1
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Li Z. A molecular arm: the molecular bending-unbending mechanism of integrin. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:781-792. [PMID: 38308770 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The balance of integrin activation and deactivation regulates its function and mediates cell behaviors. Mechanical force triggers the unbending and activation of integrin. However, how an activated and extended integrin spontaneously bends back is unclear. I performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on an integrin or its subunits to reveal the bending-unbending mechanism of integrin. According to the simulations, the integrin structure works like a human arm. The integrin α subunit serves as the bones, while the β leg serves as the bicep. The integrin extension results in the stretching of the β leg, and the extended integrin spontaneously bends as a consequence of the contraction of the β leg. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of how the integrin secures in the bent inactivated state and sheds light on how the integrin could achieve a stable extended state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Frontier Science Center of Mechanoinformatics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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2
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Essex DW, Wang L. Recent advances in vascular thiol isomerases and redox systems in platelet function and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2024:S1538-7836(24)00166-1. [PMID: 38518897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
There have been substantial advances in vascular protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) in platelet function and thrombosis in recent years. There are 4 known prothrombotic thiol isomerases; PDI, endoplasmic reticulum protein (ERp)57, ERp72, and ERp46, and 1 antithrombotic PDI; transmembrane protein 1. A sixth PDI, ERp5, may exhibit either prothrombotic or antithrombotic properties in platelets. Studies on ERp46 in platelet function and thrombosis provide insight into the mechanisms by which these enzymes function. ERp46-catalyzed disulfide cleavage in the αIIbβ3 platelet integrin occurs prior to PDI-catalyzed events to maximally support platelet aggregation. The transmembrane PDI transmembrane protein 1 counterbalances the effect of ERp46 by inhibiting activation of αIIbβ3. Recent work on the prototypic PDI found that oxidized PDI supports platelet aggregation. The a' domain of PDI is constitutively oxidized, possibly by endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase-1α. However, the a domain is normally reduced but becomes oxidized under conditions of oxidative stress. In contrast to the role of oxidized PDI in platelet function, reduced PDI downregulates activation of the neutrophil integrin αMβ2. Intracellular platelet PDI cooperates with Nox1 and contributes to thromboxane A2 production to support platelet function. Finally, αIIb and von Willebrand factor contain free thiols, which alter the functions of these proteins, although the extent to which the PDIs regulate these functions is unclear. We are beginning to understand the substrates and functions of vascular thiol isomerases and the redox network they form that supports hemostasis and thrombosis. Moreover, the disulfide bonds these enzymes target are being defined. The clinical implications of the knowledge gained are wide-ranging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Essex
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Lu Wang
- Allen and Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Guan IA, Liu JST, Sawyer RC, Li X, Jiao W, Jiramongkol Y, White MD, Hagimola L, Passam FH, Tran DP, Liu X, Schoenwaelder SM, Jackson SP, Payne RJ, Liu X. Integrating Phenotypic and Chemoproteomic Approaches to Identify Covalent Targets of Dietary Electrophiles in Platelets. ACS Cent Sci 2024; 10:344-357. [PMID: 38435523 PMCID: PMC10906253 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
A large variety of dietary phytochemicals has been shown to improve thrombosis and stroke outcomes in preclinical studies. Many of these compounds feature electrophilic functionalities that potentially undergo covalent addition to the sulfhydryl side chain of cysteine residues within proteins. However, the impact of such covalent modifications on the platelet activity and function remains unclear. This study explores the irreversible engagement of 23 electrophilic phytochemicals with platelets, unveiling the unique antiplatelet selectivity of sulforaphane (SFN). SFN impairs platelet responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a thromboxane A2 receptor agonist while not affecting thrombin and collagen-related peptide activation. It also substantially reduces platelet thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions. Using an alkyne-integrated probe, protein disulfide isomerase A6 (PDIA6) was identified as a rapid kinetic responder to SFN. Mechanistic profiling studies revealed SFN's nuanced modulation of PDIA6 activity and substrate specificity. In an electrolytic injury model of thrombosis, SFN enhanced the thrombolytic activity of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) without increasing blood loss. Our results serve as a catalyst for further investigations into the preventive and therapeutic mechanisms of dietary antiplatelets, aiming to enhance the clot-busting power of rtPA, currently the only approved therapeutic for stroke recanalization that has significant limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy A. Guan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The
Heart Research Institute, The University
of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Joanna S. T. Liu
- The
Heart Research Institute, The University
of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Renata C. Sawyer
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The
Heart Research Institute, The University
of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Xiang Li
- Department
of Medicine, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- McDonnell
Genome Institute, Washington University
in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Wanting Jiao
- Ferrier Research
Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yannasittha Jiramongkol
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Charles
Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D. White
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Lejla Hagimola
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Freda H. Passam
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Denise P. Tran
- Sydney
Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Simone M. Schoenwaelder
- The
Heart Research Institute, The University
of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Shaun P. Jackson
- The
Heart Research Institute, The University
of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
- Charles
Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Xuyu Liu
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The
Heart Research Institute, The University
of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
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4
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Du R, Li L, Ji J, Fan Y. Receptor-Ligand Binding: Effect of Mechanical Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109062. [PMID: 37240408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining insight into the in situ receptor-ligand binding is pivotal for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological and pathological processes and will contribute to drug discovery and biomedical application. An important issue involved is how the receptor-ligand binding responds to mechanical stimuli. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the effect of several representative mechanical factors, such as tension, shear stress, stretch, compression, and substrate stiffness on receptor-ligand binding, wherein the biomedical implications are focused. In addition, we highlight the importance of synergistic development of experimental and computational methods for fully understanding the in situ receptor-ligand binding, and further studies should focus on the coupling effects of these mechanical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Du
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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5
