1
|
Yusuf IO, Parsi S, Ostrow LW, Brown RH, Thompson PR, Xu Z. PAD2 dysregulation and aberrant protein citrullination feature prominently in reactive astrogliosis and myelin protein aggregation in sporadic ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106414. [PMID: 38253209 PMCID: PMC11003460 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alteration in protein citrullination (PC), a common posttranslational modification (PTM), contributes to pathogenesis in various inflammatory disorders. We previously reported that PC and protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), the predominant enzyme isoform that catalyzes this PTM in the central nervous system (CNS), are altered in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now demonstrate that PAD2 expression and PC are altered in human postmortem ALS spinal cord and motor cortex compared to controls, increasing in astrocytes while trending lower in neurons. Furthermore, PC is enriched in protein aggregates that contain the myelin proteins PLP and MBP in ALS. These results confirm our findings in ALS mouse models and suggest that altered PAD2 and PC contribute to neurodegeneration in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Issa O Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sepideh Parsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Lyle W Ostrow
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, RNA Therapeutic Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bashar SJ, Holmes CL, Shelef MA. Macrophage extracellular traps require peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 and are a source of citrullinated antigens bound by rheumatoid arthritis autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1167362. [PMID: 38476240 PMCID: PMC10927735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1167362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, but the sources of citrullinated antigens as well as which peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are required for their production remain incompletely defined. Here, we investigated if macrophage extracellular traps (METs) could be a source of citrullinated proteins bound by APCAs, and if their formation requires PAD2 or PAD4. Methods Thioglycolate-induced peritoneal macrophages from wild-type, PAD2-/-, and PAD4-/- mice or human peripheral blood-derived M1 macrophages were activated with a variety of stimulants, then fixed and stained with DAPI and either anti-citrullinated histone H4 (citH4) antibody or sera from ACPA+ or ACPA- rheumatoid arthritis subjects. METs were visualized by immunofluorescence, confirmed to be extracellular using DNase, and quantified. Results We found that ionomycin and monosodium urate crystals reliably induced murine citH4+ METs, which were reduced in the absence of PAD2 and lost in the absence of PAD4. Also, IgG from ACPA+, but not ACPA-, rheumatoid arthritis sera bound to murine METs, and in the absence of PAD2 or PAD4, ACPA-bound METs were lost. Finally, ionomycin induced human METs that are citH4+ and ACPA-bound. Discussion Thus, METs may contribute to the pool of citrullinated antigens bound by ACPAs in a PAD2- and PAD4-dependent manner, providing new insights into the targets of immune tolerance loss in rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Caitlyn L. Holmes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Geary B, Sun B, Tilvawala RR, Barasa L, Tsoyi K, Rosas IO, Thompson PR, Ho IC. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 citrullinates MZB1 and promotes the secretion of IgM and IgA. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1290585. [PMID: 38094295 PMCID: PMC10716219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction MZB1 is an endoplasmic reticulum residential protein preferentially expressed in plasma cells, marginal zone and B1 B cells. Recent studies on murine B cells show that it interacts with the tail piece of IgM and IgA heavy chain and promotes the secretion of these two classes of immunoglobulin. However, its role in primary human B cells has yet to be determined and how its function is regulated is still unknown. The conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline, also known as citrullination, by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) can critically influence the function of proteins in immune cells, such as neutrophils and T cells; however, the role of PADs in B cells remains to be elucidated. Method An unbiased analysis of human lung citrullinome was conducted to identify citrullinated proteins that are enriched in several chronic lung diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, compared to healthy controls. Mass spectrometry, site-specific mutagenesis, and western blotting were used to confirm the citrullination of candidate proteins. Their citrullination was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PAD2 and the impact of their citrullination on the function and differentiation of human B cells was examined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and co-immunoprecipitation. Results Citrullinated MZB1 was preferentially enriched in RA-ILD but not in other chronic lung diseases. MZB1 was a substrate of PAD2 and was citrullinated during the differentiation of human plasmablasts. Ablation or pharmacological inhibition of PAD2 in primary human B cells attenuated the secretion of IgM and IgA but not IgG or the differentiation of IgM or IgA-expressing plasmablasts, recapitulating the effect of ablating MZB1. Furthermore, the physical interaction between endogenous MZB1 and IgM/IgA was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of PAD2. Discussion Our data confirm the function of MZB1 in primary human plasmablasts and suggest that PAD2 promotes IgM/IgA secretion by citrullinating MZB1, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and RA-ILD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geary
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronak R. Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Leonard Barasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Konstantin Tsoyi
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang B, Fields L, Li L. Recent advances in characterization of citrullination and its implication in human disease research: From method development to network integration. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200286. [PMID: 36546832 PMCID: PMC10285031 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins increase the functional diversity of the proteome and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. The most widely understood modifications include phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, O-linked/N-linked glycosylation, and ubiquitination, all of which have been extensively studied and documented. Citrullination is a historically less explored, yet increasingly studied, protein PTM which has profound effects on protein conformation and protein-protein interactions. Dysregulation of protein citrullination has been associated with disease development and progression. Identification and characterization of citrullinated proteins is highly challenging, complicated by the low cellular abundance of citrullinated proteins, making it difficult to identify and quantify the extent of citrullination in samples, coupled with challenges associated with development of mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods, as the corresponding mass shift is relatively small, +0.984 Da, and identical to the mass shift of deamidation. The focus of this review is to discuss recent advancements of citrullination-specific MS approaches and integration of the potential methodology for improved citrullination identification and characterization. In addition, the association of citrullination in disease networks is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Lauren Fields
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cîrciumaru A, Afonso MG, Wähämaa H, Krishnamurthy A, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Keszei M, Stålesen R, Ottosson L, de Vries C, Shelef MA, Malmström V, Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Grönwall C, Hensvold A, Réthi B. Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody Reactivity towards Neutrophil-Derived Antigens: Clonal Diversity and Inter-Individual Variation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040630. [PMID: 37189377 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Why the adaptive immune system turns against citrullinated antigens in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and whether anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) contribute to pathogenesis are questions that have triggered intense research, but still are not fully answered. Neutrophils may be crucial in this context, both as sources of citrullinated antigens and also as targets of ACPAs. To better understand how ACPAs and neutrophils contribute to RA, we studied the reactivity of a broad spectrum of RA patient-derived ACPA clones to activated or resting neutrophils, and we also compared neutrophil binding using polyclonal ACPAs from different patients. Methods: Neutrophils were activated by Ca2+ ionophore, PMA, nigericin, zymosan or IL-8, and ACPA binding was studied using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The roles of PAD2 and PAD4 were studied using PAD-deficient mice or the PAD4 inhibitor BMS-P5. Results: ACPAs broadly targeted NET-like structures, but did not bind to intact cells or influence NETosis. We observed high clonal diversity in ACPA binding to neutrophil-derived antigens. PAD2 was dispensable, but most ACPA clones required PAD4 for neutrophil binding. Using ACPA preparations from different patients, we observed high patient-to-patient variability in targeting neutrophil-derived antigens and similarly in another cellular effect of ACPAs, the stimulation of osteoclast differentiation. Conclusions: Neutrophils can be important sources of citrullinated antigens under conditions that lead to PAD4 activation, NETosis and the extrusion of intracellular material. A substantial clonal diversity in targeting neutrophils and a high variability among individuals in neutrophil binding and osteoclast stimulation suggest that ACPAs may influence RA-related symptoms with high patient-to-patient variability.
