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Roy D, Subramaniam B, Chong WC, Bornhorst M, Packer RJ, Nazarian J. Zebrafish-A Suitable Model for Rapid Translation of Effective Therapies for Pediatric Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1361. [PMID: 38611039 PMCID: PMC11010887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancers are the leading cause of disease-related deaths in children and adolescents. Most of these tumors are difficult to treat and have poor overall survival. Concerns have also been raised about drug toxicity and long-term detrimental side effects of therapies. In this review, we discuss the advantages and unique attributes of zebrafish as pediatric cancer models and their importance in targeted drug discovery and toxicity assays. We have also placed a special focus on zebrafish models of pediatric brain cancers-the most common and difficult solid tumor to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Roy
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20012, USA; (D.R.)
| | - Bavani Subramaniam
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20012, USA; (D.R.)
| | - Wai Chin Chong
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20012, USA; (D.R.)
| | - Miriam Bornhorst
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20012, USA; (D.R.)
| | - Roger J. Packer
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20012, USA; (D.R.)
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20012, USA; (D.R.)
- DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Galvan GC, Friedrich NA, Das S, Daniels JP, Pollan S, Dambal S, Suzuki R, Sanders SE, You S, Tanaka H, Lee YJ, Yuan W, de Bono JS, Vasilevskaya I, Knudsen KE, Freeman MR, Freedland SJ. 27-hydroxycholesterol and DNA damage repair: implication in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1251297. [PMID: 38188290 PMCID: PMC10771304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1251297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction We previously reported that cholesterol homeostasis in prostate cancer (PC) is regulated by 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) and that CYP27A1, the enzyme that converts cholesterol to 27HC, is frequently lost in PCs. We observed that restoring the CYP27A1/27HC axis inhibited PC growth. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of 27HC-mediated anti-PC effects. Methods We employed in vitro models and human transcriptomics data to investigate 27HC mechanism of action in PC. LNCaP (AR+) and DU145 (AR-) cells were treated with 27HC or vehicle. Transcriptome profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip™ microarray system. Differential expression was determined, and gene set enrichment analysis was done using the GSEA software with hallmark gene sets from MSigDB. Key changes were validated at mRNA and protein levels. Human PC transcriptomes from six datasets were analyzed to determine the correlation between CYP27A1 and DNA repair gene expression signatures. DNA damage was assessed via comet assays. Results Transcriptome analysis revealed 27HC treatment downregulated Hallmark pathways related to DNA damage repair, decreased expression of FEN1 and RAD51, and induced "BRCAness" by downregulating genes involved in homologous recombination regulation in LNCaP cells. Consistently, we found a correlation between higher CYP27A1 expression (i.e., higher intracellular 27HC) and decreased expression of DNA repair gene signatures in castration-sensitive PC (CSPC) in human PC datasets. However, such correlation was less clear in metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC). 27HC increased expression of DNA damage repair markers in PC cells, notably in AR+ cells, but no consistent effects in AR- cells and decreased expression in non-neoplastic prostate epithelial cells. While testing the clinical implications of this, we noted that 27HC treatment increased DNA damage in LNCaP cells via comet assays. Effects were reversible by adding back cholesterol, but not androgens. Finally, in combination with olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, we showed additive DNA damage effects. Discussion These results suggest 27HC induces "BRCAness", a functional state thought to increase sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, and leads to increased DNA damage, especially in CSPC. Given the emerging appreciation that defective DNA damage repair can drive PC growth, future studies are needed to test whether 27HC creates a synthetic lethality to PARP inhibitors and DNA damaging agents in CSPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cecilia Galvan
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nadine A. Friedrich
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sanjay Das
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - James P. Daniels
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sara Pollan
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shweta Dambal
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ryusuke Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sergio E. Sanders
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hisashi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yeon-Joo Lee
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wei Yuan
- Cancer Biomarkers Team, Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S. de Bono
- Cancer Biomarkers Team, Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Vasilevskaya
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
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Luo JQ, Yang TW, Wu J, Lai HH, Zou LB, Chen WB, Zhou XM, Lv DJ, Cen SR, Long ZN, Mao YY, Zheng PX, Su XH, Xian ZY, Shu FP, Mao XM. Exosomal PGAM1 promotes prostate cancer angiogenesis and metastasis by interacting with ACTG1. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:502. [PMID: 37542027 PMCID: PMC10403531 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes and their contents promote cancer metastasis. Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) is involved in various cancer-related processes. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of exosomal PGAM1 in prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis remains unclear. In this study, we performed in vitro and in vivo to determine the functions of exosomal PGAM1 in the angiogenesis of patients with metastatic PCa. We performed Glutathione-S-transferase pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, western blotting and gelatin degradation assays to determine the pathway mediating the effect of exosomal PGAM1 in PCa. Our results revealed a significant increase in exosomal PGAM1 levels in the plasma of patients with metastatic PCa compared to patients with non-metastatic PCa. Furthermore, PGAM1 was a key factor initiating PCa cell metastasis by promoting invadopodia formation and could be conveyed by exosomes from PCa cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, exosomal PGAM1 could bind to γ-actin (ACTG1), which promotes podosome formation and neovascular sprouting in HUVECs. In vivo results revealed exosomal PGAM1 enhanced lung metastasis in nude mice injected with PCa cells via the tail vein. In summary, exosomal PGAM1 promotes angiogenesis and could be used as a liquid biopsy marker for PCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qi Luo
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao-Wei Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hou-Hua Lai
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Bin Zou
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Bin Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu-Min Zhou
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dao-Jun Lv
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng-Ren Cen
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi-Ning Long
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-You Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Zheng
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Su
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xian
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, 23 Pingzhouxiadong Road, Foshan, 528251, China.
| | - Fang-Peng Shu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, National Children's Medical Center for South Central Region, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiang-Ming Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Hancock SE, Ding E, Johansson Beves E, Mitchell T, Turner N. FACS-assisted single-cell lipidome analysis of phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins in cells of different lineages. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100341. [PMID: 36740022 PMCID: PMC10027561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell genomics and transcriptomics technologies have transformed our understanding of cellular heterogeneity in growth, development, ageing, and disease; however, methods for single-cell lipidomics have comparatively lagged behind in development. We have developed a method for the detection and quantification of a wide range of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin species from single cells that combines fluorescence-assisted cell sorting with automated chip-based nanoESI and shotgun lipidomics. We show herein that our method is capable of quantifying more than 50 different phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin species from single cells and can easily distinguish between cells of different lineages or cells treated with exogenous fatty acids. Moreover, our method can detect more subtle differences in the lipidome between cell lines of the same cancer type. Our approach can be run in parallel with other single-cell technologies to deliver near-complete, high-throughput multi-omics data on cells with a similar phenotype and has the capacity to significantly advance our current knowledge on cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hancock
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Eileen Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Todd Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Radaic A, Joo NE, Jeong SH, Yoo SII, Kotov N, Kapila YL. Phosphatidylserine-Gold Nanoparticles (PS-AuNP) Induce Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Apoptosis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1094. [PMID: 34371784 PMCID: PMC8309069 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate and breast cancer are the current leading causes of new cancer cases in males and females, respectively. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an essential lipid that mediates macrophage efferocytosis and is dysregulated in tumors. Therefore, developing therapies that selectively restore PS may be a potential therapeutic approach for carcinogenesis. Among the nanomedicine strategies for delivering PS, biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have an extensive track record in biomedical applications. In this study, we synthesized biomimetic phosphatidylserine-caped gold nanoparticles (PS-AuNPs) and tested their anticancer potential in breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro. We found that both cell lines exhibited changes in cell morphology indicative of apoptosis. After evaluating for histone-associated DNA fragments, a hallmark of apoptosis, we found significant increases in DNA fragmentation upon PS-AuNP treatment compared to the control treatment. These findings demonstrate the use of phosphatidylserine coupled with gold nanoparticles as a potential treatment for prostate and breast cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a phosphatidylserine-capped AuNP has been examined for its therapeutic potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.R.); (N.E.J.)
| | - Nam E. Joo
- Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.R.); (N.E.J.)
| | - Soo-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Seong-II Yoo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608737, Korea;
| | - Nicholas Kotov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.R.); (N.E.J.)
