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Dobrivojević M, Habek N, Kapuralin K, Ćurlin M, Gajović S. Krüppel-like transcription factor 8 (Klf8) is expressed and active in the neurons of the mouse brain. Gene 2015; 570:132-40. [PMID: 26071188 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like transcription factor 8 (KLF8) is a transcription factor suggested to be involved in various cellular events, including malignant cell transformation, still its expression in the adult rodent brain remained unknown. To analyze Klf8 in the mouse brain and to identify cell types expressing it, a specific transgenic Klf8(Gt1Gaj) mouse was used. The resulting Klf8 gene-driven β-galactosidase activity was visualized by X-gal histochemical staining of the brain sections. The obtained results were complemented by in situ RNA hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Klf8 was highly expressed throughout the adult mouse brain gray matter including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, pallidum, and striatum, but not in the cerebellum. Immunofluorescent double-labeling revealed that KLF8-immunoreactive cells were neurons, and the staining was located in their nucleus. This was the first study showing that Klf8 was highly expressed in various regions of the mouse brain and in particular in the neurons, where it was localized in the cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dobrivojević
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Habek
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Kapuralin
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ćurlin
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Srećko Gajović
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
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3
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Jiao RQ, Li G, Chiu JF. Comparative proteomic analysis of differentiation of mouse F9 embryonic carcinoma cells induced by retinoic acid. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1811-9. [PMID: 22492268 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The multipotent mouse F9 embryonic carcinoma cell is an ideal model system to investigate the mechanism of retinoic acid (RA) in cell differentiation and cell growth control and the biochemical basis of early embryonic development. We reported here a proteomics approach to study protein expression changes during the differentiation of F9 cells into the visceral endoderm. F9 cells were incubated with or without RA at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Total proteins extracted were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and the protein patterns on the gels were comparatively analyzed by computer. Approximately 1,100 protein spots were detected in the F9 proteome, within the pH 3-10 range. Fourteen protein spots which the levels of expression were found to be altered dramatically during the F9 cells differentiating, and were identified by MALDI-TOF MS or ESI-MS/MS. These proteins included metabolism enzymes, HSP60s, RAN, hnRNP K, FUBP1, VDAC1, STI1, and prohibitin. These proteins are involved in cellar metabolism, gene expression regulation, stress response, and apoptosis, respectively. The data from proteomic analyze are consistent with the result obtained from Western blot analysis. This study increases our understanding of the proteomics changes during F9 cells differentiation induced by RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qing Jiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Ćurlin M, Kapuralin K, Muro AF, Baralle FE, Chowdhury K, Gajović S. Stam2 expression pattern during embryo development. Gene Expr Patterns 2012; 12:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Kapuralin K, Van Ginneken C, Curlin M, Timmermans JP, Gajovic S. Neurons and a Subset of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Enteric Nervous System Highly Express Stam2 Gene. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 295:113-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Shim JH, Cho SA, Seo MJ, Kim JH, Ryu NK, Yoo KH, Yang MH, Kim S, Bahk YY, Park JH. Proteomic analysis of time-dependent difference of protein expression profile changes during neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Cells 2010; 29:239-44. [PMID: 20112072 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of ES cell-mediated neuronal differentiation allows elucidating the mechanism of neuronal development in spite of the complexity and the difficult accessibility. During the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neuronal cell, the expression profiles in the level of protein were extensively investigated by proteomic analysis. These cells were analyzed for charges in proteome during the differentiation of ES cells by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF MS. Seven unique proteins were identified, some of which were differentially expressed at each stage. A complex system of neuronal differentiation can be activated in cultured embryonic stem cells and our two dimensional electrophoresis data should be useful for investigating some of the mechanism that regulates neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hee Shim
- Department of Biological science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
