1
|
Lalonde R, Strazielle C. The Hole-Board Test in Mutant Mice. Behav Genet 2022; 52:158-169. [PMID: 35482162 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
First described by Boissier and Simon in (Ther Recreat J 17:1225-1232, 1962), the hole-board has become a recognized test of anxiety and spatial memory. Benzodiazepines acting at the GABAA-BZD site increase hole-pokes in rats and mice, indicating a loss in behavioral inhibition concordant with the behavior of mutant mice deficient in the GABA transporter. Hole-poking also depends on arousal mechanisms dependent on dopaminergic transmission, as indicated by drug and null mutant studies. In addition, the behavior is modified in natural and null mutants affecting the cerebellum as well as null mutants affecting neuropeptides, growth factors, cell adhesion, and inflammation. Further research is required to determine convergences between genetic and pharmacological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France. .,CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramos JMJ, Morón I. Ventral hippocampus lesions and allocentric spatial memory in the radial maze: Anterograde and retrograde deficits. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113620. [PMID: 34624425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the dorsal hippocampus (DHip) has been clearly implicated in spatial learning and memory, there is currently debate as to whether the ventral hippocampus (VHip) is also necessary in allocentric-based navigation tasks. To differentiate between these two subregions of the hippocampal dorsoventral axis, we examined the effect of neurotoxic lesions to the DHip and VHip in different learning situations, using a four-arm plus-shaped maze. In experiment 1 a spatial reference memory task was used, with results showing an acquisition deficit in DHip-lesioned rats but perfect learning in VHip-lesioned rats. However, in experiment 2 an acquisition deficit was found in VHip-lesioned rats using a doubly marked training protocol. In this case the position of the goal arm during training was marked simultaneously by the extramaze constellation of stimuli around the maze and an intramaze cue. The main results indicated that DHip and VHip groups presented significantly more allocentric errors in the probe test than the control rats. In experiments 3 and 4, animals with their brains still intact learned, respectively, a spatial reference memory task or a purely cue-guided navigation task, and DHip and VHip lesions were made 2-3 days after reaching learning criterion. Results indicated a profound retrograde deficit in both lesioned groups but only with regard to allocentric information. So, depending on the training protocol used, our results point to increased integration and cooperation throughout the hippocampal dorsoventral axis when allocentric learning and memory is involved. These data support the existence of a functional continuum from the dorsal to the ventral hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M J Ramos
- Department of Psychobiology and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Morón
- Department of Psychobiology and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernaud VE, Hiroi R, Poisson ML, Castaneda AJ, Kirshner ZZ, Gibbs RB, Bimonte-Nelson HA. Age Impacts the Burden That Reference Memory Imparts on an Increasing Working Memory Load and Modifies Relationships With Cholinergic Activity. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:610078. [PMID: 33643006 PMCID: PMC7902531 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.610078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent aging research often utilizes spatial mazes, such as the water radial-arm-maze (WRAM), to evaluate cognition. The WRAM can simultaneously measure spatial working and reference memory, wherein these two memory types are often represented as orthogonal. There is evidence, however, that these two memory forms yield interference at a high working memory load. The current study systematically evaluated whether the presence of a reference memory component impacts handling of an increasing working memory load. Young and aged female rats were tested to assess whether aging impacts this relationship. Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the hippocampus and cortex can affect cognitive outcomes, and are negatively impacted by aging. To evaluate whether age-related changes in working and reference memory profiles are associated with cholinergic functioning, we assessed choline acetyltransferase activity in these behaviorally-tested rats. Results showed that young rats outperformed aged rats on a task testing solely working memory. The addition of a reference memory component deteriorated the ability to handle an increasing working memory load, such that young rats performed similar to their aged counterparts. Aged rats also had challenges when reference memory was present, but in a different context. Specifically, aged rats had difficulty