Collapse
|
6
|
Padhy DS, Palit P, Ikbal AMA, Das N, Roy DK, Banerjee S. Selective inhibition of peptidyl-arginine deiminase (PAD): can it control multiple inflammatory disorders as a promising therapeutic strategy? Inflammopharmacology 2023. [PMID: 36806957 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of post-translational modification enzymes that irreversibly citrullinate (deiminate) arginine residues of protein and convert them to a non-classical amino acid citrulline in the presence of calcium ions. It has five isotypes, such as PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, PAD4, and PAD6, found in mammalian species. It has been suggested that increased PAD expression in various tissues contributes to the development of multiple inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Elevation of PAD enzyme expression depends on several factors like rising intracellular Ca2+ levels, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory cytokines. PAD inhibitors originating from natural or synthetic sources can be used as a novel therapeutic approach concerning inflammatory disorders. Here, we review the pathological role of PAD in several inflammatory disorders, factors that trigger PAD expression, epigenetic role and finally, decipher the therapeutic approach of PAD inhibitors in multiple inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mergaert AM, Denny MF, Kingstad-Bakke B, Bawadekar M, Bashar SJ, Warner TF, Suresh M, Shelef MA. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Murine Antiviral and Autoimmune Antibody Responses. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5258221. [PMID: 35083342 PMCID: PMC8786467 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5258221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and the citrullinated proteins that they generate have key roles in innate immunity and rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory arthritis with antibodies that target citrullinated proteins. However, the importance of PADs, particularly PAD2, in the adaptive immune response, both normal and pathogenic, is newly emerging. In this study, we evaluated a requirement for PAD2 in the antibody response in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a T and B cell-driven murine model of rheumatoid arthritis, and in the protective antibody response to murine influenza infection. Using PAD2-/- and PAD2+/+ mice on the DBA/1J background, we found that PAD2 is required for maximal anti-collagen antibody levels, but not collagen-specific plasma cell numbers, T cell activation or polarization, or arthritis severity in CIA. Also, we found that PAD2 is required not just for normal levels of persistent hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies but also for full protection from lethal influenza rechallenge. Together, these data provide evidence for a novel modest requirement for PAD2 in a normal antiviral antibody response and in an abnormal autoantibody response in inflammatory arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M. Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael F. Denny
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S. Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F. Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marulasiddappa Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Z, Li P, Tian Y, Ouyang W, Ho JWY, Alam HB, Li Y. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Host Immunity: Current Insights and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761946. [PMID: 34804050 PMCID: PMC8599989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze post-translational modifications of proteins by converting arginine residues into citrullines. Among the five members of the PAD family, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most frequently studied because of their abundant expression in immune cells. An increasing number of studies have identified PAD2 as an essential factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The successes of preclinical research targeting PAD2 highlights the therapeutic potential of PAD2 inhibition, particularly in sepsis and autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms by which PAD2 mediates host immunity remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the role of PAD2 in different types of cell death signaling pathways and the related immune disorders contrasted with functions of PAD4, providing novel therapeutic strategies for PAD2-associated pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Patrick Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuzi Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenlu Ouyang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jessie Wai-Yan Ho
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hasan B. Alam
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Yongqing Li,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun B, Tomita B, Salinger A, Tilvawala RR, Li L, Hakami H, Liu T, Tsoyi K, Rosas IO, Reinhardt DP, Thompson PR, Ho IC. PAD2-mediated citrullination of Fibulin-5 promotes elastogenesis. Matrix Biol 2021; 102:70-84. [PMID: 34274450 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The formation of elastic fibers is active only in the perinatal period. How elastogenesis is developmentally regulated is not fully understood. Citrullination is a unique form of post-translational modification catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), including PAD1-4. Its physiological role is largely unknown. By using an unbiased proteomic approach of lung tissues, we discovered that FBLN5 and LTBP4, two key elastogenic proteins, were temporally modified in mouse and human lungs. We further demonstrated that PAD2 citrullinated FBLN5 preferentially in young lungs compared to adult lungs. Genetic ablation of PAD2 resulted in attenuated elastogenesis in vitro and age-dependent emphysema in vivo. Mechanistically, citrullination protected FBLN5 from proteolysis and subsequent inactivation of its elastogenic activity. Furthermore, citrullinated but not native FBLN5 partially rescued in vitro elastogenesis in the absence of PAD activity. Our data uncover a novel function of citrullination, namely promoting elastogenesis, and provide additional insights to how elastogenesis is regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beverly Tomita
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ari Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ronak R Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Hana Hakami
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Tao Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konstantin Tsoyi
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He Q, Chen B, Chen S, Zhang M, Duan L, Feng X, Chen J, Zhou L, Chen L, Duan Y. MBP-activated autoimmunity plays a role in arsenic-induced peripheral neuropathy and the potential protective effect of mecobalamin. Environ Toxicol 2021; 36:1243-1253. [PMID: 33739591 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intake excessive arsenic (As) is related to the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy. However, both the underlying mechanism and the preventive approach remain largely unknown. In the present study, As treatment significantly decreased the mechanical withdrawal threshold and increased the titer of anti-myelin basic protein antibody in rats, accompanied with damaged BNB. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes were also significantly upregulated. However, administration of MeCbl in As-treated rats significantly reversed the decline in hindfoot mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as BNB failure and sciatic nerve inflammation. Repeated As treatment in athymic nude mice indicated that sciatic nerve inflammation and mechanical hyperalgesia were T cell-dependent. These data implicated that MBP-activated autoimmunity and the related neuroinflammation probably contributed to As-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and MeCbl exerted a protective role probably via maintenance the integrity of BNB and inhibition of neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qican He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoyi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muyang Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lidan Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lezhou Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Lv Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanying Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bruggeman Y, Sodré FMC, Buitinga M, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Kracht MJL. Targeting citrullination in autoimmunity: insights learned from preclinical mouse models. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:269-281. [PMID: 33896351 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1918104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant citrullination and excessive peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activity are detected in numerous challenging autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Because excessive PAD activity is a common denominator in these diseases, PADs are interesting potential therapeutic targets for future therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the advances made in the design of PAD inhibitors, their utilization and therapeutic potential in preclinical mouse models of autoimmunity. Relevant literature encompasses studies from 1994 to 2021 that are available on PubMed.gov. EXPERT OPINION Pan-PAD inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Drugs achieving pan-PAD inhibition were capable of ameliorating, reversing, and preventing clinical symptoms in preclinical mouse models. However, the implications for PADs in key biological processes potentially present a high risk for clinical complications and could hamper the translation of PAD inhibitors to the clinic. We envisage that PAD isozyme-specific inhibitors will improve the understanding the role of PAD isozymes in disease pathology, reduce the risk of side-effects and enhance prospects for future clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylke Bruggeman
