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Yan Y, Li L, Long C, Dong Y, Li J, Shen C, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Xiong A, Li X, Chen H, He S. A novel IgE epitope-specific antibodies-based sandwich ELISA for sensitive measurement of immunoreactivity changes of peanut allergen Ara h 2 in processed foods. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1323553. [PMID: 38439921 PMCID: PMC10910080 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1323553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Peanut is an important source of dietary protein for human beings, but it is also recognized as one of the eight major food allergens. Binding of IgE antibodies to specific epitopes in peanut allergens plays important roles in initiating peanut-allergic reactions, and Ara h 2 is widely considered as the most potent peanut allergen and the best predictor of peanut allergy. Therefore, Ara h 2 IgE epitopes can serve as useful biomarkers for prediction of IgE-binding variations of Ara h 2 and peanut in foods. This study aimed to develop and validate an IgE epitope-specific antibodies (IgE-EsAbs)-based sandwich ELISA (sELISA) for detection of Ara h 2 and measurement of Ara h 2 IgE-immunoreactivity changes in foods. Methods DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow anion-exchange chromatography combining with SDS-PAGE gel extraction were applied to purify Ara h 2 from raw peanut. Hybridoma and epitope vaccine techniques were employed to generate a monoclonal antibody against a major IgE epitope of Ara h 2 and a polyclonal antibody against 12 IgE epitopes of Ara h 2, respectively. ELISA was carried out to evaluate the target binding and specificity of the generated IgE-EsAbs. Subsequently, IgE-EsAbs-based sELISA was developed to detect Ara h 2 and its allergenic residues in food samples. The IgE-binding capacity of Ara h 2 and peanut in foods was determined by competitive ELISA. The dose-effect relationship between the Ara h 2 IgE epitope content and Ara h 2 (or peanut) IgE-binding ability was further established to validate the reliability of the developed sELISA in measuring IgE-binding variations of Ara h 2 and peanut in foods. Results The obtained Ara h 2 had a purity of 94.44%. Antibody characterization revealed that the IgE-EsAbs recognized the target IgE epitope(s) of Ara h 2 and exhibited high specificity. Accordingly, an IgE-EsAbs-based sELISA using these antibodies was able to detect Ara h 2 and its allergenic residues in food samples, with high sensitivity (a limit of detection of 0.98 ng/mL), accuracy (a mean bias of 0.88%), precision (relative standard deviation < 16.50%), specificity, and recovery (an average recovery of 98.28%). Moreover, the developed sELISA could predict IgE-binding variations of Ara h 2 and peanut in foods, as verified by using sera IgE derived from peanut-allergic individuals. Conclusion This novel immunoassay could be a user-friendly method to monitor low level of Ara h 2 and to preliminary predict in vitro potential allergenicity of Ara h 2 and peanut in processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Long
- Department of Laboratory, Ganzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yaping Dong
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Caiyi Shen
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yiqian Zhao
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jiangqiang Zhao
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Anqi Xiong
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengfa He
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health of Ganzhou, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Voskamp AL, Khosa S, Phan T, DeBerg HA, Bingham J, Hew M, Smith W, Abramovitch J, Rolland JM, Moyle M, Nadeau KC, Lack G, Larché M, Wambre E, O'Hehir RE, Hickey P, Prickett SR. Phase 1 trial supports safety and mechanism of action of peptide immunotherapy for peanut allergy. Allergy 2024; 79:485-498. [PMID: 38112286 DOI: 10.1111/all.15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is a leading cause of anaphylaxis worldwide. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only treatment shown to modify the natural history of allergic disease, but application to food allergy has been hindered by risk of severe allergic reactions and short-lived efficacy. Allergen-derived peptides could provide a solution. PVX108 comprises seven short peptides representing immunodominant T-cell epitopes of major peanut allergens for treatment of peanut allergy. METHODS Pre-clinical safety of PVX108 was assessed using ex vivo basophil activation tests (n = 185). Clinical safety and tolerability of single and repeat PVX108 doses were evaluated in a first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in peanut-allergic adults (46 active, 21 placebo). The repeat-dose cohort received six doses over 16 weeks with safety monitored to 21 weeks. Exploratory immunological analyses were performed at pre-dose, Week 21 and Month 18 after treatment. RESULTS PVX108 induced negligible activation of peanut-sensitised basophils. PVX108 was safe and well tolerated in peanut-allergic adults. There were no treatment-related hypersensitivity events or AEs of clinical concern. The only events occurring more frequently in active than placebo were mild injection site reactions. Exploratory immunological analyses revealed a decrease in the ratio of ST2+ Th2A:CCR6+ Th17-like cells within the peanut-reactive Th pool which strengthened following treatment. CONCLUSION This study supports the concept that PVX108 could provide a safe alternative to whole peanut immunotherapies and provides evidence of durable peanut-specific T-cell modulation. Translation of these findings to clinical efficacy in ongoing Phase 2 trials would provide important proof-of-concept for using peptides to treat food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid L Voskamp
- Aravax Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WhiteFox Science Consulting, Nelson, New Zealand
| | | | - Tracy Phan
- Aravax Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Judy Bingham
- Aravax Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Easington Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Hew
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jodie Abramovitch
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Larché
- Schroeder Allergy & Immunology Research Institute, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robyn E O'Hehir
- Aravax Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sara R Prickett
- Aravax Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Min J, Keswani T, LaHood NA, Lytle IR, Marini-Rapoport O, Andrieux L, Sneed SL, Edwards LL, Petrovich RM, Perera L, Pomés A, Pedersen LC, Patil SU, Mueller GA. Design of an Ara h 2 hypoallergen from conformational epitopes. Clin Exp Allergy 2024; 54:46-55. [PMID: 38168500 PMCID: PMC10843581 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse reactions are relatively common during peanut oral immunotherapy. To reduce the risk to the patient, some researchers have proposed modifying the allergen to reduce IgE reactivity, creating a putative hypoallergen. Analysis of recently cloned human IgG from patients treated with peanut immunotherapy suggested that there are three common conformational epitopes for the major peanut allergen Ara h 2. We sought to test if structural information on these epitopes could indicate mutagenesis targets for designing a hypoallergen and evaluated the reduction in IgE binding via immunochemistry and a mouse model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). METHODS X-ray crystallography characterized the conformational epitopes in detail, followed by mutational analysis of key residues to modify monoclonal antibody (mAb) and serum IgE binding, assessed by ELISA and biolayer interferometry. A designed Ara h 2 hypoallergen was tested for reduced vascularization in mouse PCA experiments using pooled peanut allergic patient serum. RESULTS A ternary crystal structure of Ara h 2 in complex with patient antibodies 13T1 and 13T5 was determined. Site-specific mutants were designed that reduced 13T1, 13T5, and 22S1 mAbs binding by orders of magnitude. By combining designed mutations from the three major conformational bins, a hexamutant (Ara h 2 E46R, E89R, E97R, E114R, Q146A, R147E) was created that reduced IgE binding in serum from allergic patients. Further, in the PCA model where mice were primed with peanut allergic patient serum, reactivity upon allergen challenge was significantly decreased using the hexamutant. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that prior knowledge of common conformational epitopes can be used to engineer reduced IgE reactivity, an important first step in hypoallergen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungki Min
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
| | - Tarun Keswani
- Center for Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole A. LaHood
- Center for Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle R. Lytle
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
| | - Orlee Marini-Rapoport
- Center for Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Léna Andrieux
- Center for Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69342 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sunny L. Sneed
- Center for Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori L. Edwards
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
| | - Robert M. Petrovich
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
| | - Lalith Perera
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
| | | | - Lars C. Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
| | - Sarita U. Patil
- Center for Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
