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Huang S, Zeng Y, Guo Q, Zou T, Yin ZQ. Small extracellular vesicles of organoid-derived human retinal stem cells remodel Müller cell fate via miRNA: A novel remedy for retinal degeneration. J Control Release 2024; 370:405-420. [PMID: 38663753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Remodeling retinal Müller glial fate, including gliosis inhibition and pro-reprogramming, represents a crucial avenue for treating degenerative retinal diseases. Stem cell transplantation exerts effects on modulating retinal Müller glial fate. However, the optimized stem cell products and the underlying therapeutic mechanisms need to be investigated. In the present study, we found that retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal organoids (hERO-RPCs) transferred extracellular vesicles (EVs) into Müller cells following subretinal transplantation into RCS rats. Small EVs from hERO-RPCs (hERO-RPC-sEVs) were collected and were found to delay photoreceptor degeneration and protect retinal function in RCS rats. hERO-RPC-sEVs were taken up by Müller cells both in vivo and in vitro, and inhibited gliosis while promoting early dedifferentiation of Müller cells. We further explored the miRNA profiles of hERO-RPC-sEVs, which suggested a functional signature associated with neuroprotection and development, as well as the regulation of stem cell and glial fate. Mechanistically, hERO-RPC-sEVs might regulate the fate of Müller cells by miRNA-mediated nuclear factor I transcription factors B (NFIB) downregulation. Collectively, our findings offer novel mechanistic insights into stem cell therapy and promote the development of EV-centered therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Huang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Rice G, Farrelly O, Huang S, Kuri P, Curtis E, Ohman L, Li N, Lengner C, Lee V, Rompolas P. Sox9 marks limbal stem cells and is required for asymmetric cell fate switch in the corneal epithelium. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.08.588195. [PMID: 38645161 PMCID: PMC11030424 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Adult tissues with high cellular turnover require a balance between stem cell renewal and differentiation, yet the mechanisms underlying this equilibrium are unclear. The cornea exhibits a polarized lateral flow of progenitors from the peripheral stem cell niche to the center; attributed to differences in cellular fate. To identify genes that are critical for regulating the asymmetric fates of limbal stem cells and their transient amplified progeny in the central cornea, we utilized an in vivo cell cycle reporter to isolate proliferating basal cells across the anterior ocular surface epithelium and performed single-cell transcriptional analysis. This strategy greatly increased the resolution and revealed distinct basal cell identities with unique expression profiles of structural genes and transcription factors. We focused on Sox9; a transcription factor implicated in stem cell regulation across various organs. Sox9 was found to be differentially expressed between limbal stem cells and their progeny in the central corneal. Lineage tracing analysis confirmed that Sox9 marks long-lived limbal stem cells and conditional deletion led to abnormal differentiation and squamous metaplasia in the central cornea. These data suggest a requirement for Sox9 for the switch to asymmetric fate and commitment toward differentiation, as transient cells exit the limbal niche. By inhibiting terminal differentiation of corneal progenitors and forcing them into perpetual symmetric divisions, we replicated the Sox9 loss-of-function phenotype. Our findings reveal an essential role for Sox9 for the spatial regulation of asymmetric fate in the corneal epithelium that is required to sustain tissue homeostasis.
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Biswas S, Shahriar S, Bachay G, Arvanitis P, Jamoul D, Brunken WJ, Agalliu D. Glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier maturation via Norrin/β-catenin signaling. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00165-X. [PMID: 38599212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Interactions among neuronal, glial, and vascular components are crucial for retinal angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) maturation. Although synaptic dysfunction precedes vascular abnormalities in many retinal pathologies, how neuronal activity, specifically glutamatergic activity, regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation remains unclear. Using in vivo genetic studies in mice, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and functional validation, we show that deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are delayed in Vglut1-/- retinas where neurons fail to release glutamate. By contrast, deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are accelerated in Gnat1-/- retinas, where constitutively depolarized rods release excessive glutamate. Norrin expression and endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling are downregulated in Vglut1-/- retinas and upregulated in Gnat1-/- retinas. Pharmacological activation of endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling in Vglut1-/- retinas rescues defects in deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation. Our findings demonstrate that glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation by modulating endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Biswas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galina Bachay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Panos Arvanitis
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Danny Jamoul
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - William J Brunken
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Wei W, Zhang Y, Li L, Yang J. SOX9 depletion attenuates retinal ganglion cell ferroptosis through blocking ERK/p38 signaling. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102315. [PMID: 38335885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal ischemia-refusion (I/R) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. This study aims to explore the regulatory role of SOX9 in retinal I/R injury, and attempts to elucidate its potential regulatory mechanism. METHODS Retinal I/R injury model was established in vivo, and the histological changes was examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunofluorescent assay was performed to examine SOX9 expression. Oxygenation-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in 661 W cells was constructed as an in vitro cellular model of glaucoma. The production of cytokines, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the antioxidant enzymes were assessed by their commercial kits. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid ROS was detected using DCFH-DA and C11-BODIPY 581/591 staining, respectively. Lipid peroxidation and Fe2+ level were detected to assess the ferroptosis level. Protein expression was examined by western blot. LM22B-10, the agonist of ERK signaling, was used to pretreat 661 W cells for mechanism investigation. RESULTS SOX9 was aberrantly upregulated following retinal I/R injury both in vivo and in vitro. SOX9 knockdown exerted a protective role against OGD/R-triggered oxidative stress, inflammatory response and ferroptosis in 661 W cells. Further, ERK/p38 signaling was activated in 661 W cells following OGD/R induction, which was repressed by SOX9 knockdown, and the ERK signaling agonist partially counteracted the protective role of SOX9 knockdown against oxidative stress, inflammatory response and ferroptosis in OGD/R-induced 661 W cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, inhibiting SOX9 to block oxidative stress, inflammation and ferroptosis by inactivating ERK/p38 signaling might be effective to prevent retinal I/R injury, thereby alleviating glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Ophthalmology Department, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Ophthalmology Department, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Langen Li
- Ophthalmology Department, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Neurology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
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Parain K, Chesneau A, Locker M, Borday C, Perron M. Regeneration from three cellular sources and ectopic mini-retina formation upon neurotoxic retinal degeneration in Xenopus. Glia 2024; 72:759-776. [PMID: 38225726 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative abilities are not evenly distributed across the animal kingdom. The underlying modalities are also highly variable. Retinal repair can involve the mobilization of different cellular sources, including ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) stem cells, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), or Müller glia. To investigate whether the magnitude of retinal damage influences the regeneration modality of the Xenopus retina, we developed a model based on cobalt chloride (CoCl2 ) intraocular injection, allowing for a dose-dependent control of cell death extent. Analyses in Xenopus laevis revealed that limited CoCl2 -mediated neurotoxicity only triggers cone loss and results in a few Müller cells reentering the cell cycle. Severe CoCl2 -induced retinal degeneration not only potentializes Müller cell proliferation but also enhances CMZ activity and unexpectedly triggers RPE reprogramming. Surprisingly, reprogrammed RPE self-organizes into an ectopic mini-retina-like structure laid on top of the original retina. It is thus likely that the injury paradigm determines the awakening of different stem-like cell populations. We further show that these cellular sources exhibit distinct neurogenic capacities without any bias towards lost cells. This is particularly striking for Müller glia, which regenerates several types of neurons, but not cones, the most affected cell type. Finally, we found that X. tropicalis also has the ability to recruit Müller cells and reprogram its RPE following CoCl2 -induced damage, whereas only CMZ involvement was reported in previously examined degenerative models. Altogether, these findings highlight the critical role of the injury paradigm and reveal that three cellular sources can be reactivated in the very same degenerative model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Parain
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Albert Chesneau
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Morgane Locker
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Caroline Borday
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
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Biswas S, Shahriar S, Bachay G, Arvanitis P, Jamoul D, Brunken WJ, Agalliu D. Glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier maturation via Norrin/β-catenin signaling. bioRxiv 2024:2023.07.10.548410. [PMID: 37503079 PMCID: PMC10369888 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.10.548410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among neuronal, glial and vascular components are crucial for retinal angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) maturation. Although synaptic dysfunction precedes vascular abnormalities in many retinal pathologies, how neuronal activity, specifically glutamatergic activity, regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation remains unclear. Using in vivo genetic studies in mice, single-cell RNA-sequencing and functional validation, we show that deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are delayed in Vglut1 -/- retinas where neurons fail to release glutamate. In contrast, deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are accelerated in Gnat1 -/- retinas where constitutively depolarized rods release excessive glutamate. Norrin expression and endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling are downregulated in Vglut1 -/- retinas, and upregulated in Gnat1 -/- retinas. Pharmacological activation of endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling in Vglut1 -/- retinas rescued defects in deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation. Our findings demonstrate that glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation by modulating endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling.