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernanda M C Sodré
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria J L Kracht
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Yang Y, Hu X, Wang Z, Li L, Chen P. PADs in cancer: Current and future. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188492. [PMID: 33321174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs), is a group of calcium-dependent enzymes, which play crucial roles in citrullination, and can catalyze arginine residues into citrulline. This chemical reaction induces citrullinated proteins formation with altered structure and function, leading to numerous pathological diseases, including inflammation and autoimmune diseases. To date, multiple studies have provided solid evidence that PADs are implicated in cancer progression. Nevertheless, the findings on PADs functions in tumors are too complex to understand due to its involvements in variable signaling pathways. The increasing interest in PADs has heightened the need for a comprehensive description for its role in cancer. The present study aims to identify the gaps in present knowledge, including its structures, biological substrates and tissue distribution. Since several irreversible inhibitors for PADs with good potency and selectivity have been explored, the mechanisms on the dysregulation in tumors remain poorly understood. The present study discusses the relationship between PADs and tumor apoptosis, EMT formation and metastasis as well as the implication of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in tumorigenesis. In addition, the potential uses of citrullinated antigens for immunotherapy were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yiqiong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a calcium-dependent enzyme family of five peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is involved in physiological processes (cell differentiation, embryogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity, etc.) and in autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus), cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Intermediate filaments (IF) and associated proteins (IFAP) are major substrates of PADs. Here, we focus on the effects of deimination on the polymerization and solubility properties of IF proteins and on the proteolysis and cross-linking of IFAP, to finally expose some features of interest and some limitations of citrullinomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Falcão AM, Meijer M, Scaglione A, Rinwa P, Agirre E, Liang J, Larsen SC, Heskol A, Frawley R, Klingener M, Varas-Godoy M, Raposo AASF, Ernfors P, Castro DS, Nielsen ML, Casaccia P, Castelo-Branco G. PAD2-Mediated Citrullination Contributes to Efficient Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1090-1102.e10. [PMID: 31018126 PMCID: PMC6486480 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, the deimination of peptidylarginine residues into peptidylcitrulline, has been implicated in the etiology of several diseases. In multiple sclerosis, citrullination is thought to be a major driver of pathology through hypercitrullination and destabilization of myelin. As such, inhibition of citrullination has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy for MS. Here, in contrast, we show that citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) contributes to normal oligodendrocyte differentiation, myelination, and motor function. We identify several targets for PAD2, including myelin and chromatin-related proteins, implicating PAD2 in epigenomic regulation. Accordingly, we observe that PAD2 inhibition and its knockdown affect chromatin accessibility and prevent the upregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation genes. Moreover, mice lacking PAD2 display motor dysfunction and a decreased number of myelinated axons in the corpus callosum. We conclude that citrullination contributes to proper oligodendrocyte lineage progression and myelination. PAD2 is increased upon OL differentiation OL differentiation is facilitated by PAD2-mediated chromatin remodeling in myelin genes PAD2 contributes to efficient myelination and motor and cognitive functions Nuclear and myelin proteins interact and are citrullinated by PAD2
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mendanha Falcão
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mandy Meijer
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonella Scaglione
- Neuroscience Initiative at the Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Puneet Rinwa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eneritz Agirre
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Sara C Larsen
- Department of Proteomics, the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abeer Heskol
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rebecca Frawley
- Neuroscience Initiative at the Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Klingener
- Neuroscience Initiative at the Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cancer Cell Biology Lab, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | | | - Patrik Ernfors
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diogo S Castro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Department of Proteomics, the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Neuroscience Initiative at the Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nali LH, Olival GS, Sousa FTG, de Oliveira ACS, Montenegro H, da Silva IT, Dias-Neto E, Naya H, Spangenberg L, Penalva-de-Oliveira AC, Romano CM. Whole transcriptome analysis of multiple Sclerosis patients reveals active inflammatory profile in relapsing patients and downregulation of neurological repair pathways in secondary progressive cases. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102243. [PMID: 32559700 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune neurologic disease that causes progressive destruction of myelin sheath and axons. Affecting more than 2 million people worldwide, MS may presents distinct clinical courses. However, information regarding key gene expression and genic pathways related to each clinical form is still limited. OBJECTIVE To assess the whole transcriptome of blood leukocytes from patients with remittent-recurrent (RRMS) and secondary-progressive (SPMS) forms to explore the gene expression profile of each form. METHODS Total RNA was obtained and sequenced in Illumina HiSeq platform. Reads were aligned to human genome (GRCh38/hg38), BAM files were mapped and differential expression was obtained with DeSeq2. Up or downregulated pathways were obtained through Ingenuity IPA. Pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were also assessed. RESULTS The transcriptome was generated for nine patients (6 SPMS and 3 RRMS) and 5 healthy controls. A total of 731 and 435 differentially expressed genes were identified in SPMS and RRMS, respectively. RERE, IRS2, SIPA1L1, TANC2 and PLAGL1 were upregulated in both forms, whereas PAD2 and PAD4 were upregulated in RRMS and downregulated in SPMS. Inflammatory and neuronal repair pathways were upregulated in RRMS, which was also observed in cytokine analysis. Conversely, SPMS patients presented IL-8, IL-1, Neurothrophin and Neuregulin pathways down regulated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the transcriptome of RRMS and SPMS clearly indicated distinct inflammatory profiles, where RRMS presented marked pro-inflammatory profile but SPMS did not. SPMS individuals also presented a decrease on expression of neuronal repair pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Nali
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.; Post-graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University, Rua Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, 340, São Paulo, 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Olival
- Departamento de Neurologia Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, R. Dr. Cesário Mota Júnior, 112, São Paulo, 01221-020 Brazil
| | - Francielle T G Sousa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina S de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | | | - Israel T da Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, 01525-001, Brazil
| | - Emamnuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, 01525-001, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Naya
- Unidad de Bioinformática Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Spangenberg
- Unidad de Bioinformática Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Augusto C Penalva-de-Oliveira
- Departamento de Neurologia Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, R. Dr. Cesário Mota Júnior, 112, São Paulo, 01221-020 Brazil; Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 165, São Paulo, 01246-900, Brazil
| | - Camila M Romano
