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Yuan H, Zhang Q, Cheng Y, Xu R, Li H, Tian M, Ma J, Jiao T. Double-sided microstructured flexible iontronic pressure sensor with wide linear sensing range. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 670:41-49. [PMID: 38754330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Iontronic pressure sensors have garnered significant attention for their potential in wearable electronic devices. While simple microstructures can enhance sensor sensitivity, the majority of them predominantly amplify sensitivity at lower pressure ranges and fail to enhance sensitivity at higher pressure ranges, leading to nonlinearity. In the absence of linear sensitivity in a pressure sensor, users are unable to derive precise information from its output, necessitating further signal processing. Hence, crafting a linearity flexible pressure sensor through a straightforward approach remains a formidable task. Herein, a double-sided microstructured flexible iontronic pressure sensor is presented with wide linear sensing range. The ionic gel is made by 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(tri-fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM:TFSI) into the matrix of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), which acts as active layer, featuring irregular microstructures (IMS) and pyramid microstructures (PMS) on both sides. Unlike previous complex methods, IMS and uniform PMS are easily and achieved through pattern transfer from a sandpaper mold and micro-pyramid template. The iontronic pressure sensor exhibits exceptional signal linearity with R2 values of 0.9975 and 0.9985, in the wide pressure range from 100 to 760 kPa and 760 kPa to 1000 kPa, respectively. This outstanding linearity and wide sensing range stem from a delicate balance between microstructure compression and mechanical alignment at the ionic gel interface. This study provides valuable insights into achieving linear responses by strategically designing microstructures in flexible pressure sensors, with potential applications in intelligent robots and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Qiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Yunqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Rongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Haoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Mengyao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Jinming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
| | - Tifeng Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
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Pyun KR, Jeong S, Yoo MJ, Choi SH, Baik G, Lee M, Song J, Ko SH. Tunable Radiative Cooling by Mechanochromic Electrospun Micro-Nanofiber Matrix. Small 2024; 20:e2308572. [PMID: 38087885 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Radiative thermoregulation has been regarded as an energy-efficient method for thermal management. In this study, the development of a mechanoresponsive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-nanofiber matrix capable of both sub-ambient radiative cooling and solar heating is presented, achieved through a core-shell electrospinning technique. The electrospun PDMS micro-nanofibers, with diameters comparable to the solar wavelengths, exhibit excellent solar reflectivity (≈93%) while preserving its pristine high infrared (IR) emissivity. As a result, the electrospun PDMS radiative cooler (EPRC) successfully demonstrated sub-ambient radiative cooling performance (≈3.8°C) during the daytime. Furthermore, the exceptional resilient property of PDMS facilitated the reversible alteration of the structural morphology created by the fiber-based matrix under mechanical force, resulting in the modulation of solar reflectivity (≈80%). The precise modulation of solar reflectivity enabled reversibly switchable multi-step radiative thermoregulation, offering enhanced flexibility in addressing varying thermal environments even in maintaining the desired temperature. The findings of this work offer a promising approach toward dynamic radiative thermoregulation, which holds significant potential for addressing global climate change concerns and energy shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Rok Pyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jin Yoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunwoo Baik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Electronic Device Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37 Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeman Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Wang J, Xiong Z, Wu L, Chen J, Zhu Y. Highly sensitive and wide-range iontronic pressure sensors with a wheat awn-like hierarchical structure. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:190-197. [PMID: 38713957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity and wide sensing range are highly desired in e-skins and wearable electronics. However, there is always a trade-off between high sensitivity and broad sensing range for most flexible pressure sensors. Herein, an artificial wheat awn-like hierarchical structure is designed onto the dielectric layer of the iontronic pressure sensor, realizing both high sensitivity and broad working range. The sensor is constructed by sandwiching a wheat awn-like polyvinyl alcohol/H3PO4 dielectric layer between two transparent electrodes of silver nanowires/thermoplastic polyurethane/ionic liquid. The obtained sensor exhibits a high precision of 1 Pa, a high sensitivity of 47.65 kPa-1 (1-200 Pa), a wide measurement range from 1 Pa to 238 kPa, short response/recovery time of 13 ms/12 ms, outstanding stability over 6000 cycles, as well as good transparency. Considering these excellent properties, the sensor shows promising potential in health monitoring, human-computer interaction, wearable electronics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Xiong
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang C, Sheng B. Linear Capacitive Pressure Sensor with Gradient Architecture through Laser Ablation on MWCNT/Ecoflex Film. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:962. [PMID: 38611220 PMCID: PMC11013779 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The practical application of flexible pressure sensors, including electronic skins, wearable devices, human-machine interaction, etc., has attracted widespread attention. However, the linear response range of pressure sensors remains an issue. Ecoflex, as a silicone rubber, is a common material for flexible pressure sensors. Herein, we have innovatively designed and fabricated a pressure sensor with a gradient micro-cone architecture generated by CO2 laser ablation of MWCNT/Ecoflex dielectric layer film. In cooperation with the gradient micro-cone architecture and a dielectric layer of MWCNT/Ecoflex with a variable high dielectric constant under pressure, the pressure sensor exhibits linearity (R2 = 0.990) within the pressure range of 0-60 kPa, boasting a sensitivity of 0.75 kPa-1. Secondly, the sensor exhibits a rapid response time of 95 ms, a recovery time of 129 ms, hysteresis of 6.6%, and stability over 500 cycles. Moreover, the sensor effectively exhibited comprehensive detection of physiological signals, airflow detection, and Morse code communication, thereby demonstrating the potential for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Jiang
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Bin Sheng
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
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Xu C, Chen J, Zhu Z, Liu M, Lan R, Chen X, Tang W, Zhang Y, Li H. Flexible Pressure Sensors in Human-Machine Interface Applications. Small 2024; 20:e2306655. [PMID: 38009791 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors are highly flexible, malleable, and capable of adapting todifferent shapes, surfaces, and environments, which opens a wide range ofpotential applications in the field of human-machine interface (HMI). Inparticular, flexible pressure sensors as a crucial member of the flexiblesensor family, are widely used in wearable devices, health monitoringinstruments, robots and other fields because they can achieve accuratemeasurement and convert the pressure into electrical signals. The mostintuitive feeling that flexible sensors bring to people is the change ofhuman-machine interface interaction, from the previous rigid interaction suchas keyboard and mouse to flexible interaction such as smart gloves, more inline with people's natural control habits. Many advanced flexible pressuresensors have emerged through extensive research and development, and to adaptto various fields of application. Researchers have been seeking to enhanceperformance of flexible pressure sensors through improving materials, sensingmechanisms, fabrication methods, and microstructures. This paper reviews the flexible pressure sensors in HMI in recent years, mainlyincluding the following aspects: current cutting-edge flexible pressuresensors; sensing mechanisms, substrate materials and active materials; sensorfabrication, performances, and their optimization methods; the flexiblepressure sensors for various HMI applications and their prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsheng Xu
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518118, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhengfang Zhu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Moran Liu
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518118, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ronghua Lan