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MitrecÌicÌ D, GajovicÌ S, Pochet R. Toward the Treatments with Neural Stem Cells: Experiences from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1962-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Xie CQ, Jeong Y, Fu M, Bookout AL, Garcia-Barrio MT, Sun T, Kim BH, Xie Y, Root S, Zhang J, Xu RH, Chen YE, Mangelsdorf DJ. Expression profiling of nuclear receptors in human and mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:724-33. [PMID: 19196830 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate gene expression in essential biological processes including differentiation and development. Here we report the systematic profiling of NRs in human and mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines and during their early differentiation into embryoid bodies. Expression of the 48 human and mouse NRs was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. In general, expression of NRs between the two human cell lines was highly concordant, whereas in contrast, expression of NRs between human and mouse ESCs differed significantly. In particular, a number of NRs that have been implicated previously as crucial regulators of mouse ESC biology, including ERRbeta, DAX-1, and LRH-1, exhibited diametric patterns of expression, suggesting they may have distinct species-specific functions. Taken together, these results highlight the complexity of the transcriptional hierarchy that exists between species and governs early development. These data should provide a unique resource for further exploration of the species-specific roles of NRs in ESC self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Abstract
Sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea are sensitive to many insults including loud noise, ototoxic drugs, and ageing. Damage to these hair cells results in deafness and sets in place a number of irreversible changes that eventually result in the progressive degeneration of auditory neurons, the target cells of the cochlear implant. Techniques designed to preserve the density and integrity of auditory neurons in the deafened cochlea are envisaged to provide improved outcomes for cochlear implant recipients. This review examines the potential of embryonic stem cells to generate new neurons for the deafened mammalian cochlea, including the directed differentiation of stem cells toward a sensory neural lineage and the engraftment of exogenous stem cells into the deafened auditory system. Although still in its infancy the aim of this therapy is to restore a critical number of auditory neurons, thereby improving the benefits derived from a cochlear implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Coleman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Naruse C, Fukusumi Y, Kakiuchi D, Asano M. A novel gene trapping for identifying genes expressed under the control of specific transcription factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:109-15. [PMID: 17644066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gene trapping is a powerful method for identifying novel genes and for analyzing their functions. It is, however, difficult to select trapped genes on the basis of their function. To identify genes regulated by transcription factors that are important in the mesodermal formation, we selected trapped ES clones by infection of adenoviral vectors expressing Pax1, Brachyury, and Foxa2. Among 366 trapped genes, seven seemed to be controlled by these transcription factors in the first screening. The trapped genes were identified by 5' RACE, and a Northern blotting revealed that expressions of three trapped genes were regulated by these transcription factors. Expression patterns of Cx43 and HP1gamma implicated their functional relationships to Foxa2 in the formation of the notochord and the neural tube. Furthermore, Wtap mutant mice derived from the trapped clone showed defects in the mesendoderm formation. Our results indicate that trapped ES clones could be selected effectively using transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Naruse
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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Gossrau G, Thiele J, Konang R, Schmandt T, Brüstle O. Bone morphogenetic protein-mediated modulation of lineage diversification during neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 25:939-49. [PMID: 17218404 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) can give rise to a broad spectrum of neural cell types. The biomedical application of ES cells will require detailed knowledge on the role of individual factors modulating fate specification during in vitro differentiation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to exert a multitude of diverse differentiation effects during embryonic development. Here, we show that exposure to BMP2 at distinct stages of neural ES cell differentiation can be used to promote specific cell lineages. During early ES cell differentiation, BMP2-mediated inhibition of neuroectodermal differentiation is associated with an increase in mesoderm and smooth muscle differentiation. In fibroblast growth factor 2-expanded ES cell-derived neural precursors, BMP2 supports the generation of neural crest phenotypes, and, within the neuronal lineage, promotes distinct subtypes of peripheral neurons, including cholinergic and autonomic phenotypes. BMP2 also exerts a density-dependent promotion of astrocyte differentiation at the expense of oligodendrocyte formation. Experiments involving inhibition of the serine threonine kinase FRAP support the notion that these effects are mediated via the JAK/STAT pathway. The preservation of diverse developmental BMP2 effects in differentiating ES cell cultures provides interesting prospects for the enrichment of distinct neural phenotypes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Gossrau
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Gene trapping in mouse embryonic stem cells is an important genetic approach that allows simultaneous mutation of genes and generation of corresponding mutant mice. We designed a selection scheme with drug selection markers and Cre/loxP technology which allows screening of gene trap events that responded to a signaling molecule in a 96-well format. Nine hundred twenty gene trap clones were assayed, and 258 were classified as gene traps induced by in vitro differentiation. Sixty-five of the in vitro differentiation-inducible gene traps were also responsive to retinoic acid treatment. In vivo analysis revealed that 85% of the retinoic acid-inducible gene traps trapped developmentally regulated genes, consistent with the observation that genes induced by retinoic acid treatment are likely to be developmentally regulated. Our results demonstrate that the inducible gene trapping system described here can be used to enrich in vitro for traps in genes of interest. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the cre reporter is extremely sensitive and can be used to explore chromosomal regions that are not detectable with neo as a selection cassette.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Tzung Chen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Kouno M, Kondoh G, Horie K, Komazawa N, Ishii N, Takahashi Y, Takeda J, Hashimoto T. Ahnak/Desmoyokin is dispensable for proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of integrity in mouse epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:700-7. [PMID: 15373775 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Desmoyokin was first isolated from bovine muzzle epidermis and thought to be an epidermal desmosome-related protein. We previously demonstrated that the Desmoyokin gene is identical to the Ahnak gene, which is expressed ubiquitously and downregulated in neuroblastomas. It was assumed Ahnak/Desmoyokin was associated with epidermal cell adhesion, tumorigenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and embryonic development. To determine the precise biological function of Ahnak/Desmoyokin, we generated a null mutation in ES cells and mice. The resultant Ahnak/Desmoyokin-deficient ES cells normally differentiated into embryoid bodies and neural cells. The mutant mice were viable and fertile and showed no gross developmental defects. Electron microscopic examination of skin sections demonstrated that the ultrastructure of epidermal intercellular junctions, including desmosomes, of the mutant mice was indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice. Two-stage chemical skin carcinogenesis experiments showed no difference in frequency or onset of cutaneous tumor formation between wild-type and mutant mice. Moreover, no tumorigenesis was observed in other tissues and organs of mutant mice up to 2 y of age. These results lead us to conclude that Ahnak/Desmoyokin deficiency has only a minimal effect on epidermal cell adhesion, tumorigenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and overall mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyoshi Kouno
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Nonaka M, Yoshikawa M, Nishimura F, Yokota H, Kimura H, Hirabayashi H, Nakase H, Ishizaka S, Wanaka A, Sakaki T. Intraventricular transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells in intracerebral hemorrhage rats. Neurol Res 2004; 26:265-72. [PMID: 15142318 DOI: 10.1179/016164104225014049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we attempted to explore cell transplantation therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) using embryonic stem (ES) cells. Collagenase-induced ICH rats were used as model animals. Mouse ES cells were differentiated into nestin-positive neural stem cells in vitro by alltrans retinoic acid (ATRA). ATRA-treated ES cells (10(5)) were transplanted into the lateral ventricle in the hemisphere contralateral to the hemorrhage 7 days after collagenase infusion. Twenty-eight days after transplantation, ES-derived neurons and astrocytes were observed around the hematoma cavities of the brain in all of the ten rats receiving grafts. Graft-derived neurons were found in the subependymal area of the lateral ventricle as cellular nodules. Although one of the ten rats receiving grafts showed uncontrolled growth of astroglia derived from the ES cells, intraventricular transplantation of ATRA-treated ES cells is an effective delivery system of neuronal lineage-committed progenitor cells toward the site of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nonaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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Tzouanacou E, Tweedie S, Wilson V. Identification of Jade1, a gene encoding a PHD zinc finger protein, in a gene trap mutagenesis screen for genes involved in anteroposterior axis development. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:8553-2. [PMID: 14612400 PMCID: PMC262661 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.23.8553-8562.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a gene trap screen for genes expressed in the primitive streak and tail bud during mouse embryogenesis, we isolated a mutation in Jade1, a gene encoding a PHD zinc finger protein previously shown to interact with the tumor suppressor pVHL. Expressed sequence tag analysis indicates that Jade1 is subject to posttranscriptional regulation, resulting in multiple transcripts and at least two protein isoforms. The fusion Jade1-beta-galactosidase reporter produced by the gene trap allele exhibits a regulated expression during embryogenesis and localizes to the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of different cell types. In addition to the primitive streak and tail bud, beta-galactosidase activity was found in other embryonic regions where pluripotent or tissue-specific progenitors are known to reside, including the early gastrulation epiblast and the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. Prominent reporter expression was also seen in the extraembryonic tissues as well as other differentiated cell types in the embryo, in particular the developing musculature. We show that the gene trap mutation produces a null allele. However, homozygotes for the gene trap integration are viable and fertile. Database searches identified a family of Jade proteins conserved through vertebrates. This raises the possibility that the absence of phenotype is due to a functional compensation by other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tzouanacou
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
In the postgenomic era the mouse will be central to the challenge of ascribing a function to the 40,000 or so genes that constitute our genome. In this review, we summarize some of the classic and modern approaches that have fueled the recent dramatic explosion in mouse genetics. Together with the sequencing of the mouse genome, these tools will have a profound effect on our ability to generate new and more accurate mouse models and thus provide a powerful insight into the function of human genes during the processes of both normal development and disease.