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Coelho F, Saidjalolov S, Moreau D, Thorn-Seshold O, Matile S. Inhibition of Cell Motility by Cell-Penetrating Dynamic Covalent Cascade Exchangers: Integrins Participate in Thiol-Mediated Uptake. JACS Au 2023; 3:1010-1016. [PMID: 37124287 PMCID: PMC10131202 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface proteins responsible for cell motility. Inspired by the rich disulfide exchange chemistry of integrins, we show here the inhibition of cell migration by cascade exchangers (CAXs), which also enable and inhibit cell penetration by thiol-mediated uptake. Fast-moving CAXs such as reversible Michael acceptor dimers, dithiabismepanes, and bioinspired epidithiodiketopiperazines are best, much better than Ellman's reagent. The implication that integrins participate in thiol-mediated uptake is confirmed by reduced uptake in integrin-knockdown cells. Although thiol-mediated uptake is increasingly emerging as a unifying pathway to bring matter into cells, its molecular basis is essentially unknown. These results identify the integrin superfamily as experimentally validated general cellular partners in the dynamic covalent exchange cascades that are likely to account for thiol-mediated uptake. The patterns identified testify to the complexity of the dynamic covalent networks involved. This work also provides chemistry tools to explore cell motility and expands the drug discovery potential of CAXs from antiviral toward antithrombotic and antitumor perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Coelho
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Dimitri Moreau
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department
of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University
of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Dupuy A, Ju LA, Chiu J, Passam FH. Mechano-Redox Control of Integrins in Thromboinflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:1072-1093. [PMID: 35044225 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: How mechanical forces and biochemical cues are coupled remains a miracle for many biological processes. Integrins, well-known adhesion receptors, sense changes in mechanical forces and reduction-oxidation reactions (redox) in their environment to mediate their adhesive function. The coupling of mechanical and redox function is a new area of investigation. Disturbance of normal mechanical forces and the redox balance occurs in thromboinflammatory conditions; atherosclerotic plaques create changes to the mechanical forces in the circulation. Diabetes induces redox changes in the circulation by the production of reactive oxygen species and vascular inflammation. Recent Advances: Integrins sense changes in the blood flow shear stress at the level of focal adhesions and respond to flow and traction forces by increased signaling. Talin, the integrin-actin linker, is a traction force sensor and adaptor. Oxidation and reduction of integrin disulfide bonds regulate their adhesion. A conserved disulfide bond in integrin αlpha IIb beta 3 (αIIbβ3) is directly reduced by the thiol oxidoreductase endoplasmic reticulum protein 5 (ERp5) under shear stress. Critical Issues: The coordination of mechano-redox events between the extracellular and intracellular compartments is an active area of investigation. Another fundamental issue is to determine the spatiotemporal arrangement of key regulators of integrins' mechanical and redox interactions. How thromboinflammatory conditions lead to mechanoredox uncoupling is relatively unexplored. Future Directions: Integrated approaches, involving disulfide bond biochemistry, microfluidic assays, and dynamic force spectroscopy, will aid in showing that cell adhesion constitutes a crossroad of mechano- and redox biology, within the same molecule, the integrin. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1072-1093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dupuy
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,ACRF Centenary Cancer Research Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Freda H Passam
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia
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7
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Caliandro MF, Schmalbein F, Todesca LM, Mörgelin M, Rezaei M, Meißner J, Siepe I, Grosche J, Schwab A, Eble JA. A redox-dependent thiol-switch and a Ca 2+ binding site within the hinge region hierarchically depend on each other in α7β1 integrin regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 187:38-49. [PMID: 35605898 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Integrin-mediated cell contacts with the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential for cellular adhesion, force transmission, and migration. Several effectors, such as divalent cations and redox-active compounds, regulate ligand binding activities of integrins and influence their cellular functions. To study the role of the Ca2+ binding site within the hinge region of the integrin α7 subunit, we genetically abrogated it in the α7hiΔCa mutant. This mutant folded correctly, associated with the β1 subunit and was exposed on the cell surface, but showed reduced ligand binding and weaker cell adhesion to laminin-111. Thus, it resembles the α7hiΔSS mutant, in which the redox-regulated pair of cysteines, closeby to the Ca2+ binding site within the hinge, was abrogated. Comparing both mutants in adhesion strength and cell migration revealed that both Ca2+ complexation and redox-regulation within the hinge interdepend on each other. Moreover, protein-chemical analyses of soluble integrin ectodomains containing the same α7 hinge mutations suggest that integrin activation via the subunit α hinge is primed by the formation of the cysteine pair-based crosslinkage. Then, this allows Ca2+ complexation within the hinge, which is another essential step for integrin activation and ligand binding. Thus, the α hinge is an allosteric integrin regulation site, in which both effectors, Ca2+ and redox-active compounds, synergistically and hierarchically induce far-ranging conformational changes, such as the extension of the integrin ectodomain, resulting in integrin activation of ECM ligand binding and altered integrin-mediated cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele F Caliandro
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Schmalbein
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Luca Matteo Todesca
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiology II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Maryam Rezaei
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Juliane Meißner
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Siepe
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julius Grosche
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiology II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- University of Münster, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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8
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Brücksken KA, Loreto Palacio P, Hanschmann EM. Thiol Modifications in the Extracellular Space—Key Proteins in Inflammation and Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932525. [PMID: 35833136 PMCID: PMC9271835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) allow to control molecular and cellular functions in response to specific signals and changes in the microenvironment of cells. They regulate structure, localization, stability, and function of proteins in a spatial and temporal manner. Among them, specific thiol modifications of cysteine (Cys) residues facilitate rapid signal transduction. In fact, Cys is unique because it contains the highly reactive thiol group that can undergo different reversible and irreversible modifications. Upon inflammation and changes in the cellular microenvironment, many extracellular soluble and membrane proteins undergo thiol modifications, particularly dithiol–disulfide exchange, S-glutathionylation, and S-nitrosylation. Among others, these thiol switches are essential for inflammatory signaling, regulation of gene expression, cytokine release, immunoglobulin function and isoform variation, and antigen presentation. Interestingly, also the redox state of bacterial and viral proteins depends on host cell-mediated redox reactions that are critical for invasion and infection. Here, we highlight mechanistic thiol switches in inflammatory pathways and infections including cholera, diphtheria, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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9