remembering which reference memory arms they had entered within a session, compared to young rats. Further, aged rats that excelled in reference memory also excelled in working memory when working memory demand was high, a relationship not seen in young rats. Relationships between cholinergic activity and maze performance differed by age in direction and brain region, reflecting the complex role that the cholinergic system plays in memory and attentional processes across the female lifespan. Overall, the addition of a reference memory requirement detrimentally impacted the ability to handle working memory information across young and aged timepoints, especially when the working memory challenge was high; these age-related deficits manifested differently with the addition of a reference memory component. This interplay between working and reference memory provides insight into the multiple domains necessary to solve complex cognitive tasks, potentially improving the understanding of complexities of age- and disease- related memory failures and optimizing their respective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Bernaud
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Ryoko Hiroi
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Mallori L Poisson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Arthur J Castaneda
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Ziv Z Kirshner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert B Gibbs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Heather A Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hauser J, Llano López LH, Feldon J, Gargiulo PA, Yee BK. Small lesions of the dorsal or ventral hippocampus subregions are associated with distinct impairments in working memory and reference memory retrieval, and combining them attenuates the acquisition rate of spatial reference memory. Hippocampus 2020; 30:938-957. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hauser
- Laboratory of Behavioural NeurobiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Schwerzenbach Switzerland
| | - Luis H. Llano López
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Psicología ExperimentalInstituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva Infantil. Servicio de Recuperación Cardiovascular Pediátrica. Hospital Pediátrico Humberto Notti Mendoza Argentina
| | - Joram Feldon
- Laboratory of Behavioural NeurobiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Schwerzenbach Switzerland
| | - Pascual A. Gargiulo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Psicología ExperimentalInstituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina
| | - Benjamin K. Yee
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health & Social SciencesThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Atesyakar N, Canbeyli R, Unal G. Low cognitive competence as a vulnerability factor for behavioral despair in rats. Behav Processes 2020; 174:104103. [PMID: 32165180 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the multi-faceted relationship between cognitive competence and affective states is a major pursuit in behavioral sciences. Mood disorders constitute a good research model for this question, as cognitive impairment may accompany clinical depression and persist after full remission. This suggests cognitive dysfunction as an etiological factor of depression, rather than an epiphenomenon. Complementing clinical studies, animal models utilizing well-controlled, systematic paradigms are essential to elucidate the complex relationship between cognitive competence and affective states. In current set of experiments, we investigated the extent to which cognitive competence determines the stress response in Wistar rats by utilizing two well-established spatial memory paradigms with different degrees of complexity together with the forced swim test. We revealed that rats with low cognitive competence as assessed by learning performance in the Y-Maze, but not in the radial arm maze, were significantly more vulnerable to behavioral despair. In contrast, rats with high cognitive competence were resilient to the negative effects of the forced swim test, irrespective of the spatial memory task used. These results point to a nonlinear relationship between spatial memory performance and behavioral despair, suggesting that different types of cognitive functioning may have differential effects on affective processes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Leung LS, Shen B, Huszka C. Long-lasting disruption of spatial memory by GABA B receptor antagonist induced seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 96:1-5. [PMID: 31075649 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this project was to test whether a drug-induced model of temporal lobe seizures, namely seizures induced by a gamma aminobutyric acid (GABAB) receptor antagonist, CGP35348, result in long-term disruption of hippocampal memory function. Seizures were induced in experimental rats