induced pluripotent stem cells

Here, we present a protocol to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) into adherent hematopoietic progenitors that release floating CD14+ CD45+ monocytes into the culture medium. We describe steps for iPSC expansion, embryoid body (EB) formation, suspension culture, plating EBs, and recurring harvests of monocytes, a.k.a. "monocyte factory." We then describe detailed procedures for freezing/thawing of monocytes and differentiation into polarized M1 and M2 macrophages. This protocol provides foundation to study iPSC monocytes and their progenies such as macrophages, microglial, and dendritic cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Karlson et al.1 and Panicker et al.2.

Machine Learning Assisted Spectral Fingerprinting for Immune Cell Phenotyping

Spectral fingerprinting has emerged as a powerful tool, adept at identifying chemical compounds and deciphering complex interactions within cells and engineered nanomaterials. Using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence spectral fingerprinting coupled with machine learning techniques, we uncover complex interactions between DNA-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (DNA-SWCNTs) and live macrophage cells, enabling in situ phenotype discrimination. Through the use of Raman microscopy, we showcase statistically higher DNA-SWCNT uptake and a significantly lower defect ratio in M1 macrophages as compared to M2 and naïve phenotypes. NIR fluorescence data also indicate that distinctive intra-endosomal environments of these cell types give rise to significant differences in many optical features such as emission peak intensities, center wavelengths, and peak intensity ratios. Such features serve as distinctive markers for identifying different macrophage phenotypes. We further use a support vector machine (SVM) model trained on SWCNT fluorescence data to identify M1 and M2 macrophages, achieving an impressive accuracy of > 95%. Finally, we observe that the stability of DNA-SWCNT complexes, influenced by DNA sequence length, is a crucial consideration for applications such as cell phenotyping or mapping intra-endosomal microenvironments using AI techniques. Our findings suggest that shorter DNA-sequences like GT 6 give rise to more improved model accuracy (> 87%) due to increased active interactions of SWCNTs with biomolecules in the endosomal microenvironment. Implications of this research extend to the development of nanomaterial-based platforms for cellular identification, holding promise for potential applications in real time monitoring of in vivo cellular differentiation.

TOC Graphic

Oct4 activates IL-17A to orchestrate M2 macrophage polarization and cervical cancer metastasis

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor in the female. Interleukin (IL)-17A is a proinflammatory factor and exerts a vital function in inflammatory diseases and cancers. M2 macrophage has been confirmed to promote tumor development. Nevertheless, it is not yet known whether IL-17A facilitates cervical cancer development by inducing M2 macrophage polarization. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the regulatory effect of IL-17A on M2 macrophage polarization and the underlying mechanism in cervical cancer development.

METHODS

RT-qPCR was utilized for testing IL-17A expression in cancer tissues and cells. Flow cytometry was applied to evaluate the M1 or M2 macrophage polarization. Cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities were measured through colony formation and transwell assays. ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were applied to determine the interaction between IL-17A and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4).

RESULTS

IL-17A expression and concentration were high in metastatic tissues and cells of cervical cancer. IL-17A was found to facilitate M2 macrophage polarization in cervical cancer. Furthermore, IL-17A facilitated the macrophage-mediated promotion of cervical cancer cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities. Mechanistic assays manifested that Oct4 binds to and transcriptionally activated IL-17A in cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, Oct4 promoted cervical cancer cell malignant phenotype and M2 macrophage polarization by activating the p38 pathway that, in turn, upregulated IL-17A. Additionally, in vivo experiments confirmed that Oct4 knockdown reduced tumor growth and metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Oct4 triggers IL-17A to facilitate the polarization of M2 macrophages, which promotes cervical cancer cell metastasis.

Novel mechanism by which extracellular vesicles derived from Lactobacillus murinus alleviates deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal barrier disruption

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common environmental pollutant that poses a serious health risk to humans worldwide. This study was aim to explore whether gut microbiota is involved in DON-induced intestinal toxicity as well as to reveal effect of probiotics derived from gut microbiota in protecting intestinal barrier and to elucidate mechanism. We found that DON caused disturbed gut microbiota, particularly Lactobacillus murinus (L. murinus) deficiency. DON enhanced M1 macrophage polarization and decreased tight junction protein expression. Microbiota transplantation experiments showed that transfer of DON-disrupted microbiota to healthy mice resulted in delivery of DON-induced intestinal toxicity. Besides, DON lost its damaging effect on macrophage and intestinal barrier in antibiotic-treated mice. Further intervention experiments revealed that L. murinus induce macrophage conversion from M1 to M2 phenotype through secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) to alleviate DON-induced intestinal barrier disruption. Mechanistically, EVs activate TLR2 to promote M2 macrophage polarization and release IL-10, which in turn enhances intestinal barrier function. Upon successful translation of its efficacy into clinical practice, EVs created from L. murinus could be a novel possible treatment strategy for DON-induced gut disease.

