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Zhang B, Wang Z, Zhang S, Zhong S, Sun Y, Liu X. N6-methyloxyadenine-mediated detoxification and ferroptosis confer a trade-off between multi-fungicide resistance and fitness. mBio 2024; 15:e0317723. [PMID: 38294217 PMCID: PMC10936191 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03177-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-fungicide resistance (MFR) is a serious environmental problem, which results in the excessive use of fungicides. Fitness penalty, as a common phenomenon in MFR, can partially counteract the issue of resistance due to the weakened vigor of MFR pathogens. Their underlying mechanism and relationship remain unexplained. By Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing and dot blot, we found that N6-methyloxyadenine (6mA) modification, the dominate epigenetic marker in Phytophthora capsici, was significantly altered after MFR emerged. Among the differently methylated genes, PcGSTZ1 could efficiently detoxify SYP-14288, a novel uncoupler, through complexing the fungicide with glutathione and induce MFR. Interestingly, PcGSTZ1 overexpression was induced by elevated 6mA levels and chromatin accessibility to its genomic loci. Moreover, the overexpression led to reactive oxygen species burst and ferroptosis in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, which enhanced the resistance and induced fitness penalty in P. capsici through triggering low energy shock adaptive response. Furthermore, this study revealed that the 6mA-PcGSTZ1-ferroptosis axis could mediate intergenerational resistance memory transmission and enabled adaptive advantage to P. capsici. In conclusion, the findings provide new insights into the biological role of 6mA as well as the mechanisms underlying the trade-off between MFR and fitness. These could also benefit disease control through the blockade of the epigenetic axis to resensitize resistant isolates.IMPORTANCEN6-methyloxyadenine (6mA) modification on DNA is correlated with tolerance under different stress in prokaryotes. However, the role of 6mA in eukaryotes remains poorly understood. Our current study reveals that DNA adenine methyltransferase 1 (DAMT1)-mediated 6mA modification at the upstream region of GST zeta 1 (GSTZ1) is elevated in the resistant strain. This elevation promotes the detoxification uncoupler and induces multifungicide resistance (MFR). Moreover, the overexpression led to reactive oxygen species burst and ferroptosis in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, which enhanced the resistance and induced fitness penalty in Phytophthora capsici through triggering low energy shock adaptive response. Furthermore, this study revealed that the 6mA-PcGSTZ1-ferroptosis axis could mediate intergenerational resistance memory transmission and enabled adaptive advantage to P. capsici. Overall, our findings uncover an innovative mechanism underlying 6mA modification in regulating PcGSTZ1 transcription and the ferroptosis pathway in P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borui Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | | | - Shan Zhong
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Sun
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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2
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Chen X, Liu C, Wang H, Liu Q, Yue Y, Duan Y, Wang Z, Zheng L, Chen X, Wang Y, Huang J, Xu Q, Pan Y. Ustilaginoidea virens-secreted effector Uv1809 suppresses rice immunity by enhancing OsSRT2-mediated histone deacetylation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:148-164. [PMID: 37715970 PMCID: PMC10754013 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a devastating rice (Oryza sativa) disease worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens-rice interactions are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a secreted protein, Uv1809, as a key virulence factor. Heterologous expression of Uv1809 in rice enhanced susceptibility to rice false smut and bacterial blight. Host-induced gene silencing of Uv1809 in rice enhanced resistance to U. virens, suggesting that Uv1809 inhibits rice immunity and promotes infection by U. virens. Uv1809 suppresses rice immunity by targeting and enhancing rice histone deacetylase OsSRT2-mediated histone deacetylation, thereby reducing H4K5ac and H4K8ac levels and interfering with the transcriptional activation of defence genes. CRISPR-Cas9 edited ossrt2 mutants showed no adverse effects in terms of growth and yield but displayed broad-spectrum resistance to rice pathogens, revealing a potentially valuable genetic resource for breeding disease resistance. Our study provides insight into defence mechanisms against plant pathogens that inactivate plant immunity at the epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chen Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Hailin Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yaping Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuhang Duan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiutao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
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3
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Hu S, Jin M, Xu Y, Wu Q, Jiang Q, Ma J, Zhang Y, Qi P, Chen G, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Wei Y, Xu Q. Deacetylation of chitin oligomers by Fusarium graminearum polysaccharide deacetylase suppresses plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1495-1509. [PMID: 37746915 PMCID: PMC10632789 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a long-chain polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine that forms rigid microfibrils to maintain the hyphal form and protect it from host attacks. Chitin oligomers are first recognized by the plant receptors in the apoplast region, priming the plant's immune system. Here, seven polysaccharide deacetylases (PDAs) were identified and their activities on chitin substrates were investigated via systematic characterization of the PDA family from Fusarium graminearum. Among these PDAs, FgPDA5 was identified as an important virulence factor and was specifically expressed during pathogenesis. ΔFgpda5 compromised the pathogen's ability to infect wheat. The polysaccharide deacetylase structure of FgPDA5 is essential for the pathogenicity of F. graminearum. FgPDA5 formed a homodimer and accumulated in the plant apoplast. In addition, FgPDA5 showed a high affinity toward chitin substrates. FgPDA5-mediated deacetylation of chitin oligomers prevented activation of plant defence responses. Overall, our results identify FgPDA5 as a polysaccharide deacetylase that can prevent chitin-triggered host immunity in plant apoplast through deacetylation of chitin oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Minxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yangjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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Vink JNA, Hayhurst M, Gerth ML. Harnessing CRISPR-Cas for oomycete genome editing. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:947-958. [PMID: 37127441 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes are a group of microorganisms that include pathogens responsible for devastating diseases in plants and animals worldwide. Despite their importance, the development of genome editing techniques for oomycetes has progressed more slowly than for model microorganisms. Here, we review recent breakthroughs in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas technologies that are expanding the genome editing toolbox for oomycetes - from the original Cas9 study to Cas12a editing, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery, and complementation. We also discuss some of the challenges to applying CRISPR-Cas in oomycetes and potential ways to overcome them. Advances in CRISPR-Cas technologies are being used to illuminate the biology of oomycetes, which ultimately can guide the development of tools for managing oomycete diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem N A Vink
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Max Hayhurst
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Monica L Gerth
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; Bioprotection Aotearoa National Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand.