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Rauova L, Koma G, Wang L, Poncz M, Li H, Liu T, Fong KP, Bennett JS, Kunapuli SP, Essex DW. A novel role for endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46) in platelet function and arterial thrombosis in mice. Blood 2022; 139:2050-2065. [PMID: 34752599 PMCID: PMC8972093 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family support thrombosis, other PDI family members with the CXYC motif remain uninvestigated. ERp46 has 3 CGHC redox-active sites and a radically different molecular architecture than other PDIs. Expression of ERp46 on the platelet surface increased with thrombin stimulation. An anti-ERp46 antibody inhibited platelet aggregation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, and αIIbβ3 activation. ERp46 protein potentiated αIIbβ3 activation, platelet aggregation, and ATP release, whereas inactive ERp46 inhibited these processes. ERp46 knockout mice had prolonged tail-bleeding times and decreased platelet accumulation in thrombosis models that was rescued by infusion of ERp46. ERp46-deficient platelets had decreased αIIbβ3 activation, platelet aggregation, ATP release, and P-selectin expression. The defects were reversed by wild-type ERp46 and partially reversed by ERp46 containing any of the 3 active sites. Platelet aggregation stimulated by an αIIbβ3-activating peptide was inhibited by the anti-ERp46 antibody and was decreased in ERp46-deficient platelets. ERp46 bound tightly to αIIbβ3 by surface plasmon resonance but poorly to platelets lacking αIIbβ3 and physically associated with αIIbβ3 upon platelet activation. ERp46 mediated clot retraction and platelet spreading. ERp46 more strongly reduced disulfide bonds in the β3 subunit than other PDIs and in contrast to PDI, generated thiols in β3 independently of fibrinogen. ERp46 cleaved the Cys473-Cys503 disulfide bond in β3, implicating a target for ERp46. Finally, ERp46-deficient platelets have decreased thiols in β3, implying that ERp46 cleaves disulfide bonds in platelets. In conclusion, ERp46 is critical for platelet function and thrombosis and facilitates αIIbβ3 activation by targeting disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lubica Rauova
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gavin Koma
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hong Li
- Center For Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Tong Liu
- Center For Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Karen P Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joel S Bennett
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David W Essex
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Wang H, Obeidy P, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Su QP, Cox CD, Ju LA. Fluorescence-coupled micropipette aspiration assay to examine calcium mobilization caused by red blood cell mechanosensing. Eur Biophys J 2022; 51:135-146. [PMID: 35286429 PMCID: PMC8964638 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli such as tension, compression, and shear stress play critical roles in the physiological functions of red blood cells (RBCs) and their homeostasis, ATP release, and rheological properties. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) mobilization reflects RBC mechanosensing as they transverse the complex vasculature. Emerging studies have demonstrated the presence of mechanosensitive Ca2+ permeable ion channels and their function has been implicated in the regulation of RBC volume and deformability. However, how these mechanoreceptors trigger Ca2+ influx and subsequent cellular responses are still unclear. Here, we introduce a fluorescence-coupled micropipette aspiration assay to examine RBC mechanosensing at the single-cell level. To achieve a wide range of cell aspirations, we implemented and compared two negative pressure adjusting apparatuses: a homemade water manometer (- 2.94 to 0 mmH2O) and a pneumatic high-speed pressure clamp (- 25 to 0 mmHg). To visualize Ca2+ influx, RBCs were pre-loaded with an intensiometric probe Cal-520 AM, then imaged under a confocal microscope with concurrent bright-field and fluorescent imaging at acquisition rates of 10 frames per second. Remarkably, we observed the related changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels immediately after aspirating individual RBCs in a pressure-dependent manner. The RBC aspirated by the water manometer only displayed 1.1-fold increase in fluorescence intensity, whereas the RBC aspirated by the pneumatic clamp showed up to threefold increase. These results demonstrated the water manometer as a gentle tool for cell manipulation with minimal pre-activation, while the high-speed pneumatic clamp as a much stronger pressure actuator to examine cell mechanosensing directly. Together, this multimodal platform enables us to precisely control aspiration and membrane tension, and subsequently correlate this with intracellular calcium concentration dynamics in a robust and reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Peyman Obeidy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Zihao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia.,School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Yunduo Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia.,Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia.,Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Qian Peter Su
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
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11
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Pijning AE, Butera D, Hogg PJ. Not one, but many forms of thrombosis proteins. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:285-292. [PMID: 34674369 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bond is a covalent bond formed between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine residues in proteins. Our understanding of the role of these ubiquitous bonds in protein function has changed dramatically over the past decade. Initially thought to be fully formed and inert in the native protein, we know now that both these assumptions are incorrect for many proteins. Here, we review recent evidence for production and function of multiple partially disulfide-bonded forms of plasma fibrinogen and platelet αIIbβ3 integrin. The disulfide bonds are not cleaved in these mature proteins but rather a significant fraction of the bonds never form during maturation of the protein. The resulting different covalent states influence the functioning of the protein. These findings change our concept of the native, functional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aster E Pijning
- The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Diego Butera
- The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Significance: Oxidative stress is a characteristic of many systemic diseases associated with thrombosis. Thiol isomerases are a family of oxidoreductases important in protein folding and are exquisitely sensitive to the redox environment. They are essential for thrombus formation and represent a previously unrecognized layer of control of the thrombotic process. Yet, the mechanisms by which thiol isomerases function in thrombus formation are unknown. Recent Advances: The oxidoreductase activity of thiol isomerases in thrombus formation is controlled by the redox environment via oxidative changes to active site cysteines. Specific alterations can now be detected owing to advances in the chemical biology of oxidative cysteine modifications. Critical Issues: Understanding of the role of thiol isomerases in thrombus formation has focused largely on identifying single disulfide bond modifications in isolated proteins (e.g., αIIbβ3, tissue factor, vitronectin, or glycoprotein Ibα [GPIbα]). An alternative approach is to conceptualize thiol isomerases as effectors in redox signaling pathways that control thrombotic potential by modifying substrate networks. Future Directions: Cysteine-based chemical biology will be employed to study thiol-dependent dynamics mediated by the redox state of thiol isomerases at the systems level. This approach could identify thiol isomerase-dependent modifications of the disulfide landscape that are prothrombotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moua Yang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Abstract