Macrophage polarization in lymph node granulomas from cattle and pigs naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Tuberculosis in animals is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), with the tuberculous granuloma being the main characteristic lesion. The macrophage is the main cell type involved in the development of the granuloma and presents a wide plasticity ranging from polarization to classically activated or pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) or to alternatively activated or anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). Thus, this study aimed to analyze macrophage polarization in granulomas from cattle and pig lymph nodes naturally infected with MTC. Tuberculous granulomas were microscopically categorized into four stages and a panel of myeloid cells (CD172a/calprotectin), M1 macrophage polarization (iNOS/CD68/CD107a), and M2 macrophage polarization (Arg1/CD163) markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CD172a and calprotectin followed the same kinetics, having greater expression in late-stage granulomas in pigs. iNOS and CD68 had higher expression in cattle compared with pigs, and the expression was higher in early-stage granulomas. CD107a immunolabeling was only observed in porcine granulomas, with a higher expression in stage I granulomas. Arg1+ cells were significantly higher in pigs than in cattle, particularly in late-stage granulomas. Quantitative analysis of CD163+ cells showed similar kinetics in both species with a consistent frequency of immunolabeled cells throughout the different stages of the granuloma. Our results indicate that M1 macrophage polarization prevails in cattle during early-stage granulomas (stages I and II), whereas M2 phenotype is observed in later stages. Contrary, and mainly due to the expression of Arg1, M2 macrophage polarization is predominant in pigs in all granuloma stages.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles exacerbate skin epithelial cell damage by upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and exosome secretion in M1 macrophages following UVB irradiation-induced skin injury

BACKGROUND

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are common materials used in skin-related cosmetics and sunscreen products due to their whitening and strong UV light absorption properties. Although the protective effects of ZnONPs against UV light in intact skin have been well demonstrated, the effects of using ZnONPs on damaged or sunburned skin are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the detailed underlying mechanisms related to keratinocytes and macrophages exposed to UVB and ZnONPs.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that ZnONPs exacerbated mouse skin damage after UVB exposure, followed by increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) levels, cell death and epithelial thickness. In addition, ZnONPs could penetrate through the damaged epithelium, gain access to the dermis cells, and lead to severe inflammation by activation of M1 macrophage. Mechanistic studies indicated that co-exposure of keratinocytes to UVB and ZnONPs lysosomal impairment and autophagy dysfunction, which increased cell exosome release. However, these exosomes could be taken up by macrophages, which accelerated M1 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, ZnONPs also induced a lasting inflammatory response in M1 macrophages and affected epithelial cell repair by regulating the autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage exosome secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings propose a new concept for ZnONP-induced skin toxicity mechanisms and the safety issue of ZnONPs application on vulnerable skin. The process involved an interplay of lysosomal impairment, autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage exosome secretion. The current finding is valuable for evaluating the effects of ZnONPs for cosmetics applications.

Role of ATF3 triggering M2 macrophage polarization to protect against the inflammatory injury of sepsis through ILF3/NEAT1 axis

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response which is frequently associated with acute lung injury (ALI). Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) promotes M2 polarization, however, the biological effects of ATF3 on macrophage polarization in sepsis remain undefined.

METHODS

LPS-stimulated macrophages and a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis were generated as in vitro and in vivo models, respectively. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the expression of ATF3, ILF3, NEAT1 and other markers. The phenotypes of macrophages were monitored by flow cytometry, and cytokine secretion was measured by ELISA assay. The association between ILF3 and NEAT1 was validated by RIP and RNA pull-down assays. RNA stability assay was employed to assess NEAT1 stability. Bioinformatic analysis, luciferase reporter and ChIP assays were used to study the interaction between ATF3 and ILF3 promoter. Histological changes of lung tissues were assessed by H&E and IHC analysis. Apoptosis in lungs was monitored by TUNEL assay.

RESULTS

ATF3 was downregulated, but ILF3 and NEAT1 were upregulated in PBMCs of septic patients, as well as in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Overexpression of ATF3 or silencing of ILF3 promoted M2 polarization of RAW264.7 cells via regulating NEAT1. Mechanistically, ILF3 was required for the stabilization of NEAT1 through direct interaction, and ATF3 was a transcriptional repressor of ILF3. ATF3 facilitated M2 polarization in LPS-stimulated macrophages and CLP-induced septic lung injury via ILF3/NEAT1 axis.

CONCLUSION

ATF3 triggers M2 macrophage polarization to protect against the inflammatory injury of sepsis through ILF3/NEAT1 axis.

Macrophage-Derived Exosomes as Advanced Therapeutics for Inflammation: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

The development of numerous diseases is significantly influenced by inflammation. Macrophage-derived exosomes (M-Exos) play a role in controlling inflammatory reactions in various conditions, including chronic inflammatory pain, hypertension, and diabetes. However, the specific targets and roles of M-Exos in regulating inflammation in diseases remain largely unknown. This review summarizes current knowledge on M-Exos biogenesis and provides updated information on M-Exos' biological function in inflammation modulation. Furthermore, this review highlights the functionalization and engineering strategies of M-Exos, while providing an overview of cutting-edge approaches to engineering M-Exos and advancements in their application as therapeutics for inflammation modulation. Finally, multiple engineering strategies and mechanisms are presented in this review along with their perspectives and challenges, and the potential contribution that M-Exos may have in diseases through the modulation of inflammation is discussed.