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17
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Smedberg JL, Smith ER, Capo-Chichi CD, Frolov A, Yang DH, Godwin AK, Xu XX. Ras/MAPK pathway confers basement membrane dependence upon endoderm differentiation of embryonic carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:40911-8. [PMID: 12145292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205178200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of extraembryonic endoderm is one of the earliest steps in the differentiation of pluripotent cells of the inner cell mass during the early stages of embryonic development. The primitive endoderm cells and the derived parietal and visceral endoderm cells gain the capacity to produce collagen IV and laminin. The deposition of these components results in the formation of basement membrane and epithelium of the endoderm, with polarized cells covering the inner surface of the blastocoels. We used retinoic acid-induced endoderm differentiation of stem cell-like F9 embryonic carcinoma cells to study the role of the Ras pathway and its regulation in the formation of the visceral endoderm. Upon endoderm differentiation of F9 cells induced by retinoic acid, c-Fos expression, the downstream target of the Ras pathway, is suppressed by uncoupling Elk-1 phosphorylation/activation to MAPK activity. However, attachment to matrix gel greatly enhances the activation of MAPK in endoderm cells but not in undifferentiated F9 cells. Enhanced MAPK activation as a result of contact with basement membrane is able to compensate for reduced Elk-1 phosphorylation and c-Fos expression. We conclude that endoderm differentiation renders the activation of the Ras pathway basement membrane dependent, contributing to the epithelial organization of the visceral endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Smedberg
- Ovarian Cancer and Tumor Cell Biology Programs, Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent stem cells that differentiate both in vitro and in vivo into cell types derived from each of the three embryonic germ layers. ES cells and their close relatives, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells and embryonic germ (EG) cells, have been used extensively as model systems for studying early mammalian development. This work has led to important insights into the mechanisms that control embryogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. This chapter focuses on the use of ES cells as an in vitro model system for studying cellular differentiation and reviews several areas where important progress has been made. Impressive progress has been made in the isolation and characterization of ES cells from many species, including humans. Significant progress has also been made in the development of culture conditions that help direct the differentiation of ES cells to specific cell types that form during myogenesis, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and cardiogenesis. The ability to inactivate virtually any gene in ES cells by gene targeting has vastly improved our understanding of the roles played by specific genes at the cellular and organismic levels. Moreover, ES cells and EC cells have been used widely to investigate how specific genes are turned on and turned off in the course of differentiation. In this connection, DNA array technology has been used to identify genes regulated when ES cells differentiate. The final section of this chapter discusses how work with ES cells is shaping our understanding of stem cells, mammalian development, and cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, USA
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Abstract
Although at least 35,000 human genes have been sequenced and mapped, adequate expression or functional information is available for only approximately 15% of them. Gene-trap mutagenesis is a technique that randomly generates loss-of-function mutations and reports the expression of many mouse genes. At present, several large-scale, gene-trap screens are being carried out with various new vectors, which aim to generate a public resource of mutagenized embryonic stem (ES) cells. This resource now includes more than 8,000 mutagenized ES-cell lines, which are freely available, making it an appropriate time to evaluate the recent advances in this area of genomic technology and the technical hurdles it has yet to overcome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chimera/genetics
- DNA, Recombinant/administration & dosage
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Electroporation
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Forecasting
- Gene Library
- Gene Targeting
- Genes/drug effects
- Genes/radiation effects
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Lac Operon
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microinjections
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutagens/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Stem Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Stanford
- Programme in Development and Fetal Health, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 983, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5.
