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Lallemand S, Oyhenart J, Valot B, Borne R, Bohard L, Umhang G, Karamon J, Konyaev S, Rönnberg C, Gottstein B, Weil-Verhoeven D, Richou C, Bresson-Hadni S, Millon L, Bellanger AP, Knapp J. Challenging the phylogenetic relationships among Echinococcus multilocularis isolates from main endemic areas. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:569-582. [PMID: 38815855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare but severe disease that affects more than 18,000 people worldwide per year. The complete sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of Echinococcus multilocularis has made it possible to study the genetic diversity of the parasite and its spatial and temporal evolution. We amplified the whole mitochondrial genome by PCR, using one uniplex and two multiplex reactions to cover the 13,738 bp of the mitogenome, and then sequenced the amplicons with Illumina technology. In total, 113 samples from Europe, Asia, the Arctic and North America were analyzed. Three major haplogroups were found: HG1, which clustered samples from Alaska (including Saint-Lawrence Island), Yakutia (Russia) and Svalbard; HG2, with samples from Asia, North America and Europe; and HG3, subdivided into three micro-haplogroups. HG3a included samples from North America and Europe, whereas HG3b and HG3c only include samples from Europe. In France, HG3a included samples from patients more recently diagnosed in a region outside the historical endemic area. A fourth putative haplogroup, HG4, was represented by only one isolate from Olkhon Island (Russia). The increased discriminatory power of the complete sequencing of the E. multilocularis mitogenome has made it possible to highlight four distinct geographical clusters, one being divided into three micro-haplogroups in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lallemand
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Jorge Oyhenart
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Benoit Valot
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Romain Borne
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Louis Bohard
- Department of Infectiology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- INTERFAS Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Sergey Konyaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Caroline Rönnberg
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Unit for Parasitology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Weil-Verhoeven
- Department of Hepatology and Intensive Cares, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Carine Richou
- Department of Hepatology and Intensive Cares, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Solange Bresson-Hadni
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon cedex, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Reference National Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon cedex, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Reference National Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Anne-Pauline Bellanger
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon cedex, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Reference National Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Jenny Knapp
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon cedex, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Reference National Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France.
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Santoro A, Santolamazza F, Cacciò SM, La Rosa G, Antolová D, Auer H, Bagrade G, Bandelj P, Basso W, Beck R, Citterio CV, Davidson RK, Deksne G, Frey CF, Fuglei E, Glawischnig W, Gottstein B, Harna J, Huus Petersen H, Karamon J, Jansen F, Jarošová J, Jokelainen P, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Maksimov P, Miljević M, Miterpáková M, Moks E, Origgi F, Ozolina Z, Ryser MP, Romig T, Šarkūnas M, Scorrano N, Saarma U, Šnábel V, Sréter T, Umhang G, Vengušt G, Žele Vengušt D, Casulli A. Mitochondrial genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:233-245. [PMID: 38246405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a fatal zoonotic parasitic disease of the northern hemisphere. Red foxes are the main reservoir hosts and, likely, the main drivers of the geographic spread of the disease in Europe. Knowledge of genetic relationships among E. multilocularis isolates at a European scale is key to understanding the dispersal characteristics of E. multilocularis. Hence, the present study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis isolates obtained from different host species in 19 European countries. Based on the analysis of complete nucleotide sequences of the cob, atp6, nad2, nad1 and cox1 mitochondrial genes (4,968 bp), 43 haplotypes were inferred. Four haplotypes represented 62.56 % of the examined isolates (142/227), and one of these four haplotypes was found in each country investigated, except Svalbard, Norway. While the haplotypes from Svalbard were markedly different from all the others, mainland Europe appeared to be dominated by two main clusters, represented by most western, central and eastern European countries, and the Baltic countries and northeastern Poland, respectively. Moreover, one Asian-like haplotype was identified in Latvia and northeastern Poland. To better elucidate the presence of Asian genetic variants of E. multilocularis in Europe, and to obtain a more comprehensive Europe-wide coverage, further studies, including samples from endemic regions not investigated in the present study, especially some eastern European countries, are needed. Further, the present work proposes historical causes that may have contributed to shaping the current genetic variability of E. multilocularis in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Santoro
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Santolamazza
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Herbert Auer
- Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guna Bagrade
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", Wildlife Management Research Group, Salaspils, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Petra Bandelj
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Relja Beck
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Laboratory for Parasitology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carlo V Citterio
- Centro Specialistico Fauna Selvatica, SCT2-Belluno, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Via Cappellari 44/A, 32100 Belluno, Italy
| | | | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; Faculty of Biology, University of Lavia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Walter Glawischnig
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Innsbruck, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Technikerstraße 70, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Harna
- State Veterinary Institute Olomouc, Jakoubka ze Stribra 1, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Heidi Huus Petersen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark, Stationsparken 31-33 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jacek Karamon
