1
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Ji D, Li X, Rezeq M, Cantwell W, Zheng L. Long-Term Stable Thermal Emission Modulator Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:37818-37827. [PMID: 37523775 PMCID: PMC10416147 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic control of a material's thermal emission could enable many emerging applications, such as thermal camouflage and infrared (IR) display. Low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials have shown great potential in these applications because of their tuneability in charge density via static gating or ionic intercalation. Herein, a thermal emission modulator based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is realized by ionic gating. The Fermi energy of the SWCNTs is shifted via the adsorption of ions on the surface, and the highest emissivity is observed at the neutral state while both P-type and N-type SWCNTs have a reduced emissivity. An emissivity modulation range is achieved approximately from 0.45 to 0.95 within the electrochemical window of the used ionic liquid. Thermal camouflage and IR display applications are then demonstrated by utilizing the tuneable thermal emissivity of the fabricated SWNCT films. More importantly, a single-layer structure allows effective dynamic control purely by static gating, without involving any ion interaction process that may cause structural damage, as observed in graphene and multi-walled nanotubes. Therefore, the SWCNT-based IR modulators exhibit long-term stability, with nearly identical modulation range and response time after 6000 dynamic tuning cycles, indicating great potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhuang Ji
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xuan Li
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moh’d Rezeq
- Department
of Physics, Khalifa University of Science
and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- System
on Chip Center, Khalifa University of Science
and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wesley Cantwell
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering and Aerospace Research and Innovation Center
(ARIC), Khalifa University of Science and
Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu
Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lianxi Zheng
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Lynch PJ, Tripathi M, Amorim Graf A, Ogilvie SP, Large MJ, Salvage J, Dalton AB. Mid-Infrared Electrochromics Enabled by Intraband Modulation in Carbon Nanotube Networks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:11225-11233. [PMID: 36800377 PMCID: PMC9982807 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tuneable infrared properties, such as transparency and emissivity, are highly desirable for a range of applications, including thermal windows and emissive cooling. Here, we demonstrate the use of carbon nanotube networks spray-deposited onto an ionic liquid-infused membrane to fabricate devices with electrochromic modulation in the mid-infrared spectrum, facilitating control of emissivity and apparent temperature. Such modulation is enabled by intraband transitions in unsorted single-walled carbon nanotube networks, allowing the use of scalable nanotube inks for printed devices. These devices are optimized by varying film thickness and sheet resistance, demonstrating the emissivity modulation (from ∼0.5 to ∼0.2). These devices and the understanding thereof open the door to selection criteria for infrared electrochromic materials based on the relationship between band structure, electrochemistry, and optothermal properties to enable the development of solution-processable large-area coatings for widespread thermal management applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Lynch
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K.
| | - Manoj Tripathi
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K.
| | - Aline Amorim Graf
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K.
| | - Sean P. Ogilvie
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Large
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K.
| | - Jonathan Salvage
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular
Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, U.K.
| | - Alan B. Dalton
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K.
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3
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Wei X, Li S, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhou W, Xie S, Liu H. Recent Advances in Structure Separation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application in Optics, Electronics, and Optoelectronics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200054. [PMID: 35293698 PMCID: PMC9108629 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural control of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with uniform properties is critical not only for their property modulation and functional design but also for applications in electronics, optics, and optoelectronics. To achieve this goal, various separation techniques have been developed in the past 20 years through which separation of high-purity semiconducting/metallic SWCNTs, single-chirality species, and even their enantiomers have been achieved. This progress has promoted the property modulation of SWCNTs and the development of SWCNT-based optoelectronic devices. Here, the recent advances in the structure separation of SWCNTs are reviewed, from metallic/semiconducting SWCNTs, to single-chirality species, and to enantiomers by several typical separation techniques and the application of the corresponding sorted SWCNTs. Based on the separation procedure, efficiency, and scalability, as well as, the separable SWCNT species, purity, and quantity, the advantages and disadvantages of various separation techniques are compared. Combined with the requirements of SWCNT application, the challenges, prospects, and development direction of structure separation are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Shilong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
| | - Wenke Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Weiya Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Sishen Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Huaping Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
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4