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518118, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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Li H, Tan P, Rao Y, Bhattacharya S, Wang Z, Kim S, Gangopadhyay S, Shi H, Jankovic M, Huh H, Li Z, Maharjan P, Wells J, Jeong H, Jia Y, Lu N. E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3220-3283. [PMID: 38465831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zheliang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susmita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Matija Jankovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heeyong Huh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pukar Maharjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Zhu D, Duan S, Liu J, Diao S, Hong J, Xiang S, Wei X, Xiao P, Xia J, Lei W, Wang B, Shi Q, Wu J. A double-crack structure for bionic wearable strain sensors with ultra-high sensitivity and a wide sensing range. Nanoscale 2024; 16:5409-5420. [PMID: 38380994 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05476d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are crucial in fully monitoring human motion, and they should have a wide sensing range and ultra-high sensitivity. Herein, inspired by lyriform organs, a flexible strain sensor based on the double-crack structure is designed. An MXene layer and an Au layer with cracks are constructed on both sides of the insulated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, forming an equivalent parallel circuit that guarantees the integrity of the conductive path under a large strain. The rapid disconnection of the crack junctions causes a significant change in the resistance value. Due to the effect of cracks on the conductive path, the sensitivity of the sensor is largely improved. Benefiting from the double-crack structure, the as-obtained sensor shows ultra-high sensitivity (maximum gauge factor of up to 14 373.6), a wide working range (up to 21%), a fast response time (183 ms) and excellent dynamical stability (almost no performance loss after 1000 stretching cycles and different frequency cycles). In practical applications, the sensor is applied to different parts of the human body to sense the deformation of the skin, demonstrating its great potential application value in human physiological detection and the human-machine interaction. This study can provide new ideas for preparing high-performance flexible strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Shengshun Duan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Shanyan Diao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Jianlong Hong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Shengxin Xiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Xiao Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Peng Xiao
- State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd, Research Institute, Nanjing, 211103, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Xia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Wei Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Baoping Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
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Wang J, Chu J, Song J, Li Z. The application of impantable sensors in the musculoskeletal system: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1270237. [PMID: 38328442 PMCID: PMC10847584 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1270237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
As the population ages and the incidence of traumatic events rises, there is a growing trend toward the implantation of devices to replace damaged or degenerated tissues in the body. In orthopedic applications, some implants are equipped with sensors to measure internal data and monitor the status of the implant. In recent years, several multi-functional implants have been developed that the clinician can externally control using a smart device. Experts anticipate that these versatile implants could pave the way for the next-generation of technological advancements. This paper provides an introduction to implantable sensors and is structured into three parts. The first section categorizes existing implantable sensors based on their working principles and provides detailed illustrations with examples. The second section introduces the most common materials used in implantable sensors, divided into rigid and flexible materials according to their properties. The third section is the focal point of this article, with implantable orthopedic sensors being classified as joint, spine, or fracture, based on different practical scenarios. The aim of this review is to introduce various implantable orthopedic sensors, compare their different characteristics, and outline the future direction of their development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzuo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Diseases, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Chu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jinhui Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Diseases, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Liu Z, Cai M, Jia R, Xu X, Xu M, Cheng G, Cheng L, Dai F. Flat-Silk-Cocoon-Based Wearable Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor and Its Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:295. [PMID: 38276703 PMCID: PMC10819506 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible sensors are becoming the focus of research because they are very vital for intelligent products, real-time data monitoring, and recording. The flat silk cocoon (FSC), as a special form of cocoon, has all the advantages of silk, which is an excellent biomass carbon-based material and a good choice for preparing flexible sensors. In this work, a flexible piezoresistive sensor was successfully prepared by encapsulating carbonized flat silk cocoons (CFSCs) using an elastic matrix polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The sensing performance of the material is 0.01 kPa-1, and the monitoring range can reach 680.57 kPa. It is proved that the sensor can detect human motion and has excellent durability (>800 cycles). In addition, a sensor array for a keyboard based on CFSCs was explored. The sensor has a low production cost and a simple preparation process, and it is sustainable and environmentally friendly. Thus, it may have potential applications in wearable devices and human-computer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (X.X.); (M.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (X.X.); (M.X.); (G.C.)
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10
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Su X, Li K, Xie H, Chen Z, Li X, Wu W. Controllable hydrophilic/superhydrophobic patterned coatings for optical information encryption/decryption based on water-triggered opaque to translucent transition. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:764-773. [PMID: 37866048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Anti-counterfeiting technologies are crucial for securing the authenticity and proof of commodities, in which the optical information encryption/decryption has attracted extensive attention for its overriding advantages of visibility and convenience. Inspired by the unique transparency transformation phenomenon of Diphylleia grayi petals, a controllable hydrophilic/superhydrophobic patterned coating with water-triggered opaque to translucent transition is proposed through the construction of a superhydrophobic coating, subsequent air plasma etching under a mask, and final hydrophilic modification to introduce stable invisible patterns. The superhydrophobic region exhibits great water repellency with a water contact angle (WCA) at 157°, while the hydrophilic region quickly absorbs water with a WCA at 61°. The patterned coating presents an opaque state for the serious light scattering induced by the rough microstructure and large refractive index difference between the coating and air, while the hydrophilic patterns on the coating transform to translucent after water infiltration for the reduced roughness and close refractive indexes of the coating and water. The information revealing is rapid and reversible, and demonstrates heat and long-term stability and great reusability. The findings conceivably stand out as a new methodology to fabricate controllable superwettable coatings with optical information encryption/decryption capability for application in anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Kunquan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Huali Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhuohan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xuanjun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wenjian Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
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11
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Zhao C, Liu G, Lin Y, Li X, Meng N, Wang X, Fu S, Yu J, Ding B. Diphylleia Grayi-Inspired Intelligent Temperature-Responsive Transparent Nanofiber Membranes. Nanomicro Lett 2024; 16:65. [PMID: 38175378 PMCID: PMC10766919 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanofiber membranes (NFMs) have become attractive candidates for next-generation flexible transparent materials due to their exceptional flexibility and breathability. However, improving the transmittance of NFMs is a great challenge due to the enormous reflection and incredibly poor transmission generated by the nanofiber-air interface. In this research, we report a general strategy for the preparation of flexible temperature-responsive transparent (TRT) membranes, which achieves a rapid transformation of NFMs from opaque to highly transparent under a narrow temperature window. In this process, the phase change material eicosane is coated on the surface of the polyurethane nanofibers by electrospray technology. When the temperature rises to 37 °C, eicosane rapidly completes the phase transition and establishes the light transmission path between the nanofibers, preventing light loss from reflection at the nanofiber-air interface. The resulting TRT membrane exhibits high transmittance (> 90%), and fast response (5 s). This study achieves the first TRT transition of NFMs, offering a general strategy for building highly transparent nanofiber materials, shaping the future of next-generation intelligent temperature monitoring, anti-counterfeiting measures, and other high-performance devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengceng Zhao
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohui Liu
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Lin
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Meng
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaoju Fu
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ding
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Zhang T, Chai Y, Wang S, Yu J, Jiang S, Zhu W, Fang Z, Li B. Recent Study Advances in Flexible Sensors Based on Polyimides. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9743. [PMID: 38139589 PMCID: PMC10747040 DOI: 10.3390/s23249743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
