1
|
Hazzard B, Sá JM, Bogale HN, Pascini TV, Ellis AC, Amin S, Armistead JS, Adams JH, Wellems TE, Serre D. Single-cell analyses of polyclonal Plasmodium vivax infections and their consequences on parasite transmission. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7625. [PMID: 39223117 PMCID: PMC11369214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Most Plasmodium vivax infections contain genetically distinct parasites, but the consequences of this polyclonality on the development of asexual parasites, their sexual differentiation, and their transmission remain unknown. We describe infections of Saimiri monkeys with two strains of P. vivax and the analyses of 80,024 parasites characterized by single cell RNA sequencing and individually genotyped. In our model, consecutive inoculations fail to establish polyclonal infections. By contrast, simultaneous inoculations of two strains lead to sustained polyclonal infections, although without detectable differences in parasite regulation or sexual commitment. Analyses of sporozoites dissected from mosquitoes fed on coinfected monkeys show that all genotypes are successfully transmitted to mosquitoes. However, after sporozoite inoculation, not all genotypes contribute to the subsequent blood infections, highlighting an important bottleneck during pre-erythrocytic development. Overall, these studies provide new insights on the mechanisms regulating the establishment of polyclonal P. vivax infections and their consequences for disease transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Hazzard
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juliana M Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haikel N Bogale
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tales V Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela C Ellis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuchi Amin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer S Armistead
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McConville R, Krol JMM, Steel RWJ, O’Neill MT, Davey BK, Hodder AN, Nebl T, Cowman AF, Kneteman N, Boddey JA. Flp/ FRT-mediated disruption of ptex150 and exp2 in Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites inhibits liver-stage development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403442121. [PMID: 38968107 PMCID: PMC11252984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403442121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes severe malaria and assembles a protein translocon (PTEX) complex at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) of infected erythrocytes, through which several hundred proteins are exported to facilitate growth. The preceding liver stage of infection involves growth in a hepatocyte-derived PVM; however, the importance of protein export during P. falciparum liver infection remains unexplored. Here, we use the FlpL/FRT system to conditionally excise genes in P. falciparum sporozoites for functional liver-stage studies. Disruption of PTEX members ptex150 and exp2 did not affect sporozoite development in mosquitoes or infectivity for hepatocytes but attenuated liver-stage growth in humanized mice. While PTEX150 deficiency reduced fitness on day 6 postinfection by 40%, EXP2 deficiency caused 100% loss of liver parasites, demonstrating that PTEX components are required for growth in hepatocytes to differing degrees. To characterize PTEX loss-of-function mutations, we localized four liver-stage Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) proteins. P. falciparum liver specific protein 2 (LISP2), liver-stage antigen 3 (LSA3), circumsporozoite protein (CSP), and a Plasmodium berghei LISP2 reporter all localized to the periphery of P. falciparum liver stages but were not exported beyond the PVM. Expression of LISP2 and CSP but not LSA3 was reduced in ptex150-FRT and exp2-FRT liver stages, suggesting that expression of some PEXEL proteins is affected directly or indirectly by PTEX disruption. These results show that PTEX150 and EXP2 are important for P. falciparum development in hepatocytes and emphasize the emerging complexity of PEXEL protein trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn McConville
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Jelte M. M. Krol
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Ryan W. J. Steel
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Matthew T. O’Neill
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Bethany K. Davey
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Anthony N. Hodder
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Thomas Nebl
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Norman Kneteman
- Departments of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Justin A. Boddey
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anstey NM, Tham WH, Shanks GD, Poespoprodjo JR, Russell BM, Kho S. The biology and pathogenesis of vivax malaria. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:573-590. [PMID: 38749866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax contributes significantly to global malaria morbidity. Key advances include the discovery of pathways facilitating invasion by P. vivax merozoites of nascent reticulocytes, crucial for vaccine development. Humanized mouse models and hepatocyte culture systems have enhanced understanding of hypnozoite biology. The spleen has emerged as a major reservoir for asexual vivax parasites, replicating in an endosplenic life cycle, and contributing to recurrent and chronic infections, systemic inflammation, and anemia. Splenic accumulation of uninfected red cells is the predominant cause of anemia. Recurring and chronic infections cause progressive anemia, malnutrition, and death in young children in high-transmission regions. Endothelial activation likely contributes to vivax-associated organ dysfunction. The many recent advances in vivax pathobiology should help guide new approaches to prevention and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - G Dennis Shanks
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeanne R Poespoprodjo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Centre for Child Health and Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Central Papua, Indonesia; Mimika District Hospital and District Health Authority, Timika, Central Papua, Indonesia
| | - Bruce M Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Steven Kho
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Central Papua, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amanzougaghene N, Tajeri S, Franetich JF, Ashraf K, Soulard V, Bigeard P, Guindo CO, Bouillier C, Lemaitre J, Relouzat F, Legrand R, Kocken CHM, Zeeman AM, Roobsoong W, Sattabongkot J, Yang Z, Snounou G, Mazier D. Azithromycin disrupts apicoplast biogenesis in replicating and dormant liver stages of the relapsing malaria parasites Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium cynomolgi. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107112. [PMID: 38367843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The control and elimination of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is hampered by the threat of relapsed infection resulting from the activation of dormant hepatic hypnozoites. Currently, only the 8-aminoquinolines, primaquine and tafenoquine, have been approved for the elimination of hypnozoites, although their use is hampered by potential toxicity. Therefore, an alternative radical curative drug that safely eliminates hypnozoites is a pressing need. This study assessed the potential hypnozoiticidal activity of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is thought to exert antimalarial activity by inhibiting prokaryote-like ribosomal translation within the apicoplast, an indispensable organelle. The results show that azithromycin inhibited apicoplast development during liver-stage schizogony in P. vivax and Plasmodium cynomolgi, leading to impaired parasite maturation. More importantly, this study found that azithromycin is likely to impair the hypnozoite's apicoplast, resulting in the loss of this organelle. Subsequently, using a recently developed long-term hepatocyte culture system, this study found that this loss likely induces a delay in the hypnozoite activation rate, and that those parasites that do proceed to schizogony display liver-stage arrest prior to differentiating into hepatic merozoites, thus potentially preventing relapse. Overall, this work provides evidence for the potential use of azithromycin for the radical cure of relapsing malaria, and identifies apicoplast functions as potential drug targets in quiescent hypnozoites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses and Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kutub Ashraf
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Soulard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bigeard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cheick Oumar Guindo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camille Bouillier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses and Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses and Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses and Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Legrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses and Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong New Town, Kunming, Yunnan Province,China
| | - Georges Snounou
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses and Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pottenger AE, Roy D, Srinivasan S, Chavas TEJ, Vlaskin V, Ho DK, Livingston VC, Maktabi M, Lin H, Zhang J, Pybus B, Kudyba K, Roth A, Senter P, Tyson G, Huber HE, Wesche D, Rochford R, Burke PA, Stayton PS. Liver-targeted polymeric prodrugs delivered subcutaneously improve tafenoquine therapeutic window for malaria radical cure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk4492. [PMID: 38640243 PMCID: PMC11029812 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 3.3 billion people live with the threat of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Infection can result in liver-localized hypnozoites, which when reactivated cause relapsing malaria. This work demonstrates that an enzyme-cleavable polymeric prodrug of tafenoquine addresses key requirements for a mass administration, eradication campaign: excellent subcutaneous bioavailability, complete parasite control after a single dose, improved therapeutic window compared to the parent oral drug, and low cost of goods sold (COGS) at less than $1.50 per dose. Liver targeting and subcutaneous dosing resulted in improved liver:plasma exposure profiles, with increased efficacy and reduced glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-dependent hemotoxicity in validated preclinical models. A COGS and manufacturability analysis demonstrated global scalability, affordability, and the ability to redesign this fully synthetic polymeric prodrug specifically to increase global equity and access. Together, this polymer prodrug platform is a candidate for evaluation in human patients and shows potential for P. vivax eradication campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi E. Pottenger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Debashish Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas E. J. Chavas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vladmir Vlaskin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Duy-Khiet Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Mahdi Maktabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hsiuling Lin