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Famke Jansen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Department of Biomedical Sciences, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Britta Lundström-Stadelmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald‑Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Milan Miljević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Epp Moks
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesco Origgi
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zanda Ozolina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Marie-Pierre Ryser
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mindaugas Šarkūnas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nathalie Scorrano
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tamás Sréter
- National Reference Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gèrald Umhang
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory Echinococcus spp, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Gorazd Vengušt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diana Žele Vengušt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adriano Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Hifumi T, Tanaka T, Suzu I, Sato M, Akioka K, Fujimata C, Shinkai R, Maeda T, Kusakisako K, Ikadai H, Miyoshi N. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis from horses raised in Canada or Japan, using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene-targeted PCR. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2024; 34:e00219. [PMID: 38298421 PMCID: PMC10827676 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a larval-stage Echinococcus multilocularis infection. Geographical haplotyping targeting the parasite's mitochondrial cytochrome b (cob) gene has been reported for isolates from definitive and intermediate hosts (wild canids and rodents); however, there are limited reports on strain typing for the dead-end host, the horse, which could act as a sentinel for E. multilocularis. Accordingly, we investigated the diversity of E. multilocularis in isolates obtained from slaughtered Japanese and Canadian horses originating from the Iburi and Hidaka regions in Hokkaido and from Alberta, respectively, with PCR and haplogroup analyses targeting cob gene sequences obtained. Seventy horses were diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis based on histopathology and cob-gene PCR testing. The E. multilocularis detected in these horses was classified as either an Asian (for Hokkaido-raised horses) or a European (for Alberta-raised horses) haplogroup, based on the obtained cob-gene sequence analysis. In addition, haplotype network analysis revealed that E. multilocularis isolated from Hokkaido-raised horses is highly homologous to Kazakhstan isolates, and E. multilocularis isolated from Alberta-raised horses is highly homologous to Austrian isolates. The results of this study suggest that cob-gene-targeted PCR analysis could be useful for the geographical genetic characterization of E. multilocularis isolated from horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Hifumi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Suzu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Miho Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kohei Akioka
- Kumamoto Prefectural Meat Inspection Office, 1314 Sosaki, Shichijo-machi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 861-1344, Japan
| | - Chiaki Fujimata
- Kumamoto Prefectural Meat Inspection Office, 1314 Sosaki, Shichijo-machi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 861-1344, Japan
| | - Ryohei Shinkai
- Fukuoka Prefecture Meat Safety Inspection Center, 4-5-34 Futsukaichichuo, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-0072, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Maeda
- Fukuoka Prefecture Meat Safety Inspection Center, 4-5-34 Futsukaichichuo, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-0072, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ikadai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Noriaki Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Antolová D, Šnábel V, Jarošová J, Cavallero S, D’Amelio S, Syrota Y, Rosoľanka R, Avdičová M, Miterpáková M. Human alveolar echinococcosis in Slovakia: Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis, 2000-2023. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011876. [PMID: 38198452 PMCID: PMC10805277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a serious parasitic disease caused by larval stages of Echinococcus multilocularis. Between January 2000 and October 2023, 137 AE cases were confirmed in Slovakia. The average annual incidence increased from 0.031 per 100,000 inhabitants between 2000 and 2011, to an average of 0.187 since 2012, i.e. about six times. Among patients, 45.3% were men and 54.7% were women; the mean age at the time of diagnosis was 52.8 years. Most cases were diagnosed in the age groups 51-60 years and 61-70 years (33 cases each), and eight patients fell into the age category ≤ 20 years. To better recognize the gene diversity in clinical samples, metacestodes from 21 patients collected between 2013 and 2021 were subjected to DNA sequencing of four mitochondrial genes. Using concatenated sequences of cob (603 bp), nad2 (882 bp) and cox1 (789 bp) gene fragments, 14 isolates (66.7%) were assigned to the European E5 profile of E. multilocularis, two isolates (9.5%) to the E5a subtype, four isolates (19%) to the E4 profile, and one isolate (4.8%) to haplogroup E1/E2. The E5-type profiles and E4 profiles were distributed throughout the country, whereas the E1/E2 profile was found in the patient from western Slovakia. According to the data obtained and GenBank sequences, the E5-type dispersal is so far limited to central-eastern Europe and the variant seems to be indigenous to that region. The admixture with the haplotypes E4 and E1/E2 could have taken place from a historical endemic focus during the fox expansion in the last decades. By employing the nad1 fragment, a typical European haplotype was observed in all 21 resolved Slovak samples. The acceleration in the AE incidence in the last decade suggests the emergence of the disease and the need for further research on human and animal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yaroslav Syrota
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Róbert Rosoľanka
- Clinic of Infectology and Travel Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Martin, Comenius University Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mária Avdičová