by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CGP35348 (0.64 μmol in 3 μL) for three consecutive days; control rats received no injection. Rats were first trained to criterion on an open radial arm maze (RAM) with 4 of the 8 arms baited, then received seizure and control treatment, and tested again on the RAM during the first week (days 1-5) and fourth week (days 22-29) after the last injection. An initial i.c.v. CGP35348 injection induced a mean of 4.4 seizures in the hippocampus, often accompanied with stages 3-5 convulsions, and sometimes with jumping; three daily CGP35348 injections induced 10.4 ± 1.8 (n = 7 rats) seizures in total. In two separate experiments, seizure-treated rats performed worse than control rats in working memory (WM) during both the 1st and 4th weeks after seizures. Reference memory (RM) deficit during the 1st week after seizures was observed in only one experiment in which RM was acquired >2 weeks ago. The memory deficits were not accompanied by gross neuronal loss in the hippocampus. In conclusion, i.c.v. injection of a GABAB receptor antagonist in adult rats induced brief, multiple, focal hippocampal seizures that induced deficits in spatial memory for up to 4 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Stan Leung
- Dept. Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - BiXia Shen
- Dept. Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Csaba Huszka
- Dept. Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Davidson TL, Jones S, Roy M, Stevenson RJ. The Cognitive Control of Eating and Body Weight: It's More Than What You "Think". Front Psychol 2019; 10:62. [PMID: 30814963 PMCID: PMC6381074 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a great deal of research has established the importance of cognitive processes in the control of energy intake and body weight. The present paper begins by identifying several of these cognitive processes. We then summarize evidence from human and nonhuman animal models, which shows how excess intake of obesity-promoting Western diet (WD) may have deleterious effects on these cognitive control processes. Findings that these effects may be manifested as early-life deficits in cognitive functioning and may also be associated with the emergence of serious late-life cognitive impairment are described. Consistent with these possibilities, we review evidence, obtained primarily from rodent models, that consuming a WD is associated with the emergence of pathophysiologies in the hippocampus, an important brain substrate for learning, memory, and cognition. The implications of this research for mechanism are discussed within the context of a “vicious-cycle model,” which describes how eating a WD could impair hippocampal function, producing cognitive deficits that promote increased WD intake and body weight gain, which could contribute to further hippocampal dysfunction, cognitive decline, and excess eating and weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Megan Roy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zanni G, Deutsch HM, Rivera PD, Shih HY, LeBlanc JA, Amaral WZ, Lucero MJ, Redfield RL, DeSalle MJ, Chen BPC, Whoolery CW, Reynolds RP, Yun S, Eisch AJ. Whole-Body 12C Irradiation Transiently Decreases Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Proliferation and Immature Neuron Number, but Does Not Change New Neuron Survival Rate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3078. [PMID: 30304778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-charge and -energy (HZE) particles comprise space radiation and they pose a challenge to astronauts on deep space missions. While exposure to most HZE particles decreases neurogenesis in the hippocampus—a brain structure important in memory—prior work suggests that 12C does not. However, much about 12C’s influence on neurogenesis remains unknown, including the time course of its impact on neurogenesis. To address this knowledge gap, male mice (9–11 weeks of age) were exposed to whole-body 12C irradiation 100 cGy (IRR; 1000 MeV/n; 8 kEV/µm) or Sham treatment. To birthdate dividing cells, mice received BrdU i.p. 22 h post-irradiation and brains were harvested 2 h (Short-Term) or three months (Long-Term) later for stereological analysis indices of dentate gyrus neurogenesis. For the Short-Term time point, IRR mice had fewer Ki67, BrdU, and doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactive (+) cells versus Sham mice, indicating decreased proliferation (Ki67, BrdU) and immature neurons (DCX). For the Long-Term time point, IRR and Sham mice had similar Ki67+ and DCX+ cell numbers, suggesting restoration of proliferation and immature neurons 3 months post-12C irradiation. IRR mice had fewer surviving BrdU+ cells versus Sham mice, suggesting decreased cell survival, but there was no difference in BrdU+ cell survival rate when compared within treatment and across time point. These data underscore the ability of neurogenesis in the mouse brain to recover from the detrimental effect of 12C exposure.