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7
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Stone ML, Lee HH, Levine EM. An agarose disk electroporation method for ex vivo retinal tissue cultured at the air-liquid interface reveals electrical stimulus-induced cell cycle reentry in retinal cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.21.572865. [PMID: 38187784 PMCID: PMC10769434 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
It is advantageous to culture the ex vivo murine retina along with many other tissue types at the air-liquid interface. However, gene delivery to these cultures can be challenging. Electroporation is a fast and robust method of gene delivery, but typically requires submergence in a liquid buffer to allow electric current flow. We have developed a submergence-free electroporation technique using that allows for efficient gene delivery to the ex vivo murine retina. This method advances our ability to use ex vivo retinal tissue for genetic studies and can easily be adapted for any tissue cultured at an air-liquid interface. Use of this method has revealed valuable insights on the state of ex vivo retinal tissues and the effects of electrical stimulation on retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Stone
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Hannah H. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Edward M. Levine
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37232
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232
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Celotto L, Rost F, Machate A, Bläsche J, Dahl A, Weber A, Hans S, Brand M. Single-cell RNA sequencing unravels the transcriptional network underlying zebrafish retina regeneration. eLife 2023; 12:RP86507. [PMID: 37988404 PMCID: PMC10662954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lesioned zebrafish retina, Müller glia produce multipotent retinal progenitors that generate all retinal neurons, replacing lost cell types. To study the molecular mechanisms linking Müller glia reactivity to progenitor production and neuronal differentiation, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of Müller glia, progenitors and regenerated progeny from uninjured and light-lesioned retinae. We discover an injury-induced Müller glia differentiation trajectory that leads into a cell population with a hybrid identity expressing marker genes of Müller glia and progenitors. A glial self-renewal and a neurogenic trajectory depart from the hybrid cell population. We further observe that neurogenic progenitors progressively differentiate to generate retinal ganglion cells first and bipolar cells last, similar to the events observed during retinal development. Our work provides a comprehensive description of Müller glia and progenitor transcriptional changes and fate decisions in the regenerating retina, which are key to tailor cell differentiation and replacement therapies for retinal dystrophies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Celotto
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Fabian Rost
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Anja Machate
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Juliane Bläsche
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Anke Weber
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Michael Brand
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
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Wurl JA, Mac Nair CE, Dietz JA, Shestopalov VI, Nickells RW. Contralateral Astrocyte Response to Acute Optic Nerve Damage Is Mitigated by PANX1 Channel Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15641. [PMID: 37958624 PMCID: PMC10647301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial reactivity is considered a hallmark of damage-induced innate immune responses in the central nervous system. In the visual system, unilateral optic nerve damage elicits dramatic glial reactivity in the retina directly affected by the lesion and a similar, albeit more modest, effect in the contralateral eye. Evaluation of astrocyte changes in a mouse model of optic nerve crush indicates that astrocyte reactivity, as a function of retinal coverage and cellular hypertrophy, occurs within both the experimental and contralateral retinas, although the hypertrophic response of the astrocytes in the contralateral eyes is delayed for at least 24 h. Evaluation of astrocytic reactivity as a function of Gfap expression indicates a similar, muted but significant, response in contralateral eyes. This constrained glial response is completely negated by conditional knock out of Panx1 in both astrocytes and Müller cells. Further studies are required to identify if this is an autocrine or a paracrine suppression of astroglial reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A. Wurl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.W.); (C.E.M.N.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Caitlin E. Mac Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.W.); (C.E.M.N.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Joel A. Dietz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.W.); (C.E.M.N.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Valery I. Shestopalov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Robert W. Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.A.W.); (C.E.M.N.); (J.A.D.)
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Carido M, Völkner M, Steinheuer LM, Wagner F, Kurth T, Dumler N, Ulusoy S, Wieneke S, Norniella AV, Golfieri C, Khattak S, Schönfelder B, Scamozzi M, Zoschke K, Canzler S, Hackermüller J, Ader M, Karl MO. Reliability of human retina organoid generation from hiPSC-derived neuroepithelial cysts. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1166641. [PMID: 37868194 PMCID: PMC10587494 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1166641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible applications for human retinal organoids (HROs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) rely on the robustness and transferability of the methodology for their generation. Standardized strategies and parameters to effectively assess, compare, and optimize organoid protocols are starting to be established, but are not yet complete. To advance this, we explored the efficiency and reliability of a differentiation method, called CYST protocol, that facilitates retina generation by forming neuroepithelial cysts from hiPSC clusters. Here, we tested seven different hiPSC lines which reproducibly generated HROs. Histological and ultrastructural analyses indicate that HRO differentiation and maturation are regulated. The different hiPSC lines appeared to be a larger source of variance than experimental rounds. Although previous reports have shown that HROs in several other protocols contain a rather low number of cones, HROs from the CYST protocol are consistently richer in cones and with a comparable ratio of cones, rods, and Müller glia. To provide further insight into HRO cell composition, we studied single cell RNA sequencing data and applied CaSTLe, a transfer learning approach. Additionally, we devised a potential strategy to systematically evaluate different organoid protocols side-by-side through parallel differentiation from the same hiPSC batches: In an explorative study, the CYST protocol was compared to a conceptually different protocol based on the formation of cell aggregates from single hiPSCs. Comparing four hiPSC lines showed that both protocols reproduced key characteristics of retinal epithelial structure and cell composition, but the CYST protocol provided a higher HRO yield. So far, our data suggest that CYST-derived HROs remained stable up to at least day 200, while single hiPSC-derived HROs showed spontaneous pathologic changes by day 200. Overall, our data provide insights into the efficiency, reproducibility, and stability of the CYST protocol for generating HROs, which will be useful for further optimizing organoid systems, as well as for basic and translational research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Carido
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Völkner
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Steinheuer
- Department Computational Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Wagner
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technology Platform, Core Facility Electron Microscopy and Histology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie Dumler
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Selen Ulusoy
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wieneke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Cristina Golfieri
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shahryar Khattak
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Stem Cell Engineering Facility, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bruno Schönfelder
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Scamozzi
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Zoschke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Canzler
- Department Computational Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Hackermüller
- Department Computational Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marius Ader
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike O Karl
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Shen B, Gao H, Zhang D, Yu H, Chen J, Huang S, Gu P, Zhong Y. miR-124-3p regulates the proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitor cells through SEPT10. Cell Tissue Res 2023:10.1007/s00441-023-03750-0. [PMID: 36802303 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases such as glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration pose serious threats to human visual health due to lack of effective therapeutic approaches. In recent years, the transplantation of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) has shown increasing promise in the treatment of these diseases; however, the application of RPC transplantation is limited by both their poor proliferation and their differentiation capabilities. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNA) act as essential mediators in the fate determination of stem/progenitor cells. In this study, we hypothesized that miR-124-3p plays a regulatory role in the fate of RPC determination by targeting Septin10 (SEPT10) in vitro. We observed that the overexpression of miR124-3p downregulates SEPT10 expression in RPCs, leading to reduced RPC proliferation and increased differentiation, specifically towards both neurons and ganglion cells. Conversely, antisense knockdown of miR-124-3p was shown to boost SEPT10 expression, enhance RPC proliferation, and attenuate differentiation. Moreover, overexpression of SEPT10 rescued miR-124-3p-caused proliferation deficiency while weakening the enhancement of miR-124-3p-induced-RPC differentiation. Results from this study show that miR-124-3p regulates RPC proliferation and differentiation by targeting SEPT10. Furthermore, our findings enable a more comprehensive understanding into the mechanisms of proliferation and differentiation of RPC fate determination. Ultimately, this study may be useful for helping researchers and clinicians to develop more promising and effective approaches to optimize the use of RPCs in treating retinal degeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huiqin Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junjue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shouyue Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yisheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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12
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Schäfer J, Wenck N, Janik K, Linnert J, Stingl K, Kohl S, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Wolfrum U. The Usher syndrome 1C protein harmonin regulates canonical Wnt signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1130058. [PMID: 36846582 PMCID: PMC9944737 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1130058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of hereditary combined deaf-blindness. USH is a complex genetic disorder, and the pathomechanisms underlying the disease are far from being understood, especially in the eye and retina. The USH1C gene encodes the scaffold protein harmonin which organizes protein networks due to binary interactions with other proteins, such as all USH proteins. Interestingly, only the retina and inner ear show a disease-related phenotype, although USH1C/harmonin is almost ubiquitously expressed in the human body and upregulated in colorectal cancer. We show that harmonin binds to β-catenin, the key effector of the canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling pathway. We also demonstrate the interaction of the scaffold protein USH1C/harmonin with the stabilized acetylated β-catenin, especially in nuclei. In HEK293T cells, overexpression of USH1C/harmonin significantly reduced cWnt signaling, but a USH1C-R31* mutated form did not. Concordantly, we observed an increase in cWnt signaling in dermal fibroblasts derived from an USH1C R31*/R80Pfs*69 patient compared with healthy donor cells. RNAseq analysis reveals that both the expression of genes related to the cWnt signaling pathway and cWnt target genes were significantly altered in USH1C patient-derived fibroblasts compared to healthy donor cells. Finally, we show that the altered cWnt signaling was reverted in USH1C patient fibroblast cells by the application of Ataluren, a small molecule suitable to induce translational read-through of nonsense mutations, hereby restoring some USH1C expression. Our results demonstrate a cWnt signaling phenotype in USH establishing USH1C/harmonin as a suppressor of the cWnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology and Photoreceptor Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Wenck