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Geng Q, Zhang Y, Song M, Zhou X, Tang Y, Wu Z, Chen H. Allergenicity of peanut allergens and its dependence on the structure. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1058-1081. [PMID: 36624611 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are a global food safety problem. Peanut allergies are common due, in part, to their popular utilization in the food industry. Peanut allergy is typically an immunoglobulin E-mediated reaction, and peanuts contain 17 allergens belonging to different families in peanut. In this review, we first introduce the mechanisms and management of peanut allergy, followed by the basic structures of associated allergens. Subsequently, we summarize methods of epitope localization for peanut allergens. These methods can be instrumental in speeding up the discovery of allergenicity-dependent structures. Many attempts have been made to decrease the allergenicity of peanuts. The structures of hypoallergens, which are manufactured during processing, were analyzed to strengthen the desensitization process and allergen immunotherapy. The identification of conformational epitopes is the bottleneck in both peanut and food allergies. Further, the identification and modification of such epitopes will lead to improved strategies for managing and preventing peanut allergy. Combining traditional wet chemistry research with structure simulation studies will help in the epitopes' localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Zhou X, Ren L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li X, Yang A, Tong P, Wu Z, Chen H. Effect of Structural Targeted Modifications on the Potential Allergenicity of Peanut Allergen Ara h 2. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:836-845. [PMID: 36574959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein structure affects allergenicity, and critical structural elements, especially conformational epitopes that determine allergenicity, have attracted a great deal of interest. In this study, we aimed to identify the localized structure that affects the potential allergenicity of protein by making targeted modifications of Ara h 2 and comparing the structure and allergenicity of mutants with those of the wide-type allergen. The structures of the allergen and its mutants were characterized by circular dichroism and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and simulated by molecular dynamics. The allergenicity was assessed by Western blotting, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a cell model, and a mouse model. Then, the structures that affect allergenicity were analyzed and screened. Our results showed that mutations in amino acids changed the nearby localized structure and the overall structures. The structural changes affected the IgE binding capacity of the allergen and reduced its potential allergenicity. The solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of aromatic residues was positively correlated with the IgE binding capacity. The integrity of the disulfide bond is also critical for the binding of IgE to allergens. Interestingly, different mutations induced similar electrostatic potential and allergenicity changes, such as localized structure R62DPYSPSQDPYSPS75. In conclusion, the disulfide bond and the SASA of aromatic residues are important for the allergenicity of Ara h 2. The localized structure R62DPYSPSQDPYSPS75 is also crucial for the allergenicity of Ara h 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Linmei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Laboratory Animal Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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Lewis SA, Peters B. T-cell epitope discovery and single-cell technologies to advance food allergy research. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:15-20. [PMID: 36411114 PMCID: PMC9825656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is good evidence for a role of T cells in food allergy, but there is a lack of mechanistic understanding and phenotypic markers of the specific T cells contributing to pathology. Recent technologic advancements have allowed for a new experimental paradigm where we can find and pull out rare antigen-specific T cells and characterize them at the single-cell level. However, studies in infectious disease and broader allergy have shown that these techniques benefit greatly from precisely defined T-cell epitopes. Food allergens have fewer epitopes currently available, but it is growing and promises to overcome this gap. With growing use of this experimental design, it will be important to unbiasedly map T-cell phenotypes across food allergy and look for commonalities and contrasts to other allergic and infectious diseases. Once a pathologic phenotype for T cells has been established, the frequencies of these cells can be monitored with simpler techniques that could be applied to the clinic and used in diagnosis, prediction of treatment responsiveness, and discovery of targets for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloan A Lewis
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
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7
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Fuhrmann V, Huang HJ, Akarsu A, Shilovskiy I, Elisyutina O, Khaitov M, van Hage M, Linhart B, Focke-Tejkl M, Valenta R, Sekerel BE. From Allergen Molecules to Molecular Immunotherapy of Nut Allergy: A Hard Nut to Crack. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742732. [PMID: 34630424 PMCID: PMC8496898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanuts and tree nuts are two of the most common elicitors of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy. Nut allergy is frequently associated with systemic reactions and can lead to potentially life-threatening respiratory and circulatory symptoms. Furthermore, nut allergy usually persists throughout life. Whether sensitized patients exhibit severe and life-threatening reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis), mild and/or local reactions (e.g., pollen-food allergy syndrome) or no relevant symptoms depends much on IgE recognition of digestion-resistant class I food allergens, IgE cross-reactivity of class II food allergens with respiratory allergens and clinically not relevant plant-derived carbohydrate epitopes, respectively. Accordingly, molecular allergy diagnosis based on the measurement of allergen-specific IgE levels to allergen molecules provides important information in addition to provocation testing in the diagnosis of food allergy. Molecular allergy diagnosis helps identifying the genuinely sensitizing nuts, it determines IgE sensitization to class I and II food allergen molecules and hence provides a basis for personalized forms of treatment such as precise prescription of diet and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Currently available forms of nut-specific AIT are based only on allergen extracts, have been mainly developed for peanut but not for other nuts and, unlike AIT for respiratory allergies which utilize often subcutaneous administration, are given preferentially by the oral route. Here we review prevalence of allergy to peanut and tree nuts in different populations of the world, summarize knowledge regarding the involved nut allergen molecules and current AIT approaches for nut allergy. We argue that nut-specific AIT may benefit from molecular subcutaneous AIT (SCIT) approaches but identify also possible hurdles for such an approach and explain why molecular SCIT may be a hard nut to crack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fuhrmann
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huey-Jy Huang
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aysegul Akarsu
- Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Igor Shilovskiy
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Elisyutina
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University, Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bulent Enis Sekerel
- Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Landers JJ, O'Konek JJ. Vaccines as therapies for food allergies. Adv Pharmacol 2021; 91:229-258. [PMID: 34099110 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a growing public health epidemic with few available treatments beyond allergen avoidance and rescue medications for accidental exposures. A major focus of therapeutic development for food allergies is allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) in which patients are exposed to increasing amounts of allergen in controlled dosing to induce desensitization or tolerance. The work of the past few decades has culminated in the recent FDA approval of a peanut product for oral AIT for peanut allergies. Despite these advances, current AIT protocols are cumbersome, take a long time to reach clinical benefit and often have significant side effects. Therefore, there is a great need to develop new therapeutics for food allergy. One area of research aims to improve AIT through the use of adjuvants which are substances traditionally added to vaccines to stimulate or direct a specific immune response. Adjuvants that induce Th1-polarized and regulatory immune responses while suppressing Th2 immunity have shown the most promise in animal models. The addition of adjuvants to AIT may reduce the amount and frequency of allergen required to achieve clinical benefit and may induce more long-lasting immune responses. In this chapter, we highlight examples of adjuvanted AIT and vaccines in development to treat food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Landers
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jessica J O'Konek
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Abstract