- Regional Authority of Public Health Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Martina Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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Karamon J, Samorek-Pieróg M, Bilska-Zając E, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Sroka J, Bełcik A, Zdybel J, Cencek T. Echinococcus multilocularis genetic diversity based on isolates from pigs confirmed the characteristic haplotype distribution and the presence of the Asian-like haplotype in Central Europe. J Vet Res 2023; 67:567-574. [PMID: 38130462 PMCID: PMC10730556 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to determine the genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis in pigs in highly endemic areas in Poland, as well as to attempt to confirm the occurrence and geographical distribution of haplotypes characteristic for these areas, which were previously described on the basis of examination of adult tapeworms isolated from foxes. Material and Methods Twenty samples of E. multilocularis larval forms were obtained from pigs' livers in four provinces of Poland. Genetic analyses were conducted on sequences of two mitochondrial genes: cox1 and nad2. Results Seven haplotypes were found for the cox1 gene (OQ874673-OQ874679) and four haplotypes for nad2 (OQ884981-OQ884984). They corresponded to the haplotypes described earlier in foxes in Poland (some of them differing only in one nucleotide). The analysis showed the presence of the Asian-like haplotype in both the cox1 and nad2 genes. The remaining haplotypes were grouped in the European clade. The geographical distribution of haplotypes identified in the pig samples was noticed to bear a similarity to the distribution of haplotypes previously isolated from foxes in the same regions. Conclusion The characteristic geographical distribution of E. multilocularis haplotypes in Central Europe (including the presence of the Asian-like haplotype) previously described in the population of definitive hosts (foxes) has now been confirmed by the analysis of samples from non-specific intermediate hosts (pigs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Aneta Bełcik
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Santa MA, Umhang G, Klein C, Grant DM, Ruckstuhl KE, Musiani M, Gilleard JS, Massolo A. It's a small world for parasites: evidence supporting the North American invasion of European Echinococcus multilocularis. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230128. [PMID: 36883278 PMCID: PMC9993045 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), is present in the Holarctic region, and several genetic variants deem to have differential infectivity and pathogenicity. An unprecedented outbreak of human AE cases in Western Canada infected with a European-like strain circulating in wild hosts warranted assessment of whether this strain was derived from a recent invasion or was endemic but undetected. Using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, we investigated the genetic diversity of Em in wild coyotes and red foxes from Western Canada, compared the genetic variants identified to global isolates and assessed their spatial distribution to infer possible invasion dynamics. Genetic variants from Western Canada were closely related to the original European clade, with lesser genetic diversity than that expected for a long-established strain and spatial genetic discontinuities within the study area, supporting the hypothesis of a relatively recent invasion with various founder events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Santa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald Umhang
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, ANSES, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Claudia Klein
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Danielle M. Grant
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- NORCE Climate, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathreen E. Ruckstuhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Kolapo TU, Hay A, Gesy KM, Frey CF, Rothenburger JL, Joffe DJ, Spotswood T, Huang Y, Massolo A, Peregrine AS, Hill JE, Jenkins EJ. Canine Alveolar Echinococcosis: An Emerging and Costly Introduced Problem in North America. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023; 2023:5224160. [PMID: 40303731 PMCID: PMC12017107 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5224160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis, is emerging in both dogs and people in North America. Here, we review 27 cases of canine AE opportunistically reported since the index case was described in 2009 in Western Canada. We describe clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, outcome, and source of canine infection, based on genetics of the parasite isolated from some canine cases. Diagnosis of AE was by histopathology and/or PCR on DNA extracted from metacestodes. The median age of dogs at diagnosis was 4 years (range 1-12), which is low compared to neoplasia, the most common differential diagnosis. There was no sex predilection and different breeds were involved, but there were a disproportionate number of boxers and beagles relative to their representation in the general canine population. The most common potential risk factors included contact with wildlife and visits to off leash areas. Abdominal distension was the most common clinical sign at presentation, and medical imaging generally revealed an abdominal mass. On histopathology, protoscoleces were observed in 7 out of 14 dogs. In 7 cases, DNA sequences were most similar to European (versus North American) haplotypes, identical to those recently reported in coyotes as definitive hosts in North America, and different between eastern and western North America, implying multiple introduction events. Dogs that were not treated (n = 6) had 16% survival in the first 100 days in comparison with 82% survival of treated dogs (n = 11). Direct costs to the owner of treating canine AE ranged from 1,317 to 12,655 CAD depending on the situation at the onset of treatment. This study provides important clinical, epidemiological, and economic information for veterinary practitioners and regulators for importation of dogs, and for public health, as dogs with AE may serve as indicators of parasite range expansion and risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope U. Kolapo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Allison Hay
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Karen M. Gesy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Caroline F. Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jamie L. Rothenburger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region), University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Yanyun Huang
- Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Andrew S. Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet E. Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Emily J. Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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8