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5
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Harris W, Kim S, Vӧlz R, Lee YH. Nuclear effectors of plant pathogens: Distinct strategies to be one step ahead. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:637-650. [PMID: 36942744 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary arms race between plants and pathogens, vital in determining the success of pathogenic colonization. Secreted effectors undermine a multitude of host cellular processes depending on their target destination. Effectors are classified by their localization as either extracellular (apoplastic) or intracellular. Intracellular effectors can be further subclassified by their compartment such as the nucleus, cytoplasm or chloroplast. Nuclear effectors bring into question the role of the plant nucleus' intrinsic defence strategies and their vulnerability to effector-based manipulation. Nuclear effectors interfere with multiple nuclear processes including the epigenetic regulation of the host chromatin, the impairment of the trans-kingdom antifungal RNAi machinery, and diverse classes of immunity-associated host proteins. These effector-targeted pathways are widely conserved among different hosts and regulate a broad array of plant cellular processes. Thus, these nuclear sites constitute meaningful targets for effectors to subvert the plant defence system and acquire resources for pathogenic propagation. This review provides an extensive and comparative compilation of diverse plant microbe nuclear effector libraries, thereby highlighting the distinct and conserved mechanisms these effectors employ to modulate plant cellular processes for the pathogen's profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Vӧlz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Yin Y, Ren Z, Zhang L, Qin L, Chen L, Liu L, Jia R, Xue K, Liu B, Wang X. In Situ Proteomic Analysis of Herbicide-Resistant Soybean and Hybrid Seeds via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Imaging. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7140-7151. [PMID: 37098110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic soybean is the commercial crop with the largest cultivation area worldwide. During transgenic soybean cultivation, exogenous genes may be transferred to wild relatives through gene flow, posing unpredictable ecological risks. Accordingly, an environmental risk assessment should focus on fitness changes and underlying mechanisms in hybrids between transgenic and wild soybeans (Glycine soja). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used for in situ detection and imaging of protein changes in the seeds of transgenic herbicide-resistant soybean harboring epsps and pat genes, non-transgenic soybean, wild soybean, and their F2 hybrid. Protein data clearly distinguished wild soybeans, while the F2 seeds had protein characteristics of both parents and were distinguished from wild soybean seeds. Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, 22 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 13 specific to wild soybean. Sucrose synthase and stress response-related DEPs were differentially expressed in parental and offspring. Differences in these may underpin the greater adaptability of the latter. MSI revealed DEP distribution in transgenic, wild, and F2 seeds. Identifying DEPs related to fitness may elucidate mechanisms underlying fitness differences among the studied varieties. Our study shows that MALDI-MSI has the potential to become a visual method for transgenic soybean analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
- Nanjing Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Nanjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhentao Ren
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Liang Qin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Laipan Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ruizong Jia
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Kun Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Biao Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Liu T, Ji J, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Duan K, Wang Y. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of GmTAP1 confers enhanced resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36896979 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soybean root rot disease caused by Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) results in considerable losses in soybean yield, which is difficult to control by chemicals. P. sojae secretes large numbers of effectors to target host factors for favoring infection. Genetic engineering of these host targets is a promising strategy to boost soybean resistance. Although the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing of susceptibility genes has been used in crop disease resistant breeding, there are no reports about editing soybean susceptibility genes to enhance soybean resistance to soybean root rot disease. We previously found that a key P. sojae effector PsAvh52 suppresses soybean immunity by targeting GmTAP1, which enhances the susceptibility of soybean to P. sojae. Here we focused on knocking out the GmTAP1 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system in soybean. Loss-of-function of GmTAP1 exhibited an enhanced resistance to three P. sojae strains P231, P233, and P234. We also examined the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the expression of (PTI)-responsive genes and MAPK activity and found that loss-of-function of GmTAP1 had less effects on plant basal immunity. Moreover, there was no significant difference in plant height, pod number per plant, hundred-grain weight, and yield per plant by investigating the agronomic traits of tap1 mutants in the field. In summary, we created new soybean lines resistant to several P. sojae strains and these lines had no agronomic penalties in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zeru Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kaixuan Duan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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8
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Wang C, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Qian Y, Li Y, Yang L, Liu S, Liang W, Li J. The secreted FolAsp aspartic protease facilitates the virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1103418. [PMID: 36760509 PMCID: PMC9905682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens utilize secretory effectors to manipulate plant defense. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in tomatoes. We previously identified 32 secreted effector candidates by LC-MS analysis. In this study, we functionally identified one of the secreted proteins, FolAsp, which belongs to the aspartic proteases (Asp) family. The FolAsp was upregulated with host root specifically induction. Its N-terminal 1-19 amino acids performed the secretion activity in the yeast system, which supported its secretion in Fol. Phenotypically, the growth and conidia production of the FolAsp deletion mutants were not changed; however, the mutants displayed significantly reduced virulence to the host tomato. Further study revealed the FolAsp was localized at the apoplast and inhibited INF1-induced cell death in planta. Meanwhile, FolAsp could inhibit flg22-mediated ROS burst. Furthermore, FolAsp displayed protease activity on host protein, and overexpression of FolAsp in Fol enhanced pathogen virulence. These results considerably extend our understanding of pathogens utilizing secreted protease to inhibit plant defense and promote its virulence, which provides potential applications for tomato improvement against disease as the new drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaning Zheng
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhishan Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongpan Qian
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sihui Liu
- College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Wenxing Liang,
| | - Jingtao Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,Jingtao Li,
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9
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Qiu X, Kong L, Chen H, Lin Y, Tu S, Wang L, Chen Z, Zeng M, Xiao J, Yuan P, Qiu M, Wang Y, Ye W, Duan K, Dong S, Wang Y. The Phytophthora sojae nuclear effector PsAvh110 targets a host transcriptional complex to modulate plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:574-597. [PMID: 36222564 PMCID: PMC9806631 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated immune networks to restrict pathogen colonization. In response, pathogens deploy numerous virulent effectors to circumvent plant immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which pathogen-derived effectors suppress plant defenses remain elusive. Here, we report that the nucleus-localized RxLR effector PsAvh110 from the pathogen Phytophthora sojae, causing soybean (Glycine max) stem and root rot, modulates the activity of a transcriptional complex to suppress plant immunity. Soybean like-heterochromatin protein 1-2 (GmLHP1-2) and plant homeodomain finger protein 6 (GmPHD6) form a transcriptional complex with transcriptional activity that positively regulates plant immunity against Phytophthora infection. To suppress plant immunity, the nuclear effector PsAvh110 disrupts the assembly of the GmLHP1-2/GmPHD6 complex via specifically binding to GmLHP1-2, thus blocking its transcriptional activity. We further show that PsAvh110 represses the expression of a subset of immune-associated genes, including BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1-3 (GmBAK1-3) and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (GmPR1), via G-rich elements in gene promoters. Importantly, PsAvh110 is a conserved effector in different Phytophthora species, suggesting that the PsAvh110 regulatory mechanism might be widely utilized in the genus to manipulate plant immunity. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism by which pathogen effectors target a transcriptional complex to reprogram transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufang Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yachun Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siqun Tu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengzhu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaixuan Duan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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10
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Madina MH, Santhanam P, Asselin Y, Jaswal R, Bélanger RR. Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean- Phytophthora sojae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010012. [PMID: 36675833 PMCID: PMC9866111 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors have been shown to act either in the apoplastic area or the cytoplasm of the cell to manipulate the host cellular processes in favor of the development of the pathogen. Deciphering effector-plant interactions is important for understanding the role of P. sojae effectors in disease progression and developing approaches to prevent infection. Here, we review the subcellular localization, the host proteins, and the processes associated with P. sojae effectors. We also discuss the emerging topic of effectors in the context of effector-resistance genes interaction, as well as model systems and recent developments in resources and techniques that may provide a better understanding of the soybean-P. sojae interaction.