Interference in Macrophage Balance (M1/M2): The Mechanism of Action Responsible for the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Fluorophenyl-Substituted Imidazole

Traditionally, the treatment of inflammatory conditions has focused on the inhibition of inflammatory mediator production; however, many conditions are refractory to this classical approach. Recently, an alternative has been presented by researchers to solve this problem: The immunomodulation of cells closely related to inflammation. Hence, macrophages, a critical key in both innate and acquired immunity, have been presented as an alternative target for the development of new medicines. In this work, we tested the fluorophenyl-imidazole for its anti-inflammatory activity and possible immunomodulatory effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages. We also evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of the compound, and the macrophage repolarization to M2 was confirmed by the ability of the compound to reduce the M1 markers TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and TLR4, the high levels of p65 phosphorylated, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression, and the fact that the compound was not able to induce the production of M1 markers when used in macrophages without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Moreover, fluorophenyl-imidazole had the ability to increase the M2 markers IL-4, IL-13, CD206, apoptosis and phagocytosis levels, arginase-1, and FIZZ-1 mRNA expression before LPS stimulation. Similarly, it was also able to induce the production of these same M2 markers in macrophages without being induced with LPS. These results reinforce the affirmation that the fluorophenyl-imidazole has an important anti-inflammatory effect and demonstrates that this effect is due to immunomodulatory activity, having the ability to trigger a repolarization of macrophages from M1 to M2a. These facts suggest that this molecule could be used as an alternative scaffold for the development of a new medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, where the anti-inflammatory and proregenerative properties of M2a macrophages are desired.

Mendelian Randomization Validates the Immune Landscape Mediated by Aggrephagy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients from the Perspectives of Multi-omics

Objective: To delineate the immune landscape of ESCC patients mediated by aggrephagy through bioinformatics and identify prognostic cell cluster genes with causal attributes to esophageal cancer through Mendelian randomization. Methods: Quality control, dimension reduction, and annotation were performed on the ESCC single-cell dataset. NMF clustering of various cell subgroups was carried out based on the expression of AGG-related genes, and AGG-related genes in each cluster were identified. Pseudo-temporal analysis was used to observe changes in the expression of AGG-related genes in each cluster. Cell communication analysis was employed to observe interactions between cell subgroups. Changes in classification, metabolism, or KEGG pathways in related subgroups were observed based on different cell characteristics. The AGG cluster attributes of TCGA and GEO samples were assessed based on GSVA, and the prognosis of each cluster was observed. The immune treatment situation and the relationship between mutation level and prognosis of AGG cluster-related samples were observed through the TIDE database and microsatellite instability. Finally, the eQTL of genes in each prognostic AGG cluster was used as an instrumental variable, with esophageal cancer as the outcome factor. Through Mendelian randomization analysis, AGG cluster-related genes with a causal relationship to esophageal cancer were established. Results: Dimension reduction clustering of single-cell transcriptome data identified 19 different cell subgroups. After re-annotation of the 19 cell subgroups, it was found that the CAF cells, B cells, T cells, NK cells, etc., of ESCA patients were all elevated compared to the control group. CAF cells had a high degree of communication with most cells. There were significant differences in macrophage metabolism and B-cell-mediated signal transduction pathways in different AGG clusters. The TUBA1B+Mac-C0 cluster, along with other clusters, exhibits predictive prognostic and immunotherapeutic potential at the transcriptional level. Mendelian randomization analysis revealed a causal relationship between genes such as CTSZ, CTSC, DAD, COLEC12, ATOX1, within the AGG cluster, and the onset of esophageal cancer. Conclusion: Aggrephagy mediates and influences the alterations and interactions of various immune cells in patients with ESCC. We elucidate the roles of AGG-related clusters, such as TUBA1B+Mac-C0, VIM+CD8+T_cells-C0, UBB+Mac-C2, in mediating prognosis and immune therapy in ESCC patients. Genes causally associated with the occurrence of esophageal cancer are identified within the AGG cluster, including CTSZ, CTSC, DAD, COLEC12, ATOX1, etc., offering new evidence for clinical immune therapy. These findings underscore the significance of these gene clusters in influencing both prognosis and immune responses in the context of esophageal cancer, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers.

Moluodan promotes DSS-induced intestinal inflammation involving the reprogram of macrophage function and polarization

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Moluodan (MLD) is a traditional Chinese medicine that is composed of 18 herbal medicines based on traditional Chinese medicine theory and practice. It has long been used in treating chronic gastritis and its components were traditionally used in dealing with intestinal inflammation. However, its specific pharmacological mechanism is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The upper and lower digestive tract diseases are correlated. In clinical practice, some chronic gastritis patients are also accompanied by intestinal inflammation. Due to the unclear pharmacological mechanism of MLD and its effect on intestinal inflammation, there is doubt whether MLD is still suitable for this type of patient. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of MLD and identify its effect in the mouse model of intestinal inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice intestinal inflammation model was induced by 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The mice were given different concentrations of MLD via oral gavage (0.25, 0.5 g/kg b.w.). Pharmacodynamic indicators were assessed including body weight, colon length, disease activity index (DAI), bloody stool score, inflammatory factors, histological change, etc. RAW264.7 macrophage cells were used for in vitro experiments that illuminated the role of MLD in reprogramming macrophage function and polarization. RT-qPCR and western blots were performed to measure the mRNA and protein levels of macrophage polarization marker and effector molecules. The functions of polarized macrophages were tested using ROS detection probes, Edu assay and wound healing assay.