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Kuroki K, Morishima Y, Dorr L, Cook CR. Alveolar echinococcosis in a dog in Missouri, USA. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:746-751. [PMID: 35678137 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-y-old, castrated male Boxer dog that was born and had lived in Missouri without any travel history to other states, except for a few trips to Kansas, was presented with a distended abdomen and declined health. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a large hepatic mass, and the dog was euthanized. A postmortem examination revealed that the left liver lobes were largely replaced by a white-to-tan multilobular mass with a cobblestone surface. The lesion also involved the diaphragm. Histologically, hepatic architecture was effaced by large areas of necrosis with numerous, ≤0.2-cm, cystic structures that stained positively with periodic acid-Schiff stain and contained calcareous corpuscles. Gross and microscopic hepatic lesions were compatible with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. PCR examination confirmed E. multilocularis, and results from genotyping were consistent with the E4 haplotype. To our knowledge, this is only the second canine AE case and the third pet dog that has been confirmed to be infected by E. multilocularis in the contiguous United States. E. multilocularis is a serious health risk for both pet dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kuroki
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
| | - Yasuyuki Morishima
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Santa MA, Musiani M, Ruckstuhl KE, Massolo A. A review on invasions by parasites with complex life cycles: the European strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America as a model. Parasitology 2021; 148:1532-1544. [PMID: 35060461 PMCID: PMC8564803 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a fast-changing and globalized world, parasites are moved across continents at an increasing pace. Co-invasion of parasites and their hosts is leading to the emergence of infectious diseases at a global scale, underlining the need for integration of biological invasions and disease ecology research. In this review, the ecological and evolutionary factors influencing the invasion process of parasites with complex life cycles were analysed, using the invasion of the European strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America as a model. The aim was to propose an ecological framework for investigating the invasion of parasites that are trophically transmitted through predator–prey interactions, showing how despite the complexity of the cycles and the interactions among multiple hosts, such parasites can overcome multiple barriers and become invasive. Identifying the key ecological processes affecting the success of parasite invasions is an important step for risk assessment and development of management strategies, particularly for parasites with the potential to infect people (i.e. zoonotic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Santa
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Alessandro Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4Z6, Canada
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, 25030, France
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10
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Gottstein B, Deplazes P. Alveolar echinococcosis: what triggers emergence in North America, Central Europe and Asia? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:440-446. [PMID: 34524197 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Infection with the larval (metacestode) stage of Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a serious hepatic disorder. The parasite has increased its infection extensity in wildlife and domestic dogs, mainly due to urbanization and spatial extension of wildlife hosts in Europe, Asia as well as North America, resulting in emerging infection risk for humans. RECENT FINDINGS In hyperendemic areas such as Kyrgyzstan and China, ecological and socioeconomic changes have been associated with the unpredictable increase of AE cases. In North America, the appearance of the European-like genotype is of concern. In Europe, the annual increase of human case numbers reached a plateau even in hyperendemic situations. Therefore, we conclude that most of the exposed individuals are resistant to parasite invasion and/or to disease development. Thus, AE develops in a few healthy individuals, but preferentially in immunosuppressed patients. SUMMARY In the future, improved diagnostic strategies will allow more precise estimations of transmission routes including the role of food, water and direct dog contact, which should yield improved public health recommendations. Finally, understanding protective innate and acquired immune mechanisms as well as parasite-driven immune-evasion processes will be essential to develop curative therapies in nonoperable patients and, futuristically, appropriate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Hifumi T, Akioka K, Tanaka T, Miyoshi N. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for the rapid detection of alveolar echinococcosis in hepatic nodules of horses. Vet Parasitol 2021; 299:109573. [PMID: 34521042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis, which is caused by a larval-stage infection of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonosis with public health importance. Recently, alveolar echinococcosis in slaughtered horses has been reported in Japan and Poland. In terms of public health, a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method is essential for early detection during meat inspection. In this study, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and validated to target the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cob) gene of E. multilocularis. Forty-one hepatic solid nodules obtained from each horse were evaluated based on histopathological examination and cob-targeted PCR and then submitted to the LAMP assay. The optimal condition of the developed LAMP assay was 64℃ for 30 min. The results of the developed LAMP assay were completely consistent with those of cob PCR. In addition, the detection limit for the number of copies of the cob gene was 135 copies/μL in the LAMP assay. These findings suggest that the ability of the LAMP assay developed in this study is equivalent to that of the conventional PCR testing. The LAMP assay developed in this study can be used as an alternative to PCR testing for the routine genetic diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Hifumi
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kohei Akioka
- Kumamoto Prefectural Meat Inspection Center, 1314 Sosaki, Shichijo-machi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 861-1344, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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12