With the demand for healthy life and the great advancement of flexible electronics, flexible sensors are playing an irreplaceably important role in healthcare monitoring, wearable devices, clinic treatment, and so on. In particular, the design and application of polyimide (PI)-based sensors are emerging swiftly. However, the tremendous potential of PI in sensors is not deeply understood. This review focuses on recent studies in advanced applications of PI in flexible sensors, including PI nanofibers prepared by electrospinning as flexible substrates, PI aerogels as friction layers in triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), PI films as sensitive layers based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in relative humidity (RH) sensors, photosensitive PI (PSPI) as sacrificial layers, and more. The simple laser-induced graphene (LIG) technique is also introduced in the application of PI graphitization to graphene. Finally, the prospect of PIs in the field of electronics is proposed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yamei Chai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Suisui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Jianing Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Wenxuan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Zihao Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Bin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin 300354, China
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13
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Li L, Bai H, Dong X, Jiang Y, Li Q, Wang Q, Yuan N, Ding J. Flexible Capacitive Sensors Based on Liquid Crystal Elastomer. Langmuir 2023; 39:12412-12419. [PMID: 37620278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The disordered transformation of the ordered aligned polar liquid crystal molecules in liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) under the influence of an external field imbues them with the unique property of thermally reversible shape memory, making them highly valuable for various applications, particularly in actuators. In this study, we examined the high dielectric constant exhibited by the orientation polarization of polar liquid crystal molecules in RM257-LCE films, which holds significant potential for developing flexible capacitive sensors. By manipulating the flexibility of the molecular chain network and introducing hydrogen bonds and metal ions into the main chain, we were able to enhance the relative dielectric constant of LCEs to an impressive value of 62 (at 100 Hz), which is approximately 23 times higher than for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This elevated dielectric constant displays a noteworthy positive temperature coefficient within a specific temperature range, starting from room temperature and extending to the clearing point. Using this property, we fabricated highly sensitive capacitive, flexible temperature sensors. Moreover, we successfully engineered a flexible pressure sensor with an excellent pressure-sensing range of 0-2 MPa by combining the porous structure of the prepared LCEs with mushroom electrodes. Additionally, the sensor showcases a remarkable capacitance recovery time of 0.8 s at 90 °C. These outstanding features collectively contribute to the excellent pressure-sensing characteristics of our sensor. The findings of this study offer valuable insights and serve as a reference for the design of innovative flexible sensors, enabling advancements in sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvzhou Li
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Bai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Xu Dong
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Qingyue Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jianning Ding
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
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14
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Yang R, Dutta A, Li B, Tiwari N, Zhang W, Niu Z, Gao Y, Erdely D, Xin X, Li T, Cheng H. Iontronic pressure sensor with high sensitivity over ultra-broad linear range enabled by laser-induced gradient micro-pyramids. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2907. [PMID: 37264026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive developments of flexible capacitive pressure sensors, it is still elusive to simultaneously achieve excellent linearity over a broad pressure range, high sensitivity, and ultrahigh pressure resolution under large pressure preloads. Here, we present a programmable fabrication method for microstructures to integrate an ultrathin ionic layer. The resulting optimized sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 33.7 kPa-1 over a linear range of 1700 kPa, a detection limit of 0.36 Pa, and a pressure resolution of 0.00725% under the pressure of 2000 kPa. Taken together with rapid response/recovery and excellent repeatability, the sensor is applied to subtle pulse detection, interactive robotic hand, and ultrahigh-resolution smart weight scale/chair. The proposed fabrication approaches and design toolkit from this work can also be leveraged to easily tune the pressure sensor performance for varying target applications and open up opportunities to create other iontronic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wanqing Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Niu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yuyan Gao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Erdely
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xin Xin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tiejun Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, 050018, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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15
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Yang Z, Duan Q, Zang J, Zhao Y, Zheng W, Xiao R, Zhang Z, Hu L, Wu G, Nan X, Zhang Z, Xue C, Gao L. Boron nitride-enabled printing of a highly sensitive and flexible iontronic pressure sensing system for spatial mapping. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:68. [PMID: 37251710 PMCID: PMC10220000 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible iontronic pressure sensors (FIPSs) with higher sensitivities and wider sensing ranges than conventional capacitive sensors have been widely investigated. Due to the difficulty of fabricating the nanostructures that are commonly used on electrodes and ionic layers by screen printing techniques, strategies for fabricating such devices using these techniques to drive their mass production have rarely been reported. Herein, for the first time, we employed a 2-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as both an additive and an ionic liquid reservoir in an ionic film, making the sensor printable and significantly improving its sensitivity and sensing range through screen printing. The engineered sensor exhibited high sensitivity (Smin> 261.4 kPa-1) and a broad sensing range (0.05-450 kPa), and it was capable of stable operation at a high pressure (400 kPa) for more than 5000 cycles. In addition, the integrated sensor array system allowed accurate monitoring of wrist pressure and showed great potential for health care systems. We believe that using h-BN as an additive in an ionic material for screen-printed FIPS could greatly inspire research on 2D materials for similar systems and other types of sensors. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was employed for the first time to make iontronic pressure sensor arrays with high sensitivity and a broad sensing range by screen printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Qikai Duan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Junbin Zang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, 710071 Xi’an, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Liangwei Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Guirong Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Xueli Nan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Zengxing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Libo Gao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
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16
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Lan X, Xu S, Sun C, Zheng Y, Wang B, Shan G, Bao Y, Yu C, Pan P. Multi-Level Information Encryption/Decryption of Fluorescent Hydrogels Based on Spatially Programmed Crystal Phases. Small 2023; 19:e2205960. [PMID: 36538742 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing urgence of information protection promotes continuously the development of information-encryption technique. To date, hydrogels have become an emerging candidate for advanced information-encryption materials, because of their unique stimulus responsiveness. However, current methods to design multi-level information-encrypted hydrogels usually need sophisticated chemistry or experimental setup. Herein, a novel strategy is reported to fabricate hydrogels with multi-level information encryption/decryption functions through spatially programming the polymorphic crystal phases. As homocrystalline and stereocomplex crystal phases in fluorescent hydrogels have different solvent stabilities, the transparency and fluorescence of the hydrogels can be regulated, thereby enabling the multi-level encryption/decryption processes. Moreover, the structural origins behind these processes are discussed. It is believe that this work will inspire future research on developing advanced information-encryption materials upon programming the polymer crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Bao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Guorong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Yongzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Chengtao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
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17