RESULTS

The administration of MLD exhibited obvious hemostatic effects, while unexpectedly accentuating various aspects of the DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in mice, including increased body weight loss and colon shortening, elevated disease activity index, and intensified colonic tissue damage. Additionally, MLD treatment induced more severe inflammatory cell infiltration and higher proinflammatory cytokines expression in colon tissue. Further results showed that MLD promoted M1 macrophage polarization and stimulated its proinflammatory cytokines expression, while only slightly affecting the function of M2 macrophage. Western blot analysis revealed that MLD induced the phosphorylation of AKT and NF-κB. The polarization of M1 macrophages induced by MLD was inhibited by either an Akt inhibitor or a NF-κB inhibitor.

CONCLUSIONS

Although MLD has an obvious hemostatic effect, it generally promoted the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice by facilitating macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype through the AKT/NF-κB pathway. Our study suggested that MLD may not be suitable for colitis, especially during the acute inflammation stage.

A Mapping Review of the Pathogenesis of Peri-Implantitis: The Biofilm-Mediated Inflammation and Bone Dysregulation (BIND) Hypothesis

This mapping review highlights the need for a new paradigm in the understanding of peri-implantitis pathogenesis. The biofilm-mediated inflammation and bone dysregulation (BIND) hypothesis is proposed, focusing on the relationship between biofilm, inflammation, and bone biology. The close interactions between immune and bone cells are discussed, with multiple stable states likely existing between clinically observable definitions of peri-implant health and peri-implantitis. The framework presented aims to explain the transition from health to disease as a staged and incremental process, where multiple factors contribute to distinct steps towards a tipping point where disease is manifested clinically. These steps might be reached in different ways in different patients and may constitute highly individualised paths. Notably, factors affecting the underlying biology are identified in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis, highlighting that disruptions to the host-microbe homeostasis at the implant-mucosa interface may not be the sole factor. An improved understanding of disease pathogenesis will allow for intervention on multiple levels and a personalised treatment approach. Further research areas are identified, such as the use of novel biomarkers to detect changes in macrophage polarisation and activation status, and bone turnover.

Interleukin-37 ameliorates periodontitis development by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization

OBJECTIVE

Our study was designed to explore the role of IL-37 in M1/M2 macrophage polarization imbalance in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease featured by gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption. Recent research has revealed that regulating macrophage polarization is a viable method to ameliorate periodontal inflammation. IL-37 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, which has been reported to inhibit innate and adaptive immunity.

METHODS

For in vitro experiment, mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with 0.1 ng/mL recombinant human IL-37. M1 and M2 polarizations of RAW264.7 cells were induced by 100 ng/mL LPS and 20 ng/mL IL-4, respectively. The expression of M1 (iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6) and M2 (CD206, Arg1, and IL-10) phenotype markers in RAW264.7 cells was detected by RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. For in vivo experiment, experimental periodontitis mouse models were established by sterile silk ligation (5-0) around the bilateral maxillary second molar of mice for 1 week. H&E staining of the maxillary alveolar bone was used to show the resorption of root cementum and dentin. Alveolar bone loss in mouse models was evaluated through micro-CT analysis. The expression of iNOS and CD206 in gingival tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry staining. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was confirmed by western blotting.

RESULTS

IL-37 pretreatment reduced iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells but increased CD206, Arg1, and IL-10 in IL-4-treated RAW264.7 cells. LPS-induced upregulation in NLRP3, GSDMD, cleaved-IL-1β, and cleaved-caspase-1 expression was antagonized by IL-37 treatment. In addition, IL-37 administration ameliorated the resorption of root cementum and dentin in periodontitis mouse models. IL-37 prominently decreased iNOS+ cell population but increased CD206+ cell population in gingival tissues of periodontitis mice. The enhancement in NLRP3, GSDMD, cleaved-IL-1β, and cleaved-caspase-1 expression in the gingival tissues of periodontitis mice was offset by IL-37 administration.

CONCLUSION

IL-37 prevents the progression of periodontitis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mediating M1/M2 macrophage polarization.

Aspirin 15cH has Different Effects on Morphology and Function of Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages In Vitro Compared to a Pharmacological Dose of Aspirin

INTRODUCTION

 Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drugs worldwide. It is known to present antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic actions, making it extremely useful in a wide range of clinical contexts. Interestingly, homeopathically prepared Aspirin 15cH has been found to have a pro-thrombotic effect in rats, raising the hypothesis that Aspirin 15cH could also modulate the activity of inflammatory cells in different pathological processes.

OBJECTIVE

 Our objective was to assess what effect Aspirin 15cH has on RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro.