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology and Photoreceptor Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Janik
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology and Photoreceptor Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology and Photoreceptor Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katarina Stingl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology and Photoreceptor Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany,Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology and Photoreceptor Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany,*Correspondence: Uwe Wolfrum,
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13
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Javed A, Santos-França PL, Mattar P, Cui A, Kassem F, Cayouette M. Ikaros family proteins redundantly regulate temporal patterning in the developing mouse retina. Development 2023; 150:286611. [PMID: 36537580 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Temporal identity factors regulate competence of neural progenitors to generate specific cell types in a time-dependent manner, but how they operate remains poorly defined. In the developing mouse retina, the Ikaros zinc-finger transcription factor Ikzf1 regulates production of early-born cell types, except cone photoreceptors. In this study we show that, during early stages of retinal development, another Ikaros family protein, Ikzf4, functions redundantly with Ikzf1 to regulate cone photoreceptor production. Using CUT&RUN and functional assays, we show that Ikzf4 binds and represses genes involved in late-born rod photoreceptor specification, hence favoring cone production. At late stages, when Ikzf1 is no longer expressed in progenitors, we show that Ikzf4 re-localizes to target genes involved in gliogenesis and is required for Müller glia production. We report that Ikzf4 regulates Notch signaling genes and is sufficient to activate the Hes1 promoter through two Ikzf GGAA-binding motifs, suggesting a mechanism by which Ikzf4 may influence gliogenesis. These results uncover a combinatorial role for Ikaros family members during nervous system development and provide mechanistic insights on how they temporally regulate cell fate output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Javed
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Pedro L Santos-França
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Pierre Mattar
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Allie Cui
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Fatima Kassem
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal H2W 1R7, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0G4, Canada
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14
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Ming Z, Vining B, Bagheri-Fam S, Harley V. SOX9 in organogenesis: shared and unique transcriptional functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:522. [PMID: 36114905 PMCID: PMC9482574 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX9 is essential for the development of multiple organs including bone, testis, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine and nervous system. Mutations in the human SOX9 gene led to campomelic dysplasia, a haploinsufficiency disorder with several skeletal malformations frequently accompanied by 46, XY sex reversal. The mechanisms underlying the diverse SOX9 functions during organ development including its post-translational modifications, the availability of binding partners, and tissue-specific accessibility to target gene chromatin. Here we summarize the expression, activities, and downstream target genes of SOX9 in molecular genetic pathways essential for organ development, maintenance, and function. We also provide an insight into understanding the mechanisms that regulate the versatile roles of SOX9 in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ming
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Brittany Vining
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Stefan Bagheri-Fam
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vincent Harley
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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15
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Singh HP, Shayler DWH, Fernandez GE, Thornton ME, Craft CM, Grubbs BH, Cobrinik D. An immature, dedifferentiated, and lineage-deconstrained cone precursor origin of N-Myc-initiated retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200721119. [PMID: 35867756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200721119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most retinoblastomas develop from maturing cone precursors in response to biallelic RB1 loss and are dependent on cone maturation-related signaling. Additionally, ∼2% lack RB1 mutations but have MYCN amplification (MYCNA), N-Myc protein overexpression, and more rapid and invasive growth, yet the MYCNA retinoblastoma cell of origin and basis for its responses to deregulated N-Myc are unknown. Here, using explanted cultured retinae, we show that ectopic N-Myc induces cell cycle entry in cells expressing markers of several retinal types yet induces continuous proliferation and tumorigenesis only in cone precursors. Unlike the response to RB1 loss, both immature cone arrestin-negative (ARR3-) and maturing ARR3+ cone precursors proliferate, and maturing cone precursors rapidly dedifferentiate, losing ARR3 as well as L/M-opsin expression. N-Myc-overexpressing retinal cells also lose cell lineage constraints, occasionally coexpressing the cone-specific RXRγ with the rod-specific NRL or amacrine-specific AP2α and widely coexpressing RXRγ with the progenitor and Müller cell-specific SOX9 and retinal ganglion cell-specific BRN3 and GAP43. Mechanistically, N-Myc induced Cyclin D2 and CDK4 overexpression, pRB phosphorylation, and SOX9-dependent proliferation without a retinoma-like stage that characterizes pRB-deficient retinoblastoma, despite continuous p16INK4A expression. Orthotopic xenografts of N-Myc-overexpressing retinal cells formed tumors with retinal cell marker expression similar to those in MYCN-transduced retinae and MYCNA retinoblastomas in patients. These findings demonstrate the MYCNA retinoblastoma origin from immature and lineage-deconstrained cone precursors, reveal their opportunistic use of an undifferentiated retinal progenitor cell feature, and illustrate that different cancer-initiating mutations cooperate with distinct developmental stage-specific cell signaling circuitries to drive retinoblastoma tumorigenesis.
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16
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Shao A, Lopez AJ, Chen J, Tham A, Javier S, Quiroz A, Frick S, Levine EM, Lloyd KCK, Leonard BC, Murphy CJ, Glaser TM, Moshiri A. Arap1 loss causes retinal pigment epithelium phagocytic dysfunction and subsequent photoreceptor death. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276063. [PMID: 35758026 PMCID: PMC9346516 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a retinal degenerative disease, is the leading cause of heritable blindness. Previously, we described that Arap1−/− mice develop a similar pattern of photoreceptor degeneration. Arap1 is an Arf-directed GTPase-activating protein shown to modulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Curiously, Arap1 expression was detected in Müller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), but not the photoreceptors themselves. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice for Müller glia/RPE, Müller glia and RPE via targeting Rlbp1, Glast and Vmd2 promoters, respectively, to drive Cre recombinase expression to knock out Arap1. Vmd2-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c and Rlbp1-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c mice, but not Glast-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c mice, recapitulated the phenotype originally observed in germline Arap1−/− mice. Mass spectrometry analysis of human ARAP1 co-immunoprecipitation identified candidate binding partners of ARAP1, revealing potential interactants involved in phagocytosis, cytoskeletal composition, intracellular trafficking and endocytosis. Quantification of outer segment phagocytosis in vivo demonstrated a clear phagocytic defect in Arap1−/− mice compared to Arap1+/+ controls. We conclude that Arap1 expression in RPE is necessary for photoreceptor survival due to its indispensable function in RPE phagocytosis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We provide evidence that Arap1 expression in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for maintaining photoreceptor health due to its indispensable role in RPE phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Shao
- The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Antonio Jacobo Lopez
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - JiaJia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Addy Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Seanne Javier
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Alejandra Quiroz
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Sonia Frick
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Edward M Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA.,Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
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17
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Kant Tripathi S, Kumar Sahoo R, Kumar Biswal B. SOX9 as an emerging target for anticancer drugs and a prognostic biomarker for cancer drug resistance. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2541-2550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Zibetti C. Deciphering the Retinal Epigenome during Development, Disease and Reprogramming: Advancements, Challenges and Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050806. [PMID: 35269428 PMCID: PMC8908986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurogenesis is driven by concerted actions of transcription factors, some of which are expressed in a continuum and across several cell subtypes throughout development. While seemingly redundant, many factors diversify their regulatory outcome on gene expression, by coordinating variations in chromatin landscapes to drive divergent retinal specification programs. Recent studies have furthered the understanding of the epigenetic contribution to the progression of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. The knowledge of the epigenomic mechanisms that control the acquisition and stabilization of retinal cell fates and are evoked upon damage, holds the potential for the treatment of retinal degeneration. Herein, this review presents the state-of-the-art approaches to investigate the retinal epigenome during development, disease, and reprogramming. A pipeline is then reviewed to functionally interrogate the epigenetic and transcriptional networks underlying cell fate specification, relying on a truly unbiased screening of open chromatin states. The related work proposes an inferential model to identify gene regulatory networks, features the first footprinting analysis and the first tentative, systematic query of candidate pioneer factors in the retina ever conducted in any model organism, leading to the identification of previously uncharacterized master regulators of retinal cell identity, such as the nuclear factor I, NFI. This pipeline is virtually applicable to the study of genetic programs and candidate pioneer factors in any developmental context. Finally, challenges and limitations intrinsic to the current next-generation sequencing techniques are discussed, as well as recent advances in super-resolution imaging, enabling spatio-temporal resolution of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zibetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, Building 36, 0455 Oslo, Norway
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19
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Parain K, Lourdel S, Donval A, Chesneau A, Borday C, Bronchain O, Locker M, Perron M. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa Reveal Differential Proliferative Response of Müller Cells between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. Cells 2022; 11:807. [PMID: 35269429 PMCID: PMC8909648 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal dystrophy that ultimately leads to blindness due to the progressive degeneration of rod photoreceptors and the subsequent non-cell autonomous death of cones. Rhodopsin is the most frequently mutated gene in this disease. We here developed rhodopsin gene editing-based models of retinitis pigmentosa in two Xenopus species, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In both of them, loss of rhodopsin function results in massive rod cell degeneration characterized by progressive shortening of outer segments and occasional cell death. This is followed by cone morphology deterioration. Despite these apparently similar degenerative environments, we found that Müller glial cells behave differently in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. While a significant proportion of Müller cells re-enter into the cell cycle in Xenopus laevis, their proliferation remains extremely limited in Xenopus tropicalis. This work thus reveals divergent responses to retinal injury in closely related species. These models should help in the future to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that have shaped regeneration during evolution, with tremendous differences across vertebrates.