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6
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Hsu LN, Tsai YS, Tsai HT, Su WP, Tong YC. Study on the pathophysiological mechanism responsible for lower urinary tract symptoms associated with prostate cancer using an animal model. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2021; 13:390-399. [PMID: 33410260 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the pathophysiological mechanism leading to lower urinary tract symptoms in prostate cancer (PCa) by using an animal model. METHODS An orthotopic PCa model in mice was established by injection of human DU145 cells into the prostate gland lateral lobe of NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid /NcrCrlBltw (NOD-SCID) mice. Cancer growth was quantified by a luciferase-based in vivo imaging system (IVIS) serially every 7 days. Comparisons were made for urodynamic parameters, bladder histology, and biological markers until the sixth week. Bladder wall structural changes were assessed by the bladder wall thickness and degree of fibrosis. Biomarker expressions in bladder tissue including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 (M2 ), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4), BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspase3 were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS DU145 cell growth in the prostate was successfully monitored by a luciferase-based IVIS. after orthotopic injection. Using our injection technique, no anatomical obstruction of the bladder outlet and urethra was noted up to 6 weeks after injection. The presence of PCa induced changes in urinary bladder histology, biomarkers, and urodynamic parameters. Cystometry showed features of detrusor overactivity with increased voiding frequency and high-amplitude voiding contractions from the fourth week onward. Histological analyses 4 weeks after DU145 injection demonstrated detrusor thickening and bladder wall fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry showed increased expressions of bladder M2 , TRPV4, Bax, and caspase3 in the PCa mice as early as in the first or second week. CONCLUSIONS PCa can induce bladder microenvironment changes involving neural receptors and biological mediators leading to histological and functional alterations even in the absence of overt anatomical obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Nei Hsu
- Department of Urology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan City, Taiwan (ROC).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yuh-Shyan Tsai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Hsin-Tzu Tsai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wen-Pin Su
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan (ROC).,Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yat-Ching Tong
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan (ROC)
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Moreno E, Cavic M, Krivokuca A, Canela EI. The Interplay between Cancer Biology and the Endocannabinoid System-Significance for Cancer Risk, Prognosis and Response to Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113275. [PMID: 33167409 PMCID: PMC7694406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The various components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), such as the cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), cannabinoid ligands, and the signalling network behind it, are implicated in several tumour-related states, both as favourable and unfavourable factors. This review analyses the ECS's complex involvement in the susceptibility to cancer, prognosis, and response to treatment, focusing on its relationship with cancer biology in selected solid cancers (breast, gastrointestinal, gynaecological, prostate cancer, thoracic, thyroid, CNS tumours, and melanoma). Changes in the expression and activation of CBRs, as well as their ability to form distinct functional heteromers affect the cell's tumourigenic potential and their signalling properties, leading to pharmacologically different outcomes. Thus, the same ECS component can exert both protective and pathogenic effects in different tumour subtypes, which are often pathologically driven by different biological factors. The use of endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids as anti-cancer agents, and the range of effects they might induce (cell death, regulation of angiogenesis, and invasion or anticancer immunity), depend in great deal on the tumour type and the specific ECS component that they target. Although an attractive target, the use of ECS components in anti-cancer treatment is still interlinked with many legal and ethical issues that need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (E.I.C.)
| | - Milena Cavic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Ana Krivokuca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (E.I.C.)
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Nolfi D, Capone A, Rosati F, Della Giovampaola C. The alpha-1,2 fucosylated tubule system of DU145 prostate cancer cells is derived from a partially fragmented Golgi complex and its formation is actin-dependent. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112324. [PMID: 33065114 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In previous work, we showed that highly proliferative cells and cancer cells, but not cells with normal growth rate, have tubules rich in alpha-1,2 fucosylated epitopes that extend radially from the nucleus to the cell periphery and form an unusual uptake system. The importance of alpha-1,2 fucosylation in forming tubules was demonstrated by proving that down-regulating the two corresponding fucosyltransferases (FUT1 and FUT2) causes tubule fragmentation. Here, we present evidence that in the prostate cancer cell line DU145, the tubules arise in actively growing cells from vesicles in the medial and trans elements of a partially fragmented Golgi complex, while in not actively growing cells the tubules become completely independent from the Golgi complex. Formation and elongation of the tubules proved to depend on the actin cytoskeleton, since the alpha-1,2 fucosylated protein(s) segregate with the cytoskeleton proteins, and not in the membrane fraction, as do the Golgi markers and other fucosylated proteins, while depolymerization of the actin filaments causes tubule fragmentation and shifting of the alpha-1,2 fucosylated proteins into the membrane fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Nolfi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Capone
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Floriana Rosati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy; Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Via Mattioli 5, 53100, Siena, Italy
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9
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Ojalill M, Virtanen N, Rappu P, Siljamäki E, Taimen P, Heino J. Interaction between prostate cancer cells and prostate fibroblasts promotes accumulation and proteolytic processing of basement membrane proteins. Prostate 2020; 80:715-726. [PMID: 32364250 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor microenvironment or stroma has the potency to regulate the behavior of malignant cells. Fibroblast-like cells are abundant in tumor stroma and they are also responsible for the synthesis of many extracellular matrix components. Fibroblast-cancer cell interplay can modify the functions of both cell types. METHODS We applied mass spectrometry and proteomics to unveil the matrisome in 3D spheroids formed by DU145 prostate cancer cells, PC3 prostate cancer cells, or prostate-derived fibroblasts. Similarly, DU145/fibroblast and PC3/fibroblast coculture spheroids were also analyzed. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence were used to confirm the presence of specific proteins in spheroids. Cancer dissemination was studied by utilizing "out of spheroids" migration and invasion assays. RESULTS In the spheroid model cancer cell-fibroblast interplay caused remarkable changes in the extracellular matrix and accelerated the invasion of DU145 cells. Fibroblasts produced structural matrix proteins, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases. In cancer cell/fibroblast cocultures basement membrane components, including laminins (α3, α5, β2, and β3), heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG2 gene product), and collagen XVIII accumulated in a prominent manner when compared with spheroids that contained fibroblasts or cancer cells only. Furthermore, collagen XVIII was intensively processed to different endostatin-containing isoforms by cancer cell-derived cathepsin L. CONCLUSIONS Fibroblasts can promote carcinoma cell dissemination by several different mechanisms. Extracellular matrix and basement membrane proteins provide attachment sites for cell locomotion promoting adhesion receptors. Growth factors and metalloproteinases are known to accelerate cell invasion. In addition, cancer cell-fibroblast interplay generates biologically active fragments of basement membrane proteins, such as endostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noora Virtanen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Rappu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Siljamäki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki Heino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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10
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Packeiser EM, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Thiemeyer H, Mohr A, Junginger J, Schille JT, Murua Escobar H, Nolte I. Characterization of six canine prostate adenocarcinoma and three transitional cell carcinoma cell lines derived from primary tumor tissues as well as metastasis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230272. [PMID: 32168360 PMCID: PMC7069630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of prostate and urinary bladder are highly invasive and metastatic tumors of closely neighbored organs. Cell lines are valuable tools to investigate tumor mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in vitro. PAC in dogs is infrequent, difficult to differentiate from TCC and usually characterized by poor prognosis, enhancing the value of the few available cell lines. However, as cell lines adapt to culturing conditions, a thorough characterization, ideally compared to original tissue, is indispensable. Herein, six canine PAC cell lines and three TCC cell lines were profiled by immunophenotype in comparison to respective original tumor tissues. Three of the six PAC cell lines were derived from primary tumor and metastases of the same patient. Further, two of the three TCC cell lines were derived from TCCs invading into or originating from the prostate. Cell biologic parameters as doubling times and chemoresistances to commonly used drugs in cancer treatment (doxorubicin, carboplatin and meloxicam) were assessed. All cell lines were immunohistochemically close to the respective original tissue. Compared to primary tumor cell lines, metastasis-derived cell lines were more chemoresistant to doxorubicin, but equally susceptive to carboplatin treatment. Two cell lines were multiresistant. COX-2 enzyme activity was demonstrated in all cell lines. However, meloxicam inhibited prostaglandin E2 production in only seven of nine cell lines and did neither influence metabolic activity, nor proliferation. The characterized nine cell lines represent excellent tools to investigate PAC as well as TCC in prostate and urinary bladder of the dog. Furthermore, the profiled paired cell lines from PAC primary tumor and metastasis provide the unique opportunity to investigate metastasis-associated changes PAC cells undergo in tumor progression. The combination of nine differently chemoresistant PAC and TCC cell lines resembles the heterogeneity of canine lower urinary tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Packeiser
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, University Medical Centre Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Heike Thiemeyer
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Mohr
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Junginger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Torben Schille
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, University Medical Centre Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, University Medical Centre Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail: (HME); (IN)
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (HME); (IN)
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Schille JT, Nolte I, Packeiser EM, Wiesner L, Hein JI, Weiner F, Wu XF, Beller M, Junghanss C, Murua Escobar H. Isoquinolinamine FX-9 Exhibits Anti-Mitotic Activity in Human and Canine Prostate Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225567. [PMID: 31703454 PMCID: PMC6888667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies are insufficient for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) in men and dogs. As human castrate-resistant PCa shares several characteristics with the canine disease, comparative evaluation of novel therapeutic agents is of considerable value for both species. Novel isoquinolinamine FX-9 exhibits antiproliferative activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines but has not been tested yet on any solid neoplasia type. In this study, FX-9′s mediated effects were characterized on two human (PC-3, LNCaP) and two canine (CT1258, 0846) PCa cell lines, as well as benign solid tissue cells. FX-9 significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis with concentrations in the low micromolar range. Mediated effects were highly comparable between the PCa cell lines of both species, but less pronounced on non-malignant chondrocytes and fibroblasts. Interestingly, FX-9 exposure also leads to the formation and survival of enlarged multinucleated cells through mitotic slippage. Based on the results, FX-9 acts as an anti-mitotic agent with reduced cytotoxic activity in benign cells. The characterization of FX-9-induced effects on PCa cells provides a basis for in vivo studies with the potential of valuable transferable findings to the benefit of men and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Torben Schille
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.T.S.); (E.-M.P.); (L.W.); (J.I.H.); (C.J.)
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (I.N.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Eva-Maria Packeiser
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.T.S.); (E.-M.P.); (L.W.); (J.I.H.); (C.J.)
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Laura Wiesner
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.T.S.); (E.-M.P.); (L.W.); (J.I.H.); (C.J.)