METHODS

 The effects of Aspirin 15cH on biochemical and morphological activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were evaluated. These effects were compared with unchallenged macrophages (negative control), untreated LPS-stimulated macrophages, macrophages treated with succussed water (vehicle control), or aspirin 200 µg/mL (pharmacological inhibitor of LPS activity). Cell morphology (adhered cell area and cytoskeleton arrangements), cell viability, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression, and the production of nitric oxide, cytokines and intracellular reactive oxygen species were assessed.

RESULTS

 Aspirin 15cH reduced the number of cells expressing TLR-4 on the surface (p = 0.03) and induced a "columnar" morphology of macrophage pseudopods, indicating changes in cytoskeleton arrangement. When cells were treated with both Aspirin 15cH and LPS, cell morphology became heterogeneous, suggesting that sub-populations of cells had differing sensitivities to LPS or Aspirin 15cH. Exposure of the cells to LPS alone, succussed water or aspirin 200 µg/mL produced effects consistent with the literature.

CONCLUSION

 Aspirin 15cH, aspirin 200 µg/mL, LPS and succussed water appear to act as independent stimuli able to induce different patterns of macrophage response. Aspirin 15cH induced changes suggestive of M2 polarization of the macrophages (i.e., toward a wound healing or tissue repair, rather than inflammatory, phenotype). These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in further specific studies.

Anti-inflammatory effect of pepper extract with high polyamine levels; inhibition of ERK/MAPK pathway in mice

Polyamines have been reported to have cell proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects on normal metabolism in the body. This study aimed to investigate polyamine content of AIG01 pepper and the anti-inflammatory effect of AIG01 pepper extract (PAE) in mice. Polyamine content was analyzed by HPLC after acid hydrolysis of peppers with different acidic solvents. AIG01 pepper has the highest total polyamine content at about 1.5 mg/g. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7, PAE inhibits nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PAE has been shown to inhibit phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK. In TPA-stimulated Balb/C, PAE treatment showed tissue-level reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines, reductions in ear thickness, and inhibition of neutrophil invasion. The polyamine content, polyamine extraction efficiency and anti-inflammatory effect of AIG01 obtained in this study suggest that it is useful as a raw material for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01333-x.

Myeloid ACE2 protects against septic hypotension and vascular dysfunction through Ang-(1-7)-Mas-mediated macrophage polarization

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a new identified member of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) to Ang (1-7), which exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities via binding with Mas receptor (MasR). However, the functional role of ACE2 in sepsis-related hypotension remains unknown. Our results indicated that sepsis significantly reduced blood pressure and led to disruption between ACE-Ang II and ACE2-Ang (1-7) balance. ACE2 knock-in mice exhibited improved sepsis-induced mortality, hypotension and vascular dysfunction, while ACE2 knockout mice exhibited the opposite effects. Bone marrow transplantation and in vitro experiments confirmed that myeloid ACE2 exerted a protective role by suppressing oxidative stress, NO production and macrophage polarization via the Ang (1-7)-MasR-NF-κB and STAT1 pathways. Thus, ACE2 on myeloid cells could protect against sepsis-mediated hypotension and vascular dysfunction, and upregulating ACE2 may represent a promising therapeutic option for septic patients with hypotension.

Alleviative Effect of Geniposide on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages via Calcium Pathway

In this study, we investigated how geniposide (a bioactive ingredient of gardenia fruit) acts on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Griess reagent assay, Fluo-4 calcium assay, dihydrorhodamine 123 assay, multiplex cytokine assay, quantitative RT-PCR, and flow cytometry assay were used for this study. Data showed that geniposide at concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μM reduced significantly the levels of nitric oxide, intracellular Ca2+, and hydrogen peroxide in LPS-activated RAW 264.7. Multiplex cytokine assay showed that geniposide at concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μM meaningfully suppressed levels of IL-6, G-CSF, MCP-1, and MIP-1α in RAW 264.7 provoked by LPS; additionally, geniposide at concentrations of 25 and 50 μM meaningfully suppressed the levels of TNF-α, IP-10, GM-CSF, and MIP-1β. Flow cytometry assay showed that geniposide reduces significantly the level of activated P38 MAPK in RAW 264.7 provoked by LPS. Geniposide meaningfully suppressed LPS-induced transcription of inflammatory target genes, such as Chop, Jak2, Fas, c-Jun, c-Fos, Stat3, Nos2, Ptgs2, Gadd34, Asc, Xbp1, Nlrp3, and Par-2. Taken together, geniposide exerts alleviative effects in LPS-stimulated macrophages via the calcium pathway.

Exploring the mechanisms behind autologous lipotransfer for radiation-induced fibrosis: A systematic review

AIM

Radiation-induced fibrosis is a recognised consequence of radiotherapy, especially after multiple and prolonged dosing regimens. There is no definitive treatment for late-stage radiation-induced fibrosis, although the use of autologous fat transfer has shown promise. However, the exact mechanisms by which this improves radiation-induced fibrosis remain poorly understood. We aim to explore existing literature on the effects of autologous fat transfer on both in-vitro and in-vivo radiation-induced fibrosis models, and to collate potential mechanisms of action.