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20
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Abstract
Müller glia of the retina share many features with astroglia located throughout the brain including maintenance of homeostasis, modulation of neurotransmitter spillover, and robust response to injury. Here we present the molecular factors and signaling events that govern Müller glial specification, patterning, and differentiation. Next, we discuss the various roles of Müller glia in retinal development, which include maintaining retinal organization and integrity as well as promoting neuronal survival, synaptogenesis, and phagocytosis of debris. Finally, we review the mechanisms by which Müller glia integrate into retinal circuits and actively participate in neuronal signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Tworig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Joshua M. Tworig,
| | - Marla B. Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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21
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Sanhueza Salas LF, García-Venzor A, Beltramone N, Capurro C, Toiber D, Silberman DM. Metabolic Imbalance Effect on Retinal Müller Glial Cells Reprogramming Capacity: Involvement of Histone Deacetylase SIRT6. Front Genet 2021; 12:769723. [PMID: 34804128 PMCID: PMC8599966 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.769723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal Müller glial cells (MGs) are among the first to demonstrate metabolic changes during retinal disease and are a potential source of regenerative cells. In response to a harmful stimulus, they can dedifferentiate acquiring neural stem cells properties, proliferate and migrate to the damaged retinal layer and differentiate into lost neurons. However, it is not yet known how this reprogramming process is regulated in mammals. Since glucose and oxygen are important regulatory elements that may help directing stem cell fate, we aimed to study the effect of glucose variations and oxidative stress in Müller cells reprogramming capacity and analyze the participation the histone deacetylase SIRT6, as an epigenetic modulator of this process. We found that the combination of high glucose and oxidative stress induced a decrease in the levels of the marker glutamine synthetase, and an increase in the migration capacity of the cells suggesting that these experimental conditions could induce some degree of dedifferentiation and favor the migration ability. High glucose induced an increase in the levels of the pluripotent factor SOX9 and a decrease in SIRT6 levels accompanied by the increase in the acetylation levels of H3K9. Inhibiting SIRT6 expression by siRNA rendered an increase in SOX9 levels. We also determined SOX9 levels in retinas from mice with a conditional deletion of SIRT6 in the CNS. To further understand the mechanisms that regulate MGs response under metabolic impaired conditions, we evaluated the gene expression profile and performed Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of Müller cells from a murine model of Diabetes. We found several differentially expressed genes and observed that the transcriptomic change involved the enrichment of genes associated with glucose metabolism, cell migration, development and pluripotency. We found that many functional categories affected in cells of diabetic animals were directly related to SIRT6 function. Transcription factors enrichment analysis allowed us to predict several factors, including SOX9, that may be involved in the modulation of the differential expression program observed in diabetic MGs. Our results underline the heterogeneity of Müller cells response and the challenge that the study of metabolic impairment in vivo represents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Francisco Sanhueza Salas
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo García-Venzor
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Natalia Beltramone
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Bernardo Houssay" (IFIBIO-HOUSSAY), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Capurro
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Bernardo Houssay" (IFIBIO-HOUSSAY), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Debra Toiber
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Dafne Magalí Silberman
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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El-Hodiri HM, Campbell WA, Kelly LE, Hawthorn EC, Schwartz M, Jalligampala A, McCall MA, Meyer K, Fischer AJ. Nuclear Factor I in neurons, glia and during the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in avian, porcine and primate retinas. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1213-1230. [PMID: 34729776 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of Müller glia (MG) is extraordinary in fish, poor in chick and terrible in mammals. In the chick model, MG readily reprogram into proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), but neuronal differentiation is very limited. The factors that suppress the neurogenic potential of MGPCs in the chick are slowly being revealed. Isoforms of Nuclear Factor I (NFI) are cell-intrinsic factors that limit neurogenic potential; these factors are required for the formation of MG in the developing mouse retina (Clark et al., 2019) and deletion of these factors reprograms MG into neuron-like cells in mature mouse retina (Hoang et al., 2020). Accordingly, we sought to characterize the patterns of expression NFIs in the developing, mature and damaged chick retina. In addition, we characterized patterns of expression of NFIs in the retinas of large mammals, pigs and monkeys. Using a combination of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and immunolabeling we probed for patterns of expression. In embryonic chick, levels of NFIs are very low in early E5 (embryonic day 5) retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), up-regulated in E8 RPCs, further up-regulated in differentiating MG at E12 and E15. NFIs are maintained in mature resting MG, microglia and neurons. Levels of NFIs are reduced in activated MG in retinas treated with NMDA and/or insulin+FGF2, and further down-regulated in proliferating MGPCs. However, levels of NFIs in MGPCs were significantly higher than those seen in RPCs. Immunolabeling for NFIA and NFIB closely matched patterns of expression revealed in different types of retinal neurons and glia, consistent with findings from scRNA-seq. In addition, we find expression of NFIA and NFIB through progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone at the far periphery of the retina. We find similar patterns of expression for NFIs in scRNA-seq databases for pig and monkey retinas. Patterns of expression of NFIA and NFIB were validated with immunofluorescence in pig and monkey retinas wherein these factors were predominantly detected in MG and a few types of inner retinal neurons. In summary, NFIA and NFIB are prominently expressed in developing chick retina and by mature neurons and glia in the retinas of chicks, pigs and monkeys. Although levels of NFIs are decreased in chick, in MGPCs these levels remain higher than those seen in neurogenic RPCs. We propose that the neurogenic potential of MGPCs in the chick retina is suppressed by NFIs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heithem M El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Warren A Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lisa E Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Evan C Hawthorn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Maura Schwartz
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Archana Jalligampala
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Maureen A McCall
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Kathrin Meyer
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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23
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Li J, Chen Y, Ouyang S, Ma J, Sun H, Luo L, Chen S, Liu Y. Generation and Staging of Human Retinal Organoids Based on Self-Formed Ectodermal Autonomous Multi-Zone System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732382. [PMID: 34631711 PMCID: PMC8493070 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods for stem cell-derived, three-dimensional retinal organoids induction have been established and shown great potential for retinal development modeling and drug screening. Herein, we reported an exogenous-factors-free and robust method to generate retinal organoids based on “self-formed ectodermal autonomous multi-zone” (SEAM) system, a two-dimensional induction scheme that can synchronously generate multiple ocular cell lineages. Characterized by distinct morphological changes, the differentiation of the obtained retinal organoids could be staged into the early and late differentiation phases. During the early differentiation stage, retinal ganglion cells, cone photoreceptor cells (PRs), amacrine cells, and horizontal cells developed; whereas rod PRs, bipolar cells, and Müller glial cells were generated in the late differentiation phase, resembling early-phase and late-phase retinogenesis in vivo. Additionally, we modified the maintenance strategy for the retinal organoids and successfully promoted their long-term survival. Using 3D immunofluorescence image reconstruction and transmission electron microscopy, the substantial mature PRs with outer segment, inner segment and ribbon synapse were demonstrated. Besides, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was induced with distinct boundary and the formation of ciliary margin was observed by co-suspending retina organoids with the zone containing RPE. The obtained RPE could be expanded and displayed similar marker expression, ultrastructural feature and functional phagocytosis to native RPE. Thus, this research described a simple and robust system which enabled generation of retina organoids with substantial mature PRs, RPE and the ciliary margin without the need of exogenous factors, providing a new platform for research of retinogenesis and retinal translational application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Abstract
Purpose Primary cilia are conserved organelles found in polarized cells within the eye that regulate cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Although the role of cilia in photoreceptors is well-studied, the formation of cilia in other retinal cell types has received little attention. In this study, we examined the ciliary profile focused on the inner nuclear layer of retinas in mice and rhesus macaque primates. Methods Retinal sections or flatmounts from Arl13b-Cetn2 tg transgenic mice were immunostained for cell markers (Pax6, Sox9, Chx10, Calbindin, Calretinin, ChaT, GAD67, Prox1, TH, and vGluT3) and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Primate retinal sections were immunostained for ciliary and cell markers (Pax6 and Arl13b). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ERGs were used to assess visual function of Vift88 mice. Results During different stages of mouse postnatal eye development, we found that cilia are present in Pax6-positive amacrine cells, which were also observed in primate retinas. The cilia of subtypes of amacrine cells in mice were shown by immunostaining and electron microscopy. We also removed primary cilia from vGluT3 amacrine cells in mouse and found no significant vision defects. In addition, cilia were present in the outer limiting membrane, suggesting that a population of Müller glial cells forms cilia. Conclusions We report that several subpopulations of amacrine cells in inner nuclear layers of the retina form cilia during early retinal development in mice and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Brent E Sendayen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Tia J Kowal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Bryan W Jones
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, California, United States
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25
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Mares L, Ramos L. Harderian SOX9: Molecular characterization and its dimorphic expression in hamster. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 258:110981. [PMID: 34000431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular action of SOX9 can promote lipogenesis. Because the hamster Harderian gland (HG) synthesizes lipids and exhibits sexual dimorphism, this study aimed to identify and characterize Harderian SOX9. We examined the tissue distribution and expression profiles of SOX9 in hamster Mesocricetus auratus HGs. The full-length SOX9 cDNA sequence [3649-base pairs (bp)] contains an 81-bp 5' untranslated region (UTR), a 3' UTR of 2044-bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 1524-bp, and a polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) at 19-bp upstream of poly(A) tail. The cDNA encodes a 507 amino acid protein containing the potential DNA-binding domain known as the HMG box. BLAST analysis revealed 99%, 99%, and 97% identity with the SOX9 of mouse, rat, and human, respectively. High expression levels were also observed in the testis, cerebellum, and hypothalamus. qPCR analysis demonstrated that SOX9 is expressed more abundantly in the HGs of males than in females. Sexually dimorphic expression of SOX9 suggests that differential expression between male and female HGs could be under the regulation of sex steroids. SOX9 might play a similar role in regulating exocrine secretions of lipids; these could occur downstream of FGF signaling - as found during embryogenesis - and/or androgen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mares
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - L Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico.