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Chen J, Zhu G, Wang J, Chang X, Zhu Y. Multifunctional Iontronic Sensor Based on Liquid Metal-Filled Ho llow Ionogel Fibers in Detecting Pressure, Temperature, and Proximity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:7485-7495. [PMID: 36696682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based pressure/temperature sensors are highly desired in wearable electronics because of their natural advantages of good breathability and easy integrability. However, it is still a great challenge to fabricate reliable and highly sensitive fiber-based pressure/temperature sensors via a scalable and facile strategy. Herein, a novel fiber-based iontronic sensor with excellent pressure- and temperature-sensing capabilities is designed by assembling two crossed hollow and porous ionogel fibers filled with liquid metal. Serving as a pressure sensor, a high detection resolution (1.16 Pa), a high sensitivity of 13.30 kPa-1 (0-2 kPa), and a wide detection range (∼207 kPa) are realized owing to its novel hierarchical structure and the selection of deformable liquid electrodes. As a temperature sensor, it exhibits a high temperature sensitivity of 25.99% °C-1 (35-40 °C), high resolution of 0.02 °C, and good repeatability and reliability. On the basis of these excellent sensing capabilities, the as-prepared sensor can detect not only pressure signals varied from weak pulse to large joint movements but also the proximity of different objects. Furthermore, a large-area fiber array can be easily woven for acquiring the pressure mapping to intuitively distinguish the location, magnitude, and shape of the loaded object. This work provides a universal strategy to design fiber-shaped iontronic sensors for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxuan Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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18
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Sun S, Wang Z, Wang Y. Progress in Microtopography Optimization of Polymers-Based Pressure/Strain Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030764. [PMID: 36772064 PMCID: PMC9920621 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the wide application of wearable electronic devices in daily life, research into flexible electronics has become very attractive. Recently, various polymer-based sensors have emerged with great sensing performance and excellent extensibility. It is well known that different structural designs each confer their own unique, great impacts on the properties of materials. For polymer-based pressure/strain sensors, different structural designs determine different response-sensing mechanisms, thus showing their unique advantages and characteristics. This paper mainly focuses on polymer-based pressure-sensing materials applied in different microstructures and reviews their respective advantages. At the same time, polymer-based pressure sensors with different microstructures, including with respect to their working mechanisms, key parameters, and relevant operating ranges, are discussed in detail. According to the summary of its performance and mechanisms, different morphologies of microstructures can be designed for a sensor according to its performance characteristics and application scenario requirements, and the optimal structure can be adjusted by weighing and comparing sensor performances for the future. Finally, a conclusion and future perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Sun
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenqin Wang
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Xie L, Zhang Z, Wu Q, Gao Z, Mi G, Wang R, Sun HB, Zhao Y, Du Y. Intelligent wearable devices based on nanomaterials and nanostructures for healthcare. Nanoscale 2023; 15:405-433. [PMID: 36519286 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging classes of flexible electronic sensors as alternatives to conventional rigid sensors offer a powerful set of capabilities for detecting and quantifying physiological and physical signals from human skin in personal healthcare. Unfortunately, the practical applications and commercialization of flexible sensors are generally limited by certain unsatisfactory aspects of their performance, such as biocompatibility, low sensing range, power supply, or single sensory function. This review intends to provide up-to-date literature on wearable devices for smart healthcare. A systematic review is provided, from sensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures, algorithms, to multifunctional integrated devices with stretchability, self-powered performance, and biocompatibility. Typical electromechanical sensors are investigated with a specific focus on the strategies for constructing high-performance sensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures. Then, the review emphasizes the importance of tailoring the fabrication techniques in order to improve stretchability, biocompatibility, and self-powered performance. The construction of wearable devices with high integration, high performance, and multi-functionalization for multiparameter healthcare is discussed in depth. Integrating wearable devices with appropriate machine learning algorithms is summarized. After interpretation of the algorithms, intelligent predictions are produced to give instructions or predictions for smart implementations. It is desired that this review will offer guidance for future excellence in flexible wearable sensing technologies and provide insight into commercial wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xie
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Zelin Zhang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Qiushuo Wu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Zhuxuan Gao
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Gaotian Mi
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Renqiao Wang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Hong-Bin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Zhang X, Gao J, Wang X, Wang S, Jiang B, Wang W, Wang H. Determining the Local Refractive Index of Single Particles by Optical Imaging Technique. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17741-17745. [PMID: 36520603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The refractive index points to the interplay between light and objects, which is rarely studied down to micronano scale. Herein, we demonstrated a conventional bright-field imaging technique to determine the local refractive index of single particles combined with a series of refractive index standard solutions. This intrinsic optical property is independent with the particle size and surface roughness with a single chemical component. Furthermore, we accurately tuned refractive index of homemade core-shell nanoparticles by adjusting the ratio of core-to-shell geometry. This simple and effective strategy reveals extensive applications in exploring, designing and optimizing the physical and optical characterizations of composite photonic crystals with high precision. It also indicates potentials in the field of reflective displays, optical identification, and encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Sa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
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21
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Jing M, Zhou J, Zhang P, Hou D, Shen J, Tian J, Chen W. Porous AgNWs/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composite-Based Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor with High Sensitivity and Wide Pressure Ranges. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:55119-55129. [PMID: 36451588 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive sensors are highly desirable for tactile sensing and wearable electronics. However, the reported flexible piezoresistive sensors have the inherent trade-off effect between high sensitivity and wide pressure ranges. Herein, we report a flexible piezoresistive sensor with a three-dimensional (3D) porous microstructured sensing layer composed of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix, exhibiting high sensitivity and wide pressure ranges. Benefiting from the conductive networks of AgNWs and the 3D porous structure of PVDF, the porous AgNWs/PVDF composite (PAPC)-based flexible piezoresistive sensor exhibits high sensitivities of 0.014 and 0.009 kPa-1 in the wide pressure ranges of 0-30 and 30-100 kPa, respectively. In addition, the fabricated sensor also shows a fast response time of 64 ms, a low detection limit of 25 Pa, and long-term durability over 10,000 continuous cycles. The PAPC-based flexible piezoresistive sensor can accurately monitor various human physiological activities (ranging from subtle deformations to vigorous body movements) by quantitatively measuring the tactile sensation on human skin. This work indicates that the proposed sensor can be potentially applicable to mobile healthcare monitoring devices as well as next-generation wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, Hainan 572025, P. R. China
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, Hainan 572025, P. R. China
| | - Dajun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, Hainan 572025, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
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22
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Huang H, Zhong J, Ye Y, Wu R, Luo B, Ning H, Qiu T, Luo D, Yao R, Peng J. Research Progresses in Microstructure Designs of Flexible Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3670. [PMID: 36080744 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronic technology is one of the research hotspots, and numerous wearable devices have been widely used in our daily life. As an important part of wearable devices, flexible sensors can effectively detect various stimuli related to specific environments or biological species, having a very bright development prospect. Therefore, there has been lots of studies devoted to developing high-performance flexible pressure sensors. In addition to developing a variety of materials with excellent performances, the microstructure designs of materials can also effectively improve the performances of sensors, which has brought new ideas to scientists and attracted their attention increasingly. This paper will summarize the flexible pressure sensors based on material microstructure designs in recent years. The paper will mainly discuss the processing methods and characteristics of various sensors with different microstructures, and compare the advantages, disadvantages, and application scenarios of them. At the same time, the main application fields of flexible pressure sensors based on microstructure designs will be listed, and their future development and challenges will be discussed.