Significance: Since protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) was first described in 1963, researchers have shown conclusively that PDI and sibling proteins are quintessential for thrombus formation. PDI, endoplasmic reticulum protein (ERp)5, ERp57, and ERp72 are released from platelets and vascular cells and interact with integrin αIIbβ3 on the outer surface of platelets. Recent Advances: At the cell surface they influence protein folding and function, propagating thrombosis and maintaining hemostasis. TMX1, which is a transmembrane thiol isomerase, is the first family member shown to negatively regulate platelets. Targets of thiol isomerases have been identified, including integrin α2β1, Von Willebrand Factor, GpIbα, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox)-1, Nox-2, and tissue factor, all of which are pro-thrombotic, and several of which are on the cell surface. In spite of this, PDI can paradoxically catalyze the delivery of nitric oxide to platelets, which decrease thrombus formation. Critical Issues: Although the overall effect of PDI is to positively regulate platelet activation, it is still unclear how thiol isomerases function in pro-thrombotic states, such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. In parallel, there has been a surge in the development of novel thiol isomerase inhibitors, which display selectivity, potency and modulate thrombosis and hemostasis. The availability of selective thiol isomerase inhibitors has culminated in clinical trials, with promising outcomes for the prevention of cancer-associated thrombosis. Future Directions: Altogether, thiol isomerases are perceived as an orchestrating force that regulates thrombus development. In the current review, we will explore the history of PDI in cardiovascular biology, detail known mechanisms of action, and summarize known thiol isomerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Simões Gaspar
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Aims: Influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) binding to sialic acid on lung epithelial cells triggers membrane fusion and infection. Host thiol isomerases have been shown to play a role in influenza A virus infection, and we hypothesized that this role involved manipulation of disulfide bonds in HA. Results: Analysis of HA crystal structures revealed that three of the six HA disulfides occur in high-energy conformations and four of the six bonds can exist in unformed states, suggesting that the disulfide landscape of HA is generally strained and the bonds may be labile. We measured the redox state of influenza A virus HA disulfide bonds and their susceptibility to cleavage by vascular thiol isomerases. Using differential cysteine alkylation and mass spectrometry, we show that all six HA disulfide bonds exist in unformed states in ∼1 in 10 recombinant and viral surface HA molecules. Four of the six H1 and H3 HA bonds are cleaved by the vascular thiol isomerases, thioredoxin and protein disulphide isomerase, in recombinant proteins, which correlated with surface exposure of the disulfides in crystal structures. In contrast, viral surface HA disulfide bonds are impervious to five different vascular thiol isomerases. Innovation: It has been assumed that the disulfide bonds in mature HA protein are intact and inert. We show that all six HA disulfide bonds can exist in unformed states. Conclusion: These findings indicate that influenza A virus HA disulfides are naturally labile but not substrates for thiol isomerases when expressed on the viral surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Flórido
- ACRF Centenary Cancer Research Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- ACRF Centenary Cancer Research Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J Hogg
- ACRF Centenary Cancer Research Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Liang C, Flaumenhaft R, Yuan C, Huang M. Vascular thiol isomerases: Structures, regulatory mechanisms, and inhibitor development. Drug Discov Today 2021:S1359-6446(21)00456-6. [PMID: 34757205 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular thiol isomerases (VTIs), including PDI, ERp5, ERp57, ERp72, and thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 (TMX1), have important roles in platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Research on VTIs, their substrates in thrombosis, their regulatory mechanisms, and inhibitor development is an emerging and rapidly evolving area in vascular biology. Here, we describe the structures and functions of VTIs, summarize the relationship between the vascular TIs and thrombosis, and focus on the development of VTI inhibitors for antithrombotic applications.
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16
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Pijning A, Blyth M, Coote M, Passam FH, Chiu J, Hogg P. An alternate covalent form of platelet αIIbβ3 integrin that resides in focal adhesions and has altered function. Blood 2021:blood. [PMID: 34375384 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The αIIbβ3 integrin receptor coordinates platelet adhesion, activation and mechanosensing in thrombosis and haemostasis. Using differential cysteine alkylation and mass spectrometry, we have identified a disulfide bond in the αIIb subunit linking cysteines 490 and 545 that is missing in about one in three integrin molecules on the resting and activated human platelet surface. This alternate covalent form of αIIbβ3 is pre-determined as it is also produced by human megakaryoblasts and baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK) transfected with recombinant integrin. From co-immunoprecipitation experiments, the alternate form selectively partitions into focal adhesions on the activated platelet surface. Its function was evaluated in BHK cells expressing a mutant integrin with an ablated C490-C545 disulfide bond. The disulfide mutant integrin has functional outside-in signalling but extended residency time in focal adhesions due to reduced rate of clathrin-mediated integrin internalisation and recycling, which is associated with enhanced affinity of the αIIb subunit for clathrin adaptor protein-2. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the alternate covalent form of αIIb requires higher forces to transition from bent to open conformational states that is in accordance with reduced affinity for fibrinogen and activation by manganese ions. These findings indicate that the αIIbβ3 integrin receptor is produced in different covalent forms that have different cell surface distribution and function. The C490, C545 cysteine pair is conserved across all 18 integrin α subunits and the disulfide bond in the αV and α2 subunits in cultured cells is similarly missing, suggesting that this alternate integrin form and function is also conserved.
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17
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Mosier JA, Schwager SC, Boyajian DA, Reinhart-King CA. Cancer cell metabolic plasticity in migration and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:343-59. [PMID: 34076787 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer metastasis in which cancer cells manipulate their metabolic profile to meet the dynamic energetic requirements of the tumor microenvironment. Though cancer cell proliferation and migration through the extracellular matrix are key steps of cancer progression, they are not necessarily fueled by the same metabolites and energy production pathways. The two main metabolic pathways cancer cells use to derive energy from glucose, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, are preferentially and plastically utilized by cancer cells depending on both their intrinsic metabolic properties and their surrounding environment. Mechanical factors in the microenvironment, such as collagen density, pore size, and alignment, and biochemical factors, such as oxygen and glucose availability, have been shown to influence both cell migration and glucose metabolism. As cancer cells have been identified as preferentially utilizing glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation based on heterogeneous intrinsic or extrinsic factors, the relationship between cancer cell metabolism and metastatic potential is of recent interest. Here, we review current in vitro and in vivo findings in the context of cancer cell metabolism during migration and metastasis and extrapolate potential clinical applications of this work that could aid in diagnosing and tracking cancer progression in vivo by monitoring metabolism. We also review current progress in the development of a variety of metabolically targeted anti-metastatic drugs, both in clinical trials and approved for distribution, and highlight potential routes for incorporating our recent understanding of metabolic plasticity into therapeutic directions. By further understanding cancer cell energy production pathways and metabolic plasticity, more effective and successful clinical imaging and therapeutics can be developed to diagnose, target, and inhibit metastasis.