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26
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Yoo S, Kim J, Lyu P, Hoang TV, Ma A, Trinh V, Dai W, Jiang L, Leavey P, Duncan L, Won JK, Park SH, Qian J, Brown SP, Blackshaw S. Control of neurogenic competence in mammalian hypothalamic tanycytes. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabg3777. [PMID: 34049878 PMCID: PMC8163082 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic tanycytes, radial glial cells that share many features with neuronal progenitors, can generate small numbers of neurons in the postnatal hypothalamus, but the identity of these neurons and the molecular mechanisms that control tanycyte-derived neurogenesis are unknown. In this study, we show that tanycyte-specific disruption of the NFI family of transcription factors (Nfia/b/x) robustly stimulates tanycyte proliferation and tanycyte-derived neurogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq) analysis reveals that NFI (nuclear factor I) factors repress Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt signaling in tanycytes and modulation of these pathways blocks proliferation and tanycyte-derived neurogenesis in Nfia/b/x-deficient mice. Nfia/b/x-deficient tanycytes give rise to multiple mediobasal hypothalamic neuronal subtypes that can mature, fire action potentials, receive synaptic inputs, and selectively respond to changes in internal states. These findings identify molecular mechanisms that control tanycyte-derived neurogenesis, which can potentially be targeted to selectively remodel the hypothalamic neural circuitry that controls homeostatic physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Yoo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 71 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pin Lyu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thanh V Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alex Ma
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vickie Trinh
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Weina Dai
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lizhi Jiang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrick Leavey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Leighton Duncan
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 71 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 71 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Solange P Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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27
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Eastlake K, Lamb WDB, Luis J, Khaw PT, Jayaram H, Limb GA. Prospects for the application of Müller glia and their derivatives in retinal regenerative therapies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021;:100970. [PMID: 33930561 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell death is the main feature of all retinal degenerative disorders that lead to blindness. Despite therapeutic advances, progression of retinal disease cannot always be prevented, and once neuronal cell damage occurs, visual loss cannot be reversed. Recent research in the stem cell field, and the identification of Müller glia with stem cell characteristics in the human eye, have provided hope for the use of these cells in retinal therapies to restore vision. Müller glial cells, which are the major structural cells of the retina, play a very important role in retinal homeostasis during health and disease. They are responsible for the spontaneous retinal regeneration observed in zebrafish and lower vertebrates during early postnatal life, and despite the presence of Müller glia with stem cell characteristics in the adult mammalian retina, there is no evidence that they promote regeneration in humans. Like many other stem cells and neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells, Müller glia with stem cell potential do not differentiate into retinal neurons or integrate into the retina when transplanted into the vitreous of experimental animals with retinal degeneration. However, despite their lack of integration, grafted Müller glia have been shown to induce partial restoration of visual function in spontaneous or induced experimental models of photoreceptor or retinal ganglion cell damage. This improvement in visual function observed after Müller cell transplantation has been ascribed to the release of neuroprotective factors that promote the repair and survival of damaged neurons. Due to the development and availability of pluripotent stem cell lines for therapeutic uses, derivation of Müller cells from retinal organoids formed by iPSC and ESC has provided more realistic prospects for the application of these cells to retinal therapies. Several opportunities for research in the regenerative field have also been unlocked in recent years due to a better understanding of the genomic and proteomic profiles of the developing and regenerating retina in zebrafish, providing the basis for further studies of the human retina. In addition, the increased interest on the nature and function of cellular organelle release and the characterization of molecular components of exosomes released by Müller glia, may help us to design new approaches that could be applied to the development of more effective treatments for retinal degenerative diseases.
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28
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Stevanovic M, Drakulic D, Lazic A, Ninkovic DS, Schwirtlich M, Mojsin M. SOX Transcription Factors as Important Regulators of Neuronal and Glial Differentiation During Nervous System Development and Adult Neurogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:654031. [PMID: 33867936 PMCID: PMC8044450 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.654031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX proteins belong to the superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that display properties of both classical TFs and architectural components of chromatin. Since the cloning of the Sox/SOX genes, remarkable progress has been made in illuminating their roles as key players in the regulation of multiple developmental and physiological processes. SOX TFs govern diverse cellular processes during development, such as maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, cell proliferation, cell fate decisions/germ layer formation as well as terminal cell differentiation into tissues and organs. However, their roles are not limited to development since SOX proteins influence survival, regeneration, cell death and control homeostasis in adult tissues. This review summarized current knowledge of the roles of SOX proteins in control of central nervous system development. Some SOX TFs suspend neural progenitors in proliferative, stem-like state and prevent their differentiation. SOX proteins function as pioneer factors that occupy silenced target genes and keep them in a poised state for activation at subsequent stages of differentiation. At appropriate stage of development, SOX members that maintain stemness are down-regulated in cells that are competent to differentiate, while other SOX members take over their functions and govern the process of differentiation. Distinct SOX members determine down-stream processes of neuronal and glial differentiation. Thus, sequentially acting SOX TFs orchestrate neural lineage development defining neuronal and glial phenotypes. In line with their crucial roles in the nervous system development, deregulation of specific SOX proteins activities is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The overview of the current knowledge about the link between SOX gene variants and NDDs is presented. We outline the roles of SOX TFs in adult neurogenesis and brain homeostasis and discuss whether impaired adult neurogenesis, detected in neurodegenerative diseases, could be associated with deregulation of SOX proteins activities. We present the current data regarding the interaction between SOX proteins and signaling pathways and microRNAs that play roles in nervous system development. Finally, future research directions that will improve the knowledge about distinct and various roles of SOX TFs in health and diseases are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Lazic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stanisavljevic Ninkovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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29
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Birt IA, Hagenauer MH, Clinton SM, Aydin C, Blandino P, Stead JD, Hilde KL, Meng F, Thompson RC, Khalil H, Stefanov A, Maras P, Zhou Z, Hebda-Bauer EK, Goldman D, Watson SJ, Akil H. Genetic Liability for Internalizing Versus Externalizing Behavior Manifests in the Developing and Adult Hippocampus: Insight From a Meta-analysis of Transcriptional Profiling Studies in a Selectively Bred Rat Model. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:339-355. [PMID: 32762937 PMCID: PMC7704921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For more than 16 years, we have selectively bred rats for either high or low levels of exploratory activity within a novel environment. These bred high-responder (bHR) and bred low-responder (bLR) rats model temperamental extremes, exhibiting large differences in internalizing and externalizing behaviors relevant to mood and substance use disorders. METHODS We characterized persistent differences in gene expression related to bHR/bLR phenotype across development and adulthood in the hippocampus, a region critical for emotional regulation, by meta-analyzing 8 transcriptional profiling datasets (microarray and RNA sequencing) spanning 43 generations of selective breeding (postnatal day 7: n = 22; postnatal day 14: n = 49; postnatal day 21: n = 21; adult: n = 46; all male). We cross-referenced expression differences with exome sequencing within our colony to pinpoint candidates likely to mediate the effect of selective breeding on behavioral phenotype. The results were compared with hippocampal profiling from other bred rat models. RESULTS Genetic and transcriptional profiling results converged to implicate multiple candidate genes, including two previously associated with metabolism and mood: Trhr and Ucp2. Results also highlighted bHR/bLR functional differences in the hippocampus, including a network essential for neurodevelopmental programming, proliferation, and differentiation, centering on Bmp4 and Mki67. Finally, we observed differential expression related to microglial activation, which is important for synaptic pruning, including 2 genes within implicated chromosomal regions: C1qa and Mfge8. CONCLUSIONS These candidate genes and functional pathways may direct bHR/bLR rats along divergent developmental trajectories and promote a widely different reactivity to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle A. Birt
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan H. Hagenauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Cigdem Aydin
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter Blandino
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John D.H. Stead
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Kathryn L. Hilde
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert C. Thompson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huzefa Khalil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alex Stefanov
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pamela Maras
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine K. Hebda-Bauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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30