Collapse
|
9
|
Prakapenka AV, Hiroi R, Quihuis AM, Carson C, Patel S, Berns-Leone C, Fox C, Sirianni RW, Bimonte-Nelson HA. Contrasting effects of individual versus combined estrogen and progestogen regimens as working memory load increases in middle-aged ovariectomized rats: one plus one does not equal two. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 64:1-14. [PMID: 29316527 PMCID: PMC5820186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Most estrogen-based hormone therapies are administered in combination with a progestogen, such as Levonorgestrel (Levo). Individually, the estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) and Levo can improve cognition in preclinical models. However, although these hormones are often given together clinically, the impact of the E2 + Levo combination on cognitive function has yet to be methodically examined. Thus, we investigated E2 + Levo treatment on a cognitive battery in middle-aged, ovariectomized rats. When administered alone, E2 and Levo treatments each enhanced spatial working memory relative to vehicle treatment, whereas the E2 + Levo combination impaired high working memory load performance relative to E2 only and Levo only treatments. There were no effects on spatial reference memory. Mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway activation, which is involved in memory formation and estrogen-induced memory effects, was evaluated in 5 brain regions implicated in learning and memory. A distinct relationship was seen in the E2-only treatment group between mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway activation in the frontal cortex and working memory performance. Collectively, the results indicate that the differential neurocognitive effects of combination versus sole treatments are vital considerations as we move forward as a field to develop novel, and to understand currently used, exogenous hormone regimens across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alesia V Prakapenka
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ryoko Hiroi
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alicia M Quihuis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Catie Carson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shruti Patel
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Claire Berns-Leone
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Carly Fox
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Rachael W Sirianni
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Heather A Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chawla MK, Sutherland VL, Olson K, McNaughton BL, Barnes CA. Behavior-driven arc expression is reduced in all ventral hippocampal subfields compared to CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus in rat dorsal hippocampus. Hippocampus 2018; 28:178-185. [PMID: 29232477 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical connectivity and lesion studies reveal distinct functional heterogeneity along the dorsal-ventral axis of the hippocampus. The immediate early gene Arc is known to be involved in neural plasticity and memory and can be used as a marker for cell activity that occurs, for example, when hippocampal place cells fire. We report here, that Arc is expressed in a greater proportion of cells in dorsal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG), following spatial behavioral experiences compared to ventral hippocampal subregions (dorsal CA1 = 33%; ventral CA1 = 13%; dorsal CA3 = 23%; ventral CA3 = 8%; and dorsal DG = 2.5%; ventral DG = 1.2%). The technique used here to obtain estimates of numbers of behavior-driven cells across the dorsal-ventral axis, however, corresponds quite well with samples from available single unit recording studies. Several explanations for the two- to-threefold reduction in spatial behavior-driven cell activity in the ventral hippocampus can be offered. These include anatomical connectivity differences, differential gain of the self-motion signals that appear to alter the scale of place fields and the proportion of active cells, and possibly variations in the neuronal responses to non-spatial information within the hippocampus along its dorso-ventral axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Chawla
- ARL Div of Neural Systems, Memory and Aging and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain, Institute, Univ Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - V L Sutherland
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - K Olson
- ARL Div of Neural Systems, Memory and Aging and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain, Institute, Univ Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - B L McNaughton
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, T1K 3M4, Alberta.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University California, Irvine, 92697
| | - C A Barnes
- ARL Div of Neural Systems, Memory and Aging and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain, Institute, Univ Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Whoolery CW, Walker AK, Richardson DR, Lucero MJ, Reynolds RP, Beddow DH, Clark KL, Shih HY, LeBlanc JA, Cole MG, Amaral WZ, Mukherjee S, Zhang S, Ahn F, Bulin SE, DeCarolis NA, Rivera PD, Chen BPC, Yun S, Eisch AJ. Whole-Body Exposure to 28Si-Radiation Dose-Dependently Disrupts Dentate Gyrus Neurogenesis and Proliferation in the Short Term and New Neuron Survival and Contextual Fear Conditioning in the Long Term. Radiat Res 2017; 188:532-551. [PMID: 28945526 PMCID: PMC5901735 DOI: 10.1667/rr14797.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Astronauts traveling to Mars will be exposed to chronic low doses of galactic cosmic space radiation, which contains highly charged, high-energy (HZE) particles. 