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.; Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP (LIM52), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alghamdi M, Alasmari D, Assiri A, Mattar E, Aljaddawi AA, Alattas SG, Redwan EM. An Overview of the Intrinsic Role of Citrullination in Autoimmune Disorders. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7592851. [PMID: 31886309 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7592851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A protein undergoes many types of posttranslation modification. Citrullination is one of these modifications, where an arginine amino acid is converted to a citrulline amino acid. This process depends on catalytic enzymes such as peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADs). This modification leads to a charge shift, which affects the protein structure, protein-protein interactions, and hydrogen bond formation, and it may cause protein denaturation. The irreversible citrullination reaction is not limited to a specific protein, cell, or tissue. It can target a wide range of proteins in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. Citrullination is a normal reaction during cell death. Apoptosis is normally accompanied with a clearance process via scavenger cells. A defect in the clearance system either in terms of efficiency or capacity may occur due to massive cell death, which may result in the accumulation and leakage of PAD enzymes and the citrullinated peptide from the necrotized cell which could be recognized by the immune system, where the immunological tolerance will be avoided and the autoimmune disorders will be subsequently triggered. The induction of autoimmune responses, autoantibody production, and cytokines involved in the major autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun B, Chang HH, Salinger A, Tomita B, Bawadekar M, Holmes CL, Shelef MA, Weerapana E, Thompson PR, Ho IC. Reciprocal regulation of Th2 and Th17 cells by PAD2-mediated citrullination. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129687. [PMID: 31723060 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated citrullination, a unique form of posttranslational modification catalyzed by the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), has been observed in several human diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. However, the physiological roles of PADs in the immune system are still poorly understood. Here, we report that global inhibition of citrullination enhances the differentiation of type 2 helper T (Th2) cells but attenuates the differentiation of Th17 cells, thereby increasing the susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation. This effect on Th cells is due to inhibition of PAD2 but not PAD4. Mechanistically, PAD2 directly citrullinates GATA3 and RORγt, 2 key transcription factors determining the fate of differentiating Th cells. Citrullination of R330 of GATA3 weakens its DNA binding ability, whereas citrullination of 4 arginine residues of RORγt strengthens its DNA binding. Finally, PAD2-deficient mice also display altered Th2/Th17 immune response and heightened sensitivity to allergic airway inflammation. Thus, our data highlight the potential and caveat of PAD2 as a therapeutic target of Th cell-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ari Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beverly Tomita
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Caitlyn L Holmes
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine and.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Holmes CL, Shim D, Kernien J, Johnson CJ, Nett JE, Shelef MA. Insight into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps through Systematic Evaluation of Citrullination and Peptidylarginine Deiminases. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2160192. [PMID: 30993117 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune inflammatory arthritis, citrullinated proteins are targeted by autoantibodies and thus thought to drive disease. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a source of citrullinated proteins and are increased in rheumatoid arthritis and therefore also implicated in disease pathogenesis. However, not all NETs are citrullinated. One theory aiming to clarify the intersection of citrullination, NETs, and rheumatoid arthritis suggests that specific stimuli induce different types of NETs defined by citrullination status. However, most studies do not evaluate uncitrullinated NETs, only citrullinated or total NETs. Further, the requirement for peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) 2 and 4, two important citrullinating enzymes in neutrophils and rheumatoid arthritis, in the formation of different NETs has not been clearly defined. To determine if specific stimulants induce citrullinated or uncitrullinated NETs and if those structures require PAD2 or PAD4, human and murine neutrophils, including from PAD4−/− and PAD2−/− mice, were stimulated in vitro and NETs imaged and quantified. In humans, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), ionomycin, monosodium urate (MSU), and Candida albicans induced NETs with MSU and C. albicans inducing primarily citrullinated, PMA primarily uncitrullinated, and ionomycin a mix of NETs. Only ionomycin and C. albicans were strong inducers of NETs in mice with ionomycin-induced NETs mostly citrullinated and C. albicans-induced NETs a mix of citrullinated and uncitrullinated. Interestingly, no stimulus induced exclusively citrullinated or uncitrullinated NETs. Further, PAD4 was required for citrullinated NETs only, whereas PAD2 was not required for either NET in mice. Therefore, specific stimuli induce varying proportions of both citrullinated and uncitrullinated NETs with different requirements for PAD4. These findings highlight the complexity of NET formation and the need to further define the mechanisms by which different NETs form and their implications for autoimmune disease.
Collapse
|
19
|
Tejeda EJC, Bello AM, Wasilewski E, Koebel A, Dunn S, Kotra LP. Noncovalent Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) Inhibitors Are Efficacious in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8876-8887. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Curiel Tejeda
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Angelica M. Bello
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ewa Wasilewski
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adam Koebel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shannon Dunn
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s
College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Multi-Organ
Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun B, Dwivedi N, Bechtel TJ, Paulsen JL, Muth A, Bawadekar M, Li G, Thompson PR, Shelef MA, Schiffer CA, Weerapana E, Ho IC. Citrullination of NF-κB p65 promotes its nuclear localization and TLR-induced expression of IL-1β and TNFα. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/12/eaal3062. [PMID: 28783661 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many citrullinated proteins are known autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis, a disease mediated by inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Citrullinated proteins are generated by converting peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline, a process catalyzed by the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), including PAD1 to PAD4 and PAD6. Several major risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis are associated with heightened citrullination. However, the physiological role of citrullination in immune cells is poorly understood. We report that suppression of PAD activity attenuates Toll-like receptor-induced expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TNFα by neutrophils in vivo and in vitro but not their global transcription activity. Mechanistically, PAD4 directly citrullinates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 and enhances the interaction of p65 with importin α3, which brings p65 into the nucleus. The citrullination-enhanced interaction of p65 with importin α3 and its nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity can be attributed to citrullination of four arginine residues located in the Rel homology domain of p65. Furthermore, a rheumatoid arthritis-prone variant of PAD4, carrying three missense mutations, is more efficient in interacting with p65 and enhancing NF-κB activity. Together, these data not only demonstrate a critical role of citrullination in an NF-κB-dependent expression of IL-1β and TNFα but also provide a molecular mechanism by which heightened citrullination propagates inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Accordingly, attenuating p65-mediated production of IL-1β and TNFα by blocking the citrullination of p65 has great therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler J Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Janet L Paulsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Funayama R, Taniguchi H, Mizuma M, Fujishima F, Kobayashi M, Ohnuma S, Unno M, Nakayama K. Protein-arginine deiminase 2 suppresses proliferation of colon cancer cells through protein citrullination. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:713-718. [PMID: 28403548 PMCID: PMC5406534 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the gene for protein-arginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) has been shown to be downregulated in colon cancer, with such downregulation being indicative of a poor prognosis in individuals with this disease. We have now examined the expression of PADI2 in matched colon cancer and normal colon tissue specimens as well as in colon cancer cell lines. We found that isoform 1 of PADI2 is the predominant isoform in colon tissue and is downregulated during colon carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that PADI2 is expressed in normal colonic epithelial cells. Overexpression of PADI2 isoform 1 suppressed the proliferation of colon cancer cells in vitro in association with increased protein citrullination. Expression of a catalytically inactive mutant (C647A) of PADI2 or of PADI2 isoform 2 did not induce such effects, indicating that the protein citrullination activity of PADI2 is required for inhibition of cell growth. The growth defect induced by PADI2 was not attributable to increased apoptosis but rather was accompanied by arrest of cell cycle progression in G1 phase. Finally, we detected citrullinated proteins in normal colon tissue by immunoblot analysis. Our data thus suggest that PADI2 suppresses the proliferation of colonic epithelial cells through catalysis of protein citrullination, and that downregulation of PADI2 expression might therefore contribute to colon carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hajime Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masamichi Mizuma
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ohnuma