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jens Ingo Hein
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.T.S.); (E.-M.P.); (L.W.); (J.I.H.); (C.J.)
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Franziska Weiner
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (X.-F.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (X.-F.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Christian Junghanss
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.T.S.); (E.-M.P.); (L.W.); (J.I.H.); (C.J.)
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.T.S.); (E.-M.P.); (L.W.); (J.I.H.); (C.J.)
- Correspondence: (I.N.); (H.M.E.)
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12
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Katsogiannou M, Boyer JB, Valdeolivas A, Remy E, Calzone L, Audebert S, Rocchi P, Camoin L, Baudot A. Integrative proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling of prostate cell lines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224148. [PMID: 31675377 PMCID: PMC6824562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a major public health issue, mainly because patients relapse after androgen deprivation therapy. Proteomic strategies, aiming to reflect the functional activity of cells, are nowadays among the leading approaches to tackle the challenges not only of better diagnosis, but also of unraveling mechanistic details related to disease etiology and progression. Methods We conducted here a large SILAC-based Mass Spectrometry experiment to map the proteomes and phosphoproteomes of four widely used prostate cell lines, namely PNT1A, LNCaP, DU145 and PC3, representative of different cancerous and hormonal status. Results We identified more than 3000 proteins and phosphosites, from which we quantified more than 1000 proteins and 500 phosphosites after stringent filtering. Extensive exploration of this proteomics and phosphoproteomics dataset allowed characterizing housekeeping as well as cell-line specific proteins, phosphosites and functional features of each cell line. In addition, by comparing the sensitive and resistant cell lines, we identified protein and phosphosites differentially expressed in the resistance context. Further data integration in a molecular network highlighted the differentially expressed pathways, in particular migration and invasion, RNA splicing, DNA damage repair response and transcription regulation. Conclusions Overall, this study proposes a valuable resource toward the characterization of proteome and phosphoproteome of four widely used prostate cell lines and reveals candidates to be involved in prostate cancer progression for further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsogiannou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
- Obstetrics and Gynecology department, Hôpital Saint Joseph, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Alberto Valdeolivas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
- ProGeLife, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Remy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Calzone
- Mines Paris Tech, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Palma Rocchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (PR); (LC); (AB)
| | - Luc Camoin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (PR); (LC); (AB)
| | - Anaïs Baudot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (PR); (LC); (AB)
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Pichla M, Sroka J, Pienkowska N, Piwowarczyk K, Madeja Z, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Metastatic prostate cancer cells are highly sensitive to 3-bromopyruvic acid. Life Sci 2019; 227:212-223. [PMID: 30928407 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP), an alkylating agent and a glycolytic inhibitor, is a promising anticancer agent, which can be efficient also against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. The aim of this study was to examine how 3-BP affects the survival and mobility of rat (MAT-LyLu and AT-2) and human (DU-145 and PC-3) metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. MAIN METHODS Cytotoxicity was estimated with Neutral Red. Cell mobility was analyzed by time-lapse microscopic monitoring of trajectories of individual cells at 5-min intervals for 6h. ATP was estimated with luciferin/luciferase and glutathione (GSH) with o-phthalaldehyde. Actin cytoskeleton was visualized with phalloidin conjugated with Atto-488. KEY FINDINGS All metastatic prostate cell lines studied were very sensitive to 3-BP (IC50 of 4-26μM). 3-Bromopyruvate drastically reduced cell movement even at concentrations of 5-10μM after 1h treatment. This compound depleted also cellular ATP and GSH, and disrupted actin cytoskeleton. SIGNIFICANCE The data obtained suggest that 3-BP can potentially be useful for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and, especially, be efficient in limiting metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pichla
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jolanta Sroka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa Street 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Natalia Pienkowska
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piwowarczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa Street 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa Street 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska Street 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland.
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14
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Bhat G, Hothpet VR, Lin MF, Cheng PW. Shifted Golgi targeting of glycosyltransferases and α-mannosidase IA from giantin to GM130-GRASP65 results in formation of high mannose N-glycans in aggressive prostate cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2891-2901. [PMID: 28782625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a pressing need for biomarkers that can distinguish indolent from aggressive prostate cancer to prevent over-treatment of patients with indolent tumor. METHODS Golgi targeting of glycosyltransferases was characterized by confocal microscopy after knockdown of GM130, giantin, or both. N-glycans on a trans-Golgi enzyme β4galactosyltransferase-1 isolated by immunoprecipitation from androgen-sensitive and independent prostate cancer cells were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight-mass spectrometry. In situ proximity ligation assay was employed to determine co-localization of (a) α-mannosidase IA, an enzyme required for processing Man8GlcNAc2 down to Man5GlcNAc2 to enable synthesis of complex-type N-glycans, with giantin, GM130, and GRASP65, and (b) trans-Golgi glycosyltransferases with high mannose N-glycans terminated with α3-mannose. RESULTS Defective giantin in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells results in a shift of Golgi targeting of glycosyltransferases and α-mannosidase IA from giantin to GM130-GRASP65. Consequently, trans-Golgi enzymes and cell surface glycoproteins acquire high mannose N-glycans, which are absent in cells with functional giantin. In situ proximity ligation assays of co-localization of α-mannosidase IA with GM130 and GRASP65, and trans-Golgi glycosyltransferases with high mannose N-glycans are negative in androgen-sensitive LNCaP C-33 cells but positive in androgen-independent LNCaP C-81 and DU145 cells, and LNCaP C-33 cells devoid of giantin. CONCLUSION In situ proximity ligation assays of Golgi localization of α-mannosidase IA at giantin versus GM130-GRASP65 site, and absence or presence of N-glycans terminated with α3-mannose on trans-Golgi glycosyltransferases may be useful for distinguishing indolent from aggressive prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapati Bhat
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska and Western Iowa Healthcare System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vishwanath-Reddy Hothpet
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska and Western Iowa Healthcare System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ming-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute of Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pi-Wan Cheng
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska and Western Iowa Healthcare System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute of Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA..
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15
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mako Kamiya
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Rumi Hino
- Department
of Sports and Health Science, Daito Bunka University, 560 Iwadono, Higashimathuyama, Saitama 355-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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16
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Fitzgerald KA, Guo J, Raftery RM, Castaño IM, Curtin CM, Gooding M, Darcy R, O' Brien FJ, O' Driscoll CM. Nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery assessed in a 3D co-culture model simulating prostate cancer bone metastasis. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:1058-69. [PMID: 27492023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
siRNA has emerged as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of prostate cancer but effective delivery remains a major barrier to its clinical application. This study aimed to develop and characterise a 3D in vitro co-culture model to simulate prostate cancer bone metastasis and to assess the ability of the model to investigate nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery and gene knockdown. PC3 or LNCaP prostate cancer cells were co-cultured with hFOB 1.19 osteoblast cells in 2D on plastic tissue culture plates and in 3D on collagen scaffolds mimicking the bone microenvironment. To characterise the co-culture model, cell proliferation, enzyme secretion and the utility of two different gene delivery vectors to mediate siRNA uptake and gene knockdown were assessed. Cell proliferation was reduced by∼50% by day 7 in the co-culture system relative to monoculture (PC3 and LNCaP co-cultures, in 2D and 3D) and an enhanced level of MMP9 (a marker of bone metastasis) was secreted into the media (1.2-4-fold increase depending on the co-culture system). A cationic cyclodextrin gene delivery vector proved significantly less toxic in the co-culture system relative to the commercially available vector Lipofectamine 2000(®). In addition, knockdown of both the GAPDH gene (minimum 15%) and RelA subunit of the NF-κB transcription factor (minimum 20%) was achieved in 2D and 3D cell co-cultures. Results indicate that the prostate cancer-osteoblast in vitro co-culture model was more physiologically relevant vs the monoculture. This model has the potential to help improve the design and efficacy of gene delivery formulations, to more accurately predict in vivo performance and, therefore, to reduce the risk of product failure in late-stage clinical development.