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Nie Z, Kwak JW, Han M, Rogers JA. Mechanically Active Materials and Devices for Bio-Interfaced Pressure Sensors-A Review. Adv Mater 2022:e2205609. [PMID: 35951770 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pressures generated by external forces or by internal body processes represent parameters of critical importance in diagnosing physiological health and in anticipating injuries. Examples span intracranial hypertension from traumatic brain injuries, high blood pressure from poor diet, pressure-induced skin ulcers from immobility, and edema from congestive heart failure. Pressures measured on the soft surfaces of vital organs or within internal cavities of the body can provide essential insights into patient status and progression. Challenges lie in the development of high-performance pressure sensors that can softly interface with biological tissues to enable safe monitoring for extended periods of time. This review focuses on recent advances in mechanically active materials and structural designs for classes of soft pressure sensors that have proven uses in these contexts. The discussions include applications of such sensors as implantable and wearable systems, with various unique capabilities in wireless continuous monitoring, minimally invasive deployment, natural degradation in biofluids, and/or multiplexed spatiotemporal mapping. A concluding section summarizes challenges and future opportunities for this growing field of materials and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Wang J, Wu B, Wei P, Sun S, Wu P. Fatigue-free artificial ionic skin toughened by self-healable elastic nanomesh. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4411. [PMID: 35906238 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust ionic sensing materials that are both fatigue-resistant and self-healable like human skin are essential for soft electronics and robotics with extended service life. However, most existing self-healable artificial ionic skins produced on the basis of network reconfiguration suffer from a low fatigue threshold due to the easy fracture of low-energy amorphous polymer chains with susceptible crack propagation. Here we engineer a fatigue-free yet fully healable hybrid ionic skin toughened by a high-energy, self-healable elastic nanomesh, resembling the repairable nanofibrous interwoven structure of human skin. Such a design affords a superhigh fatigue threshold of 2950 J m−2 while maintaining skin-like compliance, stretchability, and strain-adaptive stiffening response. Moreover, nanofiber tension-induced moisture breathing of ionic matrix leads to a record-high strain-sensing gauge factor of 66.8, far exceeding previous intrinsically stretchable ionic conductors. This concept creates opportunities for designing durable ion-conducting materials that replicate the unparalleled combinatory properties of natural skins more precisely. Developing robust skin-like sensing materials is essential for soft electronics and robotics with extended service life. Here, inspired by the repairable nanofibrous structure of human skin, the authors engineer a fatigue-resistant artificial ionic skin toughened by self-healable elastic nanomesh.
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Shi Z, Meng L, Shi X, Li H, Zhang J, Sun Q, Liu X, Chen J, Liu S. Morphological Engineering of Sensing Materials for Flexible Pressure Sensors and Artificial Intelligence Applications. Nanomicro Lett 2022; 14:141. [PMID: 35789444 PMCID: PMC9256895 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Various morphological structures in pressure sensors with the resulting advanced sensing properties are reviewed comprehensively. Relevant manufacturing techniques and intelligent applications of pressure sensors are summarized in a complete and interesting way. Future challenges and perspectives of flexible pressure sensors are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengya Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxian Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Shi
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 352001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Juzhong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuiren Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Xu D, Duan L, Yan S, Wang Y, Cao K, Wang W, Xu H, Wang Y, Hu L, Gao L. Monolayer MoS2-Based Flexible and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor with Wide Sensing Range. Micromachines 2022; 13:mi13050660. [PMID: 35630127 PMCID: PMC9146476 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors play an important role in flexible robotics, human-machine interaction (HMI), and human physiological information. However, most of the reported flexible pressure sensors suffer from a highly nonlinear response and a significant decrease in sensitivity at high pressures. Herein, we propose a flexible novel iontronic pressure sensor based on monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Based on the unique structure and the excellent mechanical properties as well as the large intercalation capacitance of MoS2, the prepared sensor holds an ultra-high sensitivity (Smax = 89.75 kPa−1) and a wide sensing range (722.2 kPa). Further, the response time and relaxation time of the flexible sensor are only 3 ms, respectively, indicating that the device can respond to external pressure rapidly. In addition, it shows long-term cycling stability (over 5000 cycles with almost no degradation) at a high pressure of 138.9 kPa. Finally, it is demonstrated that the sensor can be used in physiological information monitoring and flexible robotics. It is anticipated that our prepared sensor provide a reliable approach to advance the theory and practicality of the flexible sensor electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (D.X.); (L.D.); (S.Y.); (H.X.); (Y.W.)
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Ling Duan
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (D.X.); (L.D.); (S.Y.); (H.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Suyun Yan
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (D.X.); (L.D.); (S.Y.); (H.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710171, China;
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (D.X.); (L.D.); (S.Y.); (H.X.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (W.W.); (L.G.)
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (D.X.); (L.D.); (S.Y.); (H.X.); (Y.W.)
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Xi’an 710071, China
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (W.W.); (L.G.)
| | - Hongcheng Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (D.X.); (L.D.); (S.Y.); (H.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (D.X.); (L.D.); (S.Y.); (H.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Liangwei Hu
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Libo Gao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (D.X.); (L.D.); (S.Y.); (H.X.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (W.W.); (L.G.)