56Fe-HZE-particle exposure decreases hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis and disrupts hippocampal function in young adult rodents, raising the possibility of impaired astronaut cognition and risk of mission failure. However, far less is known about how exposure to other HZE particles, such as 28Si, influences hippocampal neurogenesis and function. To compare the influence of 28Si exposure on indices of neurogenesis and hippocampal function with previous studies on 56Fe exposure, 9-week-old C57BL/6J and Nestin-GFP mice (NGFP; made and maintained for 10 or more generations on a C57BL/6J background) received whole-body 28Si-particle-radiation exposure (0, 0.2 and 1 Gy, 300 MeV/n, LET 67 KeV/μ, dose rate 1 Gy/min). For neurogenesis assessment, the NGFP mice were injected with the mitotic marker BrdU at 22 h postirradiation and brains were examined for indices of hippocampal proliferation and neurogenesis, including Ki67+, BrdU+, BrdU+NeuN+ and DCX+ cell numbers at short- and long-term time points (24 h and 3 months postirradiation, respectively). In the short-term group, stereology revealed fewer Ki67+, BrdU+ and DCX+ cells in 1-Gy-irradiated group relative to nonirradiated control mice, fewer Ki67+ and DCX+ cells in 0.2 Gy group relative to control group and fewer BrdU+ and DCX+ cells in 1 Gy group relative to 0.2 Gy group. In contrast to the clearly observed radiation-induced, dose-dependent reductions in the short-term group across all markers, only a few neurogenesis indices were changed in the long-term irradiated groups. Notably, there were fewer surviving BrdU+ cells in the 1 Gy group relative to 0- and 0.2-Gy-irradiated mice in the long-term group. When the short- and long-term groups were analyzed by sex, exposure to radiation had a similar effect on neurogenesis indices in male and female mice, although only male mice showed fewer surviving BrdU+ cells in the long-term group. Fluorescent immunolabeling and confocal phenotypic analysis revealed that most surviving BrdU+ cells in the long-term group expressed the neuronal marker NeuN, definitively confirming that exposure to 1 Gy 28Si radiation decreased the number of surviving adult-generated neurons in male mice relative to both 0- and 0.2-Gy-irradiated mice. For hippocampal function assessment, 9-week-old male C57BL/6J mice received whole-body 28Si-particle exposure and were then assessed long-term for performance on contextual and cued fear conditioning. In the context test the animals that received 0.2 Gy froze less relative to control animals, suggesting decreased hippocampal-dependent function. However, in the cued fear conditioning test, animals that received 1 Gy froze more during the pretone portion of the test, relative to controls and 0.2-Gy-irradiated mice, suggesting enhanced anxiety. Compared to previously reported studies, these data suggest that 28Si-radiation exposure damages neurogenesis, but to a lesser extent than 56Fe radiation and that low-dose 28Si exposure induces abnormalities in hippocampal function, disrupting fear memory but also inducing anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, exposure to 28Si radiation decreased new neuron survival in long-term male groups but not females suggests that sex may be an important factor when performing brain health risk assessment for astronauts traveling in space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody W. Whoolery
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Angela K. Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Melanie J. Lucero
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan P. Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David H. Beddow
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - K. Lyles Clark
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hung-Ying Shih
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Junie A. LeBlanc
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mara G. Cole
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Shibani Mukherjee
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Francisca Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sarah E. Bulin
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Phillip D. Rivera
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Benjamin P. C. Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amelia J. Eisch
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Added dietary sugars contribute substantially to the diet of children and adolescents in the USA, and recent evidence suggests that consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) during early life has deleterious effects on hippocampal-dependent memory function. Here, we test whether the effects of early-life sugar consumption on hippocampal function persist into adulthood when access to sugar is restricted to the juvenile/adolescent phase of development. METHODS Male rats were given ad libitum access to an 11% weight-by-volume sugar solution (made with high fructose corn syrup-55) throughout the adolescent phase of development (post-natal day (PN) 26-56). The control group received a second bottle of water instead, and both groups received ad libitum standard laboratory chow and water access throughout the study. At PN 56 sugar solutions were removed and at PN 175 rats were subjected to behavioral testing for hippocampal-dependent episodic contextual memory in the novel object in context (NOIC) task, for anxiety-like behavior in the Zero maze, and were given an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Early-life exposure to SSBs conferred long-lasting impairments in hippocampal-dependent memory function later in life- yet had no effect on body weight, anxiety-like behavior, or glucose tolerance. A second experiment demonstrated that NOIC performance was impaired at PN 175 even when SSB access was limited to 2 hours daily from PN 26-56. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that even modest SSB consumption throughout early life may have long-term negative consequences on memory function during adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Noble