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Abstract
New incidence of prostate cancer is a major public health issue in the Western world, and has been rising in other areas of the globe in recent years. In an effort to understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this disease, numerous cell models have been developed, arising mostly from patient biopsies. The introduction of the genetically engineered mouse in biomedical research has allowed the development of murine models that allow for the investigation of tumorigenic and metastatic processes. Current challenges to the field include lack of an animal model that faithfully recapitulates bone metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cunningham
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zongbing You
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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18
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Xu GG, Zaidi SA, Zhang F, Singh S, Raborg TJ, Yuan Y, Zhang Y. Exploration on natural product anibamine side chain modification toward development of novel CCR5 antagonists and potential anti-prostate cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3721-5. [PMID: 26096680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death among males in the world. Prostate cancer cells have been shown to express upregulated chemokine receptor CCR5, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that relates to the inflammation process. Anibamine, a natural product containing a pyridine ring and two aliphatic side chains, was shown to carry a binding affinity of 1 μM at CCR5 as an antagonist with potential anti-cancer activity. However, it is not drug-like according to the Lipinski's rule of five mainly due to its two long aliphatic side chains. In our effort to improve its drug-like property, a series of anibamine derivatives were designed and synthesized by placement of aromatic side chains through an amide linkage to the pyridine ring. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for their CCR5 affinity and antagonism, and potential anti-proliferation activity against prostate cancer cell lines. Basal cytotoxicity was finally studied for compounds showing potent anti-proliferation activity. It was found that compounds with hydrophobic substitutions on the aromatic systems seemed to carry more promising CCR5 binding and prostate cancer cell proliferation inhibition activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan G Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Saheem A Zaidi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Shilpa Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Thomas J Raborg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yunyun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Gaibelet G, Allart S, Tercé F, Azalbert V, Bertrand-Michel J, Hamdi S, Collet X, Orlowski S. Specific cellular incorporation of a pyrene-labelled cholesterol: lipoprotein-mediated delivery toward ordered intracellular membranes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121563. [PMID: 25875769 PMCID: PMC4398402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aim of testing tools for tracing cell trafficking of exogenous cholesterol, two fluorescent derivatives of cholesterol, 22-nitrobenzoxadiazole-cholesterol (NBD-Chol) and 21-methylpyrenyl-cholesterol (Pyr-met-Chol), with distinctive chemico-physical characteristics, have been compared for their cell incorporation properties, using two cell models differently handling cholesterol, with two incorporation routes. In the Caco-2 cell model, the cholesterol probes were delivered in bile salt micelles, as a model of intestinal absorption. The two probes displayed contrasting behaviors for cell uptake characteristics, cell staining, and efflux kinetics. In particular, Pyr-met-Chol cell incorporation involved SR-BI, while that of NBD-Chol appeared purely passive. In the PC-3 cell model, which overexpresses lipoprotein receptors, the cholesterol probes were delivered via the serum components, as a model of systemic delivery. We showed that Pyr-met-Chol-labelled purified LDL or HDL were able to specifically deliver Pyr-met-Chol to the PC-3 cells, while NBD-Chol incorporation was independent of lipoproteins. Observations by fluorescence microscopy evidenced that, while NBD-Chol readily stained the cytosolic lipid droplets, Pyr-met-Chol labelling led to the intense staining of intracellular structures of membranous nature, in agreement with the absence of detectable esterification of Pyr-met-Chol. A 48 h incubation of PC-3 cells with either Pyr-met-Chol-labelled LDL or HDL gave same staining patterns, mainly colocalizing with Lamp1, caveolin-1 and CD63. These data indicated convergent trafficking downwards their respective receptors, LDL-R and SR-BI, toward the cholesterol-rich internal membrane compartments, late endosomes and multivesicular bodies. Interestingly, Pyr-met-Chol staining of these structures exhibited a high excimer fluorescence emission, revealing their ordered membrane environment, and indicating that Pyr-met-Chol behaves as a fair cholesterol tracer regarding its preferential incorporation into cholesterol-rich domains. We conclude that, while NBD-Chol is a valuable marker of cholesterol esterification, Pyr-met-Chol is a reliable new lipoprotein fluorescent marker which allows to probe specific intracellular trafficking of cholesterol-rich membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Gaibelet
- INSERM U563/1048, CHU Purpan, 31024, Toulouse, cedex 3, France
- CEA, SB2SM and UMR8221/UMR9198 CNRS, I2BC, IBiTec-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, cedex, France
- Université Toulouse III, UMR 1048, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Allart
- Université Toulouse III, UMR 1048, F-31000, Toulouse, France
- Plateau technique d’Imagerie Cellulaire, INSERM U1043, F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - François Tercé
- Université Toulouse III, UMR 1048, F-31000, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1048, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Azalbert
- Université Toulouse III, UMR 1048, F-31000, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1048, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- Université Toulouse III, UMR 1048, F-31000, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1048, Lipidomic Platform Metatoul, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Safouane Hamdi
- INSERM U563/1048, CHU Purpan, 31024, Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| | - Xavier Collet
- Université Toulouse III, UMR 1048, F-31000, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1048, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Orlowski
- INSERM U563/1048, CHU Purpan, 31024, Toulouse, cedex 3, France
- CEA, SB2SM and UMR8221/UMR9198 CNRS, I2BC, IBiTec-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Carvalho FLF, Marchionni L, Gupta A, Kummangal BA, Schaeffer EM, Ross AE, Berman DM. HES6 promotes prostate cancer aggressiveness independently of Notch signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1624-36. [PMID: 25864518 PMCID: PMC4511360 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, but its role in prostate cancer is poorly understood. However, selected Notch pathway members are overrepresented in high-grade prostate cancers. We comprehensively profiled Notch pathway components in prostate cells and found prostate cancer-specific up-regulation of NOTCH3 and HES6. Their expression was particularly high in androgen responsive lines. Up- and down-regulating Notch in these cells modulated expression of canonical Notch targets, HES1 and HEY1, which could also be induced by androgen. Surprisingly, androgen treatment also suppressed Notch receptor expression, suggesting that androgens can activate Notch target genes in a receptor-independent manner. Using a Notch-sensitive Recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ) reporter assay, we found that basal levels of Notch signalling were significantly lower in prostate cancer cells compared to benign cells. Accordingly pharmacological Notch pathway blockade did not inhibit cancer cell growth or viability. In contrast to canonical Notch targets, HES6, a HES family member known to antagonize Notch signalling, was not regulated by Notch signalling, but relied instead on androgen levels, both in cultured cells and in human cancer tissues. When engineered into prostate cancer cells, reduced levels of HES6 resulted in reduced cancer cell invasion and clonogenic growth. By molecular profiling, we identified potential roles for HES6 in regulating hedgehog signalling, apoptosis and cell migration. Our results did not reveal any cell-autonomous roles for canonical Notch signalling in prostate cancer. However, the results do implicate HES6 as a promoter of prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe L F Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anuj Gupta
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Basheer A Kummangal
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Brady Institute of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley E Ross
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Brady Institute of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Berman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Brady Institute of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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21
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Sakai M, Martinez-Arguelles DB, Patterson NH, Chaurand P, Papadopoulos V. In search of the molecular mechanisms mediating the inhibitory effect of the GnRH antagonist degarelix on human prostate cell growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120670. [PMID: 25811175 PMCID: PMC4374753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degarelix is a gonadrotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor (GnRHR) antagonist used in patients with prostate cancer who need androgen deprivation therapy. GnRHRs have been found in extra-pituitary tissues, including prostate, which may be affected by the GnRH and GnRH analogues used in therapy. The direct effect of degarelix on human prostate cell growth was evaluated. Normal prostate myofibroblast WPMY-1 and epithelial WPE1-NA22 cells, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-1 cells, androgen-independent PC-3 and androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells, as well as VCaP cells derived from a patient with castration-resistant prostate cancer were used. Discriminatory protein and lipid fingerprints of normal, hyperplastic, and cancer cells were generated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). The investigated cell lines express GNRHR1 and GNRHR2 and their endogenous ligands. Degarelix treatment reduced cell viability in all prostate cell lines tested, with the exception of the PC-3 cells; this can be attributed to increased apoptosis, as indicated by increased caspase 3/7, 8 and 9 levels. WPE1-NA22, BPH-1, LNCaP, and VCaP cell viability was not affected by treatment with the GnRH agonists leuprolide and goserelin. Using MALDI MS, we detected changes in m/z signals that were robust enough to create a complete discriminatory profile induced by degarelix. Transcriptomic analysis of BPH-1 cells provided a global map of genes affected by degarelix and indicated that the biological processes affected were related to cell growth, G-coupled receptors, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, angiogenesis and cell adhesion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that (i) the GnRH antagonist degarelix exerts a direct effect on prostate cell growth through apoptosis; (ii) MALDI MS analysis provided a basis to fingerprint degarelix-treated prostate cells; and (iii) the clusters of genes affected by degarelix suggest that this compound, in addition to its known use in the treatment of prostate cancer, may be efficacious in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sakai
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel B. Martinez-Arguelles