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Santa MA, Rezansoff AM, Chen R, Gilleard JS, Musiani M, Ruckstuhl KE, Massolo A. Deep amplicon sequencing highlights low intra-host genetic variability of Echinococcus multilocularis and high prevalence of the European-type haplotypes in coyotes and red foxes in Alberta, Canada. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009428. [PMID: 34038403 PMCID: PMC8153462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis (Em) is a zoonotic parasite considered a global emergent pathogen. Recent findings indicate that the parasite is expanding its range in North America and that European-type haplotypes are circulating in western Canada. However, genetic analyses are usually conducted only on a few parasites out of thousands of individuals within each definitive host, likely underestimating the prevalence of less common haplotypes. Moreover, mixed infections with several mtDNA haplotypes in the same host have been reported, but their relative abundance within the host was never estimated. We aimed to 1) estimate the frequency of co-infections of different Em haplotypes in coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from western Canada and their relative abundance within the definitive hosts, 2) detect less prevalent haplotypes by sampling a larger proportion of the parasite subpopulation per host, and 3) investigate differences in the distribution of Em haplotypes in these main definitive hosts; foxes and coyotes. We extracted DNA from ~10% of the worm subpopulation per host (20 foxes and 47 coyotes) and used deep amplicon sequencing (NGS technology) on four loci, targeting the most polymorphic regions from the mitochondrial genes cox1 (814 bp), nad1 (344 bp), and cob (387 bp). We detected the presence of mixed infections with multiple Em haplotypes and with different Echinococcus species including Em and E. granulosus s.l. genotypes G8/G10, low intraspecific diversity of Em, and a higher abundance of the European-type haplotypes in both hosts. Our results suggest a population expansion of the European over the North American strain in Alberta and a limited distribution of some European-type haplotypes. Our findings indicate that deep amplicon sequencing represents a valuable tool to characterize Em in multiple hosts, to assess the current distribution and possible origins of the European strain in North America. The potential use of next-generation sequencing technologies is particularly important to understand the patterns of geographic expansion of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Santa
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Rezansoff
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host Parasite Interactions (HPI) program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host Parasite Interactions (HPI) program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host Parasite Interactions (HPI) program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathreen E. Ruckstuhl
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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13
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Houston S, Belga S, Buttenschoen K, Cooper R, Girgis S, Gottstein B, Low G, Massolo A, MacDonald C, Müller N, Preiksaitis J, Sarlieve P, Vaughan S, Kowalewska-Grochowska K. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Alveolar Echinococcosis: An Emerging Infectious Disease in Alberta, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1863-1869. [PMID: 33755579 PMCID: PMC8103444 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic cestode infection which is usually fatal in the absence of treatment. Treatment involves major surgery or indefinite antiparasitic therapy. The incidence is rising in Europe and Asia, with an increased risk observed in immunocompromised individuals. Previously, AE acquisition in North America was extremely rare, except for one remote Alaskan Island. Recent studies have demonstrated a new European-like strain of Echinococcus multilocularis (Em) in wildlife and in human AE in western Canada. We report the experience of all AE patients diagnosed in Alberta. Each was diagnosed by histopathology, serology, and PCR-confirmed by a reference laboratory. Seventeen cases of human AE, aged 19-78 years, nine females, were diagnosed between 2013 and 2020: all definitely or probably acquired in Alberta. Six lived in urban areas, and 14 had kept dogs. In eight, the lesions were found incidentally on abdominal imaging performed for other indications. Six were immunocompromised to varying degrees. Six were first diagnosed at surgery. All have been recommended benzimidazole therapy. One died of surgical complications. Clinicians should be aware of this diagnostic possibility in patients presenting with focal nonmalignant hepatic mass lesions. Greater urbanization of coyotes, the predominant definitive host of Em in Alberta, and growing numbers of immune suppressed individuals in the human population may lead to increasing recognition of AE in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Houston
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;,Address correspondence to Stan Houston, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Bldg., 11350 83 Ave., Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada. E-mail:
| | - Sara Belga
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Gavin Low
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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14
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Kuroki K, Morishima Y, Neil J, Beerntsen BT, Matsumoto J, Stich RW. Intestinal echinococcosis in a dog from Missouri. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1041-1046. [PMID: 32301665 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.9.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 17-week-old 14.4-kg (31.7-lb) female German Shepherd Dog from Missouri with a history of multiple intermittent episodes of vomiting and diarrhea underwent exploratory celiotomy. CLINICAL FINDINGS At the time of surgery, the dog was bright, alert, and responsive, with a tender abdomen and palpable mesenteric lymph nodes. Hematologic data revealed mild leukocytosis, mild hypoproteinemia, and mild hypoalbuminemia. Moderate petechiation of the jejunal serosa and prominent mesenteric lymph nodes, but no palpable obstructions, were found during surgery. Jejunal and lymph node biopsies were performed; histologic examination revealed multiple segments of adult cestodes up to 700 μm long in the jejunum. Segments had a scolex and contained approximately 30- to 35-μm-diameter ova, morphologically compatible with Echinococcus spp. Fecal flotation revealed numerous proglottids and ova similar to those recognized histologically. Results of PCR assays confirmed Echinococcus multilocularis of E4 haplotype (a European strain). TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Praziquantel (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], SC, once) was administered after surgery; treatments after hospital discharge included praziquantel (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, once). No proglottids or ova were observed by fecal flotation after the treatments. The dog remained healthy without gastrointestinal signs 1 year later. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The dog of this report had no travel history outside the state of Missouri. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of intestinal E multilocularis infection in a pet dog in the contiguous United States and first detection of a European strain of E multilocularis in this country. Findings suggested possible establishment of a European strain of this zoonotic pathogen in the contiguous United States.