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11
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Reyes Caldas PA, Zhu J, Breakspear A, Thapa SP, Toruño TY, Perilla-Henao LM, Casteel C, Faulkner CR, Coaker G. Effectors from a Bacterial Vector-Borne Pathogen Exhibit Diverse Subcellular Localization, Expression Profiles, and Manipulation of Plant Defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1067-1080. [PMID: 35952362 PMCID: PMC9844206 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0114-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the prevalence of vector-borne disease due to expansion of insect populations. 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is a phloem-limited pathogen associated with multiple economically important diseases in solanaceous crops. Little is known about the strategies and pathogenicity factors 'Ca. L. solanacearum' uses to colonize its vector and host. We determined the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector repertoire by predicting proteins secreted by the general secretory pathway across four different 'Ca. L. solanacearum' haplotypes, investigated effector localization in planta, and profiled effector expression in the vector and host. The localization of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors in Nicotiana spp. revealed diverse eukaryotic subcellular targets. The majority of tested effectors were unable to suppress plant immune responses, indicating they possess unique activities. Expression profiling in tomato and the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli indicated 'Ca. L. solanacearum' differentially interacts with its host and vector and can switch effector expression in response to these environments. This study reveals 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors possess complex expression patterns, target diverse host organelles and the majority are unable to suppress host immune responses. A mechanistic understanding of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector function will reveal novel targets and provide insight into phloem biology. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zhu
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Shree P. Thapa
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Tania Y. Toruño
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, De Lier, 2678 KX, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clare Casteel
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | | | - Gitta Coaker
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
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12
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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13
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Zhou J, Qi Y, Nie J, Guo L, Luo M, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. A Phytophthora effector promotes homodimerization of host transcription factor StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6902-6915. [PMID: 35816329 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens secrete hundreds of cytoplasmic RxLR effectors to modulate host immunity by targeting diverse plant proteins. Revealing how effectors manipulate host proteins is pivotal to understanding infection processes and to developing new strategies to control plant disease. Here we show that the Phytophthora infestans RxLR effector Pi22798 interacts in the nucleus with a potato class II knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factor, StKNOX3. Silencing the ortholog NbKNOX3 in Nicotiana benthamiana reduces host colonization by P. infestans, whereas transient and stable overexpression of StKNOX3 enhances infection. StKNOX3 forms a homodimer which is dependent on its KNOX II domain. The KNOX II domain is also essential for Pi22798 interaction and for StKNOX3 to enhance P. infestans colonization, indicating that StKNOX3 homodimerization contributes to susceptibility. However, critically, the effector Pi22798 promotes StKNOX3 homodimerization, rather than heterodimerization to another KNOX transcription factor StKNOX7. These results demonstrate that the oomycete effector Pi22798 increases pathogenicity by promoting homodimerization specifically of StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (HZAU), Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (HZAU), Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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14
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Cox MP, Guo Y, Winter DJ, Sen D, Cauldron NC, Shiller J, Bradley EL, Ganley AR, Gerth ML, Lacey RF, McDougal RL, Panda P, Williams NM, Grunwald NJ, Mesarich CH, Bradshaw RE. Chromosome-level assembly of the Phytophthora agathidicida genome reveals adaptation in effector gene families. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1038444. [PMID: 36406440 PMCID: PMC9667082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1038444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious plant pathogens, with some causing devastating tree diseases that threaten the survival of their host species. One such example is Phytophthora agathidicida, the causal agent of kauri dieback - a root and trunk rot disease that kills the ancient, iconic and culturally significant tree species, Agathis australis (New Zealand kauri). A deeper understanding of how Phytophthora pathogens infect their hosts and cause disease is critical for the development of effective treatments. Such an understanding can be gained by interrogating pathogen genomes for effector genes, which are involved in virulence or pathogenicity. Although genome sequencing has become more affordable, the complete assembly of Phytophthora genomes has been problematic, particularly for those with a high abundance of repetitive sequences. Therefore, effector genes located in repetitive regions could be truncated or missed in a fragmented genome assembly. Using a combination of long-read PacBio sequences, chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) and Illumina short reads, we assembled the P. agathidicida genome into ten complete chromosomes, with a genome size of 57 Mb including 34% repeats. This is the first Phytophthora genome assembled to chromosome level and it reveals a high level of syntenic conservation with the complete genome of Peronospora effusa, the only other completely assembled genome sequence of an oomycete. All P. agathidicida chromosomes have clearly defined centromeres and contain candidate effector genes such as RXLRs and CRNs, but in different proportions, reflecting the presence of gene family clusters. Candidate effector genes are predominantly found in gene-poor, repeat-rich regions of the genome, and in some cases showed a high degree of duplication. Analysis of candidate RXLR effector genes that occur in multicopy gene families indicated half of them were not expressed in planta. Candidate CRN effector gene families showed evidence of transposon-mediated recombination leading to new combinations of protein domains, both within and between chromosomes. Further analysis of this complete genome assembly will help inform new methods of disease control against P. agathidicida and other Phytophthora species, ultimately helping decipher how Phytophthora pathogens have evolved to shape their effector repertoires and how they might adapt in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray P. Cox
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David J. Winter
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
| | | | - Nicholas C. Cauldron
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | - Ellie L. Bradley
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Austen R. Ganley
- School of Biological Sciences and Digital Life Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Monica L. Gerth
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Randy F. Lacey
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Niklaus J. Grunwald
- Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,*Correspondence: Rosie E. Bradshaw,
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15
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Wang W, Wang S, Gong W, Lv L, Xu L, Nie J, Huang L. Valsa mali secretes an effector protein VmEP1 to target a K homology domain-containing protein for virulence in apple. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1577-1591. [PMID: 35851537 PMCID: PMC9562843 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The K homology (KH) repeat is an RNA-binding motif that exists in various proteins, some of which participate in plant growth. However, the function of KH domain-containing proteins in plant defence is still unclear. In this study, we found that a KH domain-containing protein in apple (Malus domestica), HEN4-like (MdKRBP4), is involved in the plant immune response. Silencing of MdKRBP4 compromised reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced the susceptibility of apple to Valsa mali, whereas transient overexpression of MdKRBP4 stimulated ROS accumulation in apple leaves, indicating that MdKRBP4 is a positive immune regulator. Additionally, MdKRBP4 was proven to interact with the VmEP1 effector secreted by V. mali, which led to decreased accumulation of MdKRBP4. Coexpression of MdKRBP4 with VmEP1 inhibited cell death and ROS production induced by MdKRBP4 in Nicotiana benthamiana. These results indicate that MdKRBP4 functions as a novel positive regulatory factor in plant immunity in M. domestica and is a virulence target of the V. mali effector VmEP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shuaile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Luqiong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jiajun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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16
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The molecular dialog between oomycete effectors and their plant and animal hosts. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Chen X, Duan Y, Qiao F, Liu H, Huang J, Luo C, Chen X, Li G, Xie K, Hsiang T, Zheng L. A secreted fungal effector suppresses rice immunity through host histone hypoacetylation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1977-1994. [PMID: 35592995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a critical epigenetic modification that regulates plant immunity. Fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection, but whether fungal pathogens have evolved effectors that directly target plant histone acetylation remains unknown. Here, we identified a secreted protein, UvSec117, from the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens, as a key effector that can target the rice histone deacetylase OsHDA701 and negatively regulates rice broad-spectrum resistance against rice pathogens. UvSec117 disrupts host immunity by recruiting OsHDA701 to the nucleus and enhancing OsHDA701-modulated deacetylation, thereby reducing histone H3K9 acetylation levels in rice plants and interfering with defense gene activation. Host-induced gene silencing of UvSec117 promotes rice resistance to U. virens, thus providing an alternative way for developing rice false smut-resistant plants. This is the first direct evidence demonstrating that a fungal effector targets a histone deacetylase to suppress plant immunity. Our data provided insight into a counter-defense mechanism in a plant pathogen that inactivates host defense responses at the epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fugang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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18