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Koushik S, Joshi N, Nagaraju S, Mahmood S, Mudeenahally K, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. PAD4: pathophysiology, current therapeutics and future perspective in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:433-447. [PMID: 28281906 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1294160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that plays an important role in gene expression, turning out genetic code into functional products in the body. It is involved in a key post translational modification, which involves the conversion of arginine to citrulline. It regulates various processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and pluripotency, while its dysregulation has a great impact on the genesis of various diseases. Over the last few years PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure and function of PAD4, along with the role of altered PAD4 activity in the onset of RA and other maladies. We also elucidate the role of PAD4 variants in etiology of RA among several ethnic groups and the current pre-clinical inhibitors to regulate PAD4. Expert opinion: Citrullination has a crucial role in RA and several other disorders. Since PAD4 is an initiator of the citrullination, it is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, an in depth knowledge of the roles and activity of PAD4 is required to explore more effective ways to conquer PAD4 related ailments, especially RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Koushik
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | - Nivedita Joshi
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | - Sameer Mahmood
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bawadekar M, Shim D, Johnson CJ, Warner TF, Rebernick R, Damgaard D, Nielsen CH, Pruijn GJM, Nett JE, Shelef MA. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced citrullination and arthritis, but not neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Autoimmun 2017; 80:39-47. [PMID: 28188029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational conversion of arginines to citrullines, may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis development given the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). However, it is not known which peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) catalyzes the citrullination seen in inflammation. PAD4 exacerbates inflammatory arthritis and is critical for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs display citrullinated antigens targeted by ACPAs and thus may be a source of citrullinated protein. However, PAD4 is not required for citrullination in inflamed lungs. PAD2 is important for citrullination in healthy tissues and is present in NETs, but its role in citrullination in the inflamed joint, NETosis and inflammatory arthritis is unknown. Here we use mice with TNFα-induced inflammatory arthritis, a model of rheumatoid arthritis, to identify the roles of PAD2 and PAD4 in citrullination, NETosis, and arthritis. In mice with TNFα-induced arthritis, citrullination in the inflamed ankle was increased as determined by western blot. This increase was unchanged in the ankles of mice that lack PAD4. In contrast, citrullination was nearly absent in the ankles of PAD2-deficient mice. Interestingly, PAD2 was not required for NET formation as assessed by immunofluorescence or for killing of Candida albicans as determined by viability assay. Finally, plasma cell numbers as assessed by flow cytometry, IgG levels quantified by ELISA, and inflammatory arthritis as determined by clinical and pathological scoring were all reduced in the absence of PAD2. Thus, PAD2 contributes to TNFα-induced citrullination and arthritis, but is not required for NETosis. In contrast, PAD4, which is critical for NETosis, is dispensable for generalized citrullination supporting the possibility that NETs may not be a major source of citrullinated protein in arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daeun Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chad J Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Institute for Molecules and Materials and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chang HH, Liu GY, Dwivedi N, Sun B, Okamoto Y, Kinslow JD, Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Norris JM, Thompson PR, Sparks JA, Rao DA, Karlson EW, Hung HC, Holers VM, Ho IC. A molecular signature of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis triggered by dysregulated PTPN22. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e90045. [PMID: 27777982 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Several risk factors for RA are known to increase the expression or activity of peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs), which catalyze citrullination and, when dysregulated, can result in hypercitrullination. However, the consequence of hypercitrullination is unknown and the function of each PAD has yet to be defined. Th cells of RA patients are hypoglycolytic and hyperproliferative due to impaired expression of PFKFB3 and ATM, respectively. Here, we report that these features are also observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy at-risk individuals (ARIs). PBMCs of ARIs are also hypercitrullinated and produce more IL-2 and Th17 cytokines but fewer Th2 cytokines. These abnormal features are due to impaired induction of PTPN22, a phosphatase that also suppresses citrullination independently of its phosphatase activity. Attenuated phosphatase activity of PTPN22 results in aberrant expression of IL-2, ATM, and PFKFB3, whereas diminished nonphosphatase activity of PTPN22 leads to hypercitrullination mediated by PADs. PAD2- or PAD4-mediated hypercitrullination reduces the expression of Th2 cytokines. By contrast, only PAD2-mediated hypercitrullination can increase the expression of Th17 cytokines. Taken together, our data depict a molecular signature of preclinical RA that is triggered by impaired induction of PTPN22.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuko Okamoto
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer D Kinslow
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin D Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Karlson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lewis HD, Nacht M. iPAD or PADi-'tablets' with therapeutic disease potential? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:169-78. [PMID: 27372273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last five years, a growing body of literature has strengthened the rationale for the involvement of PAD (protein arginine deiminase) enzymes in diverse diseases, through direct roles of citrullination in mechanisms such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and immune complex formation. The recent development of inhibitors of the PAD family, coupled with the availability of mice genetically deficient in PAD2 or PAD4, has accelerated understanding of the role of these targets in varied disease models. This review surveys the recent literature to confirm the therapeutic potential of PAD inhibitors as a new class of drugs to treat human autoimmune disease.
Collapse
|
26
|
Witalison EE, Thompson PR, Hofseth LJ. Protein Arginine Deiminases and Associated Citrullination: Physiological Functions and Diseases Associated with Dysregulation. Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:700-10. [PMID: 25642720 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150202160954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human proteins are subjected to more than 200 known post-translational modifications (PTMs) (e.g., phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, S-nitrosylation, methylation, Nacetylation, and citrullination) and these PTMs can alter protein structure and function with consequent effects on the multitude of pathways necessary for maintaining the physiological homeostasis. When dysregulated, however, the enzymes that catalyze these PTMs can impact the genesis of countless diseases. In this review, we will focus on protein citrullination, a PTM catalyzed by the Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. Specifically, we will describe the roles of the PADs in both normal human physiology and disease. The development of PAD inhibitors and their efficacy in a variety of autoimmune disorders and cancer will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy 770 Sumter St., Coker Life Sciences, Rm. 513C University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang L, Tan D, Piao H. Myelin Basic Protein Citrullination in Multiple Sclerosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for the Pathology. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1845-56. [PMID: 27097548 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial demyelinating disease characterized by neurodegenerative events and autoimmune response against myelin component. Citrullination or deimination, a post-translational modification of protein-bound arginine into citrulline, catalyzed by Ca(2+) dependent peptidylarginine deiminase enzyme (PAD), plays an essential role in physiological processes include gene expression regulation, apoptosis and the plasticity of the central nervous system, while aberrant citrullination can generate new epitopes, thus involving in the initiation and/or progression of autoimmune disorder like MS. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the major myelin protein and is generally considered to maintain the stability of the myelin sheath. This review describes the MBP citrullination and its consequence, as well as offering further support for the "inside-out" hypothesis that MS is primarily a neurodegenerative disease with secondary inflammatory demyelination. In addition, it discusses the role of MBP citrullination in the immune inflammation and explores the potential of inhibition of PAD enzymes as a therapeutic strategy for the disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Jamali H, Khan HA, Stringer JR, Chowdhury S, Ellman JA. Identification of multiple structurally distinct, nonpeptidic small molecule inhibitors of protein arginine deiminase 3 using a substrate-based fragment method. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3616-21. [PMID: 25742366 PMCID: PMC4447334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The protein arginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the post-translational hydrolytic deimination of arginine residues. Four different enzymologically active PAD subtypes have been characterized and exhibit tissue-specific expression and association with a number of different diseases. In this Article we describe the development of an approach for the reliable discovery of low molecular weight, nonpeptidic fragment substrates of the PADs that then can be optimized and converted to mechanism-based irreversible PAD inhibitors. The approach is demonstrated by the development of potent and selective inhibitors of PAD3, a PAD subtype implicated in the neurodegenerative response to spinal cord injury. Multiple structurally distinct inhibitors were identified with the most potent inhibitors having >10,000 min(-1) M(-1) k(inact)/K(I) values and ≥10-fold selectivity for PAD3 over PADs 1, 2, and 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haya Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hasan A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | | | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stenberg P, Roth B. Zinc is the modulator of the calcium-dependent activation of post-translationally acting thiol-enzymes in autoimmune diseases. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:331-5. [PMID: 25660831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Post-translational modifications of proteins can generate antigenic conformations that may cause autoimmune diseases in persons with specific HLA-haplotypes. Monocytes and macrophages, attracted to an inflamed site, can release post-translationally acting enzymes, such as transglutaminases and peptidylarginine deiminases. In vivo, the activation of these enzymes is crucial for the further course of event. Our hypothesis is that zinc modulates the activation of these calcium-dependent thiol-enzymes. Persons with celiac disease carry antibodies against deamidated dietary gluten and against transglutaminase type 2. Similarly, antibodies against citrulline-containing peptides and against peptidylarginine deiminase are detected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, in two major autoimmune diseases, antibodies are detected against post-translationally modified proteins and against the thiol-enzymes responsible for catalyzing the modifications. In vitro, physiological concentrations of zinc reversibly inhibit the calcium-dependent activation of transglutaminases. Zinc attenuates the calcium-induced increase in affinity between transglutaminase 2 and serum from patients with celiac disease. Peptidylarginine deiminases are also inhibited by zinc. Moreover, zinc is rapidly redistributed in animals when an infection is induced. This pathway starting with an unspecific inflammation and ending up with an immune reaction against a specific tissue constitutes a theme with variations in other autoimmune diseases, such as dermatitis herpetiformis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Inhibitors against transglutaminases and peptidylarginine deiminases have a great pharmacological potential. Interestingly, a large portion of the population may have been exposed to such an inhibitor. The primary metabolite of ethanol, acetaldehyde, can probably function as an irreversible inhibitor of these enzymes by forming a hemithioacetal with the thiol group of the active site. Not surprisingly, epidemiological studies have shown that alcohol is beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis. We predict that a similar situation will be observed in multiple sclerosis. The affinity of chelators such as EDTA and EGTA for Zn(2+) is three orders of magnitude greater than that for Ca(2+). This frequently overlooked complication imposes problems in biomedical research since a restoration of the zinc level can never be achieved in a blood sample which has been anti-coagulated by calcium chelators. The new synthetic direct thrombin inhibitors may offer a better way of preventing coagulation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Post-translational modifications are of potential interest in autoimmune diseases. The in vivo activation of calcium-dependent thiol-enzymes catalyzing these alterations, such as the transglutaminases and the peptidylarginine deiminases, is crucial for this pathway. According to our hypothesis, zinc is the modulator of this key function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Stenberg
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Coagulation Research Unit, Skåne University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Roth
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mowen KA, David M. Unconventional post-translational modifications in immunological signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:512-20. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
31
|
Moelants EA, Mortier A, Van Damme J, Proost P, Loos T. Peptidylarginine deiminases: physiological function, interaction with chemokines and role in pathology. Drug Discov Today Technol 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
32
|
Shimizu A, Handa K, Honda T, Abe N, Kojima T, Takahara H. Three isozymes of peptidylarginine deiminase in the chicken: molecular cloning, characterization, and tissue distribution. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 167:65-73. [PMID: 24161753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD; EC 3.5.3.15) is a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline (deimination) in a calcium ion dependent manner. Although PADI genes are widely conserved among vertebrates, their function in the chicken is poorly understood. Here, we cloned and sequenced three chicken PADI cDNAs and analyzed the expression of their proteins in various tissues. Immunoblotting analysis showed that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 were present in cells of several central neuron system tissues including the retina; the chicken PAD2 protein was not detected in any tissue. We expressed recombinant chicken PADs in insect cells and characterized their enzymatic properties. The chicken PAD1 and PAD3 recombinant proteins required calcium ions as an essential cofactor for their catalytic activity. The two recombinant proteins showed similar substrate specificities toward synthetic arginine derivatives. By contrast to them, chicken PAD2 did not show any activity. We found that one of the conserved active centers in mammalian PADs had been altered in chicken PAD2; we prepared a reverse mutant but we did not detect an activity. We conclude that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 might play specific roles in the nervous system, but that chicken PAD2 might not be functional under normal physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang S, Wang Y. Peptidylarginine deiminases in citrullination, gene regulation, health and pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1829:1126-35. [PMID: 23860259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases are a family of enzymes that mediate post-translational modifications of protein arginine residues by deimination or demethylimination to produce citrulline. In vitro, the activity of PADs is dependent on calcium and reductive reagents carrying a free sulfhydryl group. The discovery that PAD4 can target both arginine and methyl-arginine for citrullination about 10years ago renewed our interest in studying this family of enzymes in gene regulation and their physiological functions. The deregulation of PADs is involved in the etiology of multiple human diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. There is a growing effort to develop isoform specific PAD inhibitors for disease treatment. However, the regulation of the activity of PADs in vivo remains largely elusive, and we expect that much will be learned about the role of these enzymes in a normal life cycle and under pathology conditions.
Collapse
|
34
|
Papanastasiou AD, Chatzantoni K, Mouzaki A. Current therapeutic leads for the treatment of autoimmune diseases: stem cell transplantation and inhibition of post-translational modifications of autoantigens. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:1255-65. [PMID: 23489081 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.10.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complexity of autoimmune diseases is reflected on their clinicopathological heterogeneity and the failure to find treatments that cure them after over a century of research. Conventional treatments help ameliorate disease activity but they treat the symptoms whereas the diseases remain incurable in the vast majority of patients. OBJECTIVE To confront diseases of such nature it is essential to discover therapeutics that will lead to the induction of tolerance or the specific deletion of autoreactive lymphocytes. Current basic and clinical research strategies focus on the better identification of self-antigens, the induction of T regulatory cells that can suppress autoreactive cell activities or, more radically, the 'reformatting' of the immune system through hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS We analyzed literature on autoimmune disease therapeutics, focusing on new antigens that may arise from post-translational modifications of common proteins and, also, the area of HSCT. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS With the recent discovery that citrullination of self-epitopes may be a major pathogenic mechanism for, at least, certain types of autoimmune diseases, it becomes apparent that potentially any self-antigen in the body can be a target of an autoimmune attack. In addition, although the available data on HSCT applied to patients suffering from severe refractory autoimmune diseases do not allow for the determination of the efficacy of the various methods employed to re-educate the immune system, they contribute to our understanding of disease pathogenesis and the improvement on the therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios D Papanastasiou
- University of Patras, Medical School, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras, GR-261 10, Greece +30 2610 969123 ; +30 2610 969123 ;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
van Beers JJ, Zendman AJ, Raijmakers R, Stammen-Vogelzangs J, Pruijn GJ. Peptidylarginine deiminase expression and activity in PAD2 knock-out and PAD4-low mice. Biochimie 2013; 95:299-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
36
|