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Chaurand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Rezania S, Amirmozaffari N, Rashidi N, Mirzadegan E, Zarei S, Ghasemi J, Zarei O, Katouzian L, Zarnani AH. The same and not the same: heterogeneous functional activation of prostate tumor cells by TLR ligation. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:54. [PMID: 24966802 PMCID: PMC4069277 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many types of tumors are organized in a hierarchy of heterogeneous cell populations with different molecular signature. Such heterogeneity may be associated with different responsiveness to microenvironment stimuli. In the present study, the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), as well-known mediators of inflammation, on cancerous behavior of three prostate tumor cells, LNCaP, PC3 and DU145, were investigated. Methods Expression of TLR1-10, CD14 and MyD88 transcripts was investigated by RT-PCR. Protein expression of TLR2 and 4 was scrutinized by flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. Experiments were set up to assess the effects of LPS and LTA at different concentrations and times on cell proliferation, extracellular matrix invasion, adhesion and cytokine production. Results We showed that prostate cancer cell lines differentially express TLR1-10, MyD88 and CD14 transcripts. DU145 failed to express TLR4 gene. Positively-identified TLR2 protein in all prostate cancer cells and TLR4 protein in PC3 and LNCaP by Western blotting was not accompanied by cell surface expression, as judged by flow cytometry. Immunofluorescent staining clearly demonstrated predominantly perinuclear localization of TLR2 and TLR4. LTA activation of all prostate cancer cells significantly increased cell proliferation. Regardless of lacking TLR4, DU145 cells proliferated in response to LPS treatment. While LPS caused increased invasiveness of LNCaP, invasive capacity of PC3 was significantly reduced after LPS or LTA stimulation. Stimulation of all prostate tumor cells with LTA was associated with increased cell adhesion and IL-8 production. IL-6 production, however, was differentially regulated by LPS stimulation in prostate tumor cells. Conclusion The data shows that cancer cells originated from the same histologically origin exhibit heterogeneous response to the same TLR ligand. Therefore, a thorough and comprehensive judgment on how and to what extent a particular cancer is affected by TLR agonist could not be inferred by studying an individual cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Rezania
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Biophysics Institute, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Noor Amirmozaffari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mirzadegan
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Zarei
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Ghasemi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Katouzian
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Ravenna L, Principessa L, Verdina A, Salvatori L, Russo MA, Petrangeli E. Distinct phenotypes of human prostate cancer cells associate with different adaptation to hypoxia and pro-inflammatory gene expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96250. [PMID: 24801981 PMCID: PMC4011733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and inflammation are strictly interconnected both concurring to prostate cancer progression. Numerous reports highlight the role of tumor cells in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory molecules and show that hypoxia can modulate a number of these genes contributing substantially to the increase of cancer aggressiveness. However, little is known about the importance of the tumor phenotype in this process. The present study explores how different features, including differentiation and aggressiveness, of prostate tumor cell lines impact on the hypoxic remodeling of pro-inflammatory gene expression and malignancy. We performed our studies on three cell lines with increasing metastatic potential: the well differentiated androgen-dependent LNCaP and the less differentiated and androgen-independent DU145 and PC3. We analyzed the effect that hypoxic treatment has on modulating pro-inflammatory gene expression and evaluated the role HIF isoforms and NF-kB play in sustaining this process. DU145 and PC3 cells evidenced a higher normoxic expression and a more complete hypoxic induction of pro-inflammatory molecules compared to the well differentiated LNCaP cell line. The role of HIF1α and NF-kB, the master regulators of hypoxia and inflammation respectively, in sustaining the hypoxic pro-inflammatory phenotype was different according to cell type. NF-kB was observed to play a main role in DU145 and PC3 cells in which treatment with the NF-kB inhibitor parthenolide was able to counteract both the hypoxic pro-inflammatory shift and HIF1α activation but not in LNCaP cells. Our data highlight that tumor prostate cell phenotype contributes at a different degree and with different mechanisms to the hypoxic pro-inflammatory gene expression related to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ravenna
- CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
- Department for the Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorenzo Principessa
- Department of Sensory Organs, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Verdina
- Department for the Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Salvatori
- CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
- Department for the Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonio Russo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Petrangeli
- CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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24
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Johnson IR, Parkinson-Lawrence EJ, Butler LM, Brooks DA. Prostate cell lines as models for biomarker discovery: performance of current markers and the search for new biomarkers. Prostate 2014; 74:547-60. [PMID: 24435746 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer cell lines have been used in the search for biomarkers that are suitable for prostate cancer diagnosis. Unfortunately, many cell line studies have only involved single cell lines, partially characterized cell lines or were performed without controls, and this may have been detrimental to effective biomarker discovery. We have analyzed a panel of prostate cancer and nonmalignant control cell lines using current biomarkers and then investigated a set of prospective endosomal and lysosomal proteins to search for new biomarkers. METHODS Western blotting was used to define the amount of protein and specific molecular forms in cell extracts and culture media from a panel of nonmalignant (RWPE-1, PNT1a, PNT2) and prostate cancer (22RV1, CaHPV10, DU-145, LNCaP) cell lines. Gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. RESULTS HPV-18 transfected cell lines displayed a different pattern of protein and gene expression when compared to the other cell lines examined, suggesting that these cell lines may not be the most optimal for prostate cancer biomarker discovery. There was an increased amount of prostatic acid phosphatase and kallikrein proteins in LNCaP cell extracts and culture media, but variable amounts of these proteins in other prostate cancer cell lines. There were minimal differences in the amounts of lysosomal proteins detected in prostate cancer cells and culture media, but two endosomal proteins, cathepsin B and acid ceramidase, had increased gene and protein expression, and certain molecular forms showed increased secretion from prostate cancer cells (P ≤ 0.05). LIMP-2 gene and protein expression was significantly increased in prostate cancer compared to nonmalignant cell lines (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS While the existing prostate cancer biomarkers and lysosomal proteins investigated here were not able to specifically differentiate between a panel of nonmalignant and prostate cancer cell lines, endosomal proteins showed some discriminatory capacity. LIMP-2 is a critical regulator of endosome biogenesis and the increased expression observed in prostate cancer cells indicated that other endosome related proteins may also be upregulated and could be investigated as novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Johnson
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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25
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Arnatt CK, Adams JL, Zhang Z, Haney KM, Li G, Zhang Y. Design, syntheses, and characterization of piperazine based chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonists as anti prostate cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2319-23. [PMID: 24731275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CCR5 plays an important role in the pro-inflammatory environment that aids in the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Previously, a series of CCR5 antagonists containing a piperidine ring core skeleton were designed based upon the proposed CCR5 antagonist pharmacophore from molecular modeling studies. The developed CCR5 antagonists were able to antagonize CCR5 at a micromolar level and inhibit the proliferation of metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. In order to further explore the structure-activity-relationship of the pharmacophore identified, the molecular scaffold was expanded to contain a piperazine ring as the core. A number of compounds that were synthesized showed promising anti prostate cancer activity and reasonable cytotoxicity profiles based on the biological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Arnatt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Joanna L Adams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Zhu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Kendra M Haney
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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26
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Morgan R, Boxall A, Harrington KJ, Simpson GR, Michael A, Pandha HS. Targeting HOX transcription factors in prostate cancer. BMC Urol 2014; 14:17. [PMID: 24499138 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HOX genes are a family of transcription factors that help to determine cell and tissue identity during early development, and which are also over-expressed in a number of malignancies where they have been shown to promote cell proliferation and survival. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of HOX genes in prostate cancer and to establish whether prostate cancer cells are sensitive to killing by HXR9, an inhibitor of HOX function. METHODS HOX function was inhibited using the HXR9 peptide. HOX gene expression was assessed by RNA extraction from cells or tissues followed by quantitative PCR, and siRNA was used to block the expression of the HOX target gene, cFos. In vivo modelling involved a mouse flank tumour induced by inoculation with LNCaP cells. RESULTS In this study we show that the expression of HOX genes in prostate tumours is greatly increased with respect to normal prostate tissue. Targeting the interaction between HOX proteins and their PBX cofactor induces apoptosis in the prostate cancer derived cell lines PC3, DU145 and LNCaP, through a mechanism that involves a rapid increase in the expression of cFos, an oncogenic transcription factor. Furthermore, disrupting HOX/PBX binding using the HXR9 antagonist blocks the growth of LNCaP tumours in a xenograft model over an extended period. CONCLUSION Many HOX genes are highly over-expressed in prostate cancer, and prostate cancer cells are sensitive to killing by HXR9 both in vitro and in vivo. The HOX genes are therefore a potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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27
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Chaiswing L, Zhong W, Oberley TD. Distinct redox profiles of selected human prostate carcinoma cell lines: implications for rational design of redox therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3557-84. [PMID: 22163073 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of several cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation are mediated, at least in part, by oxidative stress. To better understand this process, we analyzed certain biochemical properties affecting reduction-oxidation (redox) balance in normal prostate epithelial cells and several prostate cancer cell lines. Highly aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer PC3 cells demonstrated significantly higher levels of total antioxidant capacity (AC) and intra- and extracellular glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratios when compared with normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells. WPE1-NB26 cells, a prostate cancer cell line derived from immortalized RWPE1 human prostate epithelial cells, demonstrated significantly higher levels of total AC and intra- and extracellular GSH/GSSG ratios, but lower levels of intracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation compared with RWPE1 cells. LNCaP-C4-2 cells, a more aggressive prostate cancer derived from less aggressive androgen-responsive LNCaP cells, exhibited higher levels of AC and extracellular GSH/GSSG ratio when compared to LNCaP cells. Specific cell types showed distinct cytotoxic responses to redox-modulating compounds. WPE1-NB26 cells were more sensitive to phenethyl isothiocyanate and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) than RWPE1 cells, while PC3 cells were more sensitive to TNF than PrEC cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cancer cell redox state may modulate responses to redox-modulating therapeutic regimens.