METHOD

PubMed, Cochrane reviews and Scopus electronic databases from inception to May 2023 were searched. Our search strategy combined both free-text terms with Boolean operators, derived from synonyms of adipose tissue and radiation-induced fibrosis.

RESULTS

The search strategy produced 2909 articles. Of these, 90 underwent full-text review for eligibility, yielding 31 for final analysis. Nine conducted in-vitro experiments utilising a co-culture model, whilst 25 conducted in-vivo experiments. Interventions under autologous fat transfer included adipose-derived stem cells, stromal vascular function, whole fat and microfat. Notable findings include downregulation of fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, epithelial cell apoptosis, and proinflammatory processes. Autologous fat transfer suppressed hypoxia and pro-inflammatory interferon-γ signalling pathways, and tissue treated with adipose-derived stem cells stained strongly for anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Although largely proangiogenic initially, studies show varying effects on vascularisation. There is early evidence that adipose-derived stem cell subgroups may have different functional properties.

CONCLUSION

Autologous fat transfer functions through pro-angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, immunomodulatory, and extracellular matrix remodelling properties. By characterising these mechanisms, relevant drug targets can be identified and used to further improve clinical outcomes in radiation-induced fibrosis. Further research should focus on adipose-derived stem cell sub-populations and augmentation techniques such as cell-assisted lipotransfer.

Angiotensin-(1-7) Modulates the Warburg Effect to Alleviate Inflammation in LPS-Induced Macrophages and Septic Mice

Purpose

Inflammation triggers a metabolic shift in macrophages from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic reprogramming worsens inflammation and cascades into organ damage. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], a small molecule, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigates whether Ang-(1-7) mitigates inflammation in LPS-induced macrophages and septic mice by regulating the Warburg effect in immune metabolism.

Methods

The study induced macrophages with LPS in vitro and measured inflammatory factors using ELISA and Western blot. Key enzymes in glycolysis, mitochondrial respiratory complexes, and citrate pathway key molecules were assessed using Western blot and qRT-PCR. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lactate, and ATP were measured using assay kits. In vivo, a mouse model of sepsis induced by LPS was used. Kidney tissues were examined for pathological and mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations. The levels of inflammatory factors in mouse serum, glycolysis and citrate pathway-related molecules in the kidney were assessed using qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence techniques. Additionally, MMP, lactate, and ATP in the kidney were measured using assay kits.

Results

In vitro experiments demonstrated that Ang-(1-7) inhibited the levels of inflammatory factors in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. It also reduced the expression of key glycolytic enzymes HK2, PFKFB3, and PKM2, as well as lactate levels. Additionally, it decreased intracellular citrate accumulation, enhanced mitochondrial respiratory complexes I and III, and ATP levels. Ang-(1-7) alleviated MMP damage, modulated citrate pathway-related molecules, including SLC25A1, ACLY, and HIF-1α. In vivo experiments showed that Ang-(1-7) lowered glycolysis levels in septic mice, improved mitochondrial ultrastructure and function, mitigated inflammation and renal tissues damage in septic mice, and suppressed the expression of key molecules in the citrate pathway.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Ang-(1-7) can regulate the Warburg effect through the citrate pathway, thereby alleviating inflammation in LPS-induced macrophages and septic mice.

D-Mannose promotes recovery from experimental colitis by inducing AMPK phosphorylation to stimulate epithelial repair

Delayed mucosal healing and impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Accordingly, restoration of epithelial barrier function as a means to reshape mucosal homeostasis represents an important strategy for use in the treatment of UC. In this study, we examined the role and mechanisms of D-mannose in the recovery of colitis as assessed in both animal and cell models. We found that D-mannose ameliorated inflammation, promoted mucosal healing in the colon and therefore was able to induce the recovery of UC. Furthermore, D-mannose increased the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and reduced the intestinal permeability during the recovery of colitis. Moreover, D-mannose inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and promoted M2 macrophage polarization via inducing AMPK phosphorylation while reducing mTOR phosphorylation in both models. In addition, increased TJ protein expression and decreased paracellular permeability were observed in NCM460 cells when incubated with the supernatants of D-mannose-treated RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that M1/M2 polarization induced by D-mannose modulates the expression of TJ proteins. Further study showed that D-mannose significantly upregulated the expression of TJ proteins in DSS-treated NCM460 cells by inducing AMPK phosphorylation, indicating a direct protective effect on epithelial cells. Finally, the protective effects of D-mannose were significantly abrogated by the presence of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. Taken together, our data indicate that D-mannose can alleviate inflammation and foster epithelial restitution in UC recovery by inducing the TJ protein expression, which are achieved by inducing AMPK phosphorylation in the epithelium and/or macrophages.

Inactivation of pentraxin 3 suppresses M2-like macrophage activity and immunosuppression in colon cancer

BACKGROUND

The tumor microenvironment is characterized by inflammation-like and immunosuppression situations. Although cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are among the major stromal cell types in various solid cancers, including colon cancer, the interactions between CAFs and immune cells remains largely uncharacterized. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is responsive to proinflammatory cytokines and modulates immunity and tissue remodeling, but its involvement in tumor progression appears to be context-dependent and is unclear.