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27
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Tao K, Chen Z, Yu J, Zeng H, Wu J, Wu Z, Jia Q, Li P, Fu Y, Chang H, Yuan W. Ultra-Sensitive, Deformable, and Transparent Triboelectric Tactile Sensor Based on Micro-Pyramid Patterned Ionic Hydrogel for Interactive Human-Machine Interfaces. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2104168. [PMID: 35098703 PMCID: PMC8981453 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in wearable electronics and mechno-sensational human-machine interfaces impose great challenges in developing flexible and deformable tactile sensors with high efficiency, ultra-sensitivity, environment-tolerance, and self-sustainability. Herein, a tactile hydrogel sensor (THS) based on micro-pyramid-patterned double-network (DN) ionic organohydrogels to detect subtle pressure changes by measuring the variations of triboelectric output signal without an external power supply is reported. By the first time of pyramidal-patterned hydrogel fabrication method and laminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) encapsulation process, the self-powered THS shows the advantages of remarkable flexibility, good transparency (≈85%), and excellent sensing performance, including extraordinary sensitivity (45.97 mV Pa-1 ), fast response (≈20 ms), very low limit of detection (50 Pa) as well as good stability (36 000 cycles). Moreover, with the LiBr immersion treatment method, the THS possesses excellent long-term hyper anti-freezing and anti-dehydrating properties, broad environmental tolerance (-20 to 60 °C), and instantaneous peak power density of 20 µW cm-2 , providing reliable contact outputs with different materials and detecting very slight human motions. By integrating the signal acquisition/process circuit, the THS with excellent self-power sensing ability is utilized as a switching button to control electric appliances and robotic hands by simulating human finger gestures, offering its great potentials for wearable and multi-functional electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Haozhe Zeng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and TechnologySchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and TechnologySchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE)Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE)Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and EnvironmentNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Weizheng Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
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28
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Zhao XF, Yang SQ, Wen XH, Huang QW, Qiu PF, Wei TR, Zhang H, Wang JC, Zhang DW, Shi X, Lu HL. A Fully Flexible Intelligent Thermal Touch Panel Based on Intrinsically Plastic Ag 2 S Semiconductor. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2107479. [PMID: 35040221 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wearable touch panels, a typical flexible electronic device, can recognize and feed back the information of finger touch and movement. Excellent wearable touch panels are required to accurately and quickly monitor the signals of finger movement as well as the capacity of bearing various types of deformation. High-performance thermistor materials are one of the key functional components, but to date, a long-standing bottleneck is that inorganic semiconductors are typically brittle while the electrical properties of organic semiconductors are quite low. Herein, a high-performance flexible temperature sensor is reported by using plastic Ag2 S with ultrahigh temperature coefficient of resistance of -4.7% K-1 and resolution of 0.05 K, and rapid response/recovery time of 0.11/0.11 s. Moreover, the temperature sensor shows excellent durability without performance damage or loss during force stimuli tests. In addition, a fully flexible intelligent touch panel composed of a 16 × 10 Ag2 S-film-based temperature sensor array, as well as a flexible printed circuit board and a deep-learning algorithm is designed for perceiving finger touch signals in real-time, and intelligent feedback of Chinese characters and letters on an app. These results strongly show that high-performance flexible inorganic semiconductors can be widely used in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shi-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qi-Wei Huang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Tian-Ran Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - David Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hong-Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Miao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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30
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Zhao Y, Wang T, Zhao Z, Wang Q. Track-Etch Membranes as Tools for Template Synthesis of Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:1791-1799. [PMID: 34968023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity are highly desired in wearable electronics and human-machine interaction. Introducing the surface microstructures to the capacitive-type sensors can improve sensitivity and reduce response time. However, conventional techniques for the fabrication of highly sensitive and large-area pressure sensors still remain challenging. Here, a template synthesis approach is reported for fabrication of a large-area and low-cost ionic micropillar array templated from track-etch membranes. The pressure sensors based on the ionic micropillars gel dielectric layers exhibit a low limit of detection (∼0.5 Pa) and high sensitivity (14.83 kPa-1) in the low-pressure regime (0-5 kPa) and linear sensitivity (1.96 kPa-1) over a wide pressure range of 24-230 kPa. The versatility of the sensors is demonstrated in various human physiological signal detection scenarios and spatial pressure distribution. Furthermore, a real-time pressure mapping insole was fabricated on the basis of a large-area micropillared ionic gel dielectric layer combined with the screen-printing technique. The scalable and low-cost fabrication of pressure sensors with micropillars templated from a track-etch membrane provides new insights into the future development of health monitoring and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbiao Zhao
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tiantong Wang
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qining Wang
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Luo Y, Chen X, Tian H, Li X, Lu Y, Liu Y, Shao J. Gecko-Inspired Slant Hierarchical Microstructure-Based Ultrasensitive Iontronic Pressure Sensor for Intelligent Interaction. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9852138. [PMID: 35935142 PMCID: PMC9275085 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9852138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors play an important role to ensure the safety and friendliness during the human-robot interaction process. Microengineering the active layer has been shown to improve performance of pressure sensors. However, the current structural strategy almost relying on axial compression deformation suffers structural stiffening, and together with the limited area growth efficiency of conformal interface, essentially limiting the maximum sensitivity. Here, inspired by the interface contact behavior of gecko's feet, we design a slant hierarchical microstructure to act as an electrode contacting with an ionic gel layer, fundamentally eliminating the pressure resistance and maximizing functional interface expansion to achieving ultrasensitive sensitivity. Such a structuring strategy dramatically improves the relative capacitance change both in the low- and high-pressure region, thereby boosting the sensitivity up to 36000 kPa-1 and effective measurement range up to 300 kPa. To verify the advantages of high sensitivity, the sensor is integrated with a soft magnetic robot to demonstrate a biomimetic Venus flytrap. The ability to perceive weak stimuli allows the sensor to be used as a sensory and feedback window, realizing the capture of small live insects and the transportation of fragile objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Luo
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yangtianyu Lu
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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32
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Ma Z, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Deng H, Fu Q. Recent progress in flexible capacitive sensors: Structures and properties. Nano Materials Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ha KH, Zhang W, Jang H, Kang S, Wang L, Tan P, Hwang H, Lu N. Highly Sensitive Capacitive Pressure Sensors over a Wide Pressure Range Enabled by the Hybrid Responses of a Highly Porous Nanocomposite. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2103320. [PMID: 34569100 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Past research aimed at increasing the sensitivity of capacitive pressure sensors has mostly focused on developing dielectric layers with surface/porous structures or higher dielectric constants. However, such strategies have only been effective in improving sensitivities at low pressure ranges (e.g., up to 3 kPa). To overcome this well-known obstacle, herein, a flexible hybrid-response pressure sensor (HRPS) composed of an electrically conductive porous nanocomposite (PNC) laminated with an ultrathin dielectric layer is devised. Using a nickel foam template, the PNC is fabricated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-doped Ecoflex to be 86% porous and electrically conductive. The PNC exhibits hybrid piezoresistive and piezocapacitive responses, resulting in significantly enhanced sensitivities (i.e., more than 400%) over wide pressure ranges, from 3.13 kPa-1 within 0-1 kPa to 0.43 kPa-1 within 30-50 kPa. The effect of the hybrid responses is differentiated from the effect of porosity or high dielectric constants by comparing the HRPS with its purely piezocapacitive counterparts. Fundamental understanding of the HRPS and the prediction of optimal CNT doping are achieved through simplified analytical models. The HRPS is able to measure pressures from as subtle as the temporal arterial pulse to as large as footsteps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hongwoo Jang