Arandjelovic S, McKenney KR, Leming SS, Mowen KA. ATP induces protein arginine deiminase 2-dependent citrullination in mast cells through the P2X7 purinergic receptor. J Immunol 2012; 189:4112-22. [PMID: 22984079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications regulate physiology either by directly modulating protein function or by impacting immune recognition of self-proteins. Citrullination is a posttranslational modification formed by the conversion of arginine residues into the citrulline amino acid by protein arginine deiminase (PAD) family members. We have identified mast cells as a major source of the PAD2 enzyme. Activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptor (P2X7) by the inflammatory "danger" signal ATP induces PAD2 activity and robust protein citrullination. P2X7-mediated activation of PAD2 is sensitive to p38 MAPK and protein kinase C inhibitors, and PAD2 regulates the expression of the TNFR2, Adamts-9, and Rab6b transcripts in mast cells. Further, the PAD2 enzyme and its citrullinated substrate proteins are released from mast cells on activation with ATP. PAD2 expression is closely linked with inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue, and PAD2 and citrullinated proteins are found in the synovial fluid of RA patients. In addition, RA is associated with the development of autoantibodies to citrullinated self-proteins. Our results suggest that P2X7 activation of mast cells may play a role in inflammation by providing PAD2 and PAD2 substrates access to the extracellular space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Arandjelovic
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rohrbach AS, Hemmers S, Arandjelovic S, Corr M, Mowen KA. PAD4 is not essential for disease in the K/BxN murine autoantibody-mediated model of arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R104. [PMID: 22551352 PMCID: PMC3446481 DOI: 10.1186/ar3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Both murine and human genome-wide association studies have implicated peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD4) as a susceptibility gene in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, patients with RA commonly have autoantibodies which recognize PAD4 or and/or citrullinated peptides. This study aims to evaluate the role of PAD4 in the effector phase of arthritis. Methods PAD4 knock out (KO) and wild type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were injected with K/BxN sera to induce disease. Progression of disease was monitored by measuring paw and ankle swelling and clinical indexes of disease, and pathogenesis was assessed by indexing of clinical progression on paws collected from WT and PAD4 KO mice injected with K/BxN serum. PAD4 activity was determined by visualization of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and immunohistological analysis of histone citrullination. Results PAD4 activity is readily detectable in the inflamed synovium of WT but not PAD4 deficient animals, as demonstrated by histone citrullination and NET formation. However, PAD4 WT and KO animals develop K/BxN serum transfer disease with comparable severity and kinetics, with no statistically significant differences noted in clinical scores, swelling, joint erosion or joint invasion. Conclusions PAD4 WT and KO mice develop disease in the K/BxN serum transfer model of arthritis with similar severity and kinetics, indicating that PAD4 is dispensable in this effector phase model of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Rohrbach
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Baka Z, György B, Géher P, Buzás EI, Falus A, Nagy G. Citrullination under physiological and pathological conditions. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 79:431-6. [PMID: 22366145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination, one of the enzymatic posttranslational modifications has become a hot topic of recent research as it is involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Antibodies against citrullinated proteins called anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, are the hallmark (diagnostic and prognostic factors) of rheumatoid arthritis, and are specific for the disease. Citrullination has an important role in the normal function of the immune system, skin keratinization, the insulation of neurons and the plasticity of the central nervous system including its essential role in gene regulation. Abnormal citrullination has been proposed to play a role in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, and recent research has drawn attention to its implication in tumorigenesis. Still, it is unclear whether citrullination is the cause or the consequence of these pathological alterations. Here, we discuss crucial aspects of citrullination during both physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Baka
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lange S, Gögel S, Leung KY, Vernay B, Nicholas AP, Causey CP, Thompson PR, Greene ND, Ferretti P. Protein deiminases: new players in the developmentally regulated loss of neural regenerative ability. Dev Biol 2011; 355:205-14. [PMID: 21539830 PMCID: PMC4768803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord regenerative ability is lost with development, but the mechanisms underlying this loss are still poorly understood. In chick embryos, effective regeneration does not occur after E13, when spinal cord injury induces extensive apoptotic response and tissue damage. As initial experiments showed that treatment with a calcium chelator after spinal cord injury reduced apoptosis and cavitation, we hypothesized that developmentally regulated mediators of calcium-dependent processes in secondary injury response may contribute to loss of regenerative ability. To this purpose we screened for such changes in chick spinal cords at stages of development permissive (E11) and non-permissive (E15) for regeneration. Among the developmentally regulated calcium-dependent proteins identified was PAD3, a member of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family that converts protein arginine residues to citrulline, a process known as deimination or citrullination. This post-translational modification has not been previously associated with response to injury. Following injury, PAD3 up-regulation was greater in spinal cords injured at E15 than at E11. Consistent with these differences in gene expression, deimination was more extensive at the non-regenerating stage, E15, both in the gray and white matter. As deimination paralleled the extent of apoptosis, we investigated the effect of blocking PAD activity on cell death and deiminated-histone 3, one of the PAD targets we identified by mass-spectrometry analysis of spinal cord deiminated proteins. Treatment with the PAD inhibitor, Cl-amidine, reduced the abundance of deiminated-histone 3, consistent with inhibition of PAD activity, and significantly reduced apoptosis and tissue loss following injury at E15. Altogether, our findings identify PADs and deimination as developmentally regulated modulators of secondary injury response, and suggest that PADs might be valuable therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Stefanie Gögel
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kit-Yi Leung
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anthony P. Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Corey P. Causey
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, TSRI, Scripps Florida, Florida 33458 USA
| | | | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Méchin MC, Sebbag M, Arnaud J, Nachat R, Foulquier C, Adoue V, Coudane F, Duplan H, Schmitt AM, Chavanas S, Guerrin M, Serre G, Simon M. Update on peptidylarginine deiminases and deimination in skin physiology and severe human diseases. Int J Cosmet Sci 2010; 29:147-68. [PMID: 18489346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a recently described post-translational modification, but its consequences are not yet well understood. It is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). These enzymes transform arginyl residues involved in a peptidyl link into citrullyl residues in a calcium-dependent manner. Several PAD substrates have already been identified like filaggrin and keratins K1 and K10 in the epidermis, trichohyalin in hair follicles, but also ubiquitous proteins like histones. PADs act in a large panel of physiological functions as cellular differentiation or gene regulation. It has been suggested that deimination plays a role in many major diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and psoriasis. Five human genes (PADIs), encoding five highly conserved paralogous enzymes (PAD1-4 and 6), have been characterized. These genes are clustered in a single locus, at 1p35-36 in man. Only PAD1-3 are expressed in human epidermis. PADs seem to be controlled at transcriptional, translational and activity levels and they present particular substrate specificities. In this review, we shall discuss these main biochemical, genetic and functional aspects of PADs together with their pathophysiological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-C Méchin