METHODS

Open-access databases were utilized to examine the association of PTX3 expression and the fibroblast signature in colon cancer. Loss-of-function assays, including studies in tamoxifen-induced Ptx3 knockout mice and treatment with an anti-PTX3 neutralizing antibody (WHC-001), were conducted to assess the involvement of PTX3 in colon cancer progression as well as its immunosuppressive effect. Finally, bioinformatic analyses and in vitro assays were performed to reveal the downstream effectors and decipher the involvement of the CREB1/CEBPB axis in response to PTX3 and PTX3-induced promotion of M2 macrophage polarization.

RESULTS

Clinically, higher PTX3 expression was positively correlated with fibroblasts and inflammatory response signatures and associated with a poor survival outcome in colon cancer patients. Blockade of PTX3 significantly reduced stromal cell-mediated tumor development. The decrease of the M2 macrophage population and an increase of the cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell population were observed following PTX3 inactivation in allografted colon tumors. We further revealed that activation of cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) mediated the PTX3-induced promotion of M2 macrophage polarization.

CONCLUSIONS

PTX3 contributes to stromal cell-mediated protumor immunity by increasing M2-like macrophage polarization, and inhibition of PTX3 with WHC-001 is a potential therapeutic strategy for colon cancer.

Inactivation of MST1/2 Controls Macrophage Polarization to Affect Macrophage-Related Disease via YAP and Non-YAP Mechanisms

Macrophage polarization is a critical process that regulates in inflammation, pathogen defense, and tissue repair. Here we demonstrate that MST1/2, a core kinase of Hippo pathway and a recently identified regulator of inflammation, plays a significant role in promoting M2 polarization. We provide evidence that inhibition of MST1/2, achieved through either gene-knockout or pharmacological treatment, leads to increased M1 polarization in a YAP-dependent manner, resulting in the development of M1-associated inflammatory disorders. Moreover, MST1/2 inhibition also leads to a substantial reduction in M2 polarization, but this occurs through the STAT6 and MEK/ERK signaling. The STAT6 is independent of YAP, but MEK/ERK is dependent of YAP. Consistent with these observations, both MST1/2-conditional knockout mice and wild-type mice treated with XMU-MP-1, a chemical inhibitor of MST1/2, exhibited reduced M2-related renal fibrosis, while simultaneously displaying enhanced LPS-mediated inflammation and improved clearance of MCR3-modified gram-negative bacteria. These findings uncover a novel role of MST1/2 in regulating macrophage polarization and establish it as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of macrophage-related fibrotic diseases.

The potential role of Hippo pathway regulates cellular metabolism via signaling crosstalk in disease-induced macrophage polarization

Macrophages polarized into distinct phenotypes play vital roles in inflammatory diseases by clearing pathogens, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining homeostasis. Metabolism serves as a fundamental driver in regulating macrophage polarization, and understanding the interplay between macrophage metabolism and polarization is crucial for unraveling the mechanisms underlying inflammatory diseases. The intricate network of cellular signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in modulating macrophage metabolism, and growing evidence indicates that the Hippo pathway emerges as a central player in network of cellular metabolism signaling. This review aims to explore the impact of macrophage metabolism on polarization and summarize the cell signaling pathways that regulate macrophage metabolism in diseases. Specifically, we highlight the pivotal role of the Hippo pathway as a key regulator of cellular metabolism and reveal its potential relationship with metabolism in macrophage polarization.

OPN promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via ERK/JNK pathway and M1 macrophage polarization in Rosacea

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that involves dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune systems. Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein produced by a broad range of immune cells such as macrophages, keratinocytes, and T cells. However, the role of OPN in rosacea remains to be elucidated. In this study, it was found that OPN expression was significantly upregulated in rosacea patients and LL37-induced rosacea-like skin inflammation. Transcriptome sequencing results indicated that OPN regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoted macrophage polarization towards M1 phenotype in rosacea-like skin inflammation. In vitro, it was demonstrated that intracellular OPN (iOPN) promoted LL37-induced IL1B production through ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in keratinocytes. Moreover, secreted OPN (sOPN) played an important role in keratinocyte-macrophage crosstalk. In conclusion, sOPN and iOPN were identified as key regulators of the innate immune system and played different roles in the pathogenesis of rosacea.

ε-Poly-l-lysine-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid/IL-4 composite hydrogels with inflammation regulation and antibacterial activity for improving integration stability of soft tissues and orthopedic implants

The failure of orthopedic implants is usually caused by inflammation, poor tissue integration, and infection, which can lead to pain, limited mobility, dysfunction of patients. This may require additional surgical interventions, such as removal, replacement, or repair of implants, as well as related treatment measures such as antibiotic therapy, physical therapy. Here, an injectable hydrogel carrier was developed for the steady release of inflammatory regulators to reduce the surface tissue inflammatory response of orthopedic implants and induce soft tissue regeneration, ultimately achieving the promotion of implants stability. The hydrogels carrier was prepared by hydroxyphenyl propionic acid-modified ε-Poly-l-lysine (EPA), hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase, which showed antibacterial bioactive and stable factor release ability. Due to the introduction of IL-4, EPA@IL-4 hydrogels showed good inflammatory regulation. EPA@IL-4 hydrogels regulated the differentiation of macrophages into M2 in inflammatory environment in vitro, and promoted endothelial cells to show a more obvious trend of tube formation. The composite hydrogels reduced the inflammation on the surface of the implants in vivo, induced local endothelial cell angiogenesis, and had more collagen deposition and new granulation tissue. Therefore, EPA hydrogels based on IL-4 release are promising candidates for promoting of implants surface anti-inflammatory, soft tissue regeneration, and anti-infection.