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15
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Schurer JM, Tsybina P, Gesy KM, Kolapo TU, Skinner S, Hill JE, Jenkins EJ. Molecular Evidence for Local Acquisition of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis in Saskatchewan, Canada. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1015-1018. [PMID: 32766836 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. Our goals were to confirm infection, identify species, and analyze biogeographical origin of metacestode tissues from a suspected human AE case in Saskatchewan, Canada. We conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the nad1 mitochondrial gene for E. multilocularis and the rrnS ribosomal RNA gene for E. granulosus and conducted haplotype analysis at the nad2 locus. Our analysis confirmed AE and indicated that sequences matched infected Saskatchewan coyotes and European E3/E4 haplotypes. The patient had no travel history outside North America. This suggests autochthonous transmission of a European-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna M Schurer
- Center for One Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.,Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Polly Tsybina
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Karen M Gesy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Temitope U Kolapo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Stuart Skinner
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Janet E Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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16
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Joyce J, He XO, Rozovsky K, Stefanovici C, Fanella S. Disseminated Echinococcus multilocularis Infection without Liver Involvement in Child, Canada, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1856-1859. [PMID: 32687039 PMCID: PMC7392456 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.191644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunocompetent child in Canada received a diagnosis of disseminated alveolar Echinococcusmultilocularis infection. The case lacked typical features of liver involvement and was possibly related to a rare congenital portosystemic shunt. We summarize the rapidly evolving epidemiology of E. multilocularis parasites in Canada.
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17
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Zajac A, Fairman D, McGee E, Wells B, Peregrine A, Jenkins E, LeRoith T, St John B. Alveolar echinococcosis in a dog in the eastern United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:742-746. [PMID: 32715926 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720943842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-y-old Labrador Retriever was presented to a small animal practice in northern Virginia with a history of recent lethargy. Physical examination findings were unremarkable. Ultrasound revealed several large hepatic masses and multiple smaller masses involving the pancreas. Cytologic findings on fine-needle aspirates of the hepatic masses included inflammation and necrosis with eosinophilic, membranous oval structures consistent with cestode infection. Histopathologic findings for biopsies of these masses included extensive necrosis, inflammation, and PAS-positive hyaline-like membranous material interpreted as metacestode cyst wall. A PCR product was generated from aspirate material using primers specific for Echinococcus multilocularis. Subsequent sequence data were 100% homologous to E. multilocularis NADH dehydrogenase subunit I gene sequences. The dog received daily oral albendazole (10 mg/kg) treatment, but its condition deteriorated, and the dog was euthanized. The dog, born in Mississippi, was brought as a puppy to Virginia with no other travel history. To our knowledge, alveolar echinococcosis has not been reported previously in a dog in the United States; E. multilocularis infection was apparently acquired in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zajac
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Zajac, LeRoith); Kingdom Animal Hospital, Clear Brook, VA (Fairman); Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA (McGee, Wells); University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (Peregrine); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Jenkins); Veterinary Imaging Associates, Ashburn, VA (St John)
| | - Donald Fairman
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Zajac, LeRoith); Kingdom Animal Hospital, Clear Brook, VA (Fairman); Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA (McGee, Wells); University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (Peregrine); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Jenkins); Veterinary Imaging Associates, Ashburn, VA (St John)
| | - Evan McGee
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Zajac, LeRoith); Kingdom Animal Hospital, Clear Brook, VA (Fairman); Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA (McGee, Wells); University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (Peregrine); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Jenkins); Veterinary Imaging Associates, Ashburn, VA (St John)
| | - Bridgette Wells
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Zajac, LeRoith); Kingdom Animal Hospital, Clear Brook, VA (Fairman); Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA (McGee, Wells); University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (Peregrine); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Jenkins); Veterinary Imaging Associates, Ashburn, VA (St John)
| | - Andrew Peregrine
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Zajac, LeRoith); Kingdom Animal Hospital, Clear Brook, VA (Fairman); Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA (McGee, Wells); University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (Peregrine); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Jenkins); Veterinary Imaging Associates, Ashburn, VA (St John)
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Zajac, LeRoith); Kingdom Animal Hospital, Clear Brook, VA (Fairman); Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA (McGee, Wells); University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (Peregrine); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Jenkins); Veterinary Imaging Associates, Ashburn, VA (St John)
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Zajac, LeRoith); Kingdom Animal Hospital, Clear Brook, VA (Fairman); Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA (McGee, Wells); University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (Peregrine); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Jenkins); Veterinary Imaging Associates, Ashburn, VA (St John)
| | - Bethany St John
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Zajac, LeRoith); Kingdom Animal Hospital, Clear Brook, VA (Fairman); Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA (McGee, Wells); University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada (Peregrine); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Jenkins); Veterinary Imaging Associates, Ashburn, VA (St John)
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18