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Hu LJ, Wu XQ, Wen TY, Ye JR, Qiu YJ, Rui L, Zhang Y. The key molecular pattern BxCDP1 of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus induces plant immunity and enhances plant defense response via two small peptide regions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:937473. [PMID: 35991456 PMCID: PMC9382027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.937473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The migratory plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogen of the pine wilt disease (PWD), causing serious damage to pine forests in China. During the process of plant resistance to multiple pathogens, plant immunity plays a key role. In this current study, the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) BxCDP1 in B. xylophilus has been identified, but the host target protein of BxCDP1 and its key amino acid region inducing the plant immunity have yet to be elucidated. We found that BxCDP1 could trigger superoxide production, H2O2 production, and callose deposits. A RING-H2 finger protein 1 (RHF1) of Pinus thunbergii was screened and characterized as a target protein of BxCDP1 by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Moreover, two peptides (namely M9 and M16) proved to be key regions of BxCDP1 to induce PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in Nicotiana benthamiana, which also induced the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (PtPR-3, PtPR-4, and PtPR-5) in P. thunbergii and enhanced the resistance of the host to B. xylophilus. These results indicate that BxCDP1 plays a critical role in the interaction between B. xylophilus and P. thunbergii, and both peptides M9 and M16 have the potential to be developed and utilized as immune inducers of pines against B. xylophilus in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jiao Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong-Yue Wen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Jun Qiu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Rui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Midgley KA, van den Berg N, Swart V. Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061139. [PMID: 35744657 PMCID: PMC9229607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus Phytophthora. Phytophthora spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate Phytophthora effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in Phytophthora’s ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize Phytophthora effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including Phytophthora cinnamomi. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of Phytophthora spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.
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20
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Xiao F, Xu W, Hong N, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang G. A Secreted Lignin Peroxidase Required for Fungal Growth and Virulence and Related to Plant Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6066. [PMID: 35682745 PMCID: PMC9181491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeria spp. are important phytopathogenic fungi that infect a wide range of woody plants, resulting in big losses worldwide each year. However, their pathogenetic mechanisms and the related virulence factors are rarely addressed. In this study, seven lignin peroxidase (LiP) paralogs were detected in Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai, named BkLiP1 to BkLiP7, respectively, while only BkLiP1 was identified as responsible for the vegetative growth and virulence of B. kuwatsukai as assessed in combination with knock-out, complementation, and overexpression approaches. Moreover, BkLiP1, with the aid of a signal peptide (SP), is translocated onto the cell wall of B. kuwatsukai and secreted into the apoplast space of plant cells as expressed in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, which can behave as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) to trigger the defense response of plants, including cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, callose deposition, and immunity-related genes up-regulated. It supports the conclusion that BkLiP1 plays an important role in the virulence and vegetative growth of B. kuwatsukai and alternatively behaves as an MAMP to induce plant cell death used for the fungal version, which contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism of Botryosphaeria fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.X.); (W.X.); (N.H.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology, and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenxing Xu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.X.); (W.X.); (N.H.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology, and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ni Hong
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.X.); (W.X.); (N.H.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology, and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.X.); (W.X.); (N.H.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology, and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongle Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.X.); (W.X.); (N.H.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology, and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.X.); (W.X.); (N.H.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology, and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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21
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Lai Y, Wang L, Zheng W, Wang S. Regulatory Roles of Histone Modifications in Filamentous Fungal Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060565. [PMID: 35736048 PMCID: PMC9224773 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungal pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to infect a variety of hosts including plants and insects. The dynamic infection process requires rapid and fine-tuning regulation of fungal gene expression programs in response to the changing host environment and defenses. Therefore, transcriptional reprogramming of fungal pathogens is critical for fungal development and pathogenicity. Histone post-translational modification, one of the main mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of gene expressions, and is involved in, e.g., fungal development, infection-related morphogenesis, environmental stress responses, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and pathogenicity. This review highlights recent findings and insights into regulatory mechanisms of histone methylation and acetylation in fungal development and pathogenicity, as well as their roles in modulating pathogenic fungi–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; (L.W.); (W.Z.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Lili Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; (L.W.); (W.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilu Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; (L.W.); (W.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sibao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; (L.W.); (W.Z.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (S.W.)
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22
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Wang Y, Pruitt RN, Nürnberger T, Wang Y. Evasion of plant immunity by microbial pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:449-464. [PMID: 35296800 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes cause destructive diseases in natural habitats and agricultural settings, thereby threatening plant biodiversity and global food security. The capability of plants to sense and respond to microbial infection determines the outcome of plant-microorganism interactions. Host-adapted microbial pathogens exploit various infection strategies to evade or counter plant immunity and eventually establish a replicative niche. Evasion of plant immunity through dampening host recognition or the subsequent immune signalling and defence execution is a crucial infection strategy used by different microbial pathogens to cause diseases, underpinning a substantial obstacle for efficient deployment of host genetic resistance genes for sustainable disease control. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge of the varied strategies microbial pathogens use to evade the complicated network of plant immunity for successful infection. In addition, we discuss how to exploit this knowledge to engineer crop resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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23
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Fabro G. Oomycete intracellular effectors: specialised weapons targeting strategic plant processes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1074-1082. [PMID: 34705271 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete phytopathogens have adapted to colonise plants using effectors as their molecular weapons. Intracellular effectors, mostly proteins but also small ribonucleic acids, are delivered by the pathogens into the host cell cytoplasm where they interfere with normal plant physiology. The diverse host processes emerging as 'victims' of these 'specialised bullets' include gene transcription and RNA-mediated silencing, cell death, protein stability, protein secretion and autophagy. Some effector targets are directly involved in defence execution, while others participate in fundamental metabolisms whose alteration collaterally affects defences. Other effector targets are susceptibility factors (SFs), that is host components that make plants vulnerable to pathogens. SFs are mostly negative regulators of immunity, but some seem necessary to sustain or promote pathogen colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fabro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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24