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Yomogida Y, Horiuchi K, Okada R, Kawai H, Ichinose Y, Nishidome H, Ueji K, Komatsu N, Gao W, Kono J, Yanagi K. Hall effect in gated single-wall carbon nanotube films. Sci Rep 2022; 12:101. [PMID: 34996961 PMCID: PMC8741975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of hopping carriers and grain boundaries can sometimes lead to anomalous carrier types and density overestimation in Hall-effect measurements. Previous Hall-effect studies on carbon nanotube films reported unreasonably large carrier densities without independent assessments of the carrier types and densities. Here, we have systematically investigated the validity of Hall-effect results for a series of metallic, semiconducting, and metal–semiconductor-mixed single-wall carbon nanotube films. With carrier densities controlled through applied gate voltages, we were able to observe the Hall effect both in the n- and p-type regions, detecting opposite signs in the Hall coefficient. By comparing the obtained carrier types and densities against values derived from simultaneous field-effect-transistor measurements, we found that, while the Hall carrier types were always correct, the Hall carrier densities were overestimated by up to four orders of magnitude. This significant overestimation indicates that thin films of one-dimensional SWCNTs are quite different from conventional hopping transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Kanako Horiuchi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Okada
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hideki Kawai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yota Ichinose
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishidome
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kan Ueji
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Natsumi Komatsu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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5
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Wei N, Tian Y, Liao Y, Komatsu N, Gao W, Lyuleeva-Husemann A, Zhang Q, Hussain A, Ding EX, Yao F, Halme J, Liu K, Kono J, Jiang H, Kauppinen EI. Colors of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2006395. [PMID: 33314478 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit various colors in suspension, directly synthesized SWCNT films usually appear black. Recently, a unique one-step method for directly fabricating green and brown films has been developed. Such remarkable progress, however, has brought up several new questions. The coloration mechanism, potentially achievable colors, and color controllability of SWCNTs are unknown. Here, a quantitative model is reported that can predict the specific colors of SWCNT films and unambiguously identify the coloration mechanism. Using this model, colors of 466 different SWCNT species are calculated, which reveals a broad spectrum of potentially achievable colors of SWCNTs. The calculated colors are in excellent agreement with existing experimental data. Furthermore, the theory predicts the existence of many brilliantly colored SWCNT films, which are experimentally expected. This study shows that SWCNTs as a form of pure carbon, can display a full spectrum of vivid colors, which is expected to complement the general understanding of carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wei
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yongping Liao
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Natsumi Komatsu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Aqeel Hussain
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Er-Xiong Ding
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Fengrui Yao
- School of Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Janne Halme
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Kaihui Liu
- School of Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Esko I Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, 00076, Finland
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6
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Iihara Y, Kawai T, Nonoguchi Y. Ionic Dopant-Encapsulating Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films with Metal-Like Electrical Conductivity. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:590-593. [PMID: 32057183 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heavy doping is inevitable for utilizing single-walled carbon nanotubes for wiring. However, the electrical conductivity of their films is currently as low as one tenth of the films made from typical metal pastes. Herein we report on metal-comparable electrical conductivity from single-walled carbon nanotube network films. We use ionic liquids and crown ether complexes for p-type and n-type doping, respectively. The encapsulation of counterions into carbon nanotubes promotes the conductivities in the range of 7000 S cm-1 , approximately ten times larger than those of undoped films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Iihara
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nonoguchi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
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7
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Abstract
This review article systematically highlights the recent advances regarding the design, preparation, performance and application of new and unique nanomaterials for electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Yiru Cai
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Baige Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Chang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
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8
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Gladush Y, Mkrtchyan AA, Kopylova DS, Ivanenko A, Nyushkov B, Kobtsev S, Kokhanovskiy A, Khegai A, Melkumov M, Burdanova M, Staniforth M, Lloyd-Hughes J, Nasibulin AG. Ionic Liquid Gated Carbon Nanotube Saturable Absorber for Switchable Pulse Generation. Nano Lett 2019; 19:5836-5843. [PMID: 31343179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials with electrically tunable optical properties offer a wide range of opportunities for photonic applications. The optical properties of the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be significantly altered in the near-infrared region by means of electrochemical doping. The states' filling, which is responsible for the optical absorption suppression under doping, also alters the nonlinear optical response of the material. Here, for the first time we report that the electrochemical doping can tailor the nonlinear optical absorption of SWCNT films and demonstrate its application to control pulsed fiber laser generation. With a pump-probe technique, we show that under an applied voltage below 2 V the photobleaching of the material can be gradually reduced and even turned to photoinduced absorption. Furthermore, we integrated a carbon nanotube electrochemical cell on a side-polished fiber to tune the absorption saturation and implemented it into the fully polarization-maintaining fiber laser. We show that the pulse generation regime can be reversibly switched between femtosecond mode-locking and microsecond Q-switching using different gate voltages. This approach paves the road toward carbon nanotube optical devices with tunable nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Gladush