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Brandon Pybus
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Karl Kudyba
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | - George Tyson
- George Tyson Consulting, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hans E. Huber
- BioTD Strategies LLC, 213 Abbey Ln., Lansdale, PA 19446, USA
| | | | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul A. Burke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Bioventures LLC, 1 Broadway 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rosado-Quiñones AM, Colón-Lorenzo EE, Pala ZR, Bosch J, Kudyba K, Kudyba H, Leed SE, Roncal N, Baerga-Ortiz A, Roche-Lima A, Gerena Y, Fidock DA, Roth A, Vega-Rodríguez J, Serrano AE. Novel hydrazone compounds with broad-spectrum antiplasmodial activity and synergistic interactions with antimalarial drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024:e0164323. [PMID: 38639491 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01643-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of novel antiplasmodial compounds with broad-spectrum activity against different stages of Plasmodium parasites is crucial to prevent malaria disease and parasite transmission. This study evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of seven novel hydrazone compounds (referred to as CB compounds: CB-27, CB-41, CB-50, CB-53, CB-58, CB-59, and CB-61) against multiple stages of Plasmodium parasites. All CB compounds inhibited blood stage proliferation of drug-resistant or sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Interestingly, CB-41 exhibited prophylactic activity against hypnozoites and liver schizonts in Plasmodium cynomolgi, a primate model for Plasmodium vivax. Four CB compounds (CB-27, CB-41, CB-53, and CB-61) inhibited P. falciparum oocyst formation in mosquitoes, and five CB compounds (CB-27, CB-41, CB-53, CB-58, and CB-61) hindered the in vitro development of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes. The CB compounds did not inhibit the activation of P. berghei female and male gametocytes in vitro. Isobologram assays demonstrated synergistic interactions between CB-61 and the FDA-approved antimalarial drugs, clindamycin and halofantrine. Testing of six CB compounds showed no inhibition of Plasmodium glutathione S-transferase as a putative target and no cytotoxicity in HepG2 liver cells. CB compounds are promising candidates for further development as antimalarial drugs against multidrug-resistant parasites, which could also prevent malaria transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Rosado-Quiñones
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Emilee E Colón-Lorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Zarna Rajeshkumar Pala
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- InterRayBio, LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Karl Kudyba
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Kudyba
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan E Leed
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Norma Roncal
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Abiel Roche-Lima
- RCMI Program, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Yamil Gerena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Adelfa E Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hazzard B, Sá JM, Bogale HN, Pascini TV, Ellis AC, Amin S, Armistead JS, Adams JH, Wellems TE, Serre D. Single-cell analyses of polyclonal Plasmodium vivax infections and their consequences on parasite transmission. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3888175. [PMID: 38410426 PMCID: PMC10896380 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3888175/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Most Plasmodium vivax infections contain genetically distinct parasites, but the consequences of this polyclonality on the development of asexual parasites, their sexual differentiation, and their transmission remain unknown. We describe infections of Saimiri monkeys with two strains of P. vivax and the analyses of 117,350 parasites characterized by single cell RNA sequencing and individually genotyped. In our model, consecutive inoculations fail to establish polyclonal infections. By contrast, simultaneous inoculations of two strains lead to sustained polyclonal infections, although without detectable differences in parasite regulation or sexual commitment. Analyses of sporozoites dissected from mosquitoes fed on coinfected monkeys show that all genotypes are successfully transmitted to mosquitoes. However, after sporozoite inoculation, not all genotypes contribute to the subsequent blood infections, highlighting an important bottleneck during pre-erythrocytic development. Overall, these studies provide new insights on the mechanisms regulating the establishment of polyclonal P. vivax infections and their consequences for disease transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Hazzard
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juliana M. Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haikel N. Bogale
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tales V. Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela C. Ellis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuchi Amin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Armistead
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hsu HC, Li D, Zhan W, Ye J, Liu YJ, Leung A, Qin J, Crespo B, Gamo FJ, Zhang H, Cui L, Roth A, Kirkman LA, Li H, Lin G. Structures revealing mechanisms of resistance and collateral sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to proteasome inhibitors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8302. [PMID: 38097652 PMCID: PMC10721928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf20S) is an advantageous drug target because its inhibition kills P. falciparum in multiple stages of its life cycle and synergizes with artemisinins. We recently developed a macrocyclic peptide, TDI-8304, that is highly selective for Pf20S over human proteasomes and is potent in vitro and in vivo against P. falciparum. A mutation in the Pf20S β6 subunit, A117D, confers resistance to TDI-8304, yet enhances both enzyme inhibition and anti-parasite activity of a tripeptide vinyl sulfone β2 inhibitor, WLW-vs. Here we present the high-resolution cryo-EM structures of Pf20S with TDI-8304, of human constitutive proteasome with TDI-8304, and of Pf20Sβ6A117D with WLW-vs that give insights into the species selectivity of TDI-8304, resistance to it, and the collateral sensitivity associated with resistance, including that TDI-8304 binds β2 and β5 in wild type Pf20S as well as WLW-vs binds β2 and β5 in Pf20Sβ6A117D. We further show that TDI-8304 kills P. falciparum as quickly as chloroquine and artemisinin and is active against P. cynomolgi at the liver stage. This increases interest in using these structures to facilitate the development of Pf20S inhibitors that target multiple proteasome subunits and limit the emergence of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chi Hsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Daqiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jianxiang Ye
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi Jing Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Junling Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Benigno Crespo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Gamo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, 20910, MD, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Voorberg-van der Wel A, Zeeman AM, Kocken CHM. Transfection Models to Investigate Plasmodium vivax-Type Dormant Liver Stage Parasites. Pathogens 2023; 12:1070. [PMID: 37764878 PMCID: PMC10534883 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax causes the second highest number of malaria morbidity and mortality cases in humans. Several biological traits of this parasite species, including the formation of dormant stages (hypnozoites) that persist inside the liver for prolonged periods of time, present an obstacle for intervention measures and create a barrier for the elimination of malaria. Research into the biology of hypnozoites requires efficient systems for parasite transmission, liver stage cultivation and genetic modification. However, P. vivax research is hampered by the lack of an in vitro blood stage culture system, rendering it reliant on in vivo-derived, mainly patient, material for transmission and liver stage culture. This has also resulted in limited capability for genetic modification, creating a bottleneck in investigations into the mechanisms underlying the persistence of the parasite inside the liver. This bottleneck can be overcome through optimal use of the closely related and experimentally more amenable nonhuman primate (NHP) parasite, Plasmodium cynomolgi, as a model system. In this review, we discuss the genetic modification tools and liver stage cultivation platforms available for studying P. vivax persistent stages and highlight how their combined use may advance our understanding of hypnozoite biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Voorberg-van der Wel
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.-M.Z.); (C.H.M.K.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Toenhake CG, Voorberg-van der Wel A, Wu H, Kanyal A, Nieuwenhuis IG, van der Werff NM, Hofman SO, Zeeman AM, Kocken CHM, Bártfai R. Epigenetically regulated RNA-binding proteins signify malaria hypnozoite dormancy. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112727. [PMID: 37392389 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dormancy enables relapsing malaria parasites, such as Plasmodium vivax and cynomolgi, to survive unfavorable conditions. It is enabled by hypnozoites, parasites remaining quiescent inside hepatocytes before reactivating and establishing blood-stage infection. We integrate omics approaches to explore gene-regulatory mechanisms underlying hypnozoite dormancy. Genome-wide profiling of activating and repressing histone marks identifies a few genes that get silenced by heterochromatin during hepatic infection of relapsing parasites. By combining single-cell transcriptomics, chromatin accessibility profiling, and fluorescent in situ RNA hybridization, we show that these genes are expressed in hypnozoites and that their silencing precedes parasite development. Intriguingly, these hypnozoite-specific genes mainly encode proteins with RNA-binding domains. We hence hypothesize that these likely repressive RNA-binding proteins keep hypnozoites in a developmentally competent but dormant state and that heterochromatin-mediated silencing of the corresponding genes aids reactivation. Exploring the regulation and exact function of these proteins hence could provide clues for targeted reactivation and killing of these latent pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haoyu Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Kanyal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sam Otto Hofman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Richárd Bártfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dembele L, Diakite O, Sogore F, Kedir S, Tandina F, Maiga M, Abate A, Golassa L, Djimde AA. Ethiopian Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites formation dynamics and their susceptibility to reference antimalarial drugs. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:405. [PMID: 37312065 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key obstacles to malaria elimination is largely attributed to Plasmodium vivax's ability to form resilient hypnozoites in the host liver that cause relapsing infections. As a result, interruption of P. vivax transmission is difficult. P. vivax transmission occurs in Duffy-positive individuals and have been mainly thought to be absent in Africa. However, increasing studies using molecular tools detected P. vivax among Duffy-negative individuals in various African countries. Studies on the African P. vivax has been severely limited because most of malaria control program focus mainly on falciparum malaria. In addition, there is a scarcity of laboratory infrastructures to overcome the biological obstacles posed by P. vivax. Herein, we established field transmission of Ethiopian P. vivax for routine sporozoite supply followed by liver stage infection in Mali. Furthermore, we evaluated local P. vivax hypnozoites and schizonts susceptibilities to reference antimalarial drugs. The study enabled the assessment of local African P. vivax hypnozoite production dynamics. Our data displayed the ability of the African P. vivax to produce hypnozoite forms ex-vivo at different rates per field isolate. We report that while tafenoquine (1µM) potently inhibited both hypnozoites and schizont forms; atovaquone (0.25µM) and the phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase (PI4K)-specific inhibitor KDU691 (0.5µM) showed no activity against hypnozoites forms. Unlike hypnozoites forms, P. vivax schizont stages were fully susceptible to both atovaquone (0.25µM) and the (PI4K)-specific inhibitor KDU691 (0.5µM). Together, the data revealed the importance of the local platform for further biological investigation and implementation of drug discovery program on the African P. vivax clinical isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dembele
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Bamako, Mali.
| | - Ousmaila Diakite
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Bamako, Mali
| | - Fanta Sogore
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Bamako, Mali
| | - Soriya Kedir
- Adama Regional Laboratory, Oromia Region Health Bureau, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Fatalmoudou Tandina
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Bamako, Mali
| | - Mohamed Maiga
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Bamako, Mali
| | - Andargie Abate
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdoulaye A Djimde
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Bamako, Mali.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ibrahim A, Manko E, Dombrowski JG, Campos M, Benavente ED, Nolder D, Sutherland CJ, Nosten F, Fernandez D, Vélez-Tobón G, Castaño AT, Aguiar ACC, Pereira DB, da Silva Santos S, Suarez-Mutis M, Di Santi SM, Regina de Souza Baptista A, Dantas Machado RL, Marinho CR, Clark TG, Campino S. Population-based genomic study of Plasmodium vivax malaria in seven Brazilian states and across South America. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 18:100420. [PMID: 36844008 PMCID: PMC9950661 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Brazil is a unique and understudied setting for malaria, with complex foci of transmission associated with human and environmental conditions. An understanding of the population genomic diversity of P. vivax parasites across Brazil can support malaria control strategies. Methods Through whole genome sequencing of P. vivax isolates across 7 Brazilian states, we use population genomic approaches to compare genetic diversity within country (n = 123), continent (6 countries, n = 315) and globally (26 countries, n = 885). Findings We confirm that South American isolates are distinct, have more ancestral populations than the other global regions, with differentiating mutations in genes under selective pressure linked to antimalarial drugs (pvmdr1, pvdhfr-ts) and mosquito vectors (pvcrmp3, pvP45/48, pvP47). We demonstrate Brazil as a distinct parasite population, with signals of selection including ABC transporter (PvABCI3) and PHIST exported proteins. Interpretation Brazil has a complex population structure, with evidence of P. simium infections and Amazonian parasites separating into multiple clusters. Overall, our work provides the first Brazil-wide analysis of P. vivax population structure and identifies important mutations, which can inform future research and control measures. Funding AI is funded by an MRC LiD PhD studentship. TGC is funded by the Medical Research Council (Grant no. MR/M01360X/1, MR/N010469/1, MR/R025576/1, MR/R020973/1 and MR/X005895/1). SC is funded by Medical Research Council UK grants (MR/M01360X/1, MR/R025576/1, MR/R020973/1 and MR/X005895/1) and Bloomsbury SET (ref. CCF17-7779). FN is funded by The Shloklo Malaria Research Unit - part of the Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant no. 220211). ARSB is funded by São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (Grant no. 2002/09546-1). RLDM is funded by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (Grant no. 302353/2003-8 and 471605/2011-5); CRFM is funded by FAPESP (Grant no. 2020/06747-4) and CNPq (Grant no. 302917/2019-5 and 408636/2018-1); JGD is funded by FAPESP fellowships (2016/13465-0 and 2019/12068-5) and CNPq (Grant no. 409216/2018-6).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ibrahim
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emilia Manko
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jamille G. Dombrowski
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mónica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Debbie Nolder
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of
Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colin J. Sutherland
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of
Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research
Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak,
Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of
Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford Old Road Campus,
Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia,
Colombia
| | - Gabriel Vélez-Tobón
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia,
Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Simone da Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Institute Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz-
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha Suarez-Mutis
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Institute Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz-
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos – CIM, Departamento de
Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos – CIM, Departamento de
Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brazil
| | - Claudio R.F. Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zanghi G, Patel H, Camargo N, Smith JL, Bae Y, Flannery EL, Chuenchob V, Fishbaugher ME, Mikolajczak SA, Roobsoong W, Sattabongkot J, Hayes K, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI. Global gene expression of human malaria parasite liver stages throughout intrahepatocytic development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.05.522945. [PMID: 36711670 PMCID: PMC9881933 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is causing the greatest malaria burden, yet the liver stages (LS) of this most important parasite species have remained poorly studied. Here, we used a human liver-chimeric mouse model in combination with a novel fluorescent PfNF54 parasite line (PfNF54cspGFP) to isolate PfLS-infected hepatocytes and generate transcriptomes that cover the major LS developmental phases in human hepatocytes. RNA-seq analysis of early Pf LS trophozoites two days after infection, revealed a central role of translational regulation in the transformation of the extracellular invasive sporozoite into intracellular LS. The developmental time course gene expression analysis indicated that fatty acid biosynthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis and iron metabolism are sustaining LS development along with amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis. Countering oxidative stress appears to play an important role during intrahepatic LS development. Furthermore, we observed expression of the variant PfEMP1 antigen-encoding var genes, and we confirmed expression of PfEMP1 protein during LS development. Transcriptome comparison of the late Pf liver stage schizonts with P. vivax (Pv) late liver stages revealed highly conserved gene expression profiles among orthologous genes. A notable difference however was the expression of genes regulating sexual stage commitment. While Pv schizonts expressed markers of sexual commitment, the Pf LS parasites were not sexually committed and showed expression of gametocytogenesis repression factors. Our results provide the first comprehensive gene expression profile of the human malaria parasite Pf LS isolated during in vivo intrahepatocytic development. This data will inform biological studies and the search for effective intervention strategies that can prevent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gigliola Zanghi
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hardik Patel
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jenny L. Smith
- Research Scientific Computing, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yeji Bae
- Research Scientific Computing, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Erika L. Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, United State
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, United State
| | - Matthew E. Fishbaugher
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, United State
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, United State
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kiera Hayes
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mitchell G, Roma G, Voorberg-van der Wel A, Beibel M, Zeeman AM, Schuierer S, Torres L, Flannery EL, Kocken CHM, Mikolajczak SA, Diagana TT. Transcriptional profiling of hepatocytes infected with the replicative form of the malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J 2022; 21:393. [PMID: 36564750 PMCID: PMC9789591 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zoonotic simian parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi develops into replicating schizonts and dormant hypnozoites during the infection of hepatocytes and is used as a model organism to study relapsing malaria. The transcriptional profiling of P. cynomolgi liver stages was previously reported and revealed many important biological features of the parasite but left out the host response to malaria infection. METHODS Previously published RNA sequencing data were used to quantify the expression of host genes in rhesus macaque hepatocytes infected with P. cynomolgi in comparison to either cells from uninfected samples or uninfected bystander cells. RESULTS Although the dataset could not be used to resolve the transcriptional profile of hypnozoite-infected hepatocytes, it provided a snapshot of the host response to liver stage schizonts at 9-10 day post-infection and identified specific host pathways that are modulated during the exo-erythrocytic stage of P. cynomolgi. CONCLUSIONS This study constitutes a valuable resource characterizing the hepatocyte response to P. cynomolgi infection and provides a framework to build on future research that aims at understanding hepatocyte-parasite interactions during relapsing malaria infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mitchell
- Open Innovation at Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA.