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28
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Gaibelet G, Tercé F, Bertrand-Michel J, Allart S, Azalbert V, Lecompte MF, Collet X, Orlowski S. 21-Methylpyrenyl-cholesterol stably and specifically associates with lipoprotein peripheral hemi-membrane: a new labelling tool. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:533-8. [PMID: 24103760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are important biological components. However, they have few convenient fluorescent labelling probes currently reported, and their physiological reliability can be questioned. We compared the association of two fluorescent cholesterol derivatives, 22-nitrobenzoxadiazole-cholesterol (NBD-Chol) and 21-methylpyrenyl-cholesterol (Pyr-met-Chol), to serum lipoproteins and to purified HDL and LDL. Both lipoproteins could be stably labelled by Pyr-met-Chol, but virtually not by NBD-Chol. At variance with NBD-Chol, LCAT did not esterify Pyr-met-Chol. The labelling characteristics of lipoproteins by Pyr-met-Chol were well distinguishable between HDL and LDL, regarding dializability, associated probe amount and labelling kinetics. We took benefit of the pyrene labelling to approach the structural organization of LDL peripheral hemi-membrane, since Pyr-met-Chol-labelled LDL, but not HDL, presented a fluorescence emission of pyrene excimers, indicating that the probe was present in an ordered lipid micro-environment. Since the peripheral membrane of LDL contains more sphingomyelin (SM) than HDL, this excimer formation was consistent with the existence of cholesterol- and SM-enriched lipid microdomains in LDL, as already suggested in model membranes of similar composition and reminiscent to the well-described "lipid rafts" in bilayer membranes. Finally, we showed that Pyr-met-Chol could stain cultured PC-3 cells via lipoprotein-mediated delivery, with a staining pattern well different to that observed with NBD-Chol non-specifically delivered to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Gaibelet
- INSERM U563, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France; CEA, SB2SM and UMR8221 CNRS, IBiTec-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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29
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Arnatt CK, Zaidi SA, Zhang Z, Li G, Richardson AC, Ware JL, Zhang Y. Design, syntheses, and characterization of pharmacophore based chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonists as anti prostate cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:647-58. [PMID: 24095757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown multiple roles that chemokine receptor CCR5 may play to promote the progression of several types of cancer. The mechanism of such promotion is believed to involve chronic inflammation that creates a microenvironment which enhances tumor survival. Therefore, blocking CCR5 function with an antagonist may provide a novel treatment of cancers such as prostate cancer. Currently, several CCR5 antagonists are available, but all have been optimized for their inhibitory activity on HIV-1 cellular membrane invasion process rather than inhibition on cytoplasmic signaling pathways. Thus, there is need to develop CCR5 antagonists focusing on blockage of CCR5 downstream signaling and inhibition of CCR5 related prostate cancer proliferation and progression. In this report, a pharmacophore analysis was conducted based on docking studies of several known CCR5 antagonists in a CCR5 homology model. A unique structural skeleton for CCR5 antagonist was constructed and functionalized, resulting in a new series of small molecules to be synthesized and characterized. A combination of CCR5 calcium flux inhibition, anti prostate cancer cell proliferation, basal cytotoxicity, and in vivo animal model studies were applied to screen the newly synthesized compounds. Results from this study provided a potential lead compound for future CCR5 antagonist development focusing on prostate cancer therapy.
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30
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Zhang F, Arnatt CK, Haney KM, Fang HC, Bajacan JE, Richardson AC, Ware JL, Zhang Y. Structure activity relationship studies of natural product chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonist anibamine toward the development of novel anti prostate cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:395-408. [PMID: 22901310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the CCR5 chemokine receptor may be a potential target for treating prostate cancer. Thus, development of CCR5 antagonists may provide novel prostate cancer therapy. Anibamine, a novel pyridine quaternary alkaloid isolated from Aniba sp., was found to effectively compete with (125)I-gp120 in binding to the chemokine receptor CCR5, with an IC(50) = 1 μM. Anibamine is the first natural product reported as a CCR5 antagonist, and thus provides a novel structural skeleton unique from other lead compounds that have generally been identified from high-throughput screening efforts. In order to refine the lead compound's structure and improve the therapeutic index of anibamine derivatives as potential anti prostate cancer agents, the approach of "deconstruction-reconstruction-elaboration" was applied in the structure-activity relationship studies of this work. Here, we report the design, syntheses and anti prostate cancer activities of anibamine and 17 analogues. The results from the in vitro and in vivo studies described here show that this class of compounds has potential to provide novel leads as anti prostate cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Berry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53705, United States
| | - Lindsey J. Maccoux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53705, United States
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53705, United States
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Coppola V, Musumeci M, Patrizii M, Cannistraci A, Addario A, Maugeri-Saccà M, Biffoni M, Francescangeli F, Cordenonsi M, Piccolo S, Memeo L, Pagliuca A, Muto G, Zeuner A, De Maria R, Bonci D. BTG2 loss and miR-21 upregulation contribute to prostate cell transformation by inducing luminal markers expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2012; 32:1843-53. [PMID: 22614007 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in men. Despite significant advances in prostate cancer diagnosis and management, the molecular events involved in the transformation of normal prostate cells into cancer cells have not been fully understood. It is generally accepted that prostate cancer derives from the basal compartment while expressing luminal markers. We investigated whether downregulation of the basal protein B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) is implicated in prostate cancer transformation and progression. Here we show that BTG2 loss can shift normal prostate basal cells towards luminal markers expression, a phenotype also accompanied by the appearance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits. We also show that the overexpression of microRNA (miR)-21 suppresses BTG2 levels and promotes the acquisition of luminal markers and EMT in prostate cells. Furthermore, by using an innovative lentiviral vector able to compete with endogenous mRNA through the overexpression of the 3'-untranslated region of BTG2, we demonstrate that in prostate tumor cells, the levels of luminal and EMT markers can be reduced by derepression of BTG2 from microRNA-mediated control. Finally, we show that the loss of BTG2 expression confers to non-tumorigenic prostate cells ability to grow in an orthotopic murine model, thus demonstrating the central role of BTG2 downregulaton in prostate cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Coppola
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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33
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Abstract
Small Rho GTPases are major regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and influence cell shape and migration. The expression of several Rho GTPases is often up-regulated in tumors and this frequently correlates with a poor prognosis for patients. Migration of cancer cells through endothelial cells that line the blood vessels, called transendothelial migration or extravasation, is a critical step during the metastasis process. The use of siRNA technology to target specifically each Rho family member coupled with imaging techniques allows the roles of individual Rho GTPases to be investigated. In this chapter we describe methods to assess how Rho GTPases affect the different steps of cancer cell transendothelial cell migration in vitro.
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Rivera-Gonzalez GC, Swift SL, Dussupt V, Georgopoulos LJ, Maitland NJ. Baculoviruses as gene therapy vectors for human prostate cancer. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S59-70. [PMID: 21784232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in ageing men in the western world. While the primary cancers can be treated with androgen ablation, radiotherapy and surgery, recurrent castration resistant cancers have an extremely poor prognosis, hence promoting research that could lead to a better treatment. Targeted therapeutic gene therapy may provide an attractive option for these patients. By exploiting the natural ability of viruses to target and transfer their genes into cancer cells, either naturally or after genetic manipulation, new generations of biological control can be developed. In this review we present the advantages and practicalities of using baculovirus as a vector for prostate cancer gene therapy and provide evidence for the potential of the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) as a safer alternative vehicle for targeting cancer cells. Strategies to target baculovirus binding specifically to prostate cell surfaces are also presented. The large insertion capacity of baculoviruses also permits restricted, prostate-specific gene expression of therapeutic genes by cloning extended human transcriptional control sequences into the baculovirus genome.