- University of Toulouse III, UMR5165, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Claude de Préval, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Carrillo-Vico A, Leech MD, Anderton SM. Contribution of myelin autoantigen citrullination to T cell autoaggression in the central nervous system. J Immunol 2010; 184:2839-46. [PMID: 20164413 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breakdown in immunological self tolerance, leading to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, might arise from immune recognition of self proteins that have undergone heightened posttranslational modification under pathophysiological conditions. A posttranslational modification of particular interest is the deimination of Arg to citrulline, catalyzed by peptidylarginyl deiminase (PAD) enzymes. As a CD4(+) T cell-driven model of multiple sclerosis, we used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with the immunodominant 35-55 peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (pMOG) in C57BL/6 mice to test whether citrullination of a T cell epitope can contribute to disease etiopathology. Immunization with an altered peptide ligand (APL) of pMOG with an Arg-->citrulline conversion at a TCR contact (residue 41) led to the activation of two populations of APL-responsive T cells that either did, or did not cross-react with the native pMOG peptide. This APL could induce EAE. However, this reflected the activation of T cells that cross-reacted with the native pMOG epitope, because prior tolerization of these T cells using pMOG prevented APL-induced EAE. Using a passive transfer model, we found that T cells that responded specifically to the citrullinated form of pMOG were neither necessary, nor sufficient to initiate the EAE lesion. Nevertheless, these cells could provoke exacerbation of pathology if transferred into mice with ongoing EAE. The PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes were markedly upregulated in the inflamed CNS. Therefore, once inflammation is established, citrullination of target autoantigens can allow an expanded repertoire of T cells to contribute to CNS pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jang B, Jin JK, Jeon YC, Cho HJ, Ishigami A, Choi KC, Carp RI, Maruyama N, Kim YS, Choi EK. Involvement of peptidylarginine deiminase-mediated post-translational citrullination in pathogenesis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:199-210. [PMID: 20013286 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs)-mediated post-translational citrullination processes play key roles in protein functions and structural stability through the conversion of arginine to citrulline in the presence of excessive calcium concentrations. In brain, PAD2 is abundantly expressed and can be involved in citrullination in disease. Recently, we have reported pathological characterization of PAD2 and citrullinated proteins in scrapie-infected mice, but the implication of protein citrullination in the pathophysiology in human prion disease is not clear. In the present study, we explored the molecular and biological involvement of PAD2 and the pathogenesis of citrullinated proteins in frontal cortex of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). We found increased expression of PAD2 in reactive astrocytes that also contained increased levels of citrullinated proteins. In addition, PAD activity was significantly elevated in patients with sCJD compared to controls. From two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass analysis, we found various citrullinated candidates, including cytoskeletal and energy metabolism-associated proteins such as vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, enolase, and phosphoglycerate kinase. Based on these findings, our investigations suggest that PAD2 activation and aberrant citrullinated proteins could play a role in pathogenesis and have value as a marker for the postmortem classification of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Systems medicine is an emerging concept that acknowledges the complexity of a multitude of non-linear interactions among molecular and physiological variables. Under this new paradigm, rather than a collection of symptoms, diseases are seen as the product of deviations from a robust steady state compatible with life. This concept requires the incorporation of mathematics and physics to the more classical arsenal of physiology and molecular biology with which physicians are trained today. This review explores the diverse types of information that can be accumulated towards the understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS), a complex autoimmune disease that targets the central nervous system (CNS). The challenge of data integration and modeling of dynamical systems is discussed in the context of disease susceptibility and response to treatment. A theoretical framework that supports the use of combination therapy is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue Room S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Musse AA, Li Z, Ackerley CA, Bienzle D, Lei H, Poma R, Harauz G, Moscarello MA, Mastronardi FG. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) overexpression in transgenic mice leads to myelin loss in the central nervous system. Dis Model Mech 2008; 1:229-40. [PMID: 19093029 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination in the central nervous system is the hallmark feature in multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanism resulting in destabilization of myelin is a complex multi-faceted process, part of which involves deimination of myelin basic protein (MBP). Deimination, the conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline, is mediated by the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes, of which the PAD2 and PAD4 isoforms are present in myelin. To test the hypothesis that PAD contributes to destabilization of myelin in MS, we developed a transgenic mouse line (PD2) containing multiple copies of the cDNA encoding PAD2, under the control of the MBP promoter. Using previously established criteria, clinical signs were more severe in PD2 mice than in their normal littermates. The increase in PAD2 expression and activity in white matter was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-PCR, enzyme activity assays, and increased deimination of MBP. Light and electron microscopy revealed more severe focal demyelination and thinner myelin in the PD2 homozygous mice compared with heterozygous PD2 mice. Quantitation of the disease-associated molecules GFAP and CD68, as measured by immunoslot blots, were indicative of astrocytosis and macrophage activation. Concurrently, elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and nuclear histone deimination support initiation of demyelination by increased PAD activity. These data support the hypothesis that elevated PAD levels in white matter represents an early change that precedes demyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdiwahab A Musse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Musse AA, Polverini E, Raijmakers R, Harauz G. Kinetics of human peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (hPAD2) — Reduction of Ca2+ dependence by phospholipids and assessment of proposed inhibition by paclitaxel side chains. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:437-47. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex human neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the active destruction of the insulating myelin sheath around the axons in the central nervous system. The physical deterioration of myelin is mediated by hyperdeimination of myelin basic and other proteins, catalysed by the Ca2+-dependent enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2). Thus, inhibition of PAD2 may be of value in treatment of this disease. Here, we have first characterized the in vitro kinetic properties of the human peptidylarginine deiminase isoform 2 (hPAD2). Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine reduced its Ca2+ dependence by almost twofold. Second, we have explored the putative inhibitory action of the methyl ester side chain of paclitaxel (TSME), which shares structural features with a synthetic PAD substrate, viz., the benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). Using the known crystallographic structure of the homologous enzyme hPAD4 and in silico molecular docking, we have shown that TSME interacted strongly with the catalytic site, albeit with a 100-fold lower affinity than BAEE. Despite paclitaxel having previously been shown to inhibit hPAD2 in vitro, the side chain of paclitaxel alone did not inhibit this enzyme’s activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdiwahab A. Musse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Università di Parma, V. le Usberti, 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Polverini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Università di Parma, V. le Usberti, 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout Raijmakers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Università di Parma, V. le Usberti, 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Harauz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Università di Parma, V. le Usberti, 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bodil Roth E, Theander E, Londos E, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Larsson Å, Sjöberg K, Stenberg P. Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases: Antibodies Against Transglutaminase, Peptidylarginine Deiminase and Protein-bound Citrulline in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome, Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:626-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
47
|
Wood DD, Ackerley CA, Brand Bv, Zhang L, Raijmakers R, Mastronardi FG, Moscarello MA. Myelin localization of peptidylarginine deiminases 2 and 4: comparison of PAD2 and PAD4 activities. J Transl Med 2008; 88:354-64. [PMID: 18227806 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the structure and composition of the myelin sheath is essential to understand the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The presence of citrulline in myelin proteins in particular myelin basic protein (MBP) causes an important change in myelin structure, which destabilizes myelin. The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are responsible for converting arginine in proteins to citrulline. Two of these, PAD2 and PAD4, were localized to the myelin sheath by immunogold electron microscopy. Deimination of MBP by the recombinant forms of these enzymes showed that it was extensive, that is, PAD2 deiminated 18 of 19 arginyl residues in MBP, whereas PAD4 deiminated 14 of 19 residues. In the absence of PAD2 (the PAD2-knockout mouse) PAD4 remained active with limited deimination of arginyl residues. In myelin isolated from patients with MS, the amounts of both PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes were increased compared with that in normals, and the citrullinated proteins were also increased. These data support the view that an increase in citrullinated proteins resulting from increased PAD2 and 4 is an important change in the pathogenesis of MS.
Collapse
|