- Texas Material Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Seungmin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hochul Hwang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Shao R, Wang C, Zhao J, Yang H, Sun S. Crosstalk-Free, Stretching-Insensitive Sensor Based on Arch-Bridge Architecture for Tactile Mapping with Parallel Addressing Strategy toward Million-Scale-Pixels Processing. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101876. [PMID: 34499410 PMCID: PMC8564424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the field of biomimetic electronics, flexible sensors with both high resolution and large size are attracting a lot of attention. However, attempts to increase the number of sensor pixels have been thwarted by the need for complex inner circuits and the resulting interferences with the output. Technological challenges, such as real-time spatiotemporal mapping and long-time reliability, must be resolved for large-scale sensor matrices. This paper reports a simple and robust sensor with an arch-bridge architecture (ABA) to address these challenges. The device, which consists of an anti-icing all-transparent material system, is fabricated by immobilizing ABA ionic arrays on predefined grooves on the substrate. It systematically integrates ABA structure-designing, resistance-position-sensing, and parallel-addressing logic, allowing for an improvement of three orders of magnitude in the scanning speed (million-scale pixels) without logical "diagnose confusion." In addition, it can withstand 100 000 stretching cycles without functional failure. It is also resistant to interferences from stretching. humidity, wet surfaces, and power lines. The proposed strategy is envisaged to serve as a general solution for high-density, large-area tactile sensors in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Shao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare EngineeringShenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Chunnan Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare EngineeringShenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare EngineeringShenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical StructuresInternational Center for Applied MechanicsDepartment of Engineering MechanicsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Shuqing Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare EngineeringShenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
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Niu H, Zhang H, Yue W, Gao S, Kan H, Zhang C, Zhang C, Pang J, Lou Z, Wang L, Li Y, Liu H, Shen G. Micro-Nano Processing of Active Layers in Flexible Tactile Sensors via Template Methods: A Review. Small 2021; 17:e2100804. [PMID: 34240560 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Template methods are regarded as an important method for micro-nano processing in the active layer of flexible tactile sensors. These template methods use physical/chemical processes to introduce micro-nano structures on the active layer, which improves many properties including sensitivity, response/recovery time, and detection limit. However, since the processing process and applicable conditions of the template method have not yet formed a perfect system, the development and commercialization of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method are still at a relatively slow stage. Despite the above obstacles, advances in microelectronics, materials science, nanoscience, and other disciplines have laid the foundation for various template methods, enabling the continuous development of flexible tactile sensors. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method is needed to further promote progress in this field. Here, the unique advantages and shortcomings of various template methods are summarized in detail and discuss the research progress and challenges in this field. It is believed that this review will have a significant impact on many fields of flexible electronics, which is beneficial to promote the cross-integration of multiple fields and accelerate the development of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenjing Yue
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hao Kan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Chunwei Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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36
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Ji B, Zhou Q, Lei M, Ding S, Song Q, Gao Y, Li S, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Zhou B. Gradient Architecture-Enabled Capacitive Tactile Sensor with High Sensitivity and Ultrabroad Linearity Range. Small 2021; 17:e2103312. [PMID: 34585504 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and linearity are critical parameters that can preserve the high pressure-resolution across a wide range and simplify the signal processing process of flexible tactile sensors. Although extensive micro-structured dielectrics have been explored to improve the sensitivity of capacitive sensors, the attenuation of sensitivity with increasing pressure is yet to be fully resolved. Herein, a novel dielectric layer based on the gradient micro-dome architecture (GDA) is presented to simultaneously realize the high sensitivity and ultrabroad linearity range of capacitive sensors. The gradient micro-dome pixels with rationally collocated amount and height can effectively regulate the contact area and hence enable the linear variation in effective dielectric constant of the GDA dielectric layer under varying pressures. With systematical optimization, the sensor exhibits the high sensitivity of 0.065 kPa-1 in an ultrabroad linearity range up to 1700 kPa, which is first reported. Based on the excellent sensitivity and linearity, the high pressure-resolution can be preserved across the full scale of pressure spectrum. Therefore, potential applications such as all-round physiological signal detection in diverse scenarios, control instruction transmission with combinatorial force inputs, and convenient Morse code communication with non-overlapping capacitance signals are successfully demonstrated through a single sensor device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ji
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Sen Ding
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qi Song
- Shenzhen Shineway Technology Corporation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Shenzhen Shineway Technology Corporation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Shunbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems Ministry of Education & Key Disciplines Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems Ministry of Education & Key Disciplines Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yinning Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
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37
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Kwon JH, Kim YM, Moon HC. Porous Ion Gel: A Versatile Ionotronic Sensory Platform for High-Performance, Wearable Ionoskins with Electrical and Optical Dual Output. ACS Nano 2021; 15:15132-15141. [PMID: 34427425 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of elastic ionic conductors offers opportunities to fabricate key wearable ionic components such as ionoskins that can perceive mechanical deformation. However, there is still plenty of room to overcome the trade-off between sensitivity and detectable range of previous systems and impart additional functionality. Here, we propose porous ion gels for high-performance, functional ionic sensory platforms. The porous ion gels can be effectively deformed by closing pores even with a small pressure, and a large change in the contact area of the gel and the electrode is induced, leading to a significant difference in electrical double-layer capacitance. The porous ion gels are applied to ionoskins after optimizing mechanical characteristics by adjusting gel parameters. The device indicates a high sensitivity of ∼152.8 kPa-1, a broad sensory pressure range (up to 400 kPa), and excellent durability (>6000 cycles). Successful monitoring of various human motions that induce different magnitudes of pressure is demonstrated with high precision. More interestingly, the functionality of the porous ion gel is extended to include electrochemiluminescence (ECL), resulting in the production of emissive ECL ionoskins. The ECL intensity from the emissive ionoskin is linearly correlated with the applied pressure, which can even be inferred even by the naked eye. The porous ion gel-based functional ionoskins are expected to be key components in future sensory ionotronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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38
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39