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA
| | - Ted M Hsu
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA.,b Neuroscience Graduate Program , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA
| | - Joanna Liang
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA.,b Neuroscience Graduate Program , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Voikar V, Krackow S, Lipp HP, Rau A, Colacicco G, Wolfer DP. Automated dissection of permanent effects of hippocampal or prefrontal lesions on performance at spatial, working memory and circadian timing tasks of C57BL/6 mice in IntelliCage. Behav Brain Res 2017; 352:8-22. [PMID: 28927717 PMCID: PMC6102415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate permanent effects of hippocampal and prefrontal cortex lesion on spatial tasks, lesioned and sham-operated female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a series of conditioning schemes in IntelliCages housing 8–10 transponder-tagged mice from each treatment group. Sequential testing started at 51–172 days after bilateral lesions and lasted for 154 and 218 days in two batches of mice, respectively. Spontaneous undisturbed behavioral patterns clearly separated the three groups, hippocampals being characterized by more erratic hyperactivity, and strongly impaired circadian synchronization ability. Hippocampal lesions led to deficits in spatial passive avoidance, as well as in spatial reference and working memory tasks. Impairment was minimal in rewarded preference/reversal schemes, but prominent if behavioral responses required precise circadian timing or included punishment of wrong spatial choices. No differences between sham-operated and prefrontally lesioned subjects in conditioning success were discernible. These results corroborate the view that hippocampal dysfunction spares simple spatial learning tasks but impairs the ability to cope with conflicting task-inherent spatial, temporal or emotional cues. Methodologically, the results show that automated testing and data analysis of socially kept mice is a powerful, efficient and animal-friendly tool for dissecting complex features and behavioral profiles of hippocampal dysfunction characterizing many transgenic or pharmacological mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vootele Voikar
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sven Krackow
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland; XBehavior GmbH, Bänk, Dägerlen, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Lipp
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anton Rau
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Chair of Entrepreneurial Risks, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - David P Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Riaz S, Schumacher A, Sivagurunathan S, Van Der Meer M, Ito R. Ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus inactivation impairs reward memory expression and retrieval in contexts defined by proximal cues. Hippocampus 2017; 27:822-836. [PMID: 28449268 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) has been widely implicated in the contextual control of appetitive and aversive conditioning. However, whole hippocampal lesions do not invariably impair all forms of contextual processing, as in the case of complex biconditional context discrimination, leading to contention over the exact nature of the contribution of the HPC in contextual processing. Moreover, the increasingly well-established functional dissociation between the dorsal (dHPC) and ventral (vHPC) subregions of the HPC has been largely overlooked in the existing literature on hippocampal-based contextual memory processing in appetitively motivated tasks. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the individual roles of the dHPC and the vHPC in contextual biconditional discrimination (CBD) performance and memory retrieval. To this end, we examined the effects of transient post-acquisition pharmacological inactivation (using a combination of GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists muscimol and baclofen) of functionally distinct subregions of the HPC (CA1/CA3 subfields of the dHPC and vHPC) on CBD memory retrieval. Additional behavioral assays including novelty preference, light-dark box and locomotor activity test were also performed to confirm that the respective sites of inactivation were functionally silent. We observed robust deficits in CBD performance and memory retrieval following inactivation of the vHPC, but not the dHPC. Our data provides novel insight into the differential roles of the ventral and dorsal HPC in reward contextual processing, under conditions in which the context is defined by proximal cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Riaz
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anett Schumacher
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Malá H, Andersen LG, Christensen RF, Felbinger A, Hagstrøm J, Meder D, Pearce H, Mogensen J. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in behavioural flexibility and posttraumatic functional recovery: Reversal learning and set-shifting in rats. Brain Res Bull 2015; 116:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Binicewicz FZM, van Strien NM, Wadman WJ, van den Heuvel MP, Cappaert NLM. Graph analysis of the anatomical network organization of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region in the rat. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1607-21. [PMID: 25618022 PMCID: PMC4819791 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-0992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Graph theory was used to analyze the anatomical network of the rat hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region (van Strien et al., Nat Rev Neurosci 10(4):272-282, 2009). For this analysis, the full network was decomposed along the three anatomical axes, resulting in three networks that describe the connectivity within the rostrocaudal, dorsoventral and laminar dimensions. The rostrocaudal network had a connection density of 12% and a path length of 2.4. The dorsoventral network had a high cluster coefficient (0.53), a relatively high path length (1.62) and a rich club was identified. The modularity analysis revealed three modules in the dorsoventral network. The laminar network contained most information. The laminar dimension revealed a network with high clustering coefficient (0.47), a relatively high path length (2.11) and four significantly increased characteristic network building blocks (structural motifs). Thirteen rich club nodes were identified, almost all of them situated in the parahippocampal region. Six connector hubs were detected and all of them were located in the entorhinal cortex. Three large modules were revealed, indicating a close relationship between the perirhinal and postrhinal cortex as well as between the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex. These results confirmed the central position of the entorhinal cortex in the (para)hippocampal network and this possibly explains why pathology in this region has such profound impact on cognitive function, as seen in several brain diseases. The results also have implications for the idea of strict separation of the "spatial" and the "non-spatial" information stream into the hippocampus. This two-stream memory model suggests that the information influx from, respectively, the postrhinal-medial entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal-lateral entorhinal cortex is separate, but the current analysis shows that this apparent separation is not determined by anatomical constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Z M Binicewicz
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Room C3.266, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N M van Strien
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - W J Wadman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Room C3.266, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N L M Cappaert
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Room C3.266, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Santos-Fandila A, Zafra-Gómez A, Barranco A, Navalón A, Rueda R, Ramírez M. Quantitative determination of β-hydroxymethylbutyrate and leucine in culture media and microdialysates from rat brain by UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2863-72. [PMID: 24590106 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to develop a method to determine β-hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB) and leucine (Leu) in culture media and brain microdialysates. An accurate, selective, and cost-effective method, based on the use of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), was developed for the identification and quantification of both compounds. The method consisted of sample dilution, direct injection onto the chromatographic equipment, and quantification with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization interface in positive mode. The procedure and the UHPLC-MS/MS parameters were accurately optimized to achieve the highest recoveries and to enhance the analytical characteristics of the method. For chromatographic separation, an Acquity UPLC BEH Hilic column using acetonitrile-water gradient with formic acid as additive was employed. The total run time was 4 min. The limits of detection (LODs) obtained ranged from 0.01 to 0.04 μg mL(-1), and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 μg mL(-1). Precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) was lower than 15 %, and the determination coefficient (R (2)) was higher than 99.0 % with a residual deviation for each calibration point lower than ±25 %. Mean recoveries were between 85 and 115 %. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of both compounds, HMB and Leu, in samples obtained from an experiment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) passage in vitro and to an experiment of brain microdialysis in rats in vivo after an oral challenge with HMB to detect its appearance in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Santos-Fandila
- Discovery R&D, Abbott Nutrition Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Camino de Purchil 68, 18004, Granada, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Green HF, Nolan YM. Inflammation and the developing brain: Consequences for hippocampal neurogenesis and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 40:20-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
19
|
Abstract
Electrophysiological and lesion studies in rodents have shown that the dorsal (septal) and ventral (temporal) segments of the hippocampus have functional specializations that can be understood in terms of their anatomical connections with distinct brain areas. Here we explore the circuitry associated with the hippocampus using the pseudorabies virus-Bartha strain (PRV-Bartha) tracer in the rat to examine both direct (first-order) and indirect (second-order) projections to the hippocampus. Based on analysis of PRV-Bartha infection density, we demonstrate two parallel pathways from the limbic cortex to the hippocampus. A dorsal "spatial cognition" pathway provides disynaptic input from the retrosplenial, anterior cingulate, and orbital cortex to the dorsal hippocampus, with potential synaptic relays in the anterior thalamic nuclei and dorsolateral entorhinal cortex. A ventral "executive control" pathway provides disynaptic input from the prelimbic, infralimbic, and orbital cortex to the ventral hippocampus, with potential synaptic relays in the midline thalamic nuclei and the rostral caudomedial entorhinal cortex. These data suggest a new anatomical framework for understanding the functional interactions between the cortex and hippocampus, especially in cognitive disorders that involve both structures, such as frontotemporal dementia.