Hypersensitivity or an allergy to chicken egg proteins is a predominant symptomatic condition affecting 1 in 20 children in Australia; however, an effective form of therapy has not yet been found. This occurs as the immune system of the allergic individual overreacts when in contact with egg allergens (egg proteins), triggering a complex immune response. The subsequent instantaneous inflammatory immune response is characterized by the excessive production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against the allergen, T-cell mediators and inflammation. Current allergen-specific approaches to egg allergy diagnosis and treatment lack consistency and therefore pose safety concerns among anaphylactic patients. Immunotherapy has thus far been found to be the most efficient way to treat and relieve symptoms, this includes oral immunotherapy (OIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). A major limitation in immunotherapy, however, is the difficulty in preparing effective and safe extracts from natural allergen sources. Advances in molecular techniques allow for the production of safe and standardized recombinant and hypoallergenic egg variants by targeting the IgE-binding epitopes responsible for clinical allergic symptoms. Site-directed mutagenesis can be performed to create such safe hypoallergens for their potential use in future methods of immunotherapy, providing a feasible standardized therapeutic approach to target egg allergies safely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong 3216 VIC, Australia;
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10
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Li J, Li Z, Kong D, Li S, Yu Y, Li H. IgE and IgG4 responses to shrimp allergen tropomyosin and its epitopes in patients from coastal areas of northern China. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:371-379. [PMID: 32319635 PMCID: PMC7248481 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization to allergens and their peptides varies among patients due to geographical or ethnic differences. The present study aimed to investigate immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG4 responses to tropomyosin and its peptides in shrimp allergic patients from northern China. A total of 92 subjects were studied, including 35 shrimp allergic patients, 29 patients with house dust mite (HDM) and/or cockroach allergic patients and 28 healthy volunteers. Serum IgE and IgG4 antibodies to recombinant shrimp tropomyosin (rPen a 1) and its peptides were measured by means of a light-initiated chemiluminescent assay. A total of 9 major sequential epitopes of Pen a 1 reported in the literature were synthesized. Of 35 shrimp allergic patients, 25 (71.4%) had positive Pen 1-specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies and 22 (62.9%) contained measurable rPen a 1-specific IgG4 (sIgG4) antibodies. A strong IgG4 response accompanied the presence of IgE to Pen a 1. None of the patients with HDM and/or cockroach allergy demonstrated IgE reactivity to rPen a 1. The reaction frequency of IgE binding epitope was 20–48%, while that of IgG4 binding epitope was 63.6–3.9%. The IgE and IgG4 recognition patterns of the tropomyosin peptides demonstrated high interpatient heterogeneity. Diversity of IgE binding epitopes was positively correlated with Pen a 1 sIgE levels. In the study population, tropomyosin was a major allergen recognized by the majority of shrimp allergic patients, which is consistent with previous reports. However, none of the 9 epitopes are major (reaction frequency >50%) IgE-binding regions, indicating the epitopes profile may be different in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpu Li
- The Clinical Laboratory of Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300222, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Port Hospital, Tianjin 300456, P.R. China
| | - Shaoshen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin 300120, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Huiqiang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
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Hilu KW, Friend SA, Vallanadu V, Brown AM, Hollingsworth LR 4th, Bevan DR. Molecular evolution of genes encoding allergen proteins in the peanuts genus Arachis: Structural and functional implications. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222440. [PMID: 31675366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are severe immune responses to plant and animal products mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are among the top 15 crops that feed the world. However, peanuts is among the “big eight food allergens”, and allergies induced by peanuts are a significant public health problem and a life-threatening concern. Targeted mutation studies in peanuts demonstrate that single residue alterations in these allergen proteins could result in substantial reduction in allergenicity. Knowledge of peanut allergen proteins is confined to the allotetraploid crop and its two progenitors. We explored frequencies and positions of natural mutations in the hyperallergenic homologues Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 in newly generated sequences for 24 Arachis wild species and the crop species, assessed potential mutational impact on allergenicity using immunoblots and structural modeling, and evaluated whether these mutations follow evolutionary trends. We uncovered a wealth of natural mutations, both substitutions and gaps, including the elimination of immunodominant epitopes in some species. These molecular alterations appear to be associated with substantial reductions in allergenicity. The study demonstrated that Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 follow contrasting modes of natural selection and opposing mutational patterns, particularly in epitope regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a progressive trend towards immunodominant epitope evolution in Ara h 2. The findings provide valuable insight into the interactions among mutations, protein structure and immune system response, thus presenting a valuable platform for future manipulation of allergens to minimize, treat or eliminate allergenicity. The study strongly encourages exploration of genepools of economically important plants in allergenicity research.
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Tscheppe A, Palmberger D, van Rijt L, Kalic T, Mayr V, Palladino C, Kitzmüller C, Hemmer W, Hafner C, Bublin M, van Ree R, Grabherr R, Radauer C, Breiteneder H. Development of a novel Ara h 2 hypoallergen with no IgE binding or anaphylactogenic activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:229-238. [PMID: 31525384 PMCID: PMC7100897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background To date, no safe allergen-specific immunotherapy for patients with peanut allergy is available. Previous trials were associated with severe side effects. Objective We sought to determine the relative importance of conformational and linear IgE-binding epitopes of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 and to produce a hypoallergenic variant with abolished anaphylactogenic activity. Methods Wild-type Ara h 2 and a mutant lacking the loops containing linear IgE epitopes were produced in insect cells. Conformational IgE epitopes were removed by unfolding these proteins through reduction and alkylation. IgE binding was tested by means of ELISA with sera from 48 Ara h 2–sensitized patients with peanut allergy. Basophil activation and T-cell proliferation were tested with blood samples from selected patients. Anaphylactogenic potency was tested by using intraperitoneal challenge of mice sensitized intragastrically to peanut extract. Results Patients’ IgE recognized conformational and linear epitopes in a patient-specific manner. The unfolded mutant lacking both types of epitopes displayed significantly lower IgE binding (median ELISA OD, 0.03; interquartile range, 0.01-0.06) than natural Ara h 2 (median ELISA OD, 0.99; interquartile range, 0.90-1.03; P < .01). Basophil activation by unfolded mutant Ara h 2 was low (median area under the curve, 72 vs 138 for native wild-type Ara h 2; P < .05), but its ability to induce T-cell proliferation was retained. Unfolded mutants without conformational epitopes did not induce anaphylaxis in peanut-sensitized mice. Conclusions By removing conformational and linear IgE epitopes, a hypoallergenic Ara h 2 mutant with abolished IgE binding and anaphylactogenic potency but retained T-cell activation was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Tscheppe
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Palmberger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonie van Rijt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Mayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Palladino
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Kitzmüller
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St Pölten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St Pölten, and the Karl Landsteiner Institute for Dermatological Research, St Pölten, Austria
| | - Merima Bublin
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Radauer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Volpicella M, Leoni C, Dileo MCG, Ceci LR. Progress in the Analysis of Food Allergens through Molecular Biology Approaches. Cells 2019; 8:E1073. [PMID: 31547388 PMCID: PMC6770348 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergies associated with class E immunoglobulins (IgE) are a serious health problem that affects between 1% and 10% of the population of developing countries, with a variability that depends on the geographical area and age range considered. These allergies are caused by a cross-link reaction between a specific food protein (the allergen) and the host IgE. Allergic reactions can range from mild itching to anaphylactic shock and there are no clues to predict the effects of an allergen. Strict avoidance of allergenic food is the only way to avoid possible serious allergic reactions. In the last 30 years a growing number of molecular studies have been conducted to obtain information on the diffusion of food allergens and to establish the structural basis of their allergenicity. At the same time, these studies have also allowed the development of molecular tools (mainly based on synthetic peptides and recombinant allergens) that can be of great help for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of food allergies. Accordingly, this review focuses on advances in the study of food allergens made possible by molecular technologies and how results and technologies can be integrated for the development of a systematic food molecular allergology. The review may be of interest both to scientists approaching this field of investigation and to physicians who wish to have an update on the progress of research in diagnosis and therapy of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- Institute of Bioenergetics, Biomembranes and Molecular Biotechnologies, Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Claudia Leoni