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | - Aram A Mkrtchyan
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow 121205 , Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Moscow region, Dolgoprudny 141700 , Russia
| | - Daria S Kopylova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | | | - Boris Nyushkov
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
- Novosibirsk State Technical University , Novosibirsk 630073 , Russia
| | - Sergey Kobtsev
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | | | | | | | - Maria Burdanova
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Staniforth
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - James Lloyd-Hughes
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Albert G Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow 121205 , Russia
- Department of Applied Physics and Department of Chemistry and Materials Science , Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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9
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Qiu S, Wu K, Gao B, Li L, Jin H, Li Q. Solution-Processing of High-Purity Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Electronics Devices. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1800750. [PMID: 30062782 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) are of paramount significance for the construction of next-generation electronics. Until now, a number of elaborate sorting and purification techniques for s-SWCNTs have been developed, among which solution-based sorting methods show unique merits in the scale production, high purity, and large-area film formation. Here, the recent progress in the solution processing of s-SWCNTs and their application in electronic devices is systematically reviewed. First, the solution-based sorting and purification of s-SWCNTs are described, and particular attention is paid to the recent advance in the conjugated polymer-based sorting strategy. Subsequently, the solution-based deposition and morphology control of a s-SWCNT thin film on a surface are introduced, which focus on the strategies for network formation and alignment of SWCNTs. Then, the recent advances in electronic devices based on s-SWCNTs are reviewed with emphasis on nanoscale s-SWCNTs' high-performance integrated circuits and s-SWCNT-based thin-film transistors (TFT) array and circuits. Lastly, the existing challenges and development trends for the s-SWCNTs and electronic devices are briefly discussed. The aim is to provide some useful information and inspiration for the sorting and purification of s-SWCNTs, as well as the construction of electronic devices with s-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Kunjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Bing Gao
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hehua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
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10
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Gao W, Kono J. Science and applications of wafer-scale crystalline carbon nanotube films prepared through controlled vacuum filtration. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:181605. [PMID: 31032018 PMCID: PMC6458426 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make an ideal one-dimensional (1D) material platform for the exploration of novel physical phenomena under extremely strong quantum confinement. The 1D character of electrons, phonons and excitons in individual CNTs features extraordinary electronic, thermal and optical properties. Since their discovery in 1991, they have been continuing to attract interest in various disciplines, including chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. However, the macroscopic manifestation of 1D properties is still limited, despite significant efforts for decades. Recently, a controlled vacuum filtration method has been developed for the preparation of wafer-scale films of crystalline chirality-enriched CNTs, and such films have enabled exciting new fundamental studies and applications. In this review, we will first discuss the controlled vacuum filtration technique, and then summarize recent discoveries in optical spectroscopy studies and optoelectronic device applications using films prepared by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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11
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Berger F, Higgins TM, Rother M, Graf A, Zakharko Y, Allard S, Matthiesen M, Gotthardt JM, Scherf U, Zaumseil J. From Broadband to Electrochromic Notch Filters with Printed Monochiral Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:11135-11142. [PMID: 29521086 PMCID: PMC5887085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dense layers of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) serve as electrochromic (EC) materials in the near-infrared with high optical density and high conductivity. EC cells with tunable notch filter properties instead of broadband absorption are created via highly selective dispersion of specific semiconducting SWNTs through polymer-wrapping followed by deposition of thick films by aerosol-jet printing. A simple planar geometry with spray-coated mixed SWNTs as the counter electrode renders transparent metal oxides redundant and facilitates complete bleaching within a few seconds through iongel electrolytes with high ionic conductivities. Monochiral (6,5) SWNT films as working electrodes exhibit a narrow absorption band at 997 nm (full width at half-maximum of 55-73 nm) with voltage-dependent optical densities between 0.2 and 4.5 and a modulation depth of up to 43 dB. These (6,5) SWNT notch filters can retain more than 95% of maximum bleaching for several hours under open-circuit conditions. In addition, different levels of transmission can be set by applying constant low voltage (1.5 V) pulses with modulated width or by a given number of fixed short pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix
J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Higgins
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Rother
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maik Matthiesen
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan M. Gotthardt