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Zhang W, Li H, Wang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Kang R, Zhang M, Zhang P, Li Y, Hu Y, Wang M, Chen L, Yuan H, Ding S, Li H. A novel effector, CsSp1, from Bipolaris sorokiniana, is essential for colonization in wheat and is also involved in triggering host immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:218-236. [PMID: 34741560 PMCID: PMC8743017 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana causes root rot, leaf blotching, and black embryos in wheat and barley worldwide, resulting in significant yield and quality reductions. However, the mechanism underlying the host-pathogen interactions between B. sorokiniana and wheat or barley remains unknown. The B. sorokiniana genome encodes a large number of uncharacterized putative effector proteins. In this study, we identified a putative secreted protein, CsSp1, with a classic N-terminal signal peptide, that is induced during early infection. A split-marker approach was used to knock out CsSP1 in the Lankao 9-3 strain. Compared with the wild type, the deletion mutant ∆Cssp1 displayed less radial growth on potato dextrose agar plates and produced fewer spores, and complementary transformation completely restored the phenotype of the deletion mutant to that of the wild type. The pathogenicity of the deletion mutant in wheat was attenuated even though appressoria still penetrated the host. Additionally, the infectious hyphae in the deletion mutant became swollen and exhibited reduced growth in plant cells. The signal peptide of CsSp1 was functionally verified through a yeast YTK12 secretion system. Transient expression of CsSp1 in Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited lesion formation caused by Phytophthora capsici. Moreover, CsSp1 localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. In B. sorokiniana-infected wheat leaves, the salicylic acid-regulated genes TaPAL, TaPR1, and TaPR2 were down-regulated in the ∆Cssp1 strain compared with the wild-type strain under the same conditions. Therefore, CsSp1 is a virulence effector and is involved in triggering host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shunpei Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruijiao Kang
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Food EngineeringXuchang Vocational Technical CollegeXuchangChina
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs BureauXuchangChina
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
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25
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Sun J, Song W, Chang Y, Wang Y, Lu T, Zhang Z. OsLMP1, Encoding a Deubiquitinase, Regulates the Immune Response in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:814465. [PMID: 35116051 PMCID: PMC8805587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.814465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants have become an effective material for understanding plant-microbe interactions and the immune mechanism in plants. Although many mechanisms responsible for the lesion mimic phenotype have been clarified in plants, the mechanism by which lesion mimic is regulated by posttranslational modification remained largely elusive, especially in rice. In this study, a mutant with the lesion mimic phenotype was obtained and named lmp1-1. Physiological measurements and quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the defense response was activated in the mutants. Transcriptome analysis showed that the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) pathway was activated in the mutant, causing the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA). The results of mapping based cloning showed that OsLMP1 encodes a deubiquitinase. OsLMP1 can cleave ubiquitination precursors. Furthermore, OsLMP1 epigenetically modifies SA synthetic pathway genes by deubiquitinating H2B and regulates the immune response in rice. In summary, this study deepens our understanding of the function of OsLMP1 in the plant immune response and provides further insight into the relationship between plants and pathogenic microorganisms.
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26
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Wang J, Liu C, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Protein acetylation and deacetylation in plant-pathogen interactions. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4841-4855. [PMID: 34398483 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein acetylation and deacetylation catalysed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and deacetylases (KDACs), respectively, are major mechanisms regulating various cellular processes. During the fight between microbial pathogens and host plants, both apply a set of measures, including acetylation interference, to strengthen themselves while suppressing the other. In this review, we first summarize KATs and KDACs in plants and their pathogens. Next, we introduce diverse acetylation and deacetylation mechanisms affecting protein functions, including the regulation of enzyme activity and specificity, protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions, subcellular localization and protein stability. We then focus on the current understanding of acetylation and deacetylation in plant-pathogen interactions. Additionally, we also discuss potential acetylation-related approaches for controlling plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Du JS, Hang LF, Hao Q, Yang HT, Ali S, Badawy RSE, Xu XY, Tan HQ, Su LH, Li HX, Zou KX, Li Y, Sun B, Lin LJ, Lai YS. The dissection of R genes and locus Pc5.1 in Phytophthora capsici infection provides a novel view of disease resistance in peppers. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:372. [PMID: 34016054 PMCID: PMC8139160 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phytophthora capsici root rot (PRR) is a disastrous disease in peppers (Capsicum spp.) caused by soilborne oomycete with typical symptoms of necrosis and constriction at the basal stem and consequent plant wilting. Most studies on the QTL mapping of P. capsici resistance suggested a consensus broad-spectrum QTL on chromosome 5 named Pc.5.1 regardless of P. capsici isolates and resistant resources. In addition, all these reports proposed NBS-ARC domain genes as candidate genes controlling resistance. Results We screened out 10 PRR-resistant resources from 160 Capsicum germplasm and inspected the response of locus Pc.5.1 and NBS-ARC genes during P. capsici infection by comparing the root transcriptomes of resistant pepper 305R and susceptible pepper 372S. To dissect the structure of Pc.5.1, we anchored genetic markers onto pepper genomic sequence and made an extended Pc5.1 (Ext-Pc5.1) located at 8.35Mb38.13Mb on chromosome 5 which covered all Pc5.1 reported in publications. A total of 571 NBS-ARC genes were mined from the genome of pepper CM334 and 34 genes were significantly affected by P. capsici infection in either 305R or 372S. Only 5 inducible NBS-ARC genes had LRR domains and none of them was positioned at Ext-Pc5.1. Ext-Pc5.1 did show strong response to P. capsici infection and there were a total of 44 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), but no candidate genes proposed by previous publications was included. Snakin-1 (SN1), a well-known antimicrobial peptide gene located at Pc5.1, was significantly decreased in 372S but not in 305R. Moreover, there was an impressive upregulation of sugar pathway genes in 305R, which was confirmed by metabolite analysis of roots. The biological processes of histone methylation, histone phosphorylation, DNA methylation, and nucleosome assembly were strongly activated in 305R but not in 372S, indicating an epigenetic-related defense mechanism. Conclusions Those NBS-ARC genes that were suggested to contribute to Pc5.1 in previous publications did not show any significant response in P. capsici infection and there were no significant differences of these genes in transcription levels between 305R and 372S. Other pathogen defense-related genes like SN1 might account for Pc5.1. Our study also proposed the important role of sugar and epigenetic regulation in the defense against P. capsici. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07705-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Du
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin-Feng Hang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qian Hao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hai-Tao Yang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Siyad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | | | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hua-Qiang Tan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li-Hong Su
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huan-Xiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kai-Xi Zou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li-Jin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yun-Song Lai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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28
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Wang P, Jiang H, Boeren S, Dings H, Kulikova O, Bisseling T, Limpens E. A nuclear-targeted effector of Rhizophagus irregularis interferes with histone 2B mono-ubiquitination to promote arbuscular mycorrhisation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1142-1155. [PMID: 33507543 PMCID: PMC8048545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arguably, symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the broadest host range of all fungi, being able to intracellularly colonise root cells in the vast majority of all land plants. This raises the question how AM fungi effectively deal with the immune systems of such a widely diverse range of plants. Here, we studied the role of a nuclear-localisation signal-containing effector from Rhizophagus irregularis, called Nuclear Localised Effector1 (RiNLE1), that is highly and specifically expressed in arbuscules. We showed that RiNLE1 is able to translocate to the host nucleus where it interacts with the plant core nucleosome protein histone 2B (H2B). RiNLE1 is able to impair the mono-ubiquitination of H2B, which results in the suppression of defence-related gene expression and enhanced colonisation levels. This study highlights a novel mechanism by which AM fungi can effectively control plant epigenetic modifications through direct interaction with a core nucleosome component. Homologues of RiNLE1 are found in a range of fungi that establish intimate interactions with plants, suggesting that this type of effector may be more widely recruited to manipulate host defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Henan Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 WEthe Netherlands
| | - Harm Dings
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Olga Kulikova
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
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29