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Vong KI, Ma TC, Li B, Leung TCN, Nong W, Ngai SM, Hui JHL, Jiang L, Kwan KM. SOX9-COL9A3-dependent regulation of choroid plexus epithelial polarity governs blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier integrity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2009568118. [PMID: 33526661 PMCID: PMC8017668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009568118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is an extensively vascularized neuroepithelial tissue that projects into the brain ventricles. The restriction of transepithelial transport across the CP establishes the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier that is fundamental to the homeostatic regulation of the central nervous system microenvironment. However, the molecular mechanisms that control this process remain elusive. Here we show that the genetic ablation of Sox9 in the hindbrain CP results in a hyperpermeable blood-CSF barrier that ultimately upsets the CSF electrolyte balance and alters CSF protein composition. Mechanistically, SOX9 is required for the transcriptional up-regulation of Col9a3 in the CP epithelium. The reduction of Col9a3 expression dramatically recapitulates the blood-CSF barrier defects of Sox9 mutants. Loss of collagen IX severely disrupts the structural integrity of the epithelial basement membrane in the CP, leading to progressive loss of extracellular matrix components. Consequently, this perturbs the polarized microtubule dynamics required for correct orientation of apicobasal polarity and thereby impedes tight junction assembly in the CP epithelium. Our findings reveal a pivotal cascade of SOX9-dependent molecular events that is critical for construction of the blood-CSF barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Ioi Vong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsz Ching Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baiying Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Chun Ning Leung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Nong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Ming Ngai
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- AoE Centre for Genomic Studies on Plant-Environment Interaction for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jerome Ho Lam Hui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China;
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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31
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Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang T, Zuo W. Single-cell analysis identified lung progenitor cells in COVID-19 patients. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12931. [PMID: 33094537 PMCID: PMC7645905 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The high mortality of severe 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) cases is mainly caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is characterized by increased permeability of the alveolar epithelial barriers, pulmonary oedema and consequently inflammatory tissue damage. Some but not all patients showed full functional recovery after the devastating lung damage, and so far there is little knowledge about the lung repair process. We focused on crucial roles of lung progenitor cells in alveolar cell regeneration and epithelial barrier re‐establishment and aimed to uncover a possible mechanism of lung repair after severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Materials and methods Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID‐19 patients was analysed by single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq). Transplantation of a single KRT5+ cell‐derived cell population into damaged mouse lung and time‐course scRNA‐seq analysis was performed. Results In severe (or critical) COVID‐19 patients, there is a remarkable expansion of TM4SF1+ and KRT5+ lung progenitor cells. The two distinct populations of progenitor cells could play crucial roles in alveolar cell regeneration and epithelial barrier re‐establishment, respectively. The transplanted KRT5+ progenitors could long‐term engraft into host lung and differentiate into HOPX+ OCLN+ alveolar barrier cell which restored the epithelial barrier and efficiently prevented inflammatory cell infiltration. Conclusions This work uncovered the mechanism by which various lung progenitor cells work in concert to prevent and replenish alveoli loss post‐severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Zhao
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqing Zhou
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wei Zuo
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Stanchfield ML, Webster SE, Webster MK, Linn CL. Involvement of HB-EGF/Ascl1/Lin28a Genes in Dedifferentiation of Adult Mammalian Müller Glia. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:200. [PMID: 32923455 PMCID: PMC7457012 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from this lab have determined that dedifferentiation of Müller glia occurs after eye drop application of an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, PNU-282987, to the adult rodent eye. PNU-282987 acts on α7 nAChRs on retinal pigment epithelial cells to stimulate production of Müller-derived progenitor cells (MDPCs) and ultimately lead to neurogenesis. This current study was designed to test the hypothesis that the activation of genes involved in the HB-EGF/Ascl1/Lin28a signaling pathway in Müller glia leads to the genesis of MDPCs. RNA-seq was performed on a Müller glial cell line (rMC-1) following contact with supernatant collected from a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line treated with PNU-282987. Differentially regulated genes were compared with published literature of Müller glia dedifferentiation that occurs in lower vertebrate regeneration and early mammalian development. HB-EGF was significantly up-regulated by 8 h and expression increased through 12 h. By 48 h, up-regulation of Ascl1 and Lin28a was observed, two genes known to be rapidly induced in dedifferentiating zebrafish Müller glia. Up-regulation of other genes known to be involved in mammalian development and zebrafish regeneration were also observed, as well as down-regulation of some factors necessary for Müller glia cell identity. RNA-seq results were verified using qRT-PCR. Using immunocytochemistry, the presence of markers associated with MDCP identity, Otx2, Nestin, and Vsx2, were found to be expressed in the 48 h treatment group cultures. This study is novel in its demonstration that Müller glia in adult rodents can be induced into regenerative activity by stimulating genes involved in the HB-EGF/Ascl1/Lin28a pathway that leads to MDPCs after introducing conditioned media from PNU-282987 treated RPE. This study furthers our understanding of the mechanism by which Müller glia dedifferentiate in response to PNU-282987 in the adult mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Stanchfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Sarah E Webster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Mark K Webster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Cindy L Linn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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Chan CSY, Lonfat N, Zhao R, Davis AE, Li L, Wu MR, Lin CH, Ji Z, Cepko CL, Wang S. Cell type- and stage-specific expression of Otx2 is regulated by multiple transcription factors and cis-regulatory modules in the retina. Development 2020; 147:dev.187922. [PMID: 32631829 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are often used repeatedly during development and homeostasis to control distinct processes in the same and/or different cellular contexts. Considering the limited number of TFs in the genome and the tremendous number of events that need to be regulated, re-use of TFs is necessary. We analyzed how the expression of the homeobox TF, orthodenticle homeobox 2 (Otx2), is regulated in a cell type- and stage-specific manner during development in the mouse retina. We identified seven Otx2 cis-regulatory modules (CRMs), among which the O5, O7 and O9 CRMs mark three distinct cellular contexts of Otx2 expression. We discovered that Otx2, Crx and Sox2, which are well-known TFs regulating retinal development, bind to and activate the O5, O7 or O9 CRMs, respectively. The chromatin status of these three CRMs was found to be distinct in vivo in different retinal cell types and at different stages. We conclude that retinal cells use a cohort of TFs with different expression patterns and multiple CRMs with different chromatin configurations to regulate the expression of Otx2 precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Y Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nicolas Lonfat
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rong Zhao
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander E Davis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Man-Ru Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cheng-Hui Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Bioengineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
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Rueda EM, Hall BM, Hill MC, Swinton PG, Tong X, Martin JF, Poché RA. The Hippo Pathway Blocks Mammalian Retinal Müller Glial Cell Reprogramming. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1637-1649.e6. [PMID: 31067451 PMCID: PMC6521882 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to retinal damage, the Müller glial cells (MGs) of the zebrafish retina have the ability to undergo a cellular reprogramming event in which they enter the cell cycle and divide asymmetrically, thereby producing multipotent retinal progenitors capable of regenerating lost retinal neurons. However, mammalian MGs do not exhibit such a proliferative and regenerative ability. Here, we identify Hippo pathway-mediated repression of the transcription cofactor YAP as a core regulatory mechanism that normally blocks mammalian MG proliferation and cellular reprogramming. MG-specific deletion of Hippo pathway components Lats1 and Lats2, as well as transgenic expression of a Hippo non-responsive form of YAP (YAP5SA), resulted in dramatic Cyclin D1 upregulation, loss of adult MG identity, and attainment of a highly proliferative, progenitor-like cellular state. Our results reveal that mammalian MGs may have latent regenerative capacity that can be stimulated by repressing Hippo signaling. Rueda et al. identify the Hippo pathway as an endogenous molecular mechanism normally preventing mammalian Müller glial reprogramming to a proliferative, progenitor-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda M Rueda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul G Swinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Heart Institute, Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovasular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Heart Institute, Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wang M, Wang Z, Zhi X, Ding W, Xiong J, Tao T, Yang Y, Zhang H, Zi X, Zhou W, Huang G. SOX9 enhances sorafenib resistance through upregulating ABCG2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110315. [PMID: 32554246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is a multi-kinase blocker and one of the few suggested drug treatments for aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, drug resistance to sorafenib may often occur over time and cause further tumor aggression. Recently, cancer stem cells were found in HCC and were speculated to be involved in tumor progression. SOX9 is highly expressed in HCC cancer stem cells and promotes cell proliferation and self-renewal. Meanwhile, HCC patients with higher SOX9 expression show poorer prognosis. Whether SOX9 is involved in sorafenib resistance in HCC is still unclear. Here, we found that sorafenib treatment increased the proportion of SOX9 positive cells in HCC cell lines. Overexpression of exogenous SOX9 in HCC increased sorafenib resistance both in vitro and in vivo, whereas down-regulation led to inhibition of sorafenib resistance. Knock-down of SOX9 by RNA interference caused down-regulation of downstream genes, including ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). The drug resistance to sorafenib caused by SOX9 overexpression could be ameliorated by ABCG2 inhibition in HCC cell lines. In the cohort of patients taken sorafenib, we found that patients with lower SOX9 expression had more prolonged overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis shows that SOX9 expression exerts as an independent risk factor for the OS and PFS of HCC patients with sorafenib treatment. These findings demonstrate that SOX9 enhances sorafenib resistance and may regulate this process by modulating ABCG2 expression.