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria C G Dileo
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Luigi R Ceci
- Institute of Bioenergetics, Biomembranes and Molecular Biotechnologies, Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Mei XJ, Li MS, Yang Y, Liu M, Mao HY, Zhang ML, Cao MJ, Liu GM. Reducing Allergenicity to Arginine Kinase from Mud Crab Using Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Peptide Aptamers. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:4958-4966. [PMID: 30966750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mud crab ( Scylla paramamosain) is widely consumed but can cause a severe food allergic reaction. To reduce allergenicity to arginine kinase (AK), site-directed mutagenesis was used to destroy disulfide bonds or mutate critical amino acids of conformational epitopes. Three hypoallergenic mutant AKs (mAK1, mAK2, and mAK3) were generated, with the immunoreactivity decreasing by 54.2, 40.1, and 71.4%, respectively. In comparison to recombinant AK (rAK), the structure of mAKs was clearly changed. Additionally, antisense peptides were designed on the basis of linear epitopes and pepsin-cutting sites of AK. Five peptide aptamers were screened by molecular docking and then analyzed by the immunoglobulin E inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and human Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 2 mast cell degranulation assay. The peptide aptamers could significantly inhibit allergenicity of rAK and mAKs, and the inhibitory effect of peptide aptamer 3 was slightly better than the others. These results provide synergistic methods to reduce allergenicity to AK, which could be applied to other shellfish allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Mei
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Si Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Environment and Public Health , Xiamen Huaxia University , Xiamen , Fujian 361024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Mao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Li Zhang
- Xiamen Medical College Affiliated Second Hospital , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , People's Republic of China
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Food allergy is a growing health problem worldwide that impacts millions of individuals. Current treatment options are limited and strict dietary avoidance remains the standard of care. Immunotherapy using whole, native allergens is under active clinical investigation but harbors the risk of severe side effects including anaphylaxis. Newer food-specific therapies with hypoallergenic proteins may potentially offer safer treatment alternatives, and this review seeks to investigate the evidence supporting the use of these modalities. RECENT FINDINGS The utilization of different methods to alter allergen structure and IgE binding leads to reduced allergenicity and decreases the risk for systemic reactions, making the use of potential therapies including extensively heated egg/milk, peptide immunotherapy, recombinant allergen immunotherapy, and DNA vaccines safe and possibly efficacious forms of treatment in food allergy. However, for the majority of these treatment modalities, limited data currently exists looking at the safety and efficacy in human subjects with food allergy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence examining the safety and efficacy of hypoallergenic proteins in the treatment of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanna Yang
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3330 Thurston Building, CB# 7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA.
| | - Mike Kulis
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3330 Thurston Building, CB# 7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA
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16
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Lv Y, Fu J, Jia Q, Che D, Lin Y, Han S, He L. Accurate quantification of β-hexosaminidase released from laboratory of allergic diseases 2 cells via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1578:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Liu GY, Mei XJ, Hu MJ, Yang Y, Liu M, Li MS, Zhang ML, Cao MJ, Liu GM. Analysis of the Allergenic Epitopes of Tropomyosin from Mud Crab Using Phage Display and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:9127-9137. [PMID: 30107732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mud crab ( Scylla serrata), which is widely consumed, can cause severe allergic symptoms. Eight linear epitopes and seven conformational epitopes of tropomyosin (TM) from S. serrata were identified using phage display. The conformational epitopes were formed based on the coiled-coil structure of TM. Most of the epitopes were located in the regions where primary structures were conserved among crustacean TM. Twelve synthetic peptides were designed according to the epitopes and trypsin-cutting sites of TM, among them, three synthetic peptides (including one linear epitope and two conformational epitopes) were recognized by all of the patient sera using inhibitory dot blotting. A triple-variant (R90A-E164A-Y267A) was constructed based on the critical amino acids of the TM epitope. The IgE-binding activity of the triple-variant was significantly reduced compared with that of native TM. The results of phage display and site-directed mutagenesis offered new information regarding conformational epitopes of TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yu Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian China
| | - Xue-Jiao Mei
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian China
| | - Meng-Jun Hu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian China
| | - Meng-Si Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian China
| | - Ming-Li Zhang
- Xiamen Second Hospital , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian China
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18
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Abstract
Peanut allergens have the potential to negatively impact on the health and quality of life of millions of consumers worldwide. The seeds of the peanut plant Arachis hypogaea contain an array of allergens that are able to induce the production of specific IgE antibodies in predisposed individuals. A lot of effort has been focused on obtaining the sequences and structures of these allergens due to the high health risk they represent. At present, 16 proteins present in peanuts are officially recognized as allergens. Research has also focused on their in-depth immunological characterization as well as on the design of modified hypoallergenic derivatives for potential use in clinical studies and the formulation of strategies for immunotherapy. Detailed research protocols are available for the purification of natural allergens as well as their recombinant production in bacterial, yeast, insect, and algal cells. Purified allergen molecules are now routinely used in diagnostic multiplex protein arrays for the detection of the presence of allergen-specific IgE. This review gives an overview on the wealth of knowledge that is available on individual peanut allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palladino
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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20
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21
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Zhao L, Zhao L, Zhang B, Robotham JM, Roux KH, Tang H. Identification of a common Ara h 3 epitope recognized by both the capture and the detection monoclonal antibodies in an ELISA detection kit. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182935. [PMID: 28800361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy to peanuts has become a common and severe problem, especially in westernized countries. In this study, we evaluated the target and epitope specificity of the capture and detection mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used in a commercial peanut allergen detection platform. We first identified the target of these antibodies as Ara h 3 and then used an overlapping peptide array of Ara h 3 to determine the antibody-binding epitopes. Further amino acids critical for the binding via alanine substitutions at individual amino acid residues within the epitope were mapped. Finally, inhibition ELISA and inhibition immunoblotting using a recombinant Ara h 3 protein were performed to confirm these results. Surprisingly, the capture and detection mAbs showed identical binding characteristics and were presumed to represent two isolates of the same clone, a notion supported by both isoelectric focusing electrophoresis and Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry experiments. The simultaneous binding of a pair of identical mAbs to an individual allergen such as Ara h3 is attributed to the multivalency of the analyte and has implications for developing diagnostic assays for additional multimeric allergens.