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Beibel
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Schuierer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Torres
- Open Innovation at Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hussain T, Linera-Gonzalez J, Beck JM, Fierro MA, Mair GR, Smith RC, Beck JR. The PTEX Pore Component EXP2 Is Important for Intrahepatic Development during the Plasmodium Liver Stage. mBio 2022; 13:e0309622. [PMID: 36445080 PMCID: PMC9765067 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03096-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate infection, obligate intracellular malaria parasites develop within a parasitophorous vacuole, which constitutes the interface between the parasite and its hepatocyte or erythrocyte host cells. To traverse this barrier, Plasmodium spp. utilize a dual-function pore formed by EXP2 for nutrient transport and, in the context of the PTEX translocon, effector protein export across the vacuole membrane. While critical to blood-stage survival, less is known about EXP2/PTEX function in the liver stage, although major differences in the export mechanism are suggested by absence of the PTEX unfoldase HSP101 in the intrahepatic vacuole. Here, we employed the glucosamine-activated glmS ribozyme to study the role of EXP2 during Plasmodium berghei liver-stage development in hepatoma cells. Insertion of the glmS sequence into the exp2 3' untranslated region (UTR) enabled glucosamine-dependent depletion of EXP2 after hepatocyte invasion, allowing separation of EXP2 function during intrahepatic development from a recently reported role in hepatocyte invasion. Postinvasion EXP2 knockdown reduced parasite size and largely abolished expression of the mid- to late-liver-stage marker LISP2. As an orthogonal approach to monitor development, EXP2-glmS parasites and controls were engineered to express nanoluciferase. Activation of glmS after invasion substantially decreased luminescence in hepatoma monolayers and in culture supernatants at later time points corresponding to merosome detachment, which marks the culmination of liver-stage development. Collectively, our findings extend the utility of the glmS ribozyme to study protein function in the liver stage and reveal that EXP2 is important for intrahepatic parasite development, indicating that PTEX components also function at the hepatocyte-parasite interface. IMPORTANCE After the mosquito bite that initiates a Plasmodium infection, parasites first travel to the liver and develop in hepatocytes. This liver stage is asymptomatic but necessary for the parasite to transition to the merozoite form, which infects red blood cells and causes malaria. To take over their host cells, avoid immune defenses, and fuel their growth, these obligately intracellular parasites must import nutrients and export effector proteins across a vacuole membrane in which they reside. In the blood stage, these processes depend on a translocon called PTEX, but it is unclear if PTEX also functions during the liver stage. Here, we adapted the glmS ribozyme to control expression of EXP2, the membrane pore component of PTEX, during the liver stage of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Our results show that EXP2 is important for intracellular development in the hepatocyte, revealing that PTEX components are also functionally important during liver-stage infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Hussain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - John M. Beck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Manuel A. Fierro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Gunnar R. Mair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Ryan C. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Josh R. Beck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Botnar A, Lawrence G, Maher SP, Vantaux A, Witkowski B, Shiau JC, Merino EF, De Vore D, Yang C, Murray C, Cassera MB, Leahy JW, Kyle DE. Alkyne modified purines for assessment of activation of Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites and growth of pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stages in Plasmodium spp. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:733-744. [PMID: 35447149 PMCID: PMC9576819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major global health problem which predominantly afflicts developing countries. Although many antimalarial therapies are currently available, the protozoan parasite causing this disease, Plasmodium spp., continues to evade eradication efforts. One biological phenomenon hampering eradication efforts is the parasite's ability to arrest development, transform into a drug-insensitive form, and then resume growth post-therapy. Currently, the mechanisms by which the parasite enters arrested development, or dormancy, and later recrudesces or reactivates to continue development, are unknown and the malaria field lacks techniques to study these elusive mechanisms. Since Plasmodium spp. salvage purines for DNA synthesis, we hypothesised that alkyne-containing purine nucleosides could be used to develop a DNA synthesis marker which could be used to investigate mechanisms behind dormancy. Using copper-catalysed click chemistry methods, we observe incorporation of alkyne modified adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine in actively replicating asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum and incorporation of modified adenosine in actively replicating liver stage schizonts of Plasmodium vivax. Notably, these modified purines were not incorporated in dormant liver stage hypnozoites, suggesting this marker could be used as a tool to differentiate replicating and non-replicating liver forms and, more broadly, as a tool for advancing our understanding of Plasmodium dormancy mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alona Botnar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Grant Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Steven P Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Benoît Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Justine C Shiau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Emilio F Merino
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - David De Vore
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Christian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Cameron Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Maria B Cassera
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - James W Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; The Florida Center for Excellence for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, GA, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, GA, United States
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vantaux A, Péneau J, Cooper CA, Kyle DE, Witkowski B, Maher SP. Liver-stage fate determination in Plasmodium vivax parasites: Characterization of schizont growth and hypnozoite fating from patient isolates. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976606. [PMID: 36212849 PMCID: PMC9539820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax, one species of parasite causing human malaria, forms a dormant liver stage, termed the hypnozoite, which activate weeks, months or years after the primary infection, causing relapse episodes. Relapses significantly contribute to the vivax malaria burden and are only killed with drugs of the 8-aminoquinoline class, which are contraindicated in many vulnerable populations. Development of new therapies targeting hypnozoites is hindered, in part, by the lack of robust methods to continuously culture and characterize this parasite. As a result, the determinants of relapse periodicity and the molecular processes that drive hypnozoite formation, persistence, and activation are largely unknown. While previous reports have described vastly different liver-stage growth metrics attributable to which hepatocyte donor lot is used to initiate culture, a comprehensive assessment of how different P. vivax patient isolates behave in the same lots at the same time is logistically challenging. Using our primary human hepatocyte-based P. vivax liver-stage culture platform, we aimed to simultaneously test the effects of how hepatocyte donor lot and P. vivax patient isolate influence the fate of sporozoites and growth of liver schizonts. We found that, while environmental factors such as hepatocyte donor lot can modulate hypnozoite formation rate, the P. vivax case is also an important determinant of the proportion of hypnozoites observed in culture. In addition, we found schizont growth to be mostly influenced by hepatocyte donor lot. These results suggest that, while host hepatocytes harbor characteristics making them more- or less-supportive of a quiescent versus growing intracellular parasite, sporozoite fating toward hypnozoites is isolate-specific. Future studies involving these host–parasite interactions, including characterization of individual P. vivax strains, should consider the impact of culture conditions on hypnozoite formation, in order to better understand this important part of the parasite’s lifecycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- *Correspondence: Amélie Vantaux,
| | - Julie Péneau
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Caitlin A. Cooper
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Steven P. Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Steven P. Maher,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Valenciano AL, Gomez-Lorenzo MG, Vega-Rodríguez J, Adams JH, Roth A. In vitro models for human malaria: targeting the liver stage. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:758-774. [PMID: 35780012 PMCID: PMC9378454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium liver stage represents a vulnerable therapeutic target to prevent disease progression as the parasite resides in the liver before clinical representation caused by intraerythrocytic development. However, most antimalarial drugs target the blood stage of the parasite's life cycle, and the few drugs that target the liver stage are lethal to patients with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Furthermore, implementation of in vitro liver models to study and develop novel therapeutics against the liver stage of human Plasmodium species remains challenging. In this review, we focus on the progression of in vitro liver models developed for human Plasmodium spp. parasites, provide a brief review on important assay requirements, and lastly present recommendations to improve models to enhance the discovery process of novel preclinical therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lisa Valenciano