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Abstract
Cannabinoids, their receptors and their metabolizing enzymes are emerging as a new regulatory system, which is involved in multiple physiological functions. Normal prostate tissue expresses several constituents of the endocannabinoid system including the CB(1) receptor, receptors belonging to the transient receptor potential family and fatty acid amide hydrolase, a hydrolyzing enzyme, all of which have been localized in the glandular epithelia. Accumulating evidence indicate that the endocannabinoid system is dysregulated in prostate cancer, suggesting that it has a role in prostate homeostasis. Overexpression of several components of the endocannabinoid system correlate with prostate cancer grade and progression, potentially providing a new therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Moreover, several cannabinoids exert antitumoral properties against prostate cancer, reducing xenograft prostate tumor growth, prostate cancer cell proliferation and cell migration. Although the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids against prostate cancer is very promising, future research using animal models is needed to evaluate the influence of systemic networks in their antitumoral action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Díaz-Laviada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Allioli N, Vincent S, Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Decaussin-Petrucci M, Ragage F, Ruffion A, Samarut J. TM4SF1, a novel primary androgen receptor target gene over-expressed in human prostate cancer and involved in cell migration. Prostate 2011; 71:1239-50. [PMID: 21656834 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Androgen Receptor (AR) plays a key role in controlling prostate gland homeostasis and contributes to prostate carcinogenesis. The identification of its target genes should provide new candidates that may be implicated in cancer initiation and progression. METHODS Transcriptomic experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation were combined to identify direct androgen regulated genes. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses were performed to measure TM4SF1 mRNA levels in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens. Immunohistochemical methods were used to compare TM4SF1 protein expression profiles in the same cohort. A targeted siRNAs knockdown strategy was used, prior to wound healing assays, to analyze the role of TM4SF1 in cell migration in vitro. RESULTS We demonstrate for the first time that TM4SF1 is a direct target gene of the AR, a transcription factor of the steroid nuclear receptor family. A functional androgen response element was identified in the promoter region of the gene. In addition, TM4SF1 mRNA expression was higher in cancer samples compared to BPH tissues. The TM4SF1 protein mediates cell motility of prostate cancer cells where it is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, in contrast to its apical membrane localization in normal prostate epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a novel function for TM4SF1 in AR signaling. The TM4SF1 mRNA expression is higher in prostate cancer tissues as compared to BPH samples. Inhibition of cell migration after targeted knockdown of TM4SF1 protein expression suggests its contribution to prostate cancer cell metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Migration Inhibition/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Allioli
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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37
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Haney KM, Zhang F, Arnatt CK, Yuan Y, Li G, Ware JL, Gewirtz DA, Zhang Y. The natural product CCR5 antagonist anibamine and its analogs as anti-prostate cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5159-63. [PMID: 21820898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among males in the United States. As the chemokine receptor CCR5 is over-expressed in more aggressive forms of prostate cancer, and is also a critical receptor in inflammation, chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonists could potentially act as anti-prostate cancer agents. Anibamine, a natural product CCR5 antagonist, provides a unique molecular scaffold for the generation of novel analogs with possible anti-prostate cancer activity. A series of analogs of anibamine were designed, synthesized and tested against several prostate cancer cell lines. The analogs all acted as CCR5 antagonists at micromolar range affinity to the receptor while their anti-proliferative activity varied depending on the cell line type and their chemical structural properties. Further basal cytotoxicity characterization on these compounds indicated some of them may be suitable for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Haney
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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38
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Chen L, Fang B, Giorgianni F, Gingrich JR, Beranova-Giorgianni S. Investigation of phosphoprotein signatures of archived prostate cancer tissue specimens via proteomic analysis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1984-91. [PMID: 21739434 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of prostate cancer and determination of its aggressiveness are critical factors that influence treatment outcomes. To aid in the clinical decision making, novel biomarkers are being sought. Direct, global-scale examination of primary human specimens provides the most relevant picture of the tumor machinery and its perturbations, and this information is highly significant in the context of biomarker discovery. In the pilot study reported here, we focused on mapping of the phosphoproteome in human prostate cancer specimens obtained from a tissue repository. A gel-free proteomic strategy included whole proteome digestion, phosphopeptide enrichment with immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC), and phosphoprotein identification via LC-MS/MS and database searches. We applied this strategy to obtain phosphoprotein signatures from a set of five specimens. Phosphoproteins were characterized from each specimen. The phosphoprotein panels included 16-23 phosphoproteins that encompassed 18-30 phosphorylation sites. Some of proteins/sites were characterized in multiple specimens, whereas the majority of sites were found in single specimens. The characterized panels include caldesmone, desmin, HSP β-1, synaptopodin-2, filamin-C, tensin-1, and others. In summary, the study showed that cancer-relevant phosphoproteins can be characterized directly from archived prostate tumor specimens, establishing the groundwork for further biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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39
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Morgan R, Boxall A, Bhatt A, Bailey M, Hindley R, Langley S, Whitaker HC, Neal DE, Ismail M, Whitaker H, Annels N, Michael A, Pandha H. Engrailed-2 (EN2): a tumor specific urinary biomarker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1090-8. [PMID: 21364037 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cause of cancer related death in men. A number of key limitations with prostate specific antigen (PSA), currently the standard detection test, has justified evaluation of new biomarkers. We have assessed the diagnostic potential of Engrailed-2 (EN2) protein, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor expressed in PC cell lines and secreted into the urine by PC in men. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN EN2 expression in PC cell lines and prostate cancer tissue was determined by semi-quantative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. First pass urine [without prior digital rectal examination (DRE)] was collected from men presenting with urinary symptoms (referred to exclude/confirm the presence of prostate cancer) and from controls. EN2 protein was measured by ELISA in urine from men with PC (n = 82) and controls (n = 102). RESULTS EN2 was expressed and secreted by PC cell lines and PC tissue but not by normal prostate tissue or stroma. The presence of EN2 in urine was highly predictive of PC, with a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 88.2%, without requirement for DRE. There was no correlation with PSA levels. These results were confirmed independently by a second academic center. CONCLUSIONS Urinary EN2 is a highly specific and sensitive candidate biomarker of prostate cancer. A larger multicenter study to further evaluate the diagnostic potential of EN2 is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morgan
- Postgraduate Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
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40
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Wang J, Place RF, Huang V, Wang X, Noonan EJ, Magyar CE, Huang J, Li LC. Prognostic value and function of KLF4 in prostate cancer: RNAa and vector-mediated overexpression identify KLF4 as an inhibitor of tumor cell growth and migration. Cancer Res 2011; 70:10182-91. [PMID: 21159640 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
KLF4/GLKF4 is a transcription factor that can have divergent functions in different malignancies. The role of KLF4 in prostate cancer etiology remains unclear. We have recently reported that small double-stranded RNA can induce gene expression by targeting promoter sequence in a phenomenon referred to as RNA activation (RNAa). In this study, we examine KLF4 levels in prostate cancer tissue and utilize RNAa as a tool for gene overexpression to investigate its function. Expression analysis indicated that KLF4 is significantly downregulated in prostate cancer cell lines compared with nontumorigenic prostate cells. Meta-analysis of existing cDNA microarray data also revealed that KLF4 is frequently depleted in prostate cancer tissue with more pronounced reduction in metastases. In support, tissue microarray analysis of tumors and patient-matched controls indicated downregulation of KLF4 in metastatic tumor samples. Logistic regression analysis found that tumors with a KLF4 staining score less than 5 had a 15-fold higher risk for developing metastatic prostate cancer (P = 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-79.0). In vitro analysis indicated that RNAa-mediated overexpression of KLF4 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival and altered the expression of several downstream cell-cycle-related genes. Ectopic expression of KLF4 via viral transduction recapitulated the RNAa results, validating its inhibitory effects on cancer growth. Reactivation of KLF4 also suppressed migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. These results suggest that KLF4 functions as an inhibitor of tumor cell growth and migration in prostate cancer and decreased expression has prognostic value for predicting prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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41
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Ma S, Chan YP, Kwan PS, Lee TK, Yan M, Tang KH, Ling MT, Vielkind JR, Guan XY, Chan KW. MicroRNA-616 Induces Androgen-Independent Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells by Suppressing Expression of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor TFPI-2. Cancer Res 2011; 71:583-92. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Zhang K, Waxman DJ. PC3 prostate tumor-initiating cells with molecular profile FAM65Bhigh/MFI2low/LEF1low increase tumor angiogenesis. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:319. [PMID: 21190562 PMCID: PMC3024252 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem-like cells are proposed to sustain solid tumors by virtue of their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation to cells that comprise the bulk of the tumor, and have been identified for a variety of cancers based on characteristic clonal morphologies and patterns of marker gene expression. METHODS Single cell cloning and spheroid culture studies were used to identify a population of cancer stem-like cells in the androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell line PC3. RESULTS We demonstrate that, under standard culture conditions, ~10% of PC3 cells form holoclones with cancer stem cell characteristics. These holoclones display high self-renewal capability in spheroid formation assays under low attachment and serum-free culture conditions, retain their holoclone morphology when passaged at high cell density, exhibit moderate drug resistance, and show high tumorigenicity in scid immunodeficient mice. PC3 holoclones readily form spheres, and PC3-derived spheres yield a high percentage of holoclones, further supporting their cancer stem cell-like nature. We identified one gene, FAM65B, whose expression is consistently up regulated in PC3 holoclones compared to paraclones, the major cell morphology in the parental PC3 cell population, and two genes, MFI2 and LEF1, that are consistently down regulated. This molecular profile, FAM65Bhigh/MFI2low/LEF1low, also characterizes spheres generated from parental PC3 cells. The PC3 holoclones did not show significant enriched expression of the putative prostate cancer stem cell markers CD44 and integrin α2β1. PC3 tumors seeded with holoclones showed dramatic down regulation of FAM65B and dramatic up regulation of MFI2 and LEF1, and unexpectedly, a marked increase in tumor vascularity compared to parental PC3 tumors, suggesting a role of cancer stem cells in tumor angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the proposal that PC3 tumors are sustained by a small number of tumor-initiating cells with stem-like characteristics, including strong self-renewal and pro-angiogenic capability and marked by the expression pattern FAM65Bhigh/MFI2low/LEF1low. These markers may serve as targets for therapies designed to eliminate cancer stem cell populations associated with aggressive, androgen-independent prostate tumors such as PC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexiong Zhang
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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43
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Teahan O, Bevan CL, Waxman J, Keun HC. Metabolic signatures of malignant progression in prostate epithelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 43:1002-9. [PMID: 20633696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prognostic markers that can distinguish indolent from aggressive prostate cancer could have substantial patient benefit, helping to target patients most in need of radical intervention, while avoiding overtreatment of a highly prevalent condition. The search for novel cancer biomarkers has been facilitated by the development of technologies for "global" biomolecular profiling, used in the sciences of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolic profiling (metabonomics/metabolomics). Using an NMR-based approach we compared intracellular and extracellular metabolic profiles from the immortalised, non-tumourigenic prostate epithelial cell line, RWPE-1 and two tumourigenic sublines with increasing malignant phenotypes, WPE1-NB14 and WPE1-NB11, generated by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) mutagenesis. Collectively, these cell lines present an in vitro model of prostate cancer progression and disease aggression. We observed progressive alterations to intracellular levels of multiple metabolites from choline and branched chain amino acid metabolic pathways from RWPE-1 to WPE1-NB14 to WPE1-NB11 cells. In addition specific perturbations to intracellular glycine and lactate and extracellular lactate and alanine were observed relative to the parent line. The pathways implicated by comparative metabolic profiling in this model are known to be altered in human prostate cancer, and potentially represent a source of biomarkers for prostate cancer aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Teahan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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44
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Zielinski AJ, Fong S, Allison J, Kawahara M, Coppe JP, Feiler H, Lee NM, Desprez PY. The helix-loop-helix Id-1 inhibits PSA expression in prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2490-6. [PMID: 19662653 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Id-1, is an important gene whose expression increases during prostate cancer progression and that upregulates proliferation, migration and invasion. We used microarray analysis to identify the downstream genes whose transcriptional expression is modulated by Id-1 protein. We compared gene expression in control LNCaP cells and Id-1-transduced LNCaP cells, which become significantly more aggressive after Id-1 overexpression, thus mimicking the high levels of Id-1 detected in metastatic cell lines. We used the Affy HTA U133A Expression Arrays with 45,000 probe sets representing more than 39,000 transcripts. We found that one of the most significantly downregulated genes on Id-1 expression was kallikrein 3 [also called prostate specific antigen (PSA)], the most commonly used biomarker of prostate cancer. Here, we show that the reduction in PSA mRNA and protein expression associated with high-grade prostate cancers, which generally express high levels of Id-1, could be the consequence of Id-1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Zielinski
- California Pacific Medical Center, Cancer Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
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45
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Zhang G, Zhang H, Wang Q, Lal P, Carroll AM, de la Llera-Moya M, Xu X, Greene MI. Suppression of human prostate tumor growth by a unique prostate-specific monoclonal antibody F77 targeting a glycolipid marker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:732-7. [PMID: 20080743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911397107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In our effort to find diagnostic markers and to develop therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer, we have identified an mAb that is capable of binding to a cell surface antigen specifically expressed on both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Immunohistological studies revealed that this mAb, called F77, stained 112 of 116 primary and 29 of 34 metastatic human prostate cancer specimens. Although the mAb F77 alone directly promotes prostate cancer cell death, it also mediates complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, mAb F77 can significantly inhibit androgen-independent PC3 and Du145 tumor growth in nude mice. Antigen characterization revealed that mAb F77 recognizes a very small molecular species with glycolipid properties. F77 antigen is concentrated in the lipid-raft microdomains, which serve as platforms for the assembly of associating protein complexes. Thus, the present study indicates that mAb F77 defines a unique prostate cancer marker and shows promising potential for diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, especially for androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer.