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18
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Benáková Š, Holendová B, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Redox Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells: From Development to Failure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040526. [PMID: 33801681 PMCID: PMC8065646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox status is a key determinant in the fate of β-cell. These cells are not primarily detoxifying and thus do not possess extensive antioxidant defense machinery. However, they show a wide range of redox regulating proteins, such as peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins or thioredoxin reductases, etc., being functionally compartmentalized within the cells. They keep fragile redox homeostasis and serve as messengers and amplifiers of redox signaling. β-cells require proper redox signaling already in cell ontogenesis during the development of mature β-cells from their progenitors. We bring details about redox-regulated signaling pathways and transcription factors being essential for proper differentiation and maturation of functional β-cells and their proliferation and insulin expression/maturation. We briefly highlight the targets of redox signaling in the insulin secretory pathway and focus more on possible targets of extracellular redox signaling through secreted thioredoxin1 and thioredoxin reductase1. Tuned redox homeostasis can switch upon chronic pathological insults towards the dysfunction of β-cells and to glucose intolerance. These are characteristics of type 2 diabetes, which is often linked to chronic nutritional overload being nowadays a pandemic feature of lifestyle. Overcharged β-cell metabolism causes pressure on proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum, mainly due to increased demand on insulin synthesis, which establishes unfolded protein response and insulin misfolding along with excessive hydrogen peroxide production. This together with redox dysbalance in cytoplasm and mitochondria due to enhanced nutritional pressure impact β-cell redox homeostasis and establish prooxidative metabolism. This can further affect β-cell communication in pancreatic islets through gap junctions. In parallel, peripheral tissues losing insulin sensitivity and overall impairment of glucose tolerance and gut microbiota establish local proinflammatory signaling and later systemic metainflammation, i.e., low chronic inflammation prooxidative properties, which target β-cells leading to their dedifferentiation, dysfunction and eventually cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpánka Benáková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-296-442-285
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19
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Abstract
The thiol redox proteome refers to all proteins whose cysteine thiols are subjected to various redox-dependent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including S-glutathionylation (SSG), S-nitrosylation (SNO), S-sulfenylation (SOH), and S-sulfhydration (SSH). These modifications can impact various aspects of protein function such as activity, binding, conformation, localization, and interactions with other molecules. To identify novel redox proteins in signaling and regulation, it is highly desirable to have robust redox proteomics methods that can provide global, site-specific, and stoichiometric quantification of redox PTMs. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based redox proteomics has emerged as the primary platform for broad characterization of thiol PTMs in cells and tissues. Herein, we review recent advances in MS-based redox proteomics approaches for quantitative profiling of redox PTMs at physiological or oxidative stress conditions and highlight some recent applications. Considering the relative maturity of available methods, emphasis will be on two types of modifications: 1) total oxidation (i.e., all reversible thiol modifications), the level of which represents the overall redox state, and 2) S-glutathionylation, a major form of reversible thiol oxidation. We also discuss the significance of stoichiometric measurements of thiol PTMs as well as future perspectives toward a better understanding of cellular redox regulatory networks in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.,Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, Washington
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
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20
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Abstract
There has recently been considerable progress of the field of extracellular protein disulfide isomerases with vascular thiol isomerases in the forefront. Four members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of enzymes, PDI, ERp57, ERp72, and ERp5, have been shown to be secreted from activated platelets and endothelial cells at the site of vascular injury. Each isomerase individually supports platelet accumulation and coagulation, as indicated by multiple levels of evidence, including inhibitory antibodies, targeted knockout mice, and mutant isomerases. The transmembrane PDI family member TMX1 was recently shown to inhibit platelet function and thrombosis, demonstrating that the PDIs can have opposing functions in thrombosis. These observations provide a new concept that thiol isomerases can both positively and negatively regulate hemostasis, constituting off-on redox switches controlling activation of hemostatic factors. This redox network serves to maintain vascular homeostasis. Integrins such as the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor on platelets appear to be major substrates, with the platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein Ibα, as another substrate. S-nitrosylation of the prothrombotic PDIs may additionally negatively regulate platelets and thrombosis. Thiol isomerases also regulate coagulation in mouse models, and a clinical trial with the oral PDI inhibitor isoquercetin substantially decreased markers of coagulation in patients at risk for thrombosis. This review updates recent findings in the field and addresses emerging evidence that thiol/disulfide-based reactions mediated by the prothrombotic secreted PDIs are balanced by the transmembrane member of this family, TMX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David W Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Abstract
Disulfide bonds link pairs of cysteine amino acids and their formation is assumed to be complete in the mature, functional protein. Here, we test this assumption by quantifying the redox state of disulfide bonds in the blood clotting protein fibrinogen. The disulfide status of fibrinogen from healthy human donor plasma and cultured human hepatocytes are measured using differential cysteine alkylation and mass spectrometry. This analysis identifies 13 disulfide bonds that are 10–50% reduced, indicating that fibrinogen is produced in multiple disulfide-bonded or covalent states. We further show that disulfides form upon fibrin polymerization and are required for a robust fibrin matrix that withstands the mechanical forces of flowing blood and resists premature fibrinolysis. The covalent states of fibrinogen are changed by fluid shear forces ex vivo and in vivo, indicating that the different states are dynamic. These findings demonstrate that fibrinogen exists and functions as multiple covalent forms. Disulfide bonds play critical roles in determining protein structure and function. Here, the authors show that fibrinogen exists in multiple disulfide-bonded states in human blood, and that these states change during fibrin polymerization and in response to fluid shear forces.