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Abstract
The years 1988-1995 witnessed the beginning of allergen cloning and the generation of recombinant allergens, which opened up new avenues for the diagnosis and research of human allergic diseases. Most crystal and solution structures of allergens have been obtained using recombinant allergens. Structural information on allergens allows insights into their evolutionary biology, illustrates clinically observed cross-reactivities, and makes the design of hypoallergenic derivatives for allergy vaccines possible. Recombinant allergens are widely used in molecule-based allergy diagnosis such as protein microarrays or suspension arrays. Recombinant technologies have been used to produce well-characterized, noncontaminated vaccine components with known biological activities including a variety of allergen derivatives with reduced IgE reactivity. Such recombinant hypoallergens as well as wild-type recombinant allergens have been used successfully in several immunotherapy trials for more than a decade to treat birch and grass pollen allergy. As a more recent application, the development of antibody repertoires directed against conformational epitopes during immunotherapy has been monitored by recombinant allergen chimeras. Although much progress has been made, the number and quality of recombinant allergens will undoubtedly increase and keep improving our knowledge in basic scientific investigations, diagnosis, and therapy of human allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Tscheppe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Anzengruber J, Bublin M, Bönisch E, Janesch B, Tscheppe A, Braun ML, Varga EM, Hafner C, Breiteneder H, Schäffer C. Lactobacillus buchneri S-layer as carrier for an Ara h 2-derived peptide for peanut allergen-specific immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:81-88. [PMID: 28212503 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is an IgE-mediated severe hypersensitivity disorder. The lack of a treatment of this potentially fatal allergy has led to intensive research on vaccine development. Here, we describe the design and initial characterization of a carrier-bound peptide derived from the most potent peanut allergen, Ara h 2, as a candidate vaccine. Based on the adjuvant capability of bacterial surface (S-) layers, a fusion protein of the S-layer protein SlpB from Lactobacillus buchneri CD034 and the Ara h 2-derived peptide AH3a42 was produced. This peptide comprised immunodominant B-cell epitopes as well as one T cell epitope. The fusion protein SlpB-AH3a42 was expressed in E. coli, purified, and tested for its IgE binding capacity as well as for its ability to activate sensitized rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cells. The capacity of Ara h 2-specific IgG rabbit-antibodies raised against SlpB-AH3a42 or Ara h 2 to inhibit IgE-binding was determined by ELISA inhibition assays using sera of peanut allergic patients sensitized to Ara h 2. IgE specific to the SlpB-AH3a42 fusion protein was detected in 69% (25 of 36) of the sera. Despite the recognition by IgE, the SlpB-AH3a42 fusion protein was unable to induce β-hexosaminidase release from sensitized RBL cells at concentrations up to 100ng per ml. The inhibition of IgE-binding to the natural allergen observed after pre-incubation of the 20 sera with rabbit anti-SlpB-AH3a42 IgG was more than 30% for four sera, more than 20% for eight sera, and below 10% for eight sera. In comparison, anti-Ara h 2 rabbit IgG antibodies inhibited binding to Ara h 2 by 48% ±13.5%. Our data provide evidence for the feasibility of this novel approach towards the development of a peanut allergen peptide-based carrier-bound vaccine. Our experiments further indicate that more than one allergen-peptide will be needed to induce a broader protection of patients allergic to Ara h 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Anzengruber
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Bönisch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Janesch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Tscheppe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias L Braun
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Varga
- Department of Pediatrics, Respiratory and Allergic Disease Division, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Pölten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Propst-Führer-Strasse 4, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Berglund JP, Szczepanski N, Penumarti A, Beavers A, Kesselring J, Orgel K, Burnett B, Burks AW, Kulis M. Preparation and Analysis of Peanut Flour Used in Oral Immunotherapy Clinical Trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017; 5:1098-1104. [PMID: 28132800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is an investigational therapeutic approach for the treatment of food allergies. Characterization of the drug product used in oral immunotherapy trials for peanut allergy has not been reported. OBJECTIVE To quantify relative amounts of the major peanut allergens and microbial load present in peanut flour used in OIT trials and assess whether these parameters change over a 12-month period. We also anticipate that this report will serve as a guide for investigators seeking to conduct OIT trials under Food and Drug Administration-approved Investigational New Drug applications. METHODS Densitometric scanning of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 resolved on SDS-PAGE gels was used to assess allergen content in peanut flour extracts. Microbial testing was conducted on peanut flour under US Pharmacopeia guidelines for the presence of Escherichia coli, salmonella, yeast, mold, and total aerobic bacteria. In addition, aflatoxin was quantified in peanut flour. Reported results were obtained from 4 unique lots of peanut flour. RESULTS Relative amounts of the major peanut allergens were similar between different lots of peanut flour and remained stable over a 12-month period. E coli and salmonella were absent from all lots of flour. Yeast, mold, total aerobic bacteria, and aflatoxin were within established US Pharmacopeia guidelines on all lots tested and remained within the criteria over a 12-month period. CONCLUSIONS Peanut flour used as a drug product contains the major peanut allergens and has low levels of potentially harmful microbes. Both these parameters remain stable over a 12-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena P Berglund
- Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nicole Szczepanski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anusha Penumarti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ayeshia Beavers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Janelle Kesselring
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kelly Orgel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bruce Burnett
- Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - A Wesley Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
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Mahler V. Definition und Design hypoallergener Nahrungsmittel. Allergo J 2015; 24:26-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-015-0942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kühne Y, Reese G, Ballmer-Weber BK, Niggemann B, Hanschmann KM, Vieths S, Holzhauser T. A Novel Multipeptide Microarray for the Specific and Sensitive Mapping of Linear IgE-Binding Epitopes of Food Allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 166:213-24. [PMID: 25924626 DOI: 10.1159/000381344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of B-cell epitopes of food allergens can possibly lead to novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic reagents for food allergy. We sought to develop a flexible, low-tech, cost-effective and reproducible multipeptide microarray for the research environment to enable large-scale screening of IgE epitopes of food allergens. METHODS Overlapping peptides (15-mer, 4 amino acid offset) covering the primary sequence of either peanut allergen Ara h 1 or all 3 subunits of the soybean allergen Gly m 5 were simultaneously synthesized in-house on a porous cellulose matrix. Identical peptide microarrays created with up to 384 duplicate peptide-cellulose microspots each were investigated for specificity and sensitivity in IgE immunodetection and in direct experimental comparison to the formerly established SPOT™ membrane technique. RESULTS The in-house microarray identified with 98% reproducibility the same IgE-binding peptides as the SPOT™ membrane technique. Additional IgE-binding peptides were identified using the microarray. While the sensitivity was increased between 2- and 20-fold, the amount of human serum required was reduced by at least two thirds over the SPOT™ membrane technique using the microarray. After subtraction of the potential background, we did not observe non-specific binding to the presented peptides on microarray. CONCLUSIONS The novel peptide microarray allows simple and cost-effective screening for potential epitopes of large allergenic legume seed storage proteins, and it could be adapted for other food allergens as well, to study allergenic epitopes at the individual subject level in large paediatric and adult study groups of food allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kühne
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Peanut allergy is an IgE-mediated, persisting immune disorder that is of major concern worldwide. Currently, no routine immunotherapy is available to treat this often severe and sometimes fatal food allergy. Traditional subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy with crude peanut extracts has proven not feasible due to the high risk of severe systemic side effects. The allergen-specific approaches under preclinical and clinical investigation comprise subcutaneous, oral, sublingual and epicutaneous immunotherapy with whole-peanut extracts as well as applications of hypoallergenic peanut allergens or T cell epitope peptides. Allergen-nonspecific approaches include monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies, TCM herbal formulations and Toll-like receptor 9-based immunotherapy. The potential of genetically engineered plants with reduced allergen levels is being explored as well as the beneficial influence of lactic acid bacteria and soybean isoflavones on peanut allergen-induced symptoms. Although the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated, several of these strategies hold great promise. It can be estimated that individual strategies or a combination thereof will result in a successful immunotherapy regime for peanut-allergic individuals within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Verma AK, Kumar S, Sharma A, Kumar D, Roy R, Gupta RK, Chaudhari BP, Giridhar B, Das M, Dwivedi PD. Allergic manifestation by black gram (Vigna mungo) proteins in allergic patients, BALB/c mice and RBL-2H3 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Peanut seeds are currently widely used as source of human food ingredients in the United States of America and in European countries due to their high quality protein and oil content. This article describes the classification and molecular biology of peanut seed allergens with particular reference to their cross-reactivities. Currently, the IUIS allergen nomenclature subcommittee accepts 12 peanut allergens. Two allergens belong to the cupin and four to the prolamin superfamily, and six are distributed among profilins, Bet v 1-like proteins, oleosins, and defensins. Clinical observations frequently report an association of peanut allergy with allergies to legumes, tree nuts, seeds, fruits and pollen. Molecular cross-reactivity has been described between members of the Bet v 1-like proteins, the non-specific lipid transfer proteins, and the profilins. This review also addresses the less well-studied cross-reactivity between cupin and prolamin allergens of peanuts and of other plant food sources and the recently discovered cross-reactivity between peanut allergens of unrelated protein families.