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Khan A, Ahmed H, Simsek S, Liu H, Yin J, Wang Y, Shen Y, Cao J. Molecular characterization of human Echinococcus isolates and the first report of E. canadensis (G6/G7) and E. multilocularis from the Punjab Province of Pakistan using sequence analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:262. [PMID: 32245373 PMCID: PMC7118937 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-04989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease causing serious health problems in both humans and animals in different endemic regions across the world. There are two different forms of human echinococcosis: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) and Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE). CE is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and AE by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Geographically, CE is universally distributed, while AE is prevalent in the northern hemisphere. Although the disease is endemic in neighboring countries (China, Iran and India) of Pakistan, there are limited reports from that country. Besides, there are no comprehensive data on the genotyping of Echinococcus species in humans based on sequence analysis. This study aimed to detect the presence of human CE and to identify Echinococcus spp. in human isolates through genetic characterization of hydatid cysts in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. METHODS Genetic analysis was performed on 38 human hydatid cyst samples collected from patients with echinococcosis using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH subunit 1 (nad1). Patient data including age, epidemiological history, sex, and location were obtained from hospital records. RESULTS According to the sequence analysis we detected E. granulosus sensu stricto (n = 35), E. canadensis (G6/G7) (n = 2), and E. multilocularis (n = 1). Thus, the majority of the patients (92.1%, 35/38) were infected with E. granulosus s.s. This is the first molecular confirmation of E. canadensis (G6/G7) and E. multilocularis in human subjects from Pakistan. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that E. granulosus s.s. is the dominant species in humans in Pakistan. In addition, E. canadensis (G6/G7) and E. multilocularis are circulating in the country. Further studies are required to explore the genetic diversity in both humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Šnábel V, Antolová D, Cavallero S, D'Amelio S. On the geographic genetic variants of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis with reference to the original descriptions from Bowles et al. (1992) and Bowles and McManus (1993), and their use. Parasitol Int 2019; 75:102039. [PMID: 31843686 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis, caused by the larval stages of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis (Leuckart, 1863), is of increasing concern in the northern hemisphere. Most cases of alveolar echinococcosis (excluding Alaska) appear to be linked with European and Asian genotypes that highlight the need for a more precise delimiting of their actual distribution and tracing historical episodes of their translocations and introductions into new areas. We have herein summarized previous available research studies, which mentioned firstly described geographic M1/M2 variants of E. multilocularis using molecular tools (established by sequencing of mitochondrial genes cox1, 366 bp and nad1, 471 bp), in an attempt to consolidate their correct affiliations with the geographic origin in sense of the original description from the early 1990´s. Since 2009, inverted designations (M1 named as M2 and vice versa) are being prevailing in research literature (we found ten erroneous vs. three correct classifications) that might bias genetic interpretation of comparative data in specific cases. When comparing M1/M2 profiles to those obtained from mitochondrial evidences over the last decades, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the M1 strain (originally described from China, Alaska, North America) grouped with the Asian clade of E. multilocularis more recently established, whereas the M2 strain (described from the German vole) had a specific structure, in cox1 clustering with the North American clade. It is presumed that events of intercontinental expansion and isolation covering glacial and interglacial periods during the late Pleistocene have likely accounted for the transmission of this discrete genotype from Beringia into endemic area of western and central Europe via circumpolar movements of foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Surveillance of Echinococcus tapeworm in coyotes and domestic dogs in Winnipeg, Manitoba: Abstract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 45:171-176. [PMID: 31355823 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v45i78a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background The Echinococcus species, including E. multilocularis and E. canadensis, are tapeworms that primarily infect canids such as dogs, foxes and coyotes, but which can also infect humans. In humans, E. multilocularis can cause alveolar echinococcosis; a serious condition that mimics metastatic malignancy and has a poor prognosis. It is known that coyotes in rural Manitoba are infected with Echinococcus species, but it is not known if coyotes in peri-urban areas are also infected. Objectives To document and map Echinococcus species in wild canids and domestic dogs in Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada). Methods There were 169 fecal samples collected between April 18 and June 1, 2018. These included 44 samples of domestic dog feces, 122 of coyote scat, one of fox scat and two of coyote colonic tissue specimens. Samples were frozen (-80°C) for at least 72 hours to inactivate tapeworm ova. Polymerase chain reaction analyses of E. multilocularis and E. canadensis were performed on all frozen samples. Results Echinococcus multilocularis-positive samples were detected in nine (10.6%) of 85 locations, with one positive sample in a suburban Winnipeg dog park and two positive samples in a popular provincial park. No dog samples were positive for E. multilocularis; one sample was positive for E. canadensis. In contrast, nine coyote samples (7.3%) were positive for E. multilocularis and eight samples (6.5%) were positive for E. canadensis. The one fox sample was positive for each. Overall, six samples (3.6%) were positive for both infections. Conclusion This is the first confirmation of the presence of E. multilocularis in coyote feces in the metropolitan area of Winnipeg, Manitoba. In light of the risk this could pose to domestic dogs and human health, periodic surveillance that maps the distribution of this tapeworm could inform the need for additional public health actions.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Cacciò S, Chalmers R, Deplazes P, Devleesschauwer B, Innes E, Romig T, van der Giessen J, Hempen M, Van der Stede Y, Robertson L. Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05495. [PMID: 32625781 PMCID: PMC7009631 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are important food‐borne pathogens. Their complex lifecycles, varied transmission routes, and prolonged periods between infection and symptoms mean that the public health burden and relative importance of different transmission routes are often difficult to assess. Furthermore, there are challenges in detection and diagnostics, and variations in reporting. A Europe‐focused ranking exercise, using multicriteria decision analysis, identified potentially food‐borne parasites of importance, and that are currently not routinely controlled in food. These are Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. Infection with these parasites in humans and animals, or their occurrence in food, is not notifiable in all Member States. This Opinion reviews current methods for detection, identification and tracing of these parasites in relevant foods, reviews literature on food‐borne pathways, examines information on their occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. The differences between these three parasites are substantial, but for all there is a paucity of well‐established, standardised, validated methods that can be applied across the range of relevant foods. Furthermore, the prolonged period between infection and clinical symptoms (from several days for Cryptosporidium to years for Echinococcus spp.) means that source attribution studies are very difficult. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the domestic animal lifecycle (involving dogs and livestock) for Echinoccocus granulosus means that this parasite is controllable. For Echinococcus multilocularis, for which the lifecycle involves wildlife (foxes and rodents), control would be expensive and complicated, but could be achieved in targeted areas with sufficient commitment and resources. Quantitative risk assessments have been described for Toxoplasma in meat. However, for T. gondii and Cryptosporidium as faecal contaminants, development of validated detection methods, including survival/infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, are required for the development of quantitative risk assessments and efficient control measures.