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46
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Haynes MK, Strouse JJ, Waller A, Leitao A, Curpan RF, Bologa C, Oprea TI, Prossnitz ER, Edwards BS, Sklar LA, Thompson TA. Detection of intracellular granularity induction in prostate cancer cell lines by small molecules using the HyperCyt high-throughput flow cytometry system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:596-609. [PMID: 19470718 DOI: 10.1177/1087057109335671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among men due to the limited number of treatment strategies available for advanced disease. Discovery of effective chemotherapeutics involves the identification of agents that inhibit cancer cell growth. Increases in intracellular granularity have been observed during physiological processes that include senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy, making this phenotypic change a useful marker for identifying small molecules that induce cellular growth arrest or death. In this regard, epithelial-derived cancer cell lines appear uniquely susceptible to increased intracellular granularity following exposure to chemotherapeutics. We have established a novel flow cytometry approach that detects increases in side light scatter in response to morphological changes associated with intracellular granularity in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-independent PC3 human prostate cancer cell lines. A cell-based assay was developed to screen for small molecule inducers of intracellular granularity using the HyperCyt high-throughput flow cytometry platform. Validation was performed using the Prestwick Chemical Library, where known modulators of LNCaP intracellular granularity, such as testosterone, were identified. Nonandrogenic inducers of granularity were also detected. A further screen of approximately 25,000 small molecules led to the identification of a class of aryl-oxazoles that increased intracellular granularity in both cell lines, often leading to cell death. The most potent agents exhibited submicromolar efficacy in LNCaP and PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Haynes
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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47
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Win HY, Acevedo-Duncan M. Role of protein kinase C-iota in transformed non-malignant RWPE-1 cells and androgen-independent prostate carcinoma DU-145 cells. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:182-94. [PMID: 19243387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death among men in the USA. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the role of atypical protein kinase C-iota (PKC-iota) in androgen independent prostate DU-145 carcinoma cellscompared to transformed non-malignant prostate RWPE-1 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blotting and immunoprecipitations demonstrated that PKC-iotaisassociated with cyclin-dependent kinase activating kinase (CAK/Cdk7) in RWPE-1 cells, but not in DU-145 cells. RESULTS Treatment of prostate RWPE-1 cells with PKC-iota silencing RNA (siRNA) decreased cell viability,cell-cycle accumulation at G2/M phase, and phosphorylation of Cdk7 and Cdk2. In addition, PKC-iota siRNA treatment caused less phosphorylation ofBad at ser-155, ser-136, and greater Bad/Bcl-xL heterodimerization, leading to apoptosis. In DU-145 cells, PKC-iota was anti-apoptotic and was required for cell survival. Treatment with PKC-iota siRNA blocked increase in cell number, and inhibited G1/S transition by accumulation of cells in G0/G1phase. In addition to cell-cycle arrest, both RWPE-1 and DU-145 cells underwent apoptosis due to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis cascades, such as release of cytochrome c,activation of caspase-7, and poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PKC-iota is required for cell survival in both transformed non-malignant prostate RWPE-1 cells and androgen-independent malignant prostate DU-145 cells, whereas suppressing PKC-iota lead to apoptosis in DU-145 prostate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Win
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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48
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Ma S, Chan YP, Woolcock B, Hu L, Wong KY, Ling MT, Bainbridge T, Webber D, Chan THM, Guan XY, Lam W, Vielkind J, Chan KW. DNA fingerprinting tags novel altered chromosomal regions and identifies the involvement of SOX5 in the progression of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2323-32. [PMID: 19173284 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Identification of genomic alterations associated with the progression of prostate cancer may facilitate the better understanding of the development of this highly variable disease. Matched normal, premalignant high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive prostate carcinoma cells were procured by laser capture microdissection (LCM) from human radical prostatectomy specimens. From these cells, comparative DNA fingerprints were generated by a modified PCR-based technique called scanning of microdissected archival lesion (SMAL)-PCR. Recurrent polymorphic fingerprint fragments were used in tagging altered chromosomal regions. Altered regions were found at cytobands 1p31.3, 1q44, 2p23.1, 3p26.3, 3q22.3, 4q22.3, 4q35.2, 5q23.2, 8q22.3, 8q24.13, 9q21.3, 9q22.32, 10q11.21, 11p13, 12p12.1, 13q12.1, 16q12.2 and 18q21.31. Candidate genes in the surrounding area that may possibly harbor mutations that change normal prostatic cells to progress into their tumor stages were proposed. Of these fragments, a 420 bp alteration, absent in all 26 normal samples screened, was observed in 2 tumors. This fragment was cloned, sequenced and localized to chromosome 12p12.1. Within this region, candidate gene sex determining region Y-box 5 (SOX5) was proposed. Further studies of SOX5 in cell lines, xenografts and human prostate specimens, at both the RNA and protein levels, found overexpression of the gene in tumors. This overexpression was then subsequently found by fluorescent in situ hybridization to be caused by amplification of the region. In conclusion, our results suggest LCM coupled with SMAL-PCR DNA fingerprinting is a useful method for the screening and identification of chromosomal regions and genes associated with cancer development. Further, overexpression of SOX5 is associated with prostate tumor progression and early development of distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ma
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Abstract
We critically evaluated the etiologic role of inorganic arsenic in human prostate cancer. We assessed data from relevant epidemiologic studies concerning environmental inorganic arsenic exposure. Whole animal studies were evaluated as were in vitro model systems of inorganic arsenic carcinogenesis in the prostate. Multiple studies in humans reveal an association between environmental inorganic arsenic exposure and prostate cancer mortality or incidence. Many of these human studies provide clear evidence of a dose-response relationship. Relevant whole animal models showing a relationship between inorganic arsenic and prostate cancer are not available. However, cellular model systems indicate arsenic can induce malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells in vitro. Arsenic also appears to impact prostate cancer cell progression by precipitating events leading to androgen independence in vitro. Available evidence in human populations and human cells in vitro indicates that the prostate is a target for inorganic arsenic carcinogenesis. A role for this common environmental contaminant in human prostate cancer initiation and/or progression would be very important.
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Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has historically been known as a pituitary hormone; however, in the past few years, interest has been raised in locally produced, extrapituitary GnRH. GnRH receptor (GnRHR) was found to be expressed in normal human reproductive tissues (e.g. breast, endometrium, ovary, and prostate) and tumors derived from these tissues. Numerous studies have provided evidence for a role of GnRH in cell proliferation. More recently, we and others have reported a novel role for GnRH in other aspects of tumor progression, such as metastasis and angiogenesis. The multiple actions of GnRH could be linked to the divergence of signaling pathways that are activated by GnRHR. Recent observations also demonstrate cross-talk between GnRHR and growth factor receptors. Intriguingly, the classical G(alphaq)-11-phospholipase C signal transduction pathway, known to function in pituitary gonadotropes, is not involved in GnRH actions at nonpituitary targets. Herein, we review the key findings on the role of GnRH in the control of tumor growth, progression, and dissemination. The emerging role of GnRHR in actin cytoskeleton remodeling (small Rho GTPases), expression and/or activity of adhesion molecules (integrins), proteolytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases) and angiogenic factors is explored. The signal transduction mechanisms of GnRHR in mediating these activities is described. Finally, we discuss how a common GnRHR may mediate different, even opposite, responses to GnRH in the same tissue/cell type and whether an additional receptor(s) for GnRH exists.
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