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Jana S, Madhu Krishna B, Singhal J, Horne D, Awasthi S, Salgia R, Singhal SS. SOX9: The master regulator of cell fate in breast cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113789. [PMID: 31911091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SRY-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) is an indispensable transcription factor that regulates multiple developmental pathways related to stemness, differentiation, and progenitor development. Previous studies have demonstrated that the SOX9 protein directs pathways involved in tumor initiation, proliferation, migration, chemoresistance, and stem cell maintenance, thereby regulating tumorigenesis as an oncogene. SOX9 overexpression is a frequent event in breast cancer (BC) subtypes. Of note, the molecular mechanisms and functional regulation underlying SOX9 upregulation during BC progression are still being uncovered. The focus of this review is to appraise recent advances regarding the involvement of SOX9 in BC pathogenesis. First, we provide a general overview of SOX9 structure and function, as well as its involvement in various kinds of cancer. Next, we discuss pathways of SOX9 regulation, particularly its miRNA-mediated regulation, in BC. Finally, we describe the involvement of SOX9 in BC pathogenesis via its regulation of pathways involved in regulating cancer hallmarks, as well as its clinical and therapeutic importance. In general, this review article aims to serve as an ample source of knowledge on the involvement of SOX9 in BC progression. Targeting SOX9 activity may improve therapeutic strategies to treat BC, but precisely inhibiting SOX9 using drugs and/or small peptides remains a huge challenge for forthcoming cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Jana
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - B Madhu Krishna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jyotsana Singhal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sharad S Singhal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Andrianova NV, Buyan MI, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Popkov VA, Babenko VA, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB. Kidney Cells Regeneration: Dedifferentiation of Tubular Epithelium, Resident Stem Cells and Possible Niches for Renal Progenitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246326. [PMID: 31847447 PMCID: PMC6941132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A kidney is an organ with relatively low basal cellular regenerative potential. However, renal cells have a pronounced ability to proliferate after injury, which undermines that the kidney cells are able to regenerate under induced conditions. The majority of studies explain yielded regeneration either by the dedifferentiation of the mature tubular epithelium or by the presence of a resident pool of progenitor cells in the kidney tissue. Whether cells responsible for the regeneration of the kidney initially have progenitor properties or if they obtain a “progenitor phenotype” during dedifferentiation after an injury, still stays the open question. The major stumbling block in resolving the issue is the lack of specific methods for distinguishing between dedifferentiated cells and resident progenitor cells. Transgenic animals, single-cell transcriptomics, and other recent approaches could be powerful tools to solve this problem. This review examines the main mechanisms of kidney regeneration: dedifferentiation of epithelial cells and activation of progenitor cells with special attention to potential niches of kidney progenitor cells. We attempted to give a detailed description of the most controversial topics in this field and ways to resolve these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda V. Andrianova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina I. Buyan
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljubava D. Zorova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina B. Pevzner
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.Y.P.); (D.B.Z.); Tel.: +7-495-939-5944 (E.Y.P.)
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.Y.P.); (D.B.Z.); Tel.: +7-495-939-5944 (E.Y.P.)
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Quinn PMJ, Wijnholds J. Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E987. [PMID: 31795518 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Crumbs complex has prominent roles in the control of apical cell polarity, in the coupling of cell density sensing to downstream cell signaling pathways, and in regulating junctional structures and cell adhesion. The Crumbs complex acts as a conductor orchestrating multiple downstream signaling pathways in epithelial and neuronal tissue development. These pathways lead to the regulation of cell size, cell fate, cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, migration, mitosis, and apoptosis. In retinogenesis, these are all pivotal processes with important roles for the Crumbs complex to maintain proper spatiotemporal cell processes. Loss of Crumbs function in the retina results in loss of the stratified appearance resulting in retinal degeneration and loss of visual function. In this review, we begin by discussing the physiology of vision. We continue by outlining the processes of retinogenesis and how well this is recapitulated between the human fetal retina and human embryonic stem cell (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the functionality of in utero and preterm human fetal retina and the current level of functionality as detected in human stem cell-derived organoids. We discuss the roles of apical-basal cell polarity in retinogenesis with a focus on Leber congenital amaurosis which leads to blindness shortly after birth. Finally, we discuss Crumbs homolog (CRB)-based gene augmentation.
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Wang X, Liu Y, Ni Y, Zhang T, Mo X, Wenyi T, Xu G. Lentivirus vector-mediated knockdown of Sox9 shows neuroprotective effects on light damage in rat retinas. Mol Vis 2019; 25:703-713. [PMID: 31814695 PMCID: PMC6857779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether reduced Sox9 function exerts neuroprotection in light-induced retinal damage in rats and to explore the potential mechanism behind it. METHODS Retinal light damage was used as a model for retinal degeneration. Two weeks before light damage in adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, the Sox9-shRNA lentiviral vector was intravitreally injected. On days 3, 7, and 14, retinal function was assessed using electroretinography (ERG), and the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was measured in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained sections. The protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, nestin, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (Cspgs), which are related to gliosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, were observed using western blot analysis. The expression of GFAP was further evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS On days 3, 7, and 14 after light damage, the thickness of the ONL and the amplitudes of the ERG waves were significantly better preserved in the Sox9-shRNA group when compared with the control group. The protein levels of GFAP, vimentin, nestin, and Cspgs were significantly downregulated in the Sox9-shRNA group. Furthermore, the staining intensity and the spatial distribution of GFAP in the retinas were also obviously attenuated at every studied time point. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal injection of the Sox9-shRNA lentiviral vector preserved rat retinal morphology and function after light damage and downregulated GFAP, vimentin, nestin, and Cspgs, which are related to Müller cell gliosis and ECM remodeling. The results indicate that Sox9 might be a potential therapeutic target for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqin Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofen Mo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tang Wenyi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Lin S, Guo J, Chen S. Transcriptome and DNA Methylome Signatures Associated With Retinal Müller Glia Development, Injury Response, and Aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:4436-4450. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Mao X, An Q, Xi H, Yang XJ, Zhang X, Yuan S, Wang J, Hu Y, Liu Q, Fan G. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of hESC-Derived 3D Retinal Organoids Reveals Novel Genes Regulating RPC Commitment in Early Human Retinogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:747-60. [PMID: 31543471 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the mammalian retina is a complicated process involving the generation of distinct types of neurons from retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in a spatiotemporal-specific manner. The progression of RPCs during retinogenesis includes RPC proliferation, cell-fate commitment, and specific neuronal differentiation. In this study, by performing single-cell RNA sequencing of cells isolated from human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived 3D retinal organoids, we successfully deconstructed the temporal progression of RPCs during early human retinogenesis. We identified two distinctive subtypes of RPCs with unique molecular profiles, namely multipotent RPCs and neurogenic RPCs. We found that genes related to the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as chromatin remodeling, were dynamically regulated during RPC commitment. Interestingly, our analysis identified that CCND1, a G1-phase cell-cycle regulator, was coexpressed with ASCL1 in a cell-cycle-independent manner. Temporally controlled overexpression of CCND1 in retinal organoids demonstrated a role for CCND1 in promoting early retinal neurogenesis. Together, our results revealed critical pathways and novel genes in early retinogenesis of humans. Fate transition occurring in RPC is concomitant with onset of retinal neurogenesis Molecular dynamics underlying RPC commitment are dissected CCND1 promotes retinal neurogenesis in a cell-cycle-independent manner
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Tanaka J, Mabuchi Y, Hata K, Yasuhara R, Takamatsu K, Kujiraoka S, Yukimori A, Takakura I, Sumimoto H, Fukada T, Azuma M, Akiyama H, Nishimura R, Shimane T, Mishima K. Sox9 regulates the luminal stem/progenitor cell properties of salivary glands. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111449. [PMID: 31153924 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine glands share a common morphology consisting of ductal, acinar, and basal/myoepithelial cells, but their functions and mechanisms of homeostasis differ among tissues. Salivary glands are an example of exocrine glands, and they have been reported to contain multipotent stem cells that differentiate into other tissues. In this study, we purified the salivary gland stem/progenitor cells of adult mouse salivary glands using the cell surface marker CD133 by flow cytometry. CD133+ cells possessed stem cell capacity, and the transplantation of CD133+ cells into the submandibular gland reconstituted gland structures, including functional acinar. CD133+ cells were sparsely distributed in the intercalated and exocrine ducts and expressed Sox9 at higher levels than CD133- cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that Sox9 was required for the stem cell properties CD133+ cells, including colony and sphere formation. Thus, the Sox9-related signaling may control the regeneration salivary glands.
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Abstract
Müller cells, as the predominant glial element in the sensory retina, play a crucial role in healthy and diseased retina. Overactivation of Müller cells in response to damage is detrimental to the retina tissue. Current research shows that inhibiting glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a sensitive indicator of Müller cell activation, attenuated glial reactions and promoted neuroprotection. Recent evidence suggests that the transcript factor SOX9 (sex-determining region Y box 9), part of the SOX family, regulates GFAP expression of astrocytes in the central nervous system. However, in retina Müller cells, it is still unknown whether GFAP can be downregulated by reduced SOX9 function. The present results show that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-mediated SOX9 knockout not only inhibited GFAP expression in rat Müller cells but also attenuated cell migration ability. These results suggest that inhibition of SOX9 activity may be a novel therapeutic strategy for reduction of glial cell activity.