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria G Gomez-Lorenzo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ruberto AA, Maher SP, Vantaux A, Joyner CJ, Bourke C, Balan B, Jex A, Mueller I, Witkowski B, Kyle DE. Single-cell RNA profiling of Plasmodium vivax-infected hepatocytes reveals parasite- and host- specific transcriptomic signatures and therapeutic targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:986314. [PMID: 36093191 PMCID: PMC9453201 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.986314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The resilience of Plasmodium vivax, the most widely-distributed malaria-causing parasite in humans, is attributed to its ability to produce dormant liver forms known as hypnozoites, which can activate weeks, months, or even years after an initial mosquito bite. The factors underlying hypnozoite formation and activation are poorly understood, as is the parasite's influence on the host hepatocyte. Here, we shed light on transcriptome-wide signatures of both the parasite and the infected host cell by sequencing over 1,000 P. vivax-infected hepatocytes at single-cell resolution. We distinguish between replicating schizonts and hypnozoites at the transcriptional level, identifying key differences in transcripts encoding for RNA-binding proteins associated with cell fate. In infected hepatocytes, we show that genes associated with energy metabolism and antioxidant stress response are upregulated, and those involved in the host immune response downregulated, suggesting both schizonts and hypnozoites alter the host intracellular environment. The transcriptional markers in schizonts, hypnozoites, and infected hepatocytes revealed here pinpoint potential factors underlying dormancy and can inform therapeutic targets against P. vivax liver-stage infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Ruberto
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven P. Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chester J. Joyner
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Caitlin Bourke
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Balu Balan
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron Jex
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Flannery EL, Kangwanrangsan N, Chuenchob V, Roobsoong W, Fishbaugher M, Zhou K, Billman ZP, Martinson T, Olsen TM, Schäfer C, Campo B, Murphy SC, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SH, Sattabongkot J. Plasmodium vivax latent liver infection is characterized by persistent hypnozoites, hypnozoite-derived schizonts, and time-dependent efficacy of primaquine. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:427-440. [PMID: 36092359 PMCID: PMC9418049 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a malaria-causing pathogen that establishes a dormant form in the liver (the hypnozoite), which can activate weeks, months, or years after the primary infection to cause a relapse, characterized by secondary blood-stage infection. These asymptomatic and undetectable latent liver infections present a significant obstacle to the goal of global malaria eradication. We use a human liver-chimeric mouse model (FRG huHep) to study P. vivax hypnozoite latency and activation in an in vivo model system. Functional activation of hypnozoites and formation of secondary schizonts is demonstrated by first eliminating primary liver schizonts using a schizont-specific antimalarial tool compound, and then measuring recurrence of secondary liver schizonts in the tissue and an increase in parasite RNA within the liver. We also reveal that, while primaquine does not immediately eliminate hypnozoites from the liver, it arrests developing schizonts and prevents activation of hypnozoites, consistent with its clinical activity in humans. Our findings demonstrate that the FRG huHep model can be used to study the biology of P. vivax infection and latency and assess the activity of anti-relapse drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika L. Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Corresponding author Erika L. Flannery, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matthew Fishbaugher
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Zachary P. Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Thomas Martinson
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tayla M. Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sean C. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Sebastian A. Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H.I. Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Corresponding author Stefan H.I. Kappe, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Corresponding author Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marques-da-Silva C, Peissig K, Walker MP, Shiau J, Bowers C, Kyle DE, Vijay R, Lindner SE, Kurup SP. Direct type I interferon signaling in hepatocytes controls malaria. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111098. [PMID: 35858541 PMCID: PMC9422951 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating disease impacting over half of the world’s population. Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria undergo obligatory development and replication in hepatocytes before infecting red blood cells and initiating clinical disease. While type I interferons (IFNs) are known to facilitate innate immune control to Plasmodium in the liver, how they do so has remained unresolved, precluding the manipulation of such responses to combat malaria. Utilizing transcriptomics, infection studies, and a transgenic Plasmodium strain that exports and traffics Cre recombinase, we show that direct type I IFN signaling in Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes is necessary to control malaria. We also show that the majority of infected hepatocytes naturally eliminate Plasmodium infection, revealing the potential existence of anti-malarial cell-autonomous immune responses in such hepatocytes. These discoveries challenge the existing paradigms in Plasmodium immunobiology and are expected to inspire anti-malarial drugs and vaccine strategies. Utilizing a transgenic Plasmodium strain expressing Cre recombinase that selectively ablates type I IFN receptor in only the infected hepatocytes, Marques-da-Silva et al. show that direct type I IFN signaling in the infected hepatocytes is both necessary and sufficient to control liver-stage malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marques-da-Silva
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kristen Peissig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael P Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Justine Shiau
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Carson Bowers
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott E Lindner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lyons FMT, Gabriela M, Tham WH, Dietrich MH. Plasmodium 6-Cysteine Proteins: Functional Diversity, Transmission-Blocking Antibodies and Structural Scaffolds. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945924. [PMID: 35899047 PMCID: PMC9309271 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-cysteine protein family is one of the most abundant surface antigens that are expressed throughout the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle. Many members of the 6-cysteine family have critical roles in parasite development across the life cycle in parasite transmission, evasion of the host immune response and host cell invasion. The common feature of the family is the 6-cysteine domain, also referred to as s48/45 domain, which is conserved across Aconoidasida. This review summarizes the current approaches for recombinant expression for 6-cysteine proteins, monoclonal antibodies against 6-cysteine proteins that block transmission and the growing collection of crystal structures that provide insights into the functional domains of this protein family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frankie M. T. Lyons
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mikha Gabriela
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie H. Dietrich
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
"The Primate Malarias" book has been a uniquely important resource for multiple generations of scientists, since its debut in 1971, and remains pertinent to the present day. Indeed, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been instrumental for major breakthroughs in basic and pre-clinical research on malaria for over 50 years. Research involving NHPs have provided critical insights and data that have been essential for malaria research on many parasite species, drugs, vaccines, pathogenesis, and transmission, leading to improved clinical care and advancing research goals for malaria control, elimination, and eradication. Whilst most malaria scientists over the decades have been studying Plasmodium falciparum, with NHP infections, in clinical studies with humans, or using in vitro culture or rodent model systems, others have been dedicated to advancing research on Plasmodium vivax, as well as on phylogenetically related simian species, including Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, and Plasmodium knowlesi. In-depth study of these four phylogenetically related species over the years has spawned the design of NHP longitudinal infection strategies for gathering information about ongoing infections, which can be related to human infections. These Plasmodium-NHP infection model systems are reviewed here, with emphasis on modern systems biological approaches to studying longitudinal infections, pathogenesis, immunity, and vaccines. Recent discoveries capitalizing on NHP longitudinal infections include an advanced understanding of chronic infections, relapses, anaemia, and immune memory. With quickly emerging new technological advances, more in-depth research and mechanistic discoveries can be anticipated on these and additional critical topics, including hypnozoite biology, antigenic variation, gametocyte transmission, bone marrow dysfunction, and loss of uninfected RBCs. New strategies and insights published by the Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center (MaHPIC) are recapped here along with a vision that stresses the importance of educating future experts well trained in utilizing NHP infection model systems for the pursuit of innovative, effective interventions against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Galinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory National Primate Research Center (Yerkes National Primate Research Center), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Voorberg-van der Wel AM, Zeeman AM, Nieuwenhuis IG, van der Werff NM, Kocken CHM. Dual-Luciferase-Based Fast and Sensitive Detection of Malaria Hypnozoites for the Discovery of Anti-relapse Compounds. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2524:397-408. [PMID: 35821489 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2453-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Malaria hypnozoites are dormant parasite stages that reside inside hepatocytes. Upon activation, these stages can resume growth, causing new episodes of blood stage malaria infection. This chapter describes a fast and sensitive protocol for the detection of bioluminescent (BL) hypnozoites in vitro. Using transgenic Plasmodium cynomolgi parasites that differentially express the BL reporter proteins firefly luciferase and the ultrabright NanoLuc, hypnozoites can be distinguished from liver stage schizonts. This robust method sets the stage for implementation in large-scale drug screening platforms with the aim to find new compounds that eliminate hypnozoites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne G Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van der Werff
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zanghi G, Vaughan AM. Plasmodium vivax pre-erythrocytic stages and the latent hypnozoite. Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102447. [PMID: 34474178 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread malaria parasite on the planet. This is largely because after mosquito transmission, P. vivax sporozoites can invade hepatocytes and form latent liver stages known as hypnozoites. These persistent liver stages can activate weeks, months or even years after an infected individual suffers a primary clinical infection. Activation then leads to replication and liver stage schizont maturation that ultimately cause relapse of blood stage infection, disease, and onward transmission. Thus, the latent hypnozoite can lie in wait during times when onward transmission is unlikely due to conditions that do not favor the mosquito. For example, in temperate climates where mosquito prevalence is only seasonal. Furthermore, the elimination of hypnozoites is challenging since the hypnozoite reservoir is currently undetectable and not killed by most antimalarial drugs. Here, we review our current knowledge of the pre-erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite - the sporozoite and liver stages, including the elusive and enigmatic hypnozoite. We focus on our understanding of sporozoite biology, the novel animal models that are available to study the hypnozoite and hypnozoite activation and the ongoing efforts to understand the biological makeup of the hypnozoite that allow for its persistence in the human host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schäfer C, Zanghi G, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI. Plasmodium vivax Latent Liver Stage Infection and Relapse: Biological Insights and New Experimental Tools. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:87-106. [PMID: 34196569 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-061155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria parasite, in part because it can form latent liver stages known as hypnozoites after transmission by female anopheline mosquitoes to human hosts. These persistent stages can activate weeks, months, or even years after the primary clinical infection; replicate; and initiate relapses of blood stage infection, which causes disease and recurring transmission. Eliminating hypnozoites is a substantial obstacle for malaria treatment and eradication since the hypnozoite reservoir is undetectable and unaffected by most antimalarial drugs. Importantly, in some parts of the globe where P. vivax malaria is endemic, as many as 90% of P. vivax blood stage infections are thought to be relapses rather than primary infections, rendering the hypnozoite a major driver of P. vivax epidemiology. Here, we review the biology of the hypnozoite and recent discoveries concerning this enigmatic parasite stage. We discuss treatment and prevention challenges, novel animal models to study hypnozoites and relapse, and hypotheses related to hypnozoite formation and activation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , , ,
| | - Gigliola Zanghi
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , , ,
| | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , , , .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , , , .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.,Deparment of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sylvester K, Maher SP, Posfai D, Tran MK, Crawford MC, Vantaux A, Witkowski B, Kyle DE, Derbyshire ER. Characterization of the Tubovesicular Network in Plasmodium vivax Liver Stage Hypnozoites and Schizonts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:687019. [PMID: 34195101 PMCID: PMC8236947 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.687019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium is a genus of apicomplexan parasites which replicate in the liver before causing malaria. Plasmodium vivax can also persist in the liver as dormant hypnozoites and cause clinical relapse upon activation, but the molecular mechanisms leading to activation have yet to be discovered. In this study, we use high-resolution microscopy to characterize temporal changes of the P. vivax liver stage tubovesicular network (TVN), a parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM)-derived network within the host cytosol. We observe extended membrane clusters, tubules, and TVN-derived vesicles present throughout P. vivax liver stage development. Additionally, we demonstrate an unexpected presence of the TVN in hypnozoites and observe some association of this network to host nuclei. We also reveal that the host water and solute channel aquaporin-3 (AQP3) associates with TVN-derived vesicles and extended membrane clusters. AQP3 has been previously shown to localize to the PVM of P. vivax hypnozoites and liver schizonts but has not yet been shown in association to the TVN. Our results highlight host-parasite interactions occur in both dormant and replicating liver stage P. vivax forms and implicate AQP3 function during this time. Together, these findings enhance our understanding of P. vivax liver stage biology through characterization of the TVN with an emphasis on the presence of this network in dormant hypnozoites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steven P Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Dora Posfai
- Chemistry Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael K Tran
- Chemistry Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Benoît Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Chemistry Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
der Wel AVV, Hofman SO, Kocken CHM. Isolation of GFP-expressing Malarial Hypnozoites by Flow Cytometry Cell Sorting. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4006. [PMID: 34124306 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypnozoites are dormant liver-stage parasites unique to relapsing malarial species, including the important human pathogen Plasmodium vivax, and pose a barrier to the elimination of malaria. Little is known regarding the biology of these stages, largely due to their inaccessible location. Hypnozoites can be cultured in vitro but these cultures always consist of a mixture of hepatocytes, developing forms, and hypnozoites. Here, using a GFP-expressing line of the hypnozoite model parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi, we describe a protocol for the FACS-based isolation of malarial hypnozoites. The purified hypnozoites can be used for a range of '-omics' studies to dissect the biology of this cryptic stage of the malarial life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam O Hofman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pasini EM, Kocken CHM. Parasite-Host Interaction and Pathophysiology Studies of the Human Relapsing Malarias Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale Infections in Non-Human Primates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:614122. [PMID: 33680982 PMCID: PMC7925837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a serious health concern across the globe. Historically neglected, non-Falciparum human malarias were put back on the agenda by a paradigm shift in the fight against malaria from malaria control to malaria eradication. Here, we review the modeling of the relapsing parasites Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) and Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale) in non-human primates with a specific focus on the contribution of these models to our current understanding of the factors that govern parasite-host interactions in P. vivax and P. ovale parasite biology and pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Pasini