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30
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Kumar S, Sharma A, Neelabh, Singh G, Verma AK, Roy R, Gupta R, Misra A, Tripathi A, Ansari KM, Das M, Shanker R, Dwivedi PD. Allergenic responses of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Millsp) proteins can be vitiated by induction of oral tolerance due to single acute dose in BALB/c mice. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Kumar S, Verma AK, Sharma A, Kumar D, Tripathi A, Chaudhari B, Das M, Jain S, Dwivedi PD. Phytohemagglutinins augment red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) induced allergic manifestations. J Proteomics 2013; 93:50-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pascal M, Konstantinou GN, Masilamani M, Lieberman J, Sampson HA. In silico prediction of Ara h 2 T cell epitopes in peanut-allergic children. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:116-27. [PMID: 23278886 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the frequency and severity of peanut allergy, the only approved treatment is strict avoidance. Different types of immunotherapy with crude peanut extract are not universally effective and have been associated with relatively high adverse reaction rates. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether in silico predictive algorithms were useful in identifying candidate peptides for an Ara h 2 peptide-based vaccine using peanut-allergic patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. A human leucocyte antigen (HLA) distribution analysis was also performed. METHODS Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class II-binding peptides were predicted using NetMHCIIpan-2.0 and NetMHCII-2.2 algorithms. PBMCs from 80 peanut-allergic patients were stimulated with overlapping 20-mer Ara h 2 peptides. Cell supernatant cytokine profiles were evaluated by multiplex assays. HLA-DRB1* and HLA-DQB1* typing were performed. RESULTS Four regions of overlapping sequences induced PBMC proliferation and predominant Th2 cytokine production. HLA genotyping showed 30 different DRB1* allele specificities and eight DQ serological specificities. The in silico analysis revealed similar relevant regions and predicted identical or similar core 9-mer epitopes to those identified in vitro. If relevant peptides, as determined by either in vitro or in silico analysis (15 peptides and 9 core epitopes respectively), were used in a peptide-based vaccine, they would cover virtually all subjects in the cohort studied. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Four dominant regions in Ara h 2 have been identified, containing sequences that could serve as potential candidates for peptide-based immunotherapy. MHC-class II-based T cell epitope prediction algorithms for HLA-DR and -DQ loci accurately predicted Ara h 2 T cell epitopes in peanut-allergic subjects, suggesting their potential utility in a peptide-based vaccine design for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pascal
- Division of Allergy & Immunology and The Jaffe Food Allergy Research Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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33
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Kumar S, Sharma A, Verma AK, Chaudhari B, Das M, Jain S, Dwivedi PD. Allergenicity potential of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proteins in orally treated BALB/c mice and passively sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. Cell Immunol 2013; 284:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Bublin M, Kostadinova M, Radauer C, Hafner C, Szépfalusi Z, Varga E, Maleki SJ, Hoffmann-sommergruber K, Breiteneder H. IgE cross-reactivity between the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 and the nonhomologous allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 3. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:118-124.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wood RA, Sicherer SH, Burks AW, Grishin A, Henning AK, Lindblad R, Stablein D, Sampson HA. A phase 1 study of heat/phenol-killed, E. coli-encapsulated, recombinant modified peanut proteins Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 (EMP-123) for the treatment of peanut allergy. Allergy 2013; 68:803-8. [PMID: 23621498 DOI: 10.1111/all.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy for peanut allergy may be limited by the risk of adverse reactions. OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and immunologic effects of a vaccine containing modified peanut proteins. METHODS This was a phase 1 trial of EMP-123, a rectally administered suspension of recombinant Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3, modified by amino acid substitutions at major IgE-binding epitopes, encapsulated in heat/phenol-killed E. coli. Five healthy adults were treated with 4 weekly escalating doses after which 10 peanut-allergic adults received weekly dose escalations over 10 weeks from 10 mcg to 3063 mcg, followed by three biweekly doses of 3063 mcg. RESULTS There were no significant adverse effects in the healthy volunteers. Of the 10 peanut-allergic subjects [4 with intermittent asthma, median peanut IgE 33.3 kUA /l (7.2-120.2), and median peanut skin prick test wheal 11.3 mm (6.5-18)]; four experienced no symptoms; one had mild rectal symptoms; and the remaining five experienced adverse reactions preventing completion of dosing. Two were categorized as mild, but the remaining three were more severe, including one moderate reaction and two anaphylactic reactions. Baseline peanut IgE was significantly higher in the five reactive subjects (median 82.4 vs 17.2 kUA /l, P = 0.032), as was baseline anti-Ara h 2 IgE (43.3 versus 8.3, P = 0.036). Peanut skin test titration and basophil activation (at a single dilution) were significantly reduced after treatment, but no significant changes were detected for total IgE, peanut IgE, or peanut IgG4. CONCLUSIONS Rectal administration of EMP-123 resulted in frequent adverse reactions, including severe allergic reactions in 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore; MD
| | - S. H. Sicherer
- Department of Pediatrics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York; NY
| | - A. W. Burks
- Department of Pediatrics; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill; NC
| | - A. Grishin
- Department of Pediatrics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York; NY
| | | | | | | | - H. A. Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York; NY
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36
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Abstract
Food allergy continues to be a challenging health problem, with prevalence continuing to increase and anaphylaxis still an unpredictable possibility. While improvements in diagnosis are more accurately identifying affected individuals, treatment options remain limited. The cornerstone of treatment relies on strict avoidance of the offending allergens and education regarding management of allergic reactions. Despite vigilance in avoidance, accidental ingestions and reactions continue to occur. With recent advances in the understanding of humoral and cellular immune responses in food allergy and mechanisms of tolerance, several therapeutic strategies for food allergies are currently being investigated with the hopes of providing a cure or long-term remission from food allergy.
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Abstract
The identification of B-cell epitopes is an important step to study the antigen- antibody interactions for diagnosis and therapy. The present study aimed to identify B- cell epitopes of osmotin using bioinformatic tools and further modify these regions to study the allergenic property. B-cell epitopes were predicted based on amino acid physicochemical properties. Three single point mutations M1, M2, and M3 and a multiple point mutant (M123) were selected to disrupt the IgE binding. These mutants were cloned, expressed and proteins purified to homogeneity. The IgE binding of the purified proteins was evaluated by ELISA and ELISA inhibition with patients' sera. Three regions of osmotin M1 (57–70 aa), M2 (72–85 aa) and M3 (147–165 aa) were identified as potential antibody recognition sites using in silico tools. The sequence similarity search of the predicted epitopes of osmotin using Structural Database of Allergenic proteins (SDAP) showed similarity with known allergens from tomato, kiwifruit, bell pepper, apple, mountain cedar and cypress. Mutants M1, M2 and M3 showed up to 72%, 60% and 76% reduction, respectively in IgE binding whereas M123 showed up to 90% reduction with patients' sera. The immunoblot of M123 mutant showed 40% reduction in spot density as compared to osmotin. All mutants showed decreased inhibition potency with M123 exhibiting lowest potency of 32% with osmotin positive pooled patients' sera. The three B- cell epitopes of osmotin predicted by in silico method correlated with the experimental approach. The mutant M123 showed a reduction of 90% in IgE binding. The present method may be employed for prediction of B- cell epitopes of allergenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Sharma
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra Nath Gaur
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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38
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Abstract
Food allergy poses a significant burden on patients, families, health care providers, and the medical system. The increased prevalence of food allergy has brought about investigation as to its cause and new treatments. Currently, the only treatment available is to avoid the food and symptomatically treat any reactions. There are multiple clinical and murine models of food allergy treatment that use allergen specific and nonspecific pathways. Allergen specific treatments use mucosal antigen exposure as a method of inducing desensitization and tolerance. Allergen nonspecific methods act via a more global TH2 suppressive mechanism and may be useful for those patients with multiple food allergies.