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22
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Lorenzen I, Eble JA, Hanschmann EM. Thiol switches in membrane proteins - Extracellular redox regulation in cell biology. Biol Chem 2020; 402:253-269. [PMID: 33108336 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox-mediated signal transduction depends on the enzymatic production of second messengers such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfite, as well as specific, reversible redox modifications of cysteine-residues in proteins. So-called thiol switches induce for instance conformational changes in specific proteins that regulate cellular pathways e.g., cell metabolism, proliferation, migration, gene expression and inflammation. Reduction, oxidation and disulfide isomerization are controlled by oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin family, including thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, peroxiredoxins and protein dsisulfide isomerases. These proteins are located in different cellular compartments, interact with substrates and catalyze specific reactions. Interestingly, some of these proteins are released by cells. Their extracellular functions and generally extracellular redox control have been widely underestimated. Here, we give an insight into extracellular redox signaling, extracellular thiol switches and their regulation by secreted oxidoreductases and thiol-isomerases, a topic whose importance has been scarcely studied so far, likely due to methodological limitations. We focus on the secreted redox proteins and characterized thiol switches in the ectodomains of membrane proteins, such as integrins and the metalloprotease ADAM17, which are among the best-characterized proteins and discuss their underlying mechanisms and biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Lorenzen
- Centre of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Life Science Center, Merowingerplatz 1a, D-40225Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is in part contributed by excessive platelet aggregation, which can lead to blood clotting and subsequent heart attack and stroke. Platelets are sensitive to the haemodynamic environment. Rapid haemodynamcis and disturbed blood flow, which occur in vessels with growing thrombi and atherosclerotic plaques or is caused by medical device implantation and intervention, promotes platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. In such situations, conventional antiplatelet drugs often have suboptimal efficacy and a serious side effect of excessive bleeding. Investigating the mechanisms of platelet biomechanical activation provides insights distinct from the classic views of agonist-stimulated platelet thrombus formation. In this work, we review the recent discoveries underlying haemodynamic force-reinforced platelet binding and mechanosensing primarily mediated by three platelet receptors: glycoprotein Ib (GPIb), glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) and glycoprotein VI (GPVI), and their implications for development of antithrombotic 'mechano-medicine' .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Xiong B, Jha V, Min JK, Cho J. Protein disulfide isomerase in cardiovascular disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:390-9. [PMID: 32203104 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) participates in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that intravascular cell-derived PDI plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including thrombosis and vascular inflammation. Recent studies with PDI conditional knockout mice have advanced our understanding of the function of cell-specific PDI in disease processes. Furthermore, the identification and development of novel small-molecule PDI inhibitors has led into a new era of PDI research that transitioned from the bench to bedside. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the regulatory role of PDI in cardiovascular disease. Efforts to untangle the functions of a large family of enzymes could lead researchers to new therapies for diverse cardiovascular diseases. Members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family chemically modify other proteins in ways that can alter both their structure and biological activity. Jaehyung Cho of the University of Illinois at Chicago, USA and coworkers have reviewed numerous studies linking PDI with cardiovascular diseases, including thrombosis, heart attack, vascular inflammation, and stroke. The authors also report progress in developing small-molecule PDI inhibitors that could yield the treatment for these conditions.
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26
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Bergerhausen L, Grosche J, Meißner J, Hecker C, Caliandro MF, Westerhausen C, Kamenac A, Rezaei M, Mörgelin M, Poschmann G, Vestweber D, Hanschmann EM, Eble JA. Extracellular Redox Regulation of α7β Integrin-Mediated Cell Migration Is Signaled via a Dominant Thiol-Switch. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030227. [PMID: 32164274 PMCID: PMC7139957 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While adhering to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as laminin-111, cells temporarily produce hydrogen peroxide at adhesion sites. To study the redox regulation of α7β1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion to laminin-111, a conserved cysteine pair within the α-subunit hinge region was replaced for alanines. The molecular and cellular effects were analyzed by electron and atomic force microscopy, impedance-based migration assays, flow cytometry and live cell imaging. This cysteine pair constitutes a thiol-switch, which redox-dependently governs the equilibrium between an extended and a bent integrin conformation with high and low ligand binding activity, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the cysteines to a disulfide bond, increases ligand binding and promotes cell migration toward laminin-111. Inversely, extracellular thioredoxin-1 reduces the disulfide, thereby decreasing laminin binding. Mutation of this cysteine pair into the non-oxidizable hinge-mutant shows molecular and cellular effects similar to the reduced wild-type integrin, but lacks redox regulation. This proves the existence of a dominant thiol-switch within the α subunit hinge of α7β1 integrin, which is sufficient to implement activity regulation by extracellular redox agents in a redox-regulatory circuit. Our data reveal a novel and physiologically relevant thiol-based regulatory mechanism of integrin-mediated cell-ECM interactions, which employs short-lived hydrogen peroxide and extracellular thioredoxin-1 as signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bergerhausen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (J.G.); (J.M.); (M.F.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Julius Grosche
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (J.G.); (J.M.); (M.F.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Juliane Meißner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (J.G.); (J.M.); (M.F.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Christina Hecker
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.H.); (E.-M.H.)
| | - Michele F. Caliandro
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (J.G.); (J.M.); (M.F.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Christoph Westerhausen
- Biophysics Group, Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany (A.K.)
- Institute of Theoretical Medicine, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Andrej Kamenac
- Biophysics Group, Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany (A.K.)
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (J.G.); (J.M.); (M.F.C.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Functional Redox Proteomics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck-Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.H.); (E.-M.H.)