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Voorberg-van der Wel A, Kocken CHM, Zeeman AM. Modeling Relapsing Malaria: Emerging Technologies to Study Parasite-Host Interactions in the Liver. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:606033. [PMID: 33585277 PMCID: PMC7878928 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.606033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of liver stage malaria parasite-host interactions have provided exciting new insights on the cross-talk between parasite and its mammalian (predominantly rodent) host. We review the latest state of the art and and zoom in on new technologies that will provide the tools necessary to investigate host-parasite interactions of relapsing parasites. Interactions between hypnozoites and hepatocytes are particularly interesting because the parasite can remain in a quiescent state for prolonged periods of time and triggers for reactivation have not been irrefutably identified. If we learn more about the cross-talk between hypnozoite and host we may be able to identify factors that encourage waking up these dormant parasite reservoirs and help to achieve the total eradication of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Briquet S, Marinach C, Silvie O, Vaquero C. Preparing for Transmission: Gene Regulation in Plasmodium Sporozoites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:618430. [PMID: 33585284 PMCID: PMC7878544 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.618430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted to mammals by anopheline mosquitoes and first infect the liver, where they transform into replicative exoerythrocytic forms, which subsequently release thousands of merozoites that invade erythrocytes and initiate the malaria disease. In some species, sporozoites can transform into dormant hypnozoites in the liver, which cause malaria relapses upon reactivation. Transmission from the insect vector to a mammalian host is a critical step of the parasite life cycle, and requires tightly regulated gene expression. Sporozoites are formed inside oocysts in the mosquito midgut and become fully infectious after colonization of the insect salivary glands, where they remain quiescent until transmission. Parasite maturation into infectious sporozoites is associated with reprogramming of the sporozoite transcriptome and proteome, which depends on multiple layers of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. An emerging scheme is that gene expression in Plasmodium sporozoites is controlled by alternating waves of transcription activity and translational repression, which shape the parasite RNA and protein repertoires for successful transition from the mosquito vector to the mammalian host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Briquet
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Carine Marinach
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Vaquero
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Definition of constitutive and stage-enriched promoters in the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium yoelii. Malar J 2020; 19:424. [PMID: 33228734 PMCID: PMC7685602 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Well-defined promoters are essential elements for genetic studies in all organisms, and enable controlled expression of endogenous genes, transgene expression, and gene editing. Despite this, there is a paucity of defined promoters for the rodent-infectious malaria parasites. This is especially true for Plasmodium yoelii, which is often used to study the mosquito and liver stages of malarial infection, as well as host immune responses to infection. Methods Here six promoters were selected from across the parasite’s life cycle (clag-a, dynein heavy chain delta, lap4, trap, uis4, lisp2) that have been invoked in the literature as controlling their genes in a stage-specific manner. A minimal promoter length for the constitutive pybip promoter that confers strong expression levels was also determined, which is useful for expression of reporters and gene editing enzymes. Results Instead, it was observed that these promoters confer stage-enriched gene control, as some parasites also effectively use these promoters in other stages. Thus, when used alone, these promoters could complicate the interpretation of results obtained from promoter swaps, stage-targeted recombination, or gene editing experiments. Conclusions Together these data indicate that achieving stage-specific effects, such as gene editing, is likely best done using a two-component system with independent promoter activities overlapping only in the intended life cycle stage.
Collapse
|
33
|
de Oliveira TC, Corder RM, Early A, Rodrigues PT, Ladeia-Andrade S, Alves JMP, Neafsey DE, Ferreira MU. Population genomics reveals the expansion of highly inbred Plasmodium vivax lineages in the main malaria hotspot of Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008808. [PMID: 33112884 PMCID: PMC7592762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is a neglected human malaria parasite that causes significant morbidity in the Americas, the Middle East, Asia, and the Western Pacific. Population genomic approaches remain little explored to map local and regional transmission pathways of P. vivax across the main endemic sites in the Americas, where great progress has been made towards malaria elimination over the past decades. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyze 38 patient-derived P. vivax genome sequences from Mâncio Lima (ML)-the Amazonian malaria hotspot next to the Brazil-Peru border-and 24 sequences from two other sites in Acre State, Brazil, a country that contributes 23% of malaria cases in the Americas. We show that the P. vivax population of ML is genetically diverse (π = 4.7 × 10-4), with a high polymorphism particularly in genes encoding proteins putatively involved in red blood cell invasion. Paradoxically, however, parasites display strong genome-wide linkage disequilibrium, being fragmented into discrete lineages that are remarkably stable across time and space, with only occasional recombination between them. Using identity-by-descent approaches, we identified a large cluster of closely related sequences that comprises 16 of 38 genomes sampled in ML over 26 months. Importantly, we found significant ancestry sharing between parasites at a large geographic distance, consistent with substantial gene flow between regional P. vivax populations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have characterized the sustained expansion of highly inbred P. vivax lineages in a malaria hotspot that can seed regional transmission. Potential source populations in hotspots represent a priority target for malaria elimination in the Amazon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Crippa de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Corder
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Early
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departament of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Priscila T. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Ladeia-Andrade
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo P. Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel E. Neafsey
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departament of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcelo U. Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gupta DK, Diagana T. In vitro Cultivation and Visualization of Malaria Liver Stages in Primary Simian Hepatocytes. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3722. [PMID: 33659384 PMCID: PMC7842340 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human liver is the primary and obligatory site for malaria infection where sporozoites invade host hepatocytes. Malaria hepatic stages are asymptomatic and represent an attractive target for development of anti-malarial interventions and vaccines. However, owing to lack of robust and reproducible in vitro culture system, it is difficult to target and study this imperative malaria liver stage. Here, we describe a procedure that allow cultivation and visualization of malaria hepatic stages including dormant hypnozoites using primary simian hepatocytes. This method enables sensitive and quantitative assessment of different hepatic stages in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar Gupta
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Thierry Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Activity of High-Dose Ivermectin and Chloroquine against the Liver Stage of Plasmodium cynomolgi Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00741-20. [PMID: 32660993 PMCID: PMC7449176 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00741-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, ivermectin (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) was shown to inhibit the liver-stage development of Plasmodium berghei in orally dosed mice. Here, ivermectin showed inhibition of the in vitro development of Plasmodium cynomolgi schizonts (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 10.42 μM) and hypnozoites (IC50, 29.24 μM) in primary macaque hepatocytes when administered as a high dose prophylactically but not when administered in radical cure mode. Previously, ivermectin (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) was shown to inhibit the liver-stage development of Plasmodium berghei in orally dosed mice. Here, ivermectin showed inhibition of the in vitro development of Plasmodium cynomolgi schizonts (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 10.42 μM) and hypnozoites (IC50, 29.24 μM) in primary macaque hepatocytes when administered as a high dose prophylactically but not when administered in radical cure mode. The safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of oral ivermectin (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg) with and without chloroquine (10 mg/kg) administered for 7 consecutive days were evaluated for prophylaxis or radical cure of P. cynomolgi liver stages in rhesus macaques. No inhibition or delay to blood-stage P. cynomolgi parasitemia was observed at any ivermectin dose (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg). Ivermectin (0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg) and chloroquine (10 mg/kg) in combination were well-tolerated with no adverse events and no significant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions observed. Repeated daily ivermectin administration for 7 days did not inhibit ivermectin bioavailability. It was recently demonstrated that both ivermectin and chloroquine inhibit replication of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro. Further ivermectin and chloroquine trials in humans are warranted to evaluate their role in Plasmodium vivax control and as adjunctive therapies against COVID-19 infections.