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Assessment of the global pattern of genetic diversity in Echinococcus multilocularis inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Vet Parasitol 2018; 262:30-41. [PMID: 30389009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess our current knowledge on phylogeography and global genetic structure of Echinococcus multilocularis populations originating from rodents, wild canid hosts, and human. Six bibliographic databases were searched from 1990 to 2017, identifying a total of 110 publications. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and cytochrome b (cytb) sequences of E. multilocularis from Asia, Europe, and North Americas were analyzed to estimate the diversity and neutrality indices, and genetic differentiation. A total of 69 (cox1, 36.7%) and 16 haplotypes (cytb, 19.2%) were grouped into various geographical clades. A parsimonious haplotype network demonstrated a star-like feature with haplo-groups Em2 (Asia: 36%), Em105 (Eastern Tibetan plateau: 4.8%), Em46 (Europe: 9.1%), Em73, (Europe: 2.7%) and Em92 (North Americas: 4.3%) as the most common haplotypes. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was detected in rodent-derived E. multilocularis isolates (Haplotype diversity: 0.944), wild canids (Hd: 0.912), and human origin (Hd: 0.704). The highest number of haplotypes (n = 59) and the highest haplotype diversity (0.969) were identified in the Asian and European populations, respectively. Cladistic phylogenetic tree indicated the European clade has a sister relationship with the Asian clade. However, some North American haplotypes were assigned to the European clade together with haplotypes from Poland. The statistically significant Fst values indicated that E. multilocularis populations of Asian-European, Asian-North American, and European-North American origins were genetically differentiated (Fst: 0.22624 to 0.43059). An occurrence of distinct parasite populations suggests that E. multilocularis derived from glacial refugia have been plausibly sustained by indigenous hosts during the Pleistocene Epoch.
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Robertson LJ. Parasites in Food: From a Neglected Position to an Emerging Issue. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:71-113. [PMID: 30077225 PMCID: PMC7129657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne parasites have long been a neglected group of pathogens, as they often have insidious, chronic effects, rather than being acute diseases, and they are often associated with impoverished or marginalized populations. In addition, due to the long incubation period for most foodborne parasites, source attribution is often difficult, if not impossible. However, global trends have enabled foodborne parasites to emerge in different populations in new locations, transmitted through different food types, and sometimes with unexpected symptoms. This emergence of foodborne parasites has brought them into focus. In this chapter, six foodborne parasites are used as examples on emergence: Echinococcus multilocularis is spreading to new locations; Cryptosporidium spp. are beginning to be associated not only with water, but also with salads; Trypanosoma cruzi is being manifest with acute disease due to foodborne transmission, particularly transmitted with juices; Trichinella spp. have become less of a burden regarding transmission via pork in many countries, but now game animals are becoming a concern; anisakiasis is becoming a global problem as the world develops a taste for sushi, and similarly for opisthorchiasis, which is increasingly being associated with cholangiocarcinoma. However, the emergence of these foodborne parasites provides an incentive for increased efforts being made toward control. In this chapter, having described how the parasites are emerging from their neglected position, the focus turns toward control. In addition to considering control measures that may be applied to the specific parasites, an overview is provided of some of the organized collaborations, projects, and consortia, as well as some of their outputs, that have in focus the control of these emerging and important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Ito A, Budke CM. The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation. Acta Trop 2017; 176:11-21. [PMID: 28728830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, caused by the accidental ingestion of eggs of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, respectively, are endemic in Asia. Various Echinococcus species are maintained in domesticated and/or wild mammals through predator-prey interactions. Molecular analysis is used to help differentiate infecting parasite species and genotypes, with the goal of better understanding parasite life cycles in order to aid in the planning and implementation of control programs. This paper discusses the various echinococcoses in Asia, with limited reference to neighboring areas, including parts of Central Asia, Russia, Europe and North America.
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Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T, Antolova D, Schurer JM, Lahmar S, Cringoli G, Magambo J, Thompson RCA, Jenkins EJ. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:315-493. [PMID: 28131365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - M F Harandi
- Research centre of Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Antolova
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J M Schurer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S Lahmar
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - G Cringoli
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - J Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | | | - E J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Davidson RK, Lavikainen A, Konyaev S, Schurer J, Miller AL, Oksanen A, Skírnisson K, Jenkins E. Echinococcus across the north: Current knowledge, future challenges. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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