| | - Johannes A. Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (J.G.); (J.M.); (M.F.C.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-835-5591
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27
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Franz F, Daday C, Gräter F. Advances in molecular simulations of protein mechanical properties and function. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 61:132-138. [PMID: 31954324 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy and classical molecular dynamics are natural allies. Recent advances in both experiments and simulations have increasingly facilitated a direct comparison of SMFS and MD data, most importantly by closing the gap between time scales, which has been traditionally at least 5 orders of magnitudes wide. In this review, we will explore these advances chiefly on the computational side. We focus on protein dynamics under force and highlight recent studies that showcase how lower loading rates and more statistics help to better interpret previous experiments and to also motivate new ones. At the same time, steadily increasing system sizes are used to mimic more closely the mechanical environment in the biological context. We showcase some of these advances on atomistic and coarse-grained scale, from asymmetric membrane tension to larger (multidomain/multimeric) protein assemblies under force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Franz
- Molecular Biomechanics Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Csaba Daday
- Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Molecular Biomechanics Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Su Z, Burchfield JG, Yang P, Humphrey SJ, Yang G, Francis D, Yasmin S, Shin SY, Norris DM, Kearney AL, Astore MA, Scavuzzo J, Fisher-Wellman KH, Wang QP, Parker BL, Neely GG, Vafaee F, Chiu J, Yeo R, Hogg PJ, Fazakerley DJ, Nguyen LK, Kuyucak S, James DE. Global redox proteome and phosphoproteome analysis reveals redox switch in Akt. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5486. [PMID: 31792197 PMCID: PMC6889415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein oxidation sits at the intersection of multiple signalling pathways, yet the magnitude and extent of crosstalk between oxidation and other post-translational modifications remains unclear. Here, we delineate global changes in adipocyte signalling networks following acute oxidative stress and reveal considerable crosstalk between cysteine oxidation and phosphorylation-based signalling. Oxidation of key regulatory kinases, including Akt, mTOR and AMPK influences the fidelity rather than their absolute activation state, highlighting an unappreciated interplay between these modifications. Mechanistic analysis of the redox regulation of Akt identified two cysteine residues in the pleckstrin homology domain (C60 and C77) to be reversibly oxidized. Oxidation at these sites affected Akt recruitment to the plasma membrane by stabilizing the PIP3 binding pocket. Our data provide insights into the interplay between oxidative stress-derived redox signalling and protein phosphorylation networks and serve as a resource for understanding the contribution of cellular oxidation to a range of diseases. Crosstalk between protein oxidation and other post-translational modifications remains unexplored. Here, the authors map the phosphoproteome, cysteine redox proteome and total proteome of adipocytes under acute oxidative stress and reveal crosstalk between cysteine oxidation and phosphorylation-based signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiduan Su
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - James G Burchfield
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Pengyi Yang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Guang Yang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Deanne Francis
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sung-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dougall M Norris
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alison L Kearney
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Miro A Astore
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathan Scavuzzo
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Brody School of Medicine, Physiology Department, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Reichelle Yeo
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Philip J Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lan K Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Serdar Kuyucak
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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29
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Abstract
Mechanical forces are ubiquitous in a cell's internal structure and external environment. Mechanosensing is the process that the cell employs to sense its mechanical environment. In receptor-mediated mechanosensing, cell surface receptors interact with immobilized ligands to provide a specific way to receive extracellular force signals to targeted force-transmitting, force-transducing and force-supporting structures inside the cell. Conversely, forces generated endogenously by the cell can be transmitted via cytoplasmic protein-protein interactions and regulate cell surface receptor activities in an 'inside-out' manner. Dynamic force spectroscopy analyzes these interactions on and inside cells to reveal various dynamic bonds. What is more, by integrating analysis of molecular interactions with that of cell signaling events involved in force-sensing and force-responding processes, one can investigate how dynamic bonds regulate the reception, transmission and transduction of mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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30
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Mineiro MF, Patricio ES, Peixoto ÁS, Araujo TLS, da Silva RP, Moretti AIS, Lima FS, Laurindo FRM, Meotti FC. Urate hydroperoxide oxidizes endothelial cell surface protein disulfide isomerase-A1 and impairs adherence. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129481. [PMID: 31734460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular surface protein disulfide isomerase-A1 (PDI) is involved in platelet aggregation, thrombus formation and vascular remodeling. PDI performs redox exchange with client proteins and, hence, its oxidation by extracellular molecules might alter protein function and cell response. In this study, we investigated PDI oxidation by urate hydroperoxide, a newly-described oxidant that is generated through uric acid oxidation by peroxidases, with a putative role in vascular inflammation. METHODS Amino acids specificity and kinetics of PDI oxidation by urate hydroperoxide was evaluated by LC-MS/MS and by stopped-flow. Oxidation of cell surface PDI and other thiol-proteins from HUVECs was identified using impermeable alkylating reagents. Oxidation of intracellular GSH and GSSG was evaluated with specific LC-MS/MS techniques. Cell adherence, detachment and viability were assessed using crystal violet staining, cellular microscopy and LDH activity, respectively. RESULTS Urate hydroperoxide specifically oxidized cysteine residues from catalytic sites of recombinant PDI with a rate constant of 6 × 103 M-1 s-1. Incubation of HUVECs with urate hydroperoxide led to oxidation of cell surface PDI and other unidentified cell surface thiol-proteins. Cell adherence to fibronectin coated plates was impaired by urate hydroperoxide, as well as by other oxidants, thiol alkylating agents and PDI inhibitors. Urate hydroperoxide did not affect cell viability but significantly decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that urate hydroperoxide affects thiol-oxidation of PDI and other cell surface proteins, impairing cellular adherence. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings could contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism by which uric acid affects endothelial cell function and vascular homeostasis.
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31
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Passam FJ, Chiu J. Allosteric disulphide bonds as reversible mechano-sensitive switches that control protein functions in the vasculature. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:419-430. [PMID: 31090016 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulphide bonds are covalent linkages of two cysteine residues (R-S-S-R') in proteins. Unlike peptide bonds, disulphide bonds are reversible in nature allowing cleaved bonds to reform. Disulphide bonds are important structural elements that stabilise protein conformation. They can be of catalytic function found in enzymes that facilitate redox reactions in the cleavage/formation of disulphide bonds in their substrates. Emerging evidence also indicates that disulphide bonds can be of regulatory function which alter protein activity when they are cleaved or formed. This class of regulatory disulphide bonds is known as allosteric disulphide bonds. Allosteric disulphide bonds are mechano-sensitive, and stretching or twisting the sulphur-sulphur bond by mechanical force can make it easier or harder to be cleaved. This makes allosteric disulphide bonds an ideal type of mechano-sensitive switches for regulating protein functions in the vasculature where cells are continuously subjected to fluid shear force. This review will discuss the chemistry and biophysical properties of allosteric disulphide bonds and how they emerge to be mechano-sensitive switches in regulating platelet function and clot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda J Passam
- Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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32
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Rosenberg N, Mor-Cohen R, Sheptovitsky VH, Romanenco O, Hess O, Lahav J. Integrin-mediated cell adhesion requires extracellular disulfide exchange regulated by protein disulfide isomerase. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:77-85. [PMID: 31042499 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix, mediated by integrin receptors, is crucial for cell survival. Receptor-ligand interaction involves conformational changes in the integrin by a mechanism not fully elucidated. In addition to several direct evidence that there is disulfide re-arrangement of integrins, we previously demonstrated a role for extracellular thiols and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in integrin-mediated functions using platelets as model system. Exploring the possible generality of this mechanism, we now show, using three different nucleated cells which depend on adhesion for survival, that non-penetrating blockers of free thiols inhibit α2β1 and α5β1 integrin-mediated adhesion and that disulfide exchange takes place in that process. Inhibiting extracellular PDI mimics thiol blocking. Transfection with WT or enzymatically inactive PDI increased their membrane expression and enhanced cell adhesion, suggesting that PDI level is a limiting factor and that the chaperone activity of the enzyme contributes to adhesion. Exogenously added PDI also enhanced adhesion, further supporting the limiting factor of the enzyme. These data indicate that: a) Dependence on ecto-sulfhydryls for integrin-mediated adhesion is not exclusive to the platelet; b) PDI is involved in integrin-mediated adhesion, catalyzing disulfide bond exchange; c) PDI enhances cell adhesion by both its oxidoreductase activity and as a chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Rosenberg