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Smith ER, Smedberg JL, Rula ME, Hamilton TC, Xu XX. Disassociation of MAPK activation and c-Fos expression in F9 embryonic carcinoma cells following retinoic acid-induced endoderm differentiation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:32094-100. [PMID: 11402055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105009200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid induces cell differentiation and suppresses cell growth in a wide spectrum of cell lines, and down-regulation of activator protein-1 activity by retinoic acid contributes to these effects. In embryonic stem cell-like F9 teratocarcinoma cells, which are widely used to study retinoic acid actions on gene regulation and early embryonic differentiation, retinoic acid treatment for 4 days resulted in suppression of cell growth and differentiation into primitive and then visceral endoderm-like cells, accompanied by a suppression of serum-induced c-Fos expression. The MAPK (ERK) pathway was involved in mitogenic signaling in F9 cells stimulated with serum. Surprisingly, although c-Fos expression was reduced, the MAPK activity was not decreased by retinoic acid treatment. We found that retinoic acid treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of Elk-1, a target of activated MAPK required for c-Fos transcription. In F9 cells, the MAPK/MEK inhibitor PD98059 suppressed Elk-1 phosphorylation and c-Fos expression, indicating that MAPK activity is required for Elk-1 phosphorylation/activation. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin), the major phosphatase for activated Elk-1, is not the target in the disassociation of MAPK activation and c-Fos expression since its inhibition by cyclosporin A or activation by ionomycin had no significant effects on serum-stimulated c-Fos expression and Elk-1 phosphorylation. Thus, we conclude that retinoic acid treatment to induce F9 cell differentiation uncouples Ras/MAPK activation from c-Fos expression by reduction of Elk-1 phosphorylation through a mechanism not involving the activation of phosphoprotein phosphatase 2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Smith
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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Guo X, Ying W, Wan J, Hu Z, Qian X, Zhang H, He F. Proteomic characterization of early-stage differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neural cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid in vitro. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3067-75. [PMID: 11565801 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200108)22:14<3067::aid-elps3067>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are totipotent stem cells, which can differentiate into various kinds of cell types, including neurons. They are widely used as a model system for investigating mechanisms of differentiation events during early mouse development. In this study, proteomic techniques were used to approach the protein profile associated with the early-stage differentiation of ES cells into neuronal cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in vitro. In comparison of the protein profile of parent ES cells with that of ES-derived neural-committed cells, which was induced by ATRA for four days, 24 differentially displayed protein spots were selected from two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels for further protein identification by pepide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Nine proteins were known to being involved in the process of neural differentiation and/or neural survival. Of those, alpha-3/alpha-7 tubulin and vimentin were down-regulated, while cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18, G1/S-special cyclin D2, follistatin-related protein, NEL protein, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB alpha-subunit, and thioredoxin peroxidase 2 were upregulated during differentiation of ES cells to neural cells. Additionally, other 12 protein (five upregulated and seven downregulated) spots associated with ES cell differentiation into neuronal cells were not matched to known proteins so far, implicating that they might be novel proteins. The results above indicated that the molecular mechanisms of differentiation of ES cells to neural cells in vitro might be similar to those of other neural systems in vitro and identified that proteomic analysis is an effective strategy to comprehensively unravel the regulatory network of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
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Weinhold B, Schratt G, Arsenian S, Berger J, Kamino K, Schwarz H, Rüther U, Nordheim A. Srf(-/-) ES cells display non-cell-autonomous impairment in mesodermal differentiation. EMBO J 2000; 19:5835-44. [PMID: 11060034 PMCID: PMC305791 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.21.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum response factor (SRF) transcription factor is essential for murine embryogenesis. SRF+(-/-) embryos stop developing at the onset of gastrulation, lacking detectable mesoderm. This developmental defect may reflect cell-autonomous impairment of SRF(-/-) embryonic cells in mesoderm formation. Alternatively, it may be caused by a non-cell-autonomous defect superimposed upon inappropriate provision of mesoderm-inducing signals to primitive ectodermal cells. We demonstrate that the ability of SRF(-/-) embryonic stem (ES) cells to differentiate in vitro into mesodermal cells is indeed impaired. However, this impairment can be modulated by external, cell-independent factors. Retinoic acid, but not dimethylsulfoxide, permitted activation of the mesodermal marker gene T(Bra), which was also activated when SRF was expressed in SRF(-/-) ES cells. Embryoid bodies from SRF(-/-) ES cell aggregates also activated mesodermal marker genes, but displayed unusual morphologies and impairment in cavitation. Finally, in nude mice, Srf(-/-) ES cells readily differentiated into mesodermal cells of SRF(-/-) genotype, including cartilage, bone or muscle cells. We demonstrate that SRF contributes to mesodermal gene expression of ES cells and that SRF(-/-) ES cells display a non-cell-autonomous defect in differentiation towards mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weinhold
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
A mouse gene, designated prtb (proline codon-rich transcript, brain expressed) was identified and characterized from a gene trap embryonic stem cell line. It encodes a proline-rich protein of 168 amino acids that shares 99% amino acid sequence identity with its human homologue and is located on the distal region of mouse chromosome 15. To determine the expression pattern and function of prtb, mice that carry the prtb(gt) allele were generated. During embryogenesis,prtb gene expression as revealed by beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) marker gene activity was highly regulated. Between embryonic day (E) 11.5 and E12.5, beta-gal activity was restricted to the developing heart. From E13.5 on, expression in the heart was extinguished. However, very strong beta-gal activity could be detected in the brains of adult mice, suggesting a role for this gene in brain function. Mice homozygous for the mutation were viable, fertile, and did not display any obvious abnormalities. This could be due to functional redundancy as Northern blot hybridization analysis clearly demonstrated that prtb(gt) is likely to be a null allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Department of Human Genetics,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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