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Domenici G, Aurrekoetxea-Rodríguez I, Simões BM, Rábano M, Lee SY, Millán JS, Comaills V, Oliemuller E, López-Ruiz JA, Zabalza I, Howard BA, Kypta RM, Vivanco MDM. A Sox2-Sox9 signalling axis maintains human breast luminal progenitor and breast cancer stem cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:3151-3169. [PMID: 30622340 PMCID: PMC6756022 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased cancer stem cell content during development of resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer is driven by multiple signals, including Sox2-dependent activation of Wnt signalling. Here, we show that Sox2 increases and estrogen reduces the expression of the transcription factor Sox9. Gain and loss of function assays indicate that Sox9 is implicated in the maintenance of human breast luminal progenitor cells. CRISPR/Cas knockout of Sox9 reduces growth of tamoxifen-resistant breast tumours in vivo. Mechanistically, Sox9 acts downstream of Sox2 to control luminal progenitor cell content and is required for expression of the cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A3 and Wnt signalling activity. Sox9 is elevated in breast cancer patients after endocrine therapy failure. This new regulatory axis highlights the relevance of SOX family transcription factors as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno M Simões
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Miriam Rábano
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - So Young Lee
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | | | | | - Erik Oliemuller
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Ignacio Zabalza
- Department of Pathology, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Beatrice A Howard
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert M Kypta
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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45
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the early developmental origins of six ocular tissues: the cornea, lens, ciliary body, iris, neural retina, and retina pigment epithelium. Many of these tissue types are concurrently specified and undergo a complex set of morphogenetic movements that facilitate their structural interconnection. Within the context of vertebrate eye organogenesis, we also discuss the genetic hierarchies of transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate growth, patterning, cell type specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Miesfeld
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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46
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Buenaventura DF, Ghinia-Tegla MG, Emerson MM. Fate-restricted retinal progenitor cells adopt a molecular profile and spatial position distinct from multipotent progenitor cells. Dev Biol 2018; 443:35-49. [PMID: 30145104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During development, multipotent retinal progenitor cells generate a large number of unique cell types. Recent evidence suggests that there are fate-restricted progenitor cell states in addition to multipotent ones. Here we report a transcriptomic analysis of fate- restricted progenitor cells biased to produce cone photoreceptors and horizontal cells, marked by the THRB cis-regulatory element ThrbCRM1. Comparison to a control population enriched in multipotent progenitor cells identified several genes considered to be pan-progenitor, such as VSX2, LHX2, and PAX6, as downregulated in these fate- restricted retinal progenitor cells. This differential regulation occurs in chick and in a different restricted progenitor population in mouse suggesting that this is a conserved feature of progenitor dynamics during retinal development. S-phase labeling also revealed that nuclear positions of restricted progenitor populations occupy distinct spatial niches within the developing chick retina. Using a conserved regulatory element proximal to the VSX2 gene, a potential negative feedback mechanism from specific transcription factors enriched in cone/horizontal cell progenitor cells was identified. This study identifies conserved molecular and cellular changes that occur during the generation of fate restricted retinal progenitor cells from multipotent retinal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Buenaventura
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States; Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Miruna G Ghinia-Tegla
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Mark M Emerson
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States; Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States.
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47
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Cohen-Tayar Y, Cohen H, Mitiagin Y, Abravanel Z, Levy C, Idelson M, Reubinoff B, Itzkovitz S, Raviv S, Kaestner KH, Blinder P, Elkon R, Ashery-Padan R. Pax6 regulation of Sox9 in the mouse retinal pigmented epithelium controls its timely differentiation and choroid vasculature development. Development 2018; 145:dev.163691. [PMID: 29986868 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synchronized differentiation of neuronal and vascular tissues is crucial for normal organ development and function, although there is limited information about the mechanisms regulating the coordinated development of these tissues. The choroid vasculature of the eye serves as the main blood supply to the metabolically active photoreceptors, and develops together with the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Here, we describe a novel regulatory relationship between the RPE transcription factors Pax6 and Sox9 that controls the timing of RPE differentiation and the adjacent choroid maturation. We used a novel machine learning algorithm tool to analyze high resolution imaging of the choroid in Pax6 and Sox9 conditional mutant mice. Additional unbiased transcriptomic analyses in mutant mice and RPE cells generated from human embryonic stem cells, as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput analyses, revealed secreted factors that are regulated by Pax6 and Sox9. These factors might be involved in choroid development and in the pathogenesis of the common blinding disease: age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamit Cohen-Tayar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hadar Cohen
- Department of Particle Physics, Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yulia Mitiagin
- Department of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics school, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Zohar Abravanel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Masha Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shaul Raviv
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 12-126 Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Department of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics school, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ran Elkon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel .,Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel .,Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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48
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Menzel-Severing J, Zenkel M, Polisetti N, Sock E, Wegner M, Kruse FE, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U. Transcription factor profiling identifies Sox9 as regulator of proliferation and differentiation in corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10268. [PMID: 29980721 PMCID: PMC6035181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding transcription factor (TF) regulation of limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (LEPCs) may aid in using non-ocular cells to regenerate the corneal surface. This study aimed to identify and characterize TF genes expressed specifically in LEPCs isolated from human donor eyes by laser capture microdissection. Using a profiling approach, preferential limbal expression was found for SoxE and SoxF genes, particularly for Sox9, which showed predominantly cytoplasmic localization in basal LEPCs and nuclear localization in suprabasal and corneal epithelial cells, indicating nucleocytoplasmic translocation and activation during LEPC proliferation and differentiation. Increased nuclear localization of Sox9 was also observed in activated LEPCs following clonal expansion and corneal epithelial wound healing. Knockdown of SOX9 expression in cultured LEPCs by RNAi led to reduced expression of progenitor cell markers, e.g. keratin 15, and increased expression of differentiation markers, e.g. keratin 3. Furthermore, SOX9 silencing significantly suppressed the proliferative capacity of LEPCs and reduced levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3ß), a negative regulator of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Sox9 expression, in turn, was significantly suppressed by treatment of LEPCs with exogenous GSK-3ß inhibitors and enhanced by small molecule inhibitors of Wnt signaling. Our results suggest that Sox9 and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling cooperate in mutually repressive interactions to achieve a balance between quiescence, proliferation and differentiation of LEPCs in the limbal niche. Future molecular dissection of Sox9-Wnt interaction and mechanisms of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Sox9 may aid in improving the regenerative potential of LEPCs and the reprogramming of non-ocular cells for corneal surface regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Menzel-Severing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Zenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Naresh Polisetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich E Kruse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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49
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Pellegrino G, Trubert C, Terrien J, Pifferi F, Leroy D, Loyens A, Migaud M, Baroncini M, Maurage CA, Fontaine C, Prévot V, Sharif A. A comparative study of the neural stem cell niche in the adult hypothalamus of human, mouse, rat and gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1419-1443. [PMID: 29230807 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain contains niches of neural stem cells that continuously add new neurons to selected circuits throughout life. Two niches have been extensively studied in various mammalian species including humans, the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Recently, studies conducted mainly in rodents have identified a third neurogenic niche in the adult hypothalamus. In order to evaluate whether a neural stem cell niche also exists in the adult hypothalamus in humans, we performed multiple immunofluorescence labeling to assess the expression of a panel of neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) markers (Sox2, nestin, vimentin, GLAST, GFAP) in the human hypothalamus and compared them with the mouse, rat and a non-human primate species, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Our results show that the adult human hypothalamus contains four distinct populations of cells that express the five NPC markers: (a) a ribbon of small stellate cells that lines the third ventricular wall behind a hypocellular gap, similar to that found along the lateral ventricles, (b) ependymal cells, (c) tanycytes, which line the floor of the third ventricle in the tuberal region, and (d) a population of small stellate cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the mouse, rat and mouse lemur hypothalamus, co-expression of NPC markers is primarily restricted to tanycytes, and these species lack a ventricular ribbon. Our work thus identifies four cell populations with the antigenic profile of NPCs in the adult human hypothalamus, of which three appear specific to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Pellegrino
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Cedex, France.,University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Claire Trubert
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Cedex, France.,University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Terrien
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Brunoy, France
| | - Fabien Pifferi
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Brunoy, France
| | - Danièle Leroy
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Anne Loyens
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Martine Migaud
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Marc Baroncini
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Cedex, France.,University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille Cedex, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Claude-Alain Maurage
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Cedex, France.,University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille Cedex, France.,Department of Neuropathology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Christian Fontaine
- University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille Cedex, France.,Laboratory of Anatomy, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Cedex, France.,University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Cedex, France.,University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille Cedex, France
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50
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Prévostel C, Blache P. The dose-dependent effect of SOX9 and its incidence in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2017; 86:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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