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Dept. of Hematology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Ronit Mor-Cohen
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Dept. of Hematology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Vera Hazan Sheptovitsky
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, and Dept. of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Olga Romanenco
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, and Dept. of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Oded Hess
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, and Dept. of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Judith Lahav
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, and Dept. of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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33
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Dupuy A, Ju LA, Passam FH. Straight Channel Microfluidic Chips for the Study of Platelet Adhesion under Flow. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3195. [PMID: 33654994 PMCID: PMC7854274 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have become an integral method of cardiovascular research as they enable the study of shear force in biological processes, such as platelet function and thrombus formation. Furthermore, microfluidic chips offer the benefits of ex vivo testing of platelet adhesion using small amounts of blood or purified platelets. Microfluidic chips comprise flow channels of varying dimensions and geometries which are connected to a syringe pump. The pump draws blood or platelet suspensions through the channel(s) allowing for imaging of platelet adhesion and thrombus formation by fluorescence microscopy. The chips can be fabricated from various blood-compatible materials. The current protocol uses commercial plastic or in-house polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips. Commercial biochips offer the advantage of standardization whereas in-house chips offer the advantage of decreased cost and flexibility in design. Microfluidic devices are a powerful tool to study the biorheology of platelets and other cell types with the potential of a diagnostic and monitoring tool for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dupuy
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Freda H Passam
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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34
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Chiu J. Measurement of redox states of the β3 integrin disulfide bonds by Mass Spectrometry. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3156. [PMID: 33654965 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional disulfide bonds mediate a change in protein function in which they reside when cleaved or formed. To elucidate how a functional disulfide bond controls protein activity, it is critical that the redox state of the bond in the population of protein molecules is known. Measurement of changes in disulfide bond redox state relies on thiol probes and immunoblotting. Such technique only offers a qualitative indication of a change in redox state but not the identity of cysteines involved. A differential cysteine alkylation and mass spectrometry technique is described here that affords precise quantification of protein disulfide bond redox state. The utility of the technique is demonstrated by quantifying the redox state of 24 of the 28 disulfide bonds in human β3 integrin from purified platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Chiu
- Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
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35
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36
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Abstract
Protein disulfide bonds link pairs of cysteine residues in polypeptide chains. Many of these bonds serve a purely structural or energetic role, but a growing subset of cleavable disulfide bonds has been shown to control the function of the mature protein in which they reside. These allosteric disulfides and the factors that cleave these bonds are being identified across biological systems and life forms and have been shown to control hemostasis, the immune response, and viral infection in mammals. The discovery of these functional disulfides and a rationale for their facile nature has been aided by the emergence of a conformational signature for allosteric bonds. This post-translational modification mostly occurs extracellularly, making these chemical events prime drug targets. Indeed, a membrane-impermeable inhibitor of one of the cleaving factors is currently being trialed as an antithrombotic agent in cancer patients. Allosteric disulfides are firmly established as a sophisticated means by which a protein's shape and function can be altered; however, the full scope of this biological regulation will not be realized without new tools and techniques to study this regulation and innovative ways of targeting it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Chiu
- From the Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Philip J Hogg
- From the Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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37
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Abstract
The redox potential of a protein disulphide bond is one of the most important factors for determining the role of a disulphide bond. Disulphide bonds can have a stabilizing role for the structure of a protein or they can play a functional role which can regulate protein bioactivity. Determining the redox potential of disulphides can help distinguish the functional from the structural disulphide bonds. In this chapter, two methods for determining the redox potential of a protein disulphide bond are described. The first method uses maleimide-biotin labeling of free cysteine thiols and western blot densitometry to determine the fraction of reduced disulphide bond under various redox-buffering conditions. The second method uses differential cysteine labeling and tandem mass spectrometry to determine the redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Cook
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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38
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Abstract
Protein disulphide bonds are the links between pairs of cysteine residues in the polypeptide chain. These bonds are classified based on the sign of the five dihedral angles that define the cystine residue. Twenty disulphide conformations are possible using this convention and all 20 are represented in protein structures. Force distribution analysis of the pairwise forces between the cysteine residues of the different conformations identified 2 of the 20 as having significant strain: the -RHstaple and -/+RHhook disulphide bonds. These two disulphide conformations are associated with allosteric function in proteins. An online tool is available that provides a comprehensive analysis of disulphide bonds in protein structures, including conformation, strain energy, solvent accessibility and secondary structures that the disulphide links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aster E Pijning
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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39
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Abstract
An emerging concept in chemical biology is that protein function that can be regulated by the redox state of disulphide bonds. This chapter describes the dynamic force spectroscopy method for analyzing redox regulation of receptor-ligand interactions at the surface of living cells. The main method described in this chapter is the biomembrane force probe (BFP), in which an ultrasoft human red blood cell is used as an ultrasensitive mechanical force probe. The BFP uses a high-speed camera and real-time imaging tracking techniques to characterize a single molecular bond with ~1 pN (10-12 N), ~3 nm (10-9 m), and ~0.5 ms (10-3 s) in force, spatial, and temporal resolution. As a test bed model, we use the BFP to examine the autoregulation of von Willebrand factor function by a disulphide bond switch in its A2 domain. With the survival frequency analysis on measured bond lifetimes, we can identify distinct states of VWF binding kinetics and correlate with redox states of its A2 disulphide bond validated by mass spectrometry. The methodologies and analytical frameworks can be used to study other membrane receptor-ligand interactions under redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Ju
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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40
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Abstract
The focus of the cell biology field is now shifting from characterizing cellular activities to organelle and molecular behaviors. This process accompanies the development of new biophysical visualization techniques that offer high spatial and temporal resolutions with ultra-sensitivity and low cell toxicity. They allow the biology research community to observe dynamic behaviors from scales of single molecules, organelles, cells to organoids, and even live animal tissues. In this review, we summarize these biophysical techniques into two major classes: the mechanical nanotools like dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) and the optical nanotools like single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy. We also discuss their applications in elucidating molecular dynamics and functionally mapping of interactions between inter-cellular networks and intra-cellular components, which is key to understanding cellular processes such as adhesion, trafficking, inheritance, and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peter Su
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre and Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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