Collapse
|
36
|
Aunin E, Böhme U, Sanderson T, Simons ND, Goldberg TL, Ting N, Chapman CA, Newbold CI, Berriman M, Reid AJ. Genomic and transcriptomic evidence for descent from Plasmodium and loss of blood schizogony in Hepatocystis parasites from naturally infected red colobus monkeys. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008717. [PMID: 32745123 PMCID: PMC7425995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocystis is a genus of single-celled parasites infecting, amongst other hosts, monkeys, bats and squirrels. Although thought to have descended from malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.), Hepatocystis spp. are thought not to undergo replication in the blood-the part of the Plasmodium life cycle which causes the symptoms of malaria. Furthermore, Hepatocystis is transmitted by biting midges, not mosquitoes. Comparative genomics of Hepatocystis and Plasmodium species therefore presents an opportunity to better understand some of the most important aspects of malaria parasite biology. We were able to generate a draft genome for Hepatocystis sp. using DNA sequencing reads from the blood of a naturally infected red colobus monkey. We provide robust phylogenetic support for Hepatocystis sp. as a sister group to Plasmodium parasites infecting rodents. We show transcriptomic support for a lack of replication in the blood and genomic support for a complete loss of a family of genes involved in red blood cell invasion. Our analyses highlight the rapid evolution of genes involved in parasite vector stages, revealing genes that may be critical for interactions between malaria parasites and mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eerik Aunin
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Böhme
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Sanderson
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Noah D. Simons
- Department of Anthropology and Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nelson Ting
- Department of Anthropology and Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Chris I. Newbold
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Reid
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dembele L, Gupta DK, Dutta B, Chua ACY, Sze SK, Bifani P. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Simian Primary Hepatocytes Reveals Candidate Molecular Markers for Permissiveness to Relapsing Malaria Plasmodium cynomolgi. Proteomics 2020; 19:e1900021. [PMID: 31444903 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle impeding malaria research is the lack of an in vitro system capable of supporting infection through the entire liver stage cycle of the parasite, including that of the dormant forms known as hypnozoites. Primary hepatocytes lose their liver specific functions in long-term in vitro culture. The malaria parasite Plasmodium initiates infection in hepatocyte. This corresponds to the first step of clinically silent infection and development of malaria parasite Plasmodium in the liver. Thus, the liver stage is an ideal target for development of novel antimalarial interventions and vaccines. However, drug discovery against Plasmodium liver stage is severely hampered by the poor understanding of host-parasite interactions during the liver stage infection and development. In this study, tandem mass tag labeling based quantitative proteomic analysis is performed in simian primary hepatocytes cultured in three different systems of susceptibility to Plasmodium infection. The results display potential candidate molecular markers, including asialoglycoprotein receptor, apolipoproteins, squalene synthase, and scavenger receptor B1 (SR-BI) that facilitate productive infection and full development in relapsing Plasmodium species. The identification of these candidate proteins required for constructive infection and development of hepatic malaria liver stages paves the way to explore them as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dembele
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670.,Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), MRTC-DEAP-Faculty of Pharmacy, Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Devendra Kumar Gupta
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670.,Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron way, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Bamaprasad Dutta
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Adeline C Y Chua
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Pablo Bifani
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Singapore, 138648.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Voorberg-van der Wel A, Zeeman AM, Nieuwenhuis IG, van der Werff NM, Klooster EJ, Klop O, Vermaat LC, Kocken CHM. Dual-Luciferase-Based Fast and Sensitive Detection of Malaria Hypnozoites for the Discovery of Antirelapse Compounds. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6667-6675. [PMID: 32267675 PMCID: PMC7203758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to eradicate Plasmodium vivax malaria are hampered by the presence of hypnozoites, persisting stages in the liver that can reactivate after prolonged periods of time enabling further transmission and causing renewed disease. Large-scale drug screening is needed to identify compounds with antihypnozoite activity, but current platforms rely on time-consuming high-content fluorescence imaging as read-out, limiting assay throughput. We here report an ultrafast and sensitive dual-luciferase-based method to differentiate hypnozoites from liver stage schizonts using a transgenic P. cynomolgi parasite line that contains Nanoluc driven by the constitutive hsp70 promoter, as well as firefly luciferase driven by the schizont-specific lisp2 promoter. The transgenic parasite line showed similar fitness and drug sensitivity profiles of selected compounds to wild type. We demonstrate robust bioluminescence-based detection of hypnozoites in 96-well and 384-well plate formats, setting the stage for implementation in large scale drug screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne G. Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. van der Werff
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Els J. Klooster
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Onny Klop
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Lars C. Vermaat
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens H. M. Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Posfai D, Maher SP, Roesch C, Vantaux A, Sylvester K, Péneau J, Popovici J, Kyle DE, Witkowski B, Derbyshire ER. Plasmodium vivax Liver and Blood Stages Recruit the Druggable Host Membrane Channel Aquaporin-3. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:719-727.e5. [PMID: 32330444 PMCID: PMC7303948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax infects hepatocytes to form schizonts that cause blood infection, or dormant hypnozoites that can persist for months in the liver before leading to relapsing blood infections. The molecular processes that drive P. vivax schizont and hypnozoite survival remain largely unknown, but they likely involve a rich network of host-pathogen interactions, including those occurring at the host-parasite interface, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). Using a recently developed P. vivax liver-stage model system we demonstrate that host aquaporin-3 (AQP3) localizes to the PVM of schizonts and hypnozoites within 5 days after invasion. This recruitment is also observed in P. vivax-infected reticulocytes. Chemical treatment with the AQP3 inhibitor auphen reduces P. vivax liver hypnozoite and schizont burden, and inhibits P. vivax asexual blood-stage growth. These findings reveal a role for AQP3 in P. vivax liver and blood stages and suggest that the protein may be targeted for therapeutic treatment. Host aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is recruited to P. vivax hypnozoites and schizonts The AQP3 inhibitor auphen inhibits P. vivax hypnozoites and schizonts Host AQP3 is recruited to P. vivax-infected erythrocytes derived from patient samples Auphen inhibits blood stages of clinical P. vivax isolates
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Posfai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Steven P Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Dr, ste 370, Athens, GE 30602, USA
| | - Camille Roesch
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Kayla Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Julie Péneau
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Jean Popovici
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Dr, ste 370, Athens, GE 30602, USA
| | - Benoît Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Chemistry Department, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Krampa FD, Aniweh Y, Kanyong P, Awandare GA. Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E799. [PMID: 32024098 PMCID: PMC7038750 DOI: 10.3390/s20030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of malaria on global health has continually prompted the need to develop more effective diagnostic strategies that could overcome deficiencies in accurate and early detection. In this review, we examine the various biosensor-based methods for malaria diagnostic biomarkers, namely; Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP-2), parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), aldolase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and the biocrystal hemozoin. The models that demonstrate a potential for field application have been discussed, looking at the fabrication and analytical performance characteristics, including (but not exclusively limited to): response time, sensitivity, detection limit, linear range, and storage stability, which are first summarized in a tabular form and then described in detail. The conclusion summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies applied in the field, the current challenges and the emerging prospects for malaria biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis D. Krampa
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (Y.A.); (P.K.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (Y.A.); (P.K.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Prosper Kanyong
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (Y.A.); (P.K.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (Y.A.); (P.K.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
A dual fluorescent Plasmodium cynomolgi reporter line reveals in vitro malaria hypnozoite reactivation. Commun Biol 2020; 3:7. [PMID: 31909199 PMCID: PMC6941962 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is characterized by repeated episodes of blood stage infection (relapses) resulting from activation of dormant stages in the liver, so-called hypnozoites. Transition of hypnozoites into developing schizonts has never been observed. A barrier for studying this has been the lack of a system in which to monitor growth of liver stages. Here, exploiting the unique strengths of the simian hypnozoite model P. cynomolgi, we have developed green-fluorescent (GFP) hypnozoites that turn on red-fluorescent (mCherry) upon activation. The transgenic parasites show full liver stage development, including merozoite release and red blood cell infection. We demonstrate that individual hypnozoites actually can activate and resume development after prolonged culture, providing the last missing evidence of the hypnozoite theory of relapse. The few events identified indicate that hypnozoite activation in vitro is infrequent. This system will further our understanding of the mechanisms of hypnozoite activation and may facilitate drug discovery approaches.
Collapse
|