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Abstract
Food allergy affects 3.9% of US children and is increasing in prevalence. The current standard of care involves avoidance of the triggering food and treatment for accidental ingestions. While there is no current curative treatment, there are a number of therapeutic strategies under investigation. Allergen specific therapies include oral and sublingual immunotherapy with native food protein as well as recombinant food proteins. Allergen non-specific therapies include a Chinese herbal formula (FAHF-2) and the use of anti-IgE monoclonal antibody therapy. Although none of these treatments are ready for clinical use, these therapeutic strategies present promising options for the future of food allergy.
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Kulis M, Macqueen I, Li Y, Guo R, Zhong XP, Burks AW. Pepsinized cashew proteins are hypoallergenic and immunogenic and provide effective immunotherapy in mice with cashew allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:716-23. [PMID: 22795369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE-mediated allergic reactions to cashews and other nuts can trigger life-threatening anaphylaxis. Proactive therapies to decrease reaction severity do not exist. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the efficacy of pepsin-digested cashew proteins used as immunotherapy in a murine model of cashew allergy. METHODS Mice were sensitized to cashew and then underwent challenges with digested or native cashew allergens to assess the allergenicity of the protein preparations. Using native or pepsinized cashew proteins, mice underwent oral or intraperitoneal sensitization protocols to determine the immunogenic properties of the protein preparations. Finally, cashew-sensitized mice underwent an immunotherapy protocol with native or pepsinized cashew proteins and subsequent provocation challenges. RESULTS Pepsinized cashew proteins elicited weaker allergic reactions than native cashew proteins but importantly retained the ability to stimulate cellular proliferation and cytokine production. Mice sensitized with pepsinized proteins reacted on challenge with native allergens, demonstrating that pepsinized allergens retain immunogenicity in vivo. Immunotherapy with pepsinized cashew allergens significantly decreased allergic symptoms and body temperature decrease relative to placebo after challenge with native and pepsinized proteins. Immunologic changes were comparable after immunotherapy with native or pepsinized allergens: T(H)2-type cytokine secretion from splenocytes was decreased, whereas specific IgG(1) and IgG(2a) levels were increased. CONCLUSIONS Pepsinized cashew proteins are effective in treating cashew allergy in mice and appear to work through the same mechanisms as native protein immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Kulis
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Hazebrouck S, Guillon B, Drumare MF, Paty E, Wal JM, Bernard H. Trypsin resistance of the major peanut allergen Ara h 6 and allergenicity of the digestion products are abolished after selective disruption of disulfide bonds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:548-57. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Hazebrouck
- INRA, UR 496, Unité d’Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA/iBiTeC-S/SPI, CEA de Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Blanche Guillon
- INRA, UR 496, Unité d’Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA/iBiTeC-S/SPI, CEA de Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Marie-Françoise Drumare
- INRA, UR 496, Unité d’Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA/iBiTeC-S/SPI, CEA de Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Evelyne Paty
- Université Paris Descartes Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- INRA, UR 496, Unité d’Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA/iBiTeC-S/SPI, CEA de Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Hervé Bernard
- INRA, UR 496, Unité d’Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA/iBiTeC-S/SPI, CEA de Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Mueller GA, Gosavi RA, Pomés A, Wünschmann S, Moon AF, London RE, Pedersen LC. Ara h 2: crystal structure and IgE binding distinguish two subpopulations of peanut allergic patients by epitope diversity. Allergy 2011; 66:878-85. [PMID: 21255036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy affects 1% of the population and causes the most fatal food-related anaphylactic reactions. The protein Ara h 2 is the most potent peanut allergen recognized by 80-90% of peanut allergic patients. METHODS The crystal structure of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 was determined for the first time at 2.7 Å resolution using a customized maltose-binding protein (MBP)-fusion system. IgE antibody binding to the MBP fusion construct vs the natural allergen was compared by ELISA using sera from peanut allergic patients. RESULTS The structure of Ara h 2 is a five-helix bundle held together by four disulfide bonds and related to the prolamin protein superfamily. The fold is most similar to other amylase and trypsin inhibitors. The MBP--Ara h 2 fusion construct was positively recognized by IgE from 76% of allergic patients (25/33). Two populations of patients could be identified. Subpopulation 1 (n = 14) showed an excellent correlation of IgE antibody binding to natural vs recombinant Ara h 2. Subpopulation 2 (n = 15) showed significantly reduced IgE binding to the MBP fusion protein. Interestingly, about 20% of the IgE binding in subpopulation 2 could be recovered by increasing the distance between MBP and Ara h 2 in a second construct. DISCUSSION The reduced IgE binding to the MBP--Ara h 2 of subpopulation 2 indicates that the MBP molecule protects an immunodominant epitope region near the first helix of Ara h 2. Residues involved in the epitope(s) are suggested by the crystal structure. The MBP--Ara h 2 fusion constructs will be useful to further elucidate the relevance of certain epitopes to peanut allergy.
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MESH Headings
- 2S Albumins, Plant/chemistry
- 2S Albumins, Plant/genetics
- 2S Albumins, Plant/immunology
- 2S Albumins, Plant/metabolism
- Antigens, Plant/chemistry
- Antigens, Plant/genetics
- Antigens, Plant/immunology
- Antigens, Plant/metabolism
- Arachis/genetics
- Arachis/immunology
- Arachis/metabolism
- Crystallization
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Maltose-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Maltose-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Maltose-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Peanut Hypersensitivity/classification
- Peanut Hypersensitivity/diagnosis
- Peanut Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mueller
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Peanut allergy may affect up to 2% of children in some countries, making it one of the most common conditions of childhood. Peanut allergy is a marker of a broad and possibly severe atopic phenotype. Nearly all children with peanut allergy have other allergic conditions. Peanut accounts for a disproportionate number of fatal and near fatal food-related allergies. Families with a child or children with peanut allergy can struggle to adapt to the stringent avoidance measures required. Although oral induction of tolerance represents the cutting edge of peanut allergy management, it is not yet ready for routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O'B Hourihane
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Clinical Investigations Unit, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
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44
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Abstract
Food allergies affect up to 6% of young children and 3%-4% of adults. They encompass a range of disorders that may be IgE and/or non-IgE mediated, including anaphylaxis, pollen food syndrome, food-protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, food-induced proctocolitis, eosinophilic gastroenteropathies, and atopic dermatitis. Many complex host factors and properties of foods are involved in the development of food allergy. With recent advances in the understanding of how these factors interact, the development of several novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is underway and showing promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
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Prickett SR, Voskamp AL, Dacumos-Hill A, Symons K, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE. Ara h 2 peptides containing dominant CD4+ T-cell epitopes: candidates for a peanut allergy therapeutic. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 127:608-15.e1-5. [PMID: 21093025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy is a life-threatening condition; there is currently no cure. Although whole allergen extracts are used for specific immunotherapy for many allergies, they can cause severe reactions, and even fatalities, in peanut allergy. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify short, T-cell epitope-based peptides that target allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells but do not bind IgE as candidates for safe peanut-specific immunotherapy. METHODS Multiple CD4(+) T-cell lines specific for the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 were generated from PBMCs of 16 HLA-diverse subjects with peanut allergy by using 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidylester-based methodology. Proliferation and ELISPOT assays were used to identify dominant epitopes recognized by T-cell lines and to confirm recognition by peripheral blood T cells of epitope-based peptides modified for therapeutic production. HLA restriction of core epitope recognition was investigated by using anti-HLA blocking antibodies and HLA genotyping. Serum-IgE peptide-binding was assessed by dot-blot. RESULTS Five dominant CD4(+) T-cell epitopes were identified in Ara h 2. In combination, these were presented by HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ molecules and recognized by T cells from all 16 subjects. Three short peptide variants containing these T-cell epitopes were designed with cysteine-to-serine substitutions to facilitate stability and therapeutic production. Variant peptides showed HLA-binding degeneracy, did not bind peanut-specific serum IgE, and could directly target T(H)2-type T cells in peripheral blood of subjects with allergy. CONCLUSION Short CD4(+) T-cell epitope-based Ara h 2 peptides were identified as novel candidates for a T-cell-targeted peanut-specific immunotherapy for an HLA-diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Prickett