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Yanagi K, Okada R, Ichinose Y, Yomogida Y, Katsutani F, Gao W, Kono J. Intersubband plasmons in the quantum limit in gated and aligned carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1121. [PMID: 29549341 PMCID: PMC5856781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Confined electrons collectively oscillate in response to light, resulting in a plasmon resonance whose frequency is determined by the electron density and the size and shape of the confinement structure. Plasmons in metallic particles typically occur in the classical regime where the characteristic quantum level spacing is negligibly small compared to the plasma frequency. In doped semiconductor quantum wells, quantum plasmon excitations can be observed, where the quantization energy exceeds the plasma frequency. Such intersubband plasmons occur in the mid- and far-infrared ranges and exhibit a variety of dynamic many-body effects. Here, we report the observation of intersubband plasmons in carbon nanotubes, where both the quantization and plasma frequencies are larger than those of typical quantum wells by three orders of magnitude. As a result, we observed a pronounced absorption peak in the near-infrared. Specifically, we observed the near-infrared plasmon peak in gated films of aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes only for probe light polarized perpendicular to the nanotube axis and only when carriers are present either in the conduction or valence band. Both the intensity and frequency of the peak were found to increase with the carrier density, consistent with the plasmonic nature of the resonance. Our observation of gate-controlled quantum plasmons in aligned carbon nanotubes will not only pave the way for the development of carbon-based near-infrared optoelectronic devices but also allow us to study the collective dynamic response of interacting electrons in one dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Ryotaro Okada
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yota Ichinose
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Fumiya Katsutani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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Li G, Suja M, Chen M, Bekyarova E, Haddon RC, Liu J, Itkis ME. Visible-Blind UV Photodetector Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Film/ZnO Vertical Heterostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:37094-37104. [PMID: 28948759 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors based on heterojunctions of conventional (Ge, Si, and GaAs) and wide bandgap semiconductors have been recently demonstrated, but achieving high UV sensitivity and visible-blind photodetection still remains a challenge. Here, we utilized a semitransparent film of p-type semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SC-SWNTs) with an energy gap of 0.68 ± 0.07 eV in combination with a molecular beam epitaxy grown n-ZnO layer to build a vertical p-SC-SWNT/n-ZnO heterojunction-based UV photodetector. The resulting device shows a current rectification ratio of 103, a current photoresponsivity up to 400 A/W in the UV spectral range from 370 to 230 nm, and a low dark current. The detector is practically visible-blind with the UV-to-visible photoresponsivity ratio of 105 due to extremely short photocarrier lifetimes in the one-dimensional SWNTs because of strong electron-phonon interactions leading to exciton formation. In this vertical configuration, UV radiation penetrates the top semitransparent SC-SWNT layer with low losses (10-20%) and excites photocarriers within the n-ZnO layer in close proximity to the p-SC-SWNT/n-ZnO interface, where electron-hole pairs are efficiently separated by a high built-in electric field associated with the heterojunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mohammad Suja
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mingguang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Robert C Haddon
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jianlin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mikhail E Itkis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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14
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Bisri SZ, Shimizu S, Nakano M, Iwasa Y. Endeavor of Iontronics: From Fundamentals to Applications of Ion-Controlled Electronics. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1607054. [PMID: 28582588 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201607054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Iontronics is a newly emerging interdisciplinary concept which bridges electronics and ionics, covering electrochemistry, solid-state physics, electronic engineering, and biological sciences. The recent developments of electronic devices are highlighted, based on electric double layers formed at the interface between ionic conductors (but electronically insulators) and various electronic conductors including organics and inorganics (oxides, chalcogenide, and carbon-based materials). Particular attention is devoted to electric-double-layer transistors (EDLTs), which are producing a significant impact, particularly in electrical control of phase transitions, including superconductivity, which has been difficult or impossible in conventional all-solid-state electronic devices. Besides that, the current state of the art and the future challenges of iontronics are also reviewed for many applications, including flexible electronics, healthcare-related devices, and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satria Zulkarnaen Bisri
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sunao Shimizu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakano
- Quantum Phase Electronic Center (QPEC) and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Iwasa
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Quantum Phase Electronic Center (QPEC) and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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15
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Moser ML, Li G, Chen M, Bekyarova E, Itkis ME, Haddon RC. Fast Electrochromic Device Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films. Nano Lett 2016; 16:5386-5393. [PMID: 27531707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical properties of electrochromic materials can be controlled by the application of an electric field allowing recent development of new applications such as smart windows technology for indoor climate control and energy conservation. We report the fabrication of a single-walled nanotube (SWNT) thin film based electro-optical modulator controlled by ionic liquid polarization in which the active electrochromic layer is made of a film of semiconducting (SC-) SWNTs and the counter-electrode is composed of a film of metallic (MT-) SWNTs. Optimization of this electro-optical cell allows the operations with an optical modulation depth of 3.7 dB and a response time in the millisecond range, which is thousands of times faster than typical electrolyte-controlled devices. In addition, a dual electro-optical device was built utilizing electro-optically active SC-SWNT films for each electrode that allowed increasing modulation depth of 6.7 dB while preserving the speed of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mingguang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mikhail E Itkis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Robert C Haddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Igarashi T, Kawai H, Yanagi K, Cuong NT, Okada S, Pichler T. Tuning localized transverse surface plasmon resonance in electricity-selected single-wall carbon nanotubes by electrochemical doping. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:176807. [PMID: 25978253 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.176807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Localized surface-plasmon resonance affects the optical absorption and scattering of nanosized materials. The intensities and peak energies of the surface plasmons strongly depend on the carrier density; thus, the optical absorption peaks originating from the surface-plasmon resonance can be manipulated by the density of injected carriers. In single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), the correct identification of surface-plasmon resonance modes is of great interest due to their emerging plasmonic and optoelectronic applications. Here, we demonstrate that high-carrier injection by electric double layers can induce a transverse surface-plasmon peak in aggregated, electricity-selected SWCNTs. In contrast to the well-discussed surface-plasmon resonance mode, whose polarization is parallel to the axis and whose resonance frequency is located in the THz region, our identified mode, which was normal to the axis, was located in the near-infrared range. In addition, our mode's peak position and intensities were tunable by carrier injections, indicating a route to control plasmonic optical processes by electric double-layer carrier injections using ionic liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Igarashi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hideki Kawai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Nguyen Thanh Cuong
- Nanosystem Research Institute (NRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Susumu Okada
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
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Yanagi K, Kanda S, Oshima Y, Kitamura Y, Kawai H, Yamamoto T, Takenobu T, Nakai Y, Maniwa Y. Tuning of the thermoelectric properties of one-dimensional material networks by electric double layer techniques using ionic liquids. Nano Lett 2014; 14:6437-6442. [PMID: 25302572 DOI: 10.1021/nl502982f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report across-bandgap p-type and n-type control over the Seebeck coefficients of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube networks through an electric double layer transistor setup using an ionic liquid as the electrolyte. All-around gating characteristics by electric double layer formation upon the surface of the nanotubes enabled the tuning of the Seebeck coefficient of the nanotube networks by the shift in gate voltage, which opened the path to Fermi-level-controlled three-dimensional thermoelectric devices composed of one-dimensional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Schäfer S, Cogan NMB, Krauss TD. Spectroscopic investigation of electrochemically charged individual (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 2014; 14:3138-3144. [PMID: 24797608 DOI: 10.1021/nl5003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) of (6,5) chirality were investigated by means of optical spectroscopy while their charge state was controlled electrochemically. The photoluminescence of the SWNTs was found to be quenched at positive and negative potentials, where the onset and offset varied for each individual SWNT. We propose that differences in the local environment of the individual SWNT lead to a shift of the Fermi energy, resulting in a distribution of the oxidation and reduction potentials. The exciton emission energy was found to correlate with the oxidation and reduction potential. Further proof of a correlation was found by deliberately doping individual SWNTs and monitoring their photoluminescence spectral shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Optics, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Yanagi K, Moriya R, Cuong NT, Otani M, Okada S. Charge manipulation in molecules encapsulated inside single-wall carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:086801. [PMID: 23473183 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.086801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report clear experimental evidence for the charge manipulation of molecules encapsulated inside single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using electrochemical doping techniques. We encapsulated β-carotene (Car) inside SWCNTs and clarified electrochemical doping characteristics of their Raman spectra. C=C streching modes of encapsulated Car and a G band of SWCNTs showed clearly different doping behaviors as the electrochemical potentials were shifted. Electron extraction from encapsulated Car was clearly achieved. However, electrochemical characteristics of Car inside SWCNTs and doping mechanisms elucidated by calculations based on density-functional theory indicate the difficulty of charge manipulation of molecules inside SWCNTs due to the presence of strong on-site Coulomb repulsion energy at the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Inori R, Okada T, Arie T, Akita S. One-pass separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes by gel chromatography with a gradient of surfactant concentration. Nanotechnology 2012; 23:235708. [PMID: 22610048 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/23/235708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the diameter-selective separation of carbon nanotubes by one-pass gel chromatography with a gradient of surfactant concentration. The formation of surfactant gradient in a column was successfully measured and is explained by a simple diffusion process even in the gel. We found that the diameter of eluted nanotubes is inversely proportional to the surfactant concentration of eluate. The detailed analysis of the movement of the nanotubes in the gel revealed that the separation mechanism was qualitatively explained by a model based on the trapping and de-trapping events of the nanotube–surfactant micelle on the gel surface,where the probability of the trapping and de-trapping events is proportional to the product of the diameter of the nanotubes and the surfactant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Inori
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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