The Nutritional Intervention of Ingredients from Food Medicine Homology Regulating Macrophage Polarization on Atherosclerosis

The polarization of macrophages plays a crucial regulatory role in a range of physiological and pathological processes involving macrophages. There are numerous concerns with macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis; however, most focus on modulating macrophage polarization to improve the microenvironment, and the mechanism of action remains unknown. In recent years, the advantages of natural and low-toxicity side effects of food medicine homology-derived substances have been widely explored. Few reports have started from ingredients from food medicine homology to regulate the polarization of macrophages so that early intervention can reduce or delay the process of atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the classification of macrophage polarization and related markers in the process of atherosclerosis. It summarizes the regulatory role of ingredients from food medicine homology in macrophage polarization and their possible mechanisms to provide ideas and inspiration for the nutritional intervention in vascular health.

Identification and validation of key biomarkers associated with macrophages in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease based on hdWGCNA and machine learning

BACKGROUND

NAFLD has attracted increasing attention because of its high prevalence and risk of progression to cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, research into the root causes and molecular indicators of NAFLD is crucial.

METHODS

We analyzed scRNA-seq data and RNA-seq data from normal and NAFLD liver samples. We utilized hdWGCNA to find module-related genes associated with the phenotype. Multiple machine learning algorithms were used to validate the model diagnostics and further screen for genes that are characteristic of NAFLD. The NAFLD mouse model was constructed using the MCD diet to validate the diagnostic effect of the genes.

RESULTS

We identified a specific macrophage population called NASH-macrophages by single-cell sequencing analysis. Cell communication analysis and Pseudo-time trajectory analysis revealed the specific role and temporal distribution of NASH-macrophages in NAFLD. The hdWGCNA screening yielded 30 genes associated with NASH-macrophages, and machine learning algorithms screened and obtained two genes characterizing NAFLD. The immune infiltration indicated that these genes were highly associated with macrophages. Notably, we verified by RT-qPCR, IHC, and WB that MAFB and CX3CR1 are highly expressed in the MCD mouse model and may play important roles.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed a macrophage population that is closely associated with NAFLD. Using hdWGCNA analysis and multiple machine learning algorithms, we identified two NAFLD signature genes that are highly correlated with macrophages. Our findings may provide potential feature markers and therapeutic targets for NAFLD.

A comprehensive analysis of immune features and construction of an immune gene diagnostic model for sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from immune system dysfunction that is caused by infection. It is of great importance to analyze the immune characteristics of sepsis, identify the key immune system related genes, and construct diagnostic models for sepsis. In this study, the sepsis transcriptome and expression profiling data were merged into an integrated dataset containing 277 sepsis samples and 117 non-sepsis control samples. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to assess the immune cell infiltration. Two sepsis immune subtypes were identified based on the 22 differential immune cells between the sepsis and the healthy control groups. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WCGNA) was used to identify the key module genes. Then, 36 differentially expressed immune-related genes were identified, based on which a robust diagnostic model was constructed with 11 diagnostic genes. The expression of 11 diagnostic genes was finally assessed in the training and validation datasets respectively. In this study, we provide comprehensive insight into the immune features of sepsis and establish a robust diagnostic model for sepsis. These findings may provide new strategies for the early diagnosis of sepsis in the future.

Medrysone promotes corneal injury repair by promoting M2-like polarization of macrophages

BACKGROUND

Accumulated evidence suggests that M2-like polarized macrophages plays an important role in reducing inflammation, promoting and accelerating wound healing process and tissue repair. Thus, M2-like TAMs (Tumour-associated macrophages) was an appealing target for therapy intervention.

METHOD

Flow cytometry and RT-PCR assay were used to detect the polarization of macrophages induced by Medrysone, and the rat corneal mechanical injury model was established to evaluate the efficacy of Medrysone in cornel repair.

RESULTS

Here we found that Medrysone enhanced IL-4 induced M2 polarization of macrophages, as illustrated by increased expression of CD206, up-regulation of M2 marker mRNAs. Medrysone promoted VEGF and CCL2 secretion in IL-4 induced M2-like polarization. IL-4 triggered STAT6 activation was further enhanced by Medrysone and silencing of STAT6 partially abrogated the stimulatory effect of Medrysone. Medrysone improved migration-promoting feature of M2-like macrophages, as indicated by increased migration of endothelial cells. Further, Medrysone promoted corneal injury repair by inducing M2 polarization of macrophages in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggest that Medrysone promotes corneal injury repair by inducing the M2 polarization of macrophages, providing a theoretical basis for the application of Medrysone in the treatment of corneal injury.