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Schreiber KJ, Lewis JD. Identification of a Putative DNA-Binding Protein in Arabidopsis That Acts as a Susceptibility Hub and Interacts With Multiple Pseudomonas syringae Effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:410-425. [PMID: 33373263 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0291-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens use secreted effector proteins to suppress host immunity and promote pathogen virulence, and there is increasing evidence that the host-pathogen interactome comprises a complex network. To identify novel interactors of the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZ1a, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen that identified a previously uncharacterized Arabidopsis protein that we designate HopZ1a interactor 1 (ZIN1). Additional analyses in yeast and in planta revealed that ZIN1 also interacts with several other P. syringae effectors. We show that an Arabidopsis loss-of-function zin1 mutant is less susceptible to infection by certain strains of P. syringae, while overexpression of ZIN1 results in enhanced susceptibility. Functionally, ZIN1 exhibits topoisomerase-like activity in vitro. Transcriptional profiling of wild-type and zin1 Arabidopsis plants inoculated with P. syringae indicated that while ZIN1 regulates a wide range of pathogen-responsive biological processes, the list of genes more highly expressed in zin1 versus wild-type plants is particularly enriched for ribosomal protein genes. Altogether, these data illuminate ZIN1 as a potential susceptibility hub that interacts with multiple effectors to influence the outcome of plant-microbe interactions.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, U.S.A
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710-1105, U.S.A
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Gruner K, Leissing F, Sinitski D, Thieron H, Axstmann C, Baumgarten K, Reinstädler A, Winkler P, Altmann M, Flatley A, Jaouannet M, Zienkiewicz K, Feussner I, Keller H, Coustau C, Falter-Braun P, Feederle R, Bernhagen J, Panstruga R. Chemokine-like MDL proteins modulate flowering time and innate immunity in plants. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100611. [PMID: 33798552 PMCID: PMC8122116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an atypical chemokine implicated in intercellular signaling and innate immunity. MIF orthologs (MIF/D-DT-like proteins, MDLs) are present throughout the plant kingdom, but remain experimentally unexplored in these organisms. Here, we provide an in planta characterization and functional analysis of the three-member gene/protein MDL family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Subcellular localization experiments indicated a nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of MDL1 and MDL2, while MDL3 is localized to peroxisomes. Protein–protein interaction assays revealed the in vivo formation of MDL1, MDL2, and MDL3 homo-oligomers, as well as the formation of MDL1-MDL2 hetero-oligomers. Functionally, Arabidopsismdl mutants exhibited a delayed transition from vegetative to reproductive growth (flowering) under long-day conditions, but not in a short-day environment. In addition, mdl mutants were more resistant to colonization by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola. The latter phenotype was compromised by the additional mutation of SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2), a gene implicated in the defense-induced biosynthesis of the key signaling molecule salicylic acid. However, the enhanced antibacterial immunity was not associated with any constitutive or pathogen-induced alterations in the levels of characteristic phytohormones or defense-associated metabolites. Interestingly, bacterial infection triggered relocalization and accumulation of MDL1 and MDL2 at the peripheral lobes of leaf epidermal cells. Collectively, our data indicate redundant functionality and a complex interplay between the three chemokine-like Arabidopsis MDL proteins in the regulation of both developmental and immune-related processes. These insights expand the comparative cross-kingdom analysis of MIF/MDL signaling in human and plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gruner
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dzmitry Sinitski
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), LMU University Hospital, Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Thieron
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Axstmann
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Baumgarten
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal Winkler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Melina Altmann
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Network Biology (INET), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maëlle Jaouannet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht von Haller Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht von Haller Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Harald Keller
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Christine Coustau
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Network Biology (INET), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbe-Host Interactions, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), LMU University Hospital, Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany.
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Han Z, Xiong D, Xu Z, Liu T, Tian C. The Cytospora chrysosperma Virulence Effector CcCAP1 Mainly Localizes to the Plant Nucleus To Suppress Plant Immune Responses. mSphere 2021; 6:e00883-20. [PMID: 33627507 PMCID: PMC8544888 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00883-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canker disease is caused by the fungus Cytospora chrysosperma and damages a wide range of woody plants, causing major losses to crops and native plants. Plant pathogens secrete virulence-related effectors into host cells during infection to regulate plant immunity and promote colonization. However, the functions of C. chrysosperma effectors remain largely unknown. In this study, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy to investigate the immunoregulation roles and subcellular localization of CcCAP1, a virulence-related effector identified in C. chrysosperma CcCAP1 was significantly induced in the early stages of infection and contains cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily domain with four cysteines. CcCAP1 suppressed the programmed cell death triggered by Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and the elicitin infestin1 (INF1) in transient expression assays with Nicotiana benthamiana The CAP superfamily domain was sufficient for its cell death-inhibiting activity and three of the four cysteines in the CAP superfamily domain were indispensable for its activity. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that transient expression of CcCAP1 promoted Botrytis cinerea infection and restricted reactive oxygen species accumulation, callose deposition, and defense-related gene expression. In addition, expression of green fluorescent protein-labeled CcCAP1 in N. benthamiana showed that it localized to both the plant nucleus and the cytoplasm, but the nuclear localization was essential for its full immune inhibiting activity. These results suggest that this virulence-related effector of C. chrysosperma modulates plant immunity and functions mainly via its nuclear localization and the CAP domain.IMPORTANCE The data presented in this study provide a key resource for understanding the biology and molecular basis of necrotrophic pathogen responses to Nicotiana benthamiana resistance utilizing effector proteins, and CcCAP1 may be used in future studies to understand effector-triggered susceptibility processes in the Cytospora chrysosperma-poplar interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Han
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiye Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Chen H, Raffaele S, Dong S. Silent control: microbial plant pathogens evade host immunity without coding sequence changes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6095737. [PMID: 33440001 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both animals and plants have evolved a robust immune system to surveil and defeat invading pathogenic microbes. Evasion of host immune surveillance is the key for pathogens to initiate successful infection. To evade the host immunity, plant pathogens evolved a variety of strategies such as masking themselves from host immune recognitions, blocking immune signaling transductions, reprogramming immune responses and adapting to immune microenvironmental changes. Gain of new virulence genes, sequence and structural variations enables plant pathogens to evade host immunity through changes in the genetic code. However, recent discoveries demonstrated that variations at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational and glycome level enable pathogens to cope with the host immune system without coding sequence changes. The biochemical modification of pathogen associated molecular patterns and silencing of effector genes emerged as potent ways for pathogens to hide from host recognition. Altered processing in mRNA activities provide pathogens with resilience to microenvironment changes. Importantly, these hiding variants are directly or indirectly modulated by catalytic enzymes or enzymatic complexes and cannot be revealed by classical genomics alone. Unveiling these novel host evasion mechanisms in plant pathogens enables us to better understand the nature of plant disease and pinpoints strategies for rational diseases management in global food protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRAE, CNRS, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville, CS52627, F31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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Zhang Y, Fan J, Ye J, Lu L. The fungal-specific histone acetyltransferase Rtt109 regulates development, DNA damage response, and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:1191-1206. [PMID: 33300219 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, histone acetylation catalyzed by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) has been demonstrated to be critical for various physiological processes. However, the biological functions of HAT and the underlying mechanism by which HAT-regulated processes are involved in fungal development and virulence in the human opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus remain largely unexplored. Here, we functionally characterized the roles of Rtt109 in A. fumigatus, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae histone acetyltransferase Rtt109. In vivo and in vitro HAT assays revealed that AfRtt109 functions as a canonical histone acetyltransferase, acetylating lysines 9 and 56 of histone H3. Deletion of Afrtt109 leads to severe defects in vegetative growth, conidiation, and causes reduced virulence in the Galleria mellonella model, as well as hypersensitivity to genotoxic agents. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the conserved arginine residues R265 and R306 of Rtt109 are required for the H3K9 and H3K56 acetylation and virulence of A. fumigatus. Unexpectedly, R265E and R306E mutants did not exhibit any detectable phenotypic defects, implying that A. fumigatus Rtt109 regulates fungal development via histone acetylation-independent mechanisms. Together, our results revealed the critical role of fungal-specific HAT Rtt109 in regulating fungal development and virulence, and suggested that it may serve as a unique target for antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialu Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Ku YS, Cheng SS, Gerhardt A, Cheung MY, Contador CA, Poon LYW, Lam HM. Secretory Peptides as Bullets: Effector Peptides from Pathogens against Antimicrobial Peptides from Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9294. [PMID: 33291499 PMCID: PMC7730307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is an important crop as both human food and animal feed. However, the yield of soybean is heavily impacted by biotic stresses including insect attack and pathogen infection. Insect bites usually make the plants vulnerable to pathogen infection, which causes diseases. Fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes are major soybean pathogens. The infection by pathogens and the defenses mounted by soybean are an interactive and dynamic process. Using fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria as examples, we will discuss the recognition of pathogens by soybean at the molecular level. In this review, we will discuss both the secretory peptides for soybean plant infection and those for pathogen inhibition. Pathogenic secretory peptides and peptides secreted by soybean and its associated microbes will be included. We will also explore the possible use of externally applied antimicrobial peptides identical to those secreted by soybean and its associated microbes as biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Sau-Shan Cheng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Aisha Gerhardt
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ming-Yan Cheung
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Carolina A. Contador
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Lok-Yiu Winnie Poon
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
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Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Turnbull D, Whisson SC. Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant-Phytophthora interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:445-458. [PMID: 32394464 PMCID: PMC7540312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the cell biology underlying the burgeoning molecular genetic and genomic knowledge of oomycete pathogenicity is essential to gain the full context of how these pathogens cause disease on plants. An intense research focus on secreted Phytophthora effector proteins, especially those containing a conserved N-terminal RXLR motif, has meant that most cell biological studies into Phytophthora diseases have focussed on the effectors and their host target proteins. While these effector studies have provided novel insights into effector secretion and host defence mechanisms, there remain many unanswered questions about fundamental processes involved in spore biology, host penetration and haustorium formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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An orphan protein of Fusarium graminearum modulates host immunity by mediating proteasomal degradation of TaSnRK1α. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4382. [PMID: 32873802 PMCID: PMC7462860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and a deoxynivalenol (DON) producer. In this study, OSP24 is identified as an important virulence factor in systematic characterization of the 50 orphan secreted protein (OSP) genes of F. graminearum. Although dispensable for growth and initial penetration, OSP24 is important for infectious growth in wheat rachis tissues. OSP24 is specifically expressed during pathogenesis and its transient expression suppresses BAX- or INF1-induced cell death. Osp24 is translocated into plant cells and two of its 8 cysteine-residues are required for its function. Wheat SNF1-related kinase TaSnRK1α is identified as an Osp24-interacting protein and shows to be important for FHB resistance in TaSnRK1α-overexpressing or silencing transgenic plants. Osp24 accelerates the degradation of TaSnRK1α by facilitating its association with the ubiquitin-26S proteasome. Interestingly, TaSnRK1α also interacts with TaFROG, an orphan wheat protein induced by DON. TaFROG competes against Osp24 for binding with the same region of TaSnRKα and protects it from degradation. Overexpression of TaFROG stabilizes TaSnRK1α and increases FHB resistance. Taken together, Osp24 functions as a cytoplasmic effector by competing against TaFROG for binding with TaSnRK1α, demonstrating the counteracting roles of orphan proteins of both host and fungal pathogens during their interactions. Fusarium graminearum is a major fungal pathogen of cereals. Here the authors show that F. graminearum secretes an effector, Osp24, that induces degradation of the wheat TaSnRK1α kinase to promote disease while an orphan wheat protein, TaFROG1, can compete with Osp24 for binding to TaSnRK1α and protect it from degradation
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He Q, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PR. All Roads Lead to Susceptibility: The Many Modes of Action of Fungal and Oomycete Intracellular Effectors. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100050. [PMID: 33367246 PMCID: PMC7748000 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to secrete effector proteins that can enter plant cells and manipulate host processes is a key determinant of what makes a successful plant pathogen. Here, we review intracellular effectors from filamentous (fungal and oomycete) phytopathogens and the host proteins and processes that are targeted to promote disease. We cover contrasting virulence strategies and effector modes of action. Filamentous pathogen effectors alter the fates of host proteins that they target, changing their stability, their activity, their location, and the protein partners with which they interact. Some effectors inhibit target activity, whereas others enhance or utilize it, and some target multiple host proteins. We discuss the emerging topic of effectors that target negative regulators of immunity or other plant proteins with activities that support susceptibility. We also highlight the commonly targeted host proteins that are manipulated by effectors from multiple pathogens, including those representing different kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R.J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Corresponding author
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Hu L, Wu X, Li H, Wang Y, Huang X, Wang Y, Li Y. BxCDP1 from the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is recognized as a novel molecular pattern. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:923-935. [PMID: 32319206 PMCID: PMC7280032 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The migratory plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, which causes serious damage to pine forests in China. Plant immunity plays an important role in plant resistance to multiple pathogens. Activation of the plant immune system is generally determined by immune receptors, including plant pattern recognition receptors, which mediate pattern recognition. However, little is known about molecular pattern recognition in the interaction between pines and B. xylophilus. Based on the B. xylophilus transcriptome at the early stages of infection and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression and infiltration of recombinant proteins produced by Pichia pastoris in many plant species, a novel molecular pattern (BxCDP1) was characterized in B. xylophilus. We found that BxCDP1 was highly up-regulated at the early infection stages of B. xylophilus, and was similar to a protein in Pararhizobium haloflavum. BxCDP1 triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana when secreted into the apoplast, and this effect was dependent on brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-associated kinase 1, but independent of suppressor of BIR1-1. BxCDP1 also exhibited cell death-inducing activity in pine, Arabidopsis, tomato, pepper, and lettuce. BxCDP1 triggered reactive oxygen species production and the expression of PAMP-triggered immunity marker genes (NbAcre31, NbPTI5, and NbCyp71D20) in N. benthamiana. It also induced the expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PtPR-3, PtPR-4, and PtPR-5) in Pinus thunbergii. These results suggest that as a new B. xylophilus molecular pattern, BxCDP1 can not only be recognized by many plant species, but also triggers innate immunity in N. benthamiana and defence responses of P. thunbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long‐Jiao Hu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiao‐Qin Wu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hai‐Yang Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuan‐Chao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xin Huang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yu Li
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
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Organize, Don't Agonize: Strategic Success of Phytophthora Species. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060917. [PMID: 32560346 PMCID: PMC7355776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly challenged by various environmental stressors ranging from abiotic-sunlight, elevated temperatures, drought, and nutrient deficits, to biotic factors-microbial pathogens and insect pests. These not only affect the quality of harvest but also the yield, leading to substantial annual crop losses, worldwide. Although plants have a multi-layered immune system, phytopathogens such as species of the oomycete genus Phytophthora, can employ elaborate mechanisms to breach this defense. For the last two decades, researchers have focused on the co-evolution between Phytophthora and interacting hosts to decouple the mechanisms governing their molecular associations. This has provided a comprehensive understanding of the pathobiology of plants affected by oomycetes. Ultimately, this is important for the development of strategies to sustainably improve agricultural production. Therefore, this paper discusses the present-day state of knowledge of the strategic mode of operation employed by species of Phytophthora for successful infection. Specifically, we consider motility, attachment, and host cell wall degradation used by these pathogenic species to obtain nutrients from their host. Also discussed is an array of effector types from apoplastic (hydrolytic proteins, protease inhibitors, elicitins) to cytoplastic (RxLRs, named after Arginine-any amino acid-Leucine-Arginine consensus sequence and CRNs, for CRinkling and Necrosis), which upon liberation can subvert the immune response and promote diseases in plants.