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Qin J, Yin LJ, Hao YN, Zhong SL, Zhang DL, Bi K, Zhang YX, Zhao Y, Dang ZM. Flexible and Stretchable Capacitive Sensors with Different Microstructures. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008267. [PMID: 34240474 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, sensors that can imitate human skin have received extensive attention. Capacitive sensors have a simple structure, low loss, no temperature drift, and other excellent properties, and can be applied in the fields of robotics, human-machine interactions, medical care, and health monitoring. Polymer matrices are commonly employed in flexible capacitive sensors because of their high flexibility. However, their volume is almost unchanged when pressure is applied, and they are inherently viscoelastic. These shortcomings severely lead to high hysteresis and limit the improvement in sensitivity. Therefore, considerable efforts have been applied to improve the sensing performance by designing different microstructures of materials. Herein, two types of sensors based on the applied forces are discussed, including pressure sensors and strain sensors. Currently, five types of microstructures are commonly used in pressure sensors, while four are used in strain sensors. The advantages, disadvantages, and practical values of the different structures are systematically elaborated. Finally, future perspectives of microstructures for capacitive sensors are discussed, with the aim of providing a guide for designing advanced flexible and stretchable capacitive sensors via ingenious human-made microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Li-Juan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ya-Nan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Shao-Long Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dong-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Yong-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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40
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Ji B, Zhou Q, Hu B, Zhong J, Zhou J, Zhou B. Bio-Inspired Hybrid Dielectric for Capacitive and Triboelectric Tactile Sensors with High Sensitivity and Ultrawide Linearity Range. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2100859. [PMID: 34062019 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The trade-off between sensitivity and linearity is critical for preserving the high pressure-resolution over a broad range and simplifying the signal processing/conversion of flexible tactile sensors. Conventional dielectrics suffer from the difficulty of quantitatively controlling the interacted mechanical and dielectric properties, thus causing the restricted sensitivity and linearity of capacitive sensors. Herein, inspired by human skin, a novel hybrid dielectric composed of a low-permittivity (low-k) micro-cilia array, a high-permittivity (high-k) rough surface, and micro-dome array is developed. The pressure-induced series-parallel conversion between the low-k and high-k components of the hybrid dielectric enables the linear effective dielectric constant and controllable initial/resultant capacitance. The gradient compressibility of the hybrid dielectric enables the linear behavior of elastic modulus with pressures, which derives the capacitance variation determined by the effective dielectric constant. Therefore, an ultrawide linearity range up to 1000 kPa and a high sensitivity of 0.314 kPa-1 are simultaneously achieved by the optimized hybrid dielectric. The design is also applicable for triboelectric tactile sensors, which realizes the similar linear behavior of output voltage and enhanced sensitivity. With the high pressure-resolution across a broad range, potential applications such as healthcare monitoring in diverse scenarios and control command conversion via a single sensor are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ji
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
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41
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Yu P, Li X, Li H, Fan Y, Cao J, Wang H, Guo Z, Zhao X, Wang Z, Zhu G. All-Fabric Ultrathin Capacitive Sensor with High Pressure Sensitivity and Broad Detection Range for Electronic Skin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:24062-24069. [PMID: 33977715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have emerged as an indispensable part of wearable devices due to their application in physiological activity monitoring. To realize long-term on-body service, they are increasingly required for properties of conformability, air permeability, and durability. However, the enhancement of sensitivity remains a challenge for ultrathin capacitive sensors, particularly in the low-pressure region. Here, we introduced a highly sensitive and ultrathin capacitive pressure sensor based on a breathable all-fabric network with a micropatterned nanofiber dielectric layer, an all-fabric capacitive sensor (AFCS). This all-fabric network endows a series of exceptional performances, such as high sensitivity (8.31 kPa-1 under 1 kPa), ultralow detection limit (0.5 Pa), wide detection range (0.5 Pa to 80 kPa), and excellent robustness (10 000 dynamic cycles). Besides, the all-fabric structure provides other properties for the AFCS, e.g., high skin conformability, super thinness (dozens of micrometers), and exceptional air permeability. Our AFCS shows promising potential in breathing track, muscle activity detection, fingertip pressure monitoring, and spatial pressure distribution, paving way for comfortable skinlike epidermal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huayang Li
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Youjun Fan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinwei Cao
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hailu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zihao Guo
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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42
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Xu H, Gao L, Zhao H, Huang H, Wang Y, Chen G, Qin Y, Zhao N, Xu D, Duan L, Li X, Li S, Luo Z, Wang W, Lu Y. Stretchable and anti-impact iontronic pressure sensor with an ultrabroad linear range for biophysical monitoring and deep learning-aided knee rehabilitation. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:92. [PMID: 34804586 PMCID: PMC8599697 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring biophysical signals such as body or organ movements and other physical phenomena is necessary for patient rehabilitation. However, stretchable flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity and a broad range that can meet these requirements are still lacking. Herein, we successfully monitored various vital biophysical features and implemented in-sensor dynamic deep learning for knee rehabilitation using an ultrabroad linear range and high-sensitivity stretchable iontronic pressure sensor (SIPS). We optimized the topological structure and material composition of the electrode to build a fully stretching on-skin sensor. The high sensitivity (12.43 kPa-1), ultrabroad linear sensing range (1 MPa), high pressure resolution (6.4 Pa), long-term durability (no decay after 12000 cycles), and excellent stretchability (up to 20%) allow the sensor to maintain operating stability, even in emergency cases with a high sudden impact force (near 1 MPa) applied to the sensor. As a practical demonstration, the SIPS can positively track biophysical signals such as pulse waves, muscle movements, and plantar pressure. Importantly, with the help of a neuro-inspired fully convolutional network algorithm, the SIPS can accurately predict knee joint postures for better rehabilitation after orthopedic surgery. Our SIPS has potential as a promising candidate for wearable electronics and artificial intelligent medical engineering owing to its unique high signal-to-noise ratio and ultrabroad linear range. An ultrabroad-linear range (1 MPa) iontronic pressure sensor with superior sensitivity (12.43 kPa-1) and stretchability (up to 20%) was proposed for biophysical monitoring and deep learning-based knee-rehabilitation training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Libo Gao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Huang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Yuxin Qin
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Ningjuan Zhao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Ling Duan
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Siyu Li
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Zhongbao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Yang Lu
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong
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43
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Shan Y, Yang K, Li Z, Wang X, Li H, Cui Y. Conductive Film with Flexible and Stretchable Capability for Sensor Application and Stealth Information Transmission. Chin J Polym Sci 2021; 39:164-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Zha XJ, Zhang ST, Pu JH, Zhao X, Ke K, Bao RY, Bai L, Liu ZY, Yang MB, Yang W. Nanofibrillar Poly(vinyl alcohol) Ionic Organohydrogels for Smart Contact Lens and Human-Interactive Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:23514-23522. [PMID: 32329606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel bioelectronics as one of the next-generation wearable and implantable electronics ensures excellent biocompatibility and softness to link the human body and electronics. However, volatile, opaque, and fragile features of hydrogels due to the sparse and microscale three-dimensional network seriously limit their practical applications. Here, we report a type of smart and robust nanofibrillar poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) organohydrogels fabricated via one-step physical cross-linking. The nanofibrillar network cross-linked by numerous PVA nanocrystallites enables the formation of organohydrogels with high transparency (90%), drying resistance, high toughness (3.2 MJ/m3), and tensile strength (1.4 MPa). For strain sensor application, the PVA ionic organohydrogel after soaking in NaCl solution shows excellent linear sensitivity (GF = 1.56, R2 > 0.998) owing to the homogeneous nanofibrillar PVA network. We demonstrate the potential applications of the nanofibrillar PVA-based organohydrogel in smart contact lens and emotion recognition. Such a strategy paves an effective way to fabricate strong, tough, biocompatible, and ionically conductive organohydrogels, shedding light on multifunctional sensing applications in next-generation flexible bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Zha
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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