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver
Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8,
Canada
| | - Jun Han
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver
Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8,
Canada
| | - Albert Chou
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver
Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8,
Canada
| | - Juncong Yang
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver
Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8,
Canada
| | - Jingxi Pan
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver
Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8,
Canada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver
Island Technology Park, #3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry
and
Microbiology, University of Victoria, Petch
Building Room 207, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li X, Sarkar SN, Purdy DE, Spence JS, Haley RW, Briggs RW. Anteroposterior perfusion heterogeneity in human hippocampus measured by arterial spin labeling MRI. NMR Biomed 2013; 26:613-621. [PMID: 23420779 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of blood flow in the human hippocampus are complicated by its relatively small size, unusual anatomy and patterns of blood supply. Only a handful of arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI articles have reported regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values for the human hippocampus. Numerous reports have found heterogeneity in a number of other physiological and biochemical parameters along the longitudinal hippocampal axis. There is, however, only one ASL study of perfusion properties as a function of anteroposterior location in the hippocampus, reporting that rCBF is lower and the arterial transit time (ATT) is longer in the anterior hippocampus than in the posterior hippocampus of the rat brain. The purpose of this article was to measure ATT and rCBF in anterior, middle and posterior normal adult human hippocampus. To better distinguish anteroposterior perfusion heterogeneity in the hippocampus, a modified ASL method, called Orthogonally Positioned Tagging Imaging Method for Arterial Labeling with Flow-sensitive Alternating Inversion Recovery (OPTIMAL FAIR), was developed that provides high in-plane resolution with oblique coronal imaging slices perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus to minimize partial volume effects. Perfusion studies performed with this modified FAIR method at 3 T indicated that anterior, middle and posterior human hippocampus segments have unique transit time and rCBF values. Of these three longitudinal hippocampal regions, the middle hippocampus has the highest perfusion and the shortest transit time and the anterior hippocampus has the lowest perfusion and the longest transit time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Li
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grayson BE, Fitzgerald MF, Hakala-Finch AP, Ferris VM, Begg DP, Tong J, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Davidson TL, Benoit SC. Improvements in hippocampal-dependent memory and microglial infiltration with calorie restriction and gastric bypass surgery, but not with vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:349-56. [PMID: 23736372 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much recent evidence suggest that obesity and related comorbidities contribute to cognitive decline, including the development of non age-related dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Obesity is a serious threat to public health, and few treatments offer proven long-term weight loss. In fact, bariatric surgery remains the most effective long-term therapy to reduce weight and alleviate other aspects of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Unlike the demonstrated benefits of caloric restriction to prevent weight gain, few if any studies have compared various means of weight loss on central nervous system function and hippocampal-dependent cognitive processes. DESIGN AND RESULTS Our studies comprise the first direct comparisons of caloric restriction to two bariatric surgeries (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG)) on cognitive function. Weight loss following caloric restriction, RYGB and VSG was associated with generalized improvements in metabolic health and hippocampal-dependent learning, as measured in the radial arm maze and spontaneous alternation tests. However, VSG-treated rats exhibited deficits on spatial learning tasks in the Morris water maze. In addition, whereas VSG animals had elevated hippocampal inflammation, comparable to that of obese controls, RYGB and calorie-restricted (pair-fed, PF) controls exhibited an amelioration of inflammation, as measured by the microglial protein ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1). We also assessed whether GHR (ghrelin) replacement would attenuate hippocampal inflammation in VSG, as post-surgical GHR levels are significantly reduced in VSG relative to RYGB and PF rats. However, GHR treatment did not attenuate the hippocampal inflammation. CONCLUSION Although VSG was comparably effective at reducing body weight and improving glucose regulation as RYGB, VSG did not appear to confer an equal benefit on cognitive function and markers of inflammation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Grissom EM, Hawley WR, Hodges KS, Fawcett-Patel JM, Dohanich GP. Biological sex influences learning strategy preference and muscarinic receptor binding in specific brain regions of prepubertal rats. Hippocampus 2012; 23:313-22. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|