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Pelgrom AJE, Meisrimler CN, Elberse J, Koorman T, Boxem M, Van den Ackerveken G. Host interactors of effector proteins of the lettuce downy mildew Bremia lactucae obtained by yeast two-hybrid screening. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226540. [PMID: 32396563 PMCID: PMC7217486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes secrete effector proteins to manipulate host cell processes to establish a successful infection. Over the last decade the genomes and transcriptomes of many agriculturally important plant pathogens have been sequenced and vast candidate effector repertoires were identified using bioinformatic analyses. Elucidating the contribution of individual effectors to pathogenicity is the next major hurdle. To advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying lettuce susceptibility to the downy mildew Bremia lactucae, we mapped physical interactions between B. lactucae effectors and lettuce candidate target proteins. Using a lettuce cDNA library-based yeast-two-hybrid system, 61 protein-protein interactions were identified, involving 21 B. lactucae effectors and 46 unique lettuce proteins. The top ten interactors based on the number of independent colonies identified in the Y2H and two interactors that belong to gene families involved in plant immunity, were further characterized. We determined the subcellular localization of the fluorescently tagged lettuce proteins and their interacting effectors. Importantly, relocalization of effectors or their interactors to the nucleus was observed for four protein-pairs upon their co-expression, supporting their interaction in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. E. Pelgrom
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joyce Elberse
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Koorman
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Li Q, Wang J, Bai T, Zhang M, Jia Y, Shen D, Zhang M, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici effector suppresses plant immunity via interaction with EDS1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:502-511. [PMID: 31997517 PMCID: PMC7060136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
EDS1 (Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1) plays a crucial role in both effector-triggered immunity activation and plant basal defence. However, whether pathogen effectors can target EDS1 or an EDS1-related pathway to manipulate immunity is rarely reported. In this study, we identified a Phytophthora capsici Avirulence Homolog (Avh) RxLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effector PcAvh103 that interacts with EDS1. We demonstrated that PcAvh103 can facilitate P. capsici infection and is required for pathogen virulence. Furthermore, genetic evidence showed that PcAvh103 contributes to virulence through targeting EDS1. Finally, PcAvh103 specifically interacts with the lipase domain of EDS1 and can promote the disassociation of EDS1-PAD4 (Phytoalexin Deficient 4) complex in planta. Together, our results revealed that the P. capsici RxLR effector PcAvh103 targets host EDS1 to suppress plant immunity, probably through disrupting the EDS1-PAD4 immune signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian Bai
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuling Jia
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Huang X, Pan Q, Lin Y, Gu T, Li Y. A native chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) protocol for studying histone modifications in strawberry fruits. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:10. [PMID: 32025237 PMCID: PMC6998251 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-0556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covalent modifications of histones and histone variants have great influence on chromatin structure, which is involved in the transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool for studying in vivo DNA-histone interactions. Strawberry is a model for Rosaceae and non-climacteric fruits, in which histone modifications have been implicated to affect fruit development and ripening. However, a validated ChIP method has not been reported in strawberry, probably due to its high levels of polysaccharides which affect the quality of prepared chromatin and the efficiency of immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We describe a native chromatin immunoprecipitation (N-ChIP) protocol suitable for strawberry by optimizing the parameters for nuclei isolation, chromatin extraction, DNA fragmentation and validation analysis using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR results show that both the active mark H3K36me3 and the silent mark H3K9me2 are efficiently immunoprecipitated for the enriched regions. Compared to X-ChIP (cross-linked chromatin followed by immunoprecipitation), our optimized N-ChIP procedure has a higher signal-to-noise ratio and a lower background for both the active and the silent histone modifications. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing following N-ChIP demonstrates that nearly 90% of the enriched H3K9/K14ac peaks are overlapped between biological replicates, indicating its remarkable consistency and reproducibility. CONCLUSIONS An N-ChIP method suitable for the fleshy fruit tissues of woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca is described in this study. The efficiency and reproducibility of our optimized N-ChIP protocol are validated by both qRT-PCR and high-throughput sequencing. We conclude that N-ChIP is a more suitable method for strawberry fruit tissues relative to X-ChIP, which could be combined with high-throughput sequencing to investigate the impact of histone modifications in strawberry and potentially in other fruits with high content of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
- Minzhulu Primary School of Xuzhou City, Xuzhou, 221000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape, Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
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Wang Y, Tyler BM, Wang Y. Defense and Counterdefense During Plant-Pathogenic Oomycete Infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:667-696. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between oomycetes and plants is instrumental for sustaining effective disease control. Plants respond to oomycete infection by multiple defense actions including strengthening of physical barriers, production of antimicrobial molecules, and programmed cell death. These responses are tightly controlled and integrated via a three-layered immune system consisting of a multiplex recognition layer, a resilient signal-integration layer, and a diverse defense-action layer. Adapted oomycete pathogens utilize apoplastic and intracellular effector arsenals to counter plant immunity mechanisms within each layer, including by evasion or suppression of recognition, interference with numerous signaling components, and neutralization or suppression of defense actions. A coevolutionary arms race continually drives the emergence of new mechanisms of plant defense and oomycete counterdefense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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