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Wanich N, Bencharitiwong R, Tsai T, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. In vitro assessment of the allergenicity of a novel influenza vaccine produced in dog kidney cells in individuals with dog allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 104:426-33. [PMID: 20486334 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An inactivated influenza vaccine produced in canine kidney cells (MDCK 33016-PF) contains no egg proteins and may be used to immunize egg-allergic patients. Although no major dog allergens were identified in MDCK 33016-PF cells, minor dog allergens might be present and cause reactions in dog-allergic individuals. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the allergenicity of the inactivated influenza vaccine produced in cell culture in a mediator release assay. METHODS Rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cells transfected with human IgE receptor-1 were sensitized with sera from dog-allergic adults with positive skin prick test reactions to dog extract and detectable dog dander IgE and were stimulated with serial dilutions of vaccine and dog dander extract. N-hexosaminidase release (NHR) was used as a marker of RBL cell degranulation. Western blots were performed, and UniCAP was used to measure dog-specific IgE antibody levels. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) level of dog dander IgE was 8.31 kU(A)/L (1.895-14.5 kU(A)/L) and of dog epithelium IgE was 3.19 kU(A)/L (0.835-6.27 kU(A)L). Median (range) maximum NHR (at the first 10-fold dilution) was 0% (0%-1.4%) to vaccine and 10.2% (0%-35.9%) to dog dander (P < .001). In an egg-allergic control subject, the maximum NHR to a vaccine cultured in chick embryo and containing egg protein was 10.2%. IgE antibodies in pooled sera did not bind to vaccine on immunoblots but produced strong binding to dog dander and epithelium extracts. Serum from an egg-allergic control subject strongly bound embryonated egg-derived vaccine. CONCLUSION An influenza vaccine produced in continuous canine kidney cells did not trigger degranulation in RBL cells passively sensitized with human anti-dog IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niya Wanich
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
Food allergy affects up to 6% of children and 3-4% of adults in Westernized countries, and is the most common cause of outpatient anaphylaxis in most studies. The mainstay of treatment is strict avoidance of the offending allergens and education regarding the use of emergency medication in cases of accidental ingestions or exposures. While these approaches are generally effective, there are no definitive treatments that cure or provide long-term remission from food allergy. However, with recent advances in characterizing food allergens and understanding humoral and cellular immune responses in food allergy, several therapeutic strategies are being investigated. Potential treatments include allergen-specific immunotherapy as well as allergen-nonspecific approaches to downregulate the overall allergic response in food-allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wang
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Chiang WC, Pons L, Kidon MI, Liew WK, Goh A, Wesley Burks A. Serological and clinical characteristics of children with peanut sensitization in an Asian community. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21:e429-38. [PMID: 19702675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, peanut allergy prevalence has increased in the West but has been perceived as having remained low in Asia. To review the clinical presentation of Asian children with peanut hypersensitivity and measure their IgE responses to major peanut allergens. We enrolled 31 children presenting with various allergies and a positive skin prick test to peanut from the Children's hospital outpatient allergy clinic in Singapore. A detailed questionnaire was completed by parents. The children's serum IgE specific to native Ara h 1, native Ara h 2, and recombinant Ara h 3 were detected using ELISA. Of the 31 patients, 19 had previously documented reactions to peanuts, while 12 had no previous clinical reaction. Most, 89.5% (17/19) of first reactions featured skin changes (urticaria, erythema, angioedema), but only 36.8% (7/19) involved skin symptoms alone. Respiratory symptoms and GI symptoms occurred in 42.1% and 26.3% of patients respectively and did not occur as the sole manifestation of reaction. The most common GI manifestation was emesis, present in 26.3% (5/19) of subjects. Two children experienced impaired consciousness with systemic, anaphylactic events. Although most sought treatment for their first peanut reaction only one patient received epinephrine. Half of our patients reported a subsequent accidental ingestion after the diagnosis of peanut allergy, with a median time from diagnosis to first accidental ingestion of 4 months and a reported increased severity of reaction in approximately half of the repeat exposures. Eighty-seven percent of children had specific IgE directed against at least one of the major peanut allergens. Among all patients, 87.1% had IgE specific to both Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 and 54.8% to rAra h 3. Asian children with peanut sensitization have clinically similar presentations and respond to the same major allergenic proteins as their Western counterparts. The perceived differences between the populations in this context do not stem from divergent clinical or immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chin Chiang
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Kandang Kerbau Children's Hospital, Singapore.
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Flinterman AE, Pasmans SGMA, den Hartog Jager CF, Hoekstra MO, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Knol EF, van Hoffen E. T cell responses to major peanut allergens in children with and without peanut allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:590-7. [PMID: 20067479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell responses involved in peanut allergy are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate T cell responses towards major peanut allergens in peanut-allergic (PA) subjects compared with peanut-sensitized (PS) non-allergic children and non-atopic (NA) controls. METHODS Eighteen PA children, seven non-allergic PS children and 11 NA adults were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with a crude peanut extract (CPE). Short-term T cell lines were generated and subsequently stimulated with CPE and purified Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6. The proliferation and production of IL-13, IFN-gamma, IL-10 and TNF-alpha were analysed. RESULTS Proliferation to CPE and major allergens was enhanced in PA subjects. The primary response to CPE was comparable with PS subjects, with increased production of IL-13 and IFN-gamma compared with NA. Production of IL-10 was not observed. In short-term T cell lines, the response to CPE was stronger in PA than in PS and NA subjects. Only PA children had a detectable response to major peanut allergens, characterized by IL-13 production. The response was the highest after Ara h 3 stimulation, and the lowest after Ara h 2 stimulation. No significant correlation was observed between peanut-specific IgE levels and T cell responses to CPE. CONCLUSION T cell responses to CPE in PA and PS children were characterized by Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Only PA children showed enhanced Th2 responses to Ara h 1, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Flinterman
- Departments of Dermatology/Allergology, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Sampson HA. Food allergy: recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2009; 1:19-29. [PMID: 20224666 PMCID: PMC2831568 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2009.1.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are adverse immune reactions to food proteins that affect up to 6% of children and 3-4% of adults. A wide range of symptoms can occur depending on whether IgE or non-IgE mediated mechanism are involved. Many factors influence the development of oral tolerance, including route of exposure, genetics, age of the host, and allergen factors. Advances have been made in the understanding of how these factors interact in the pathophysiology of food allergy. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for food allergies is avoidance and ready access to emergency medications. However, with the improved understanding of tolerance and advances in characterization of food allergens, several therapeutic strategies have been developed and are currently being investigated as potential treatments and/or cures for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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