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Bedair AF, Wahid A, El-Mezayen NS, Afify EA. Nicorandil reduces morphine withdrawal symptoms, potentiates morphine antinociception, and ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats. Life Sci 2023; 319:121522. [PMID: 36822314 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a serious medical condition affecting patients globally and pain management poses a unique challenge. ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) are expressed in nociceptive neurons and hepatic cells. We tested the hypothesis whether morphine and nicorandil, KATP channel opener, alone and in combination possess hepatoprotective, antinociceptive effect and alter morphine physical dependence. MAIN METHODS Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis in male Wistar rats. Nicorandil (15 mg/kg/day) was administered per os for two weeks. Morphine (3.8, 5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered prior to antinociception testing in tail flick and formalin tests. Morphine physical dependence following naloxone injection, fibrotic, oxidative stress markers, and liver histopathology were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Morphine alone, produced insignificant changes of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), hepatic hydroxyproline (Hyp), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and exerted significant antinociception in the pain models. Nicorandil alone protected against liver damage (decreased serum ALT, AST, HA, hepatic Hyp, MDA, increased SOD levels, improved fibrosis scores). Nicorandil/morphine combination produced remarkable hepatoprotection and persistent analgesia compared to morphine alone as evidenced by reduced (EC50) of morphine. Nicorandil augmented morphine analgesia and markedly decreased withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats. SIGNIFICANCE The data showed for the first time, the hepatoprotection and augmented antinociception mediated by nicorandil/morphine combination in liver fibrosis via antioxidant and antifibrotic mechanisms. Nicorandil ameliorated withdrawal signs in morphine dependence in CLD. Thus, combining nicorandil/morphine provides a novel treatment strategy to ameliorate hepatic injury, potentiate antinociception and overcome morphine-induced physical dependence in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asser F Bedair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Wahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nesrine S El-Mezayen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Elham A Afify
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Barrow TM, Byun HM, Li X, Smart C, Wang YX, Zhang Y, Baccarelli AA, Guo L. The effect of morphine upon DNA methylation in ten regions of the rat brain. Epigenetics 2018; 12:1038-1047. [PMID: 29111854 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1398296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most effective analgesics in medicine. However, its use is associated with the development of tolerance and dependence. Recent studies demonstrating epigenetic changes in the brain after exposure to opiates have provided insight into mechanisms possibly underlying addiction. In this study, we sought to identify epigenetic changes in ten regions of the rat brain following acute and chronic morphine exposure. We analyzed DNA methylation of six nuclear-encoded genes implicated in brain function (Bdnf, Comt, Il1b, Il6, Nr3c1, and Tnf) and three mitochondrially-encoded genes (Mtco1, Mtco2, and Mtco3), and measured global 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) levels. We observed differential methylation of Bdnf and Il6 in the pons, Nr3c1 in the cerebellum, and Il1b in the hippocampus in response to acute morphine exposure (all P value < 0.05). Chronic exposure was associated with differential methylation of Bdnf and Comt in the pons, Nr3c1 in the hippocampus and Il1b in the medulla oblongata (all P value < 0.05). Global 5mC levels significantly decreased in the superior colliculus following both acute and chronic morphine exposure, and increased in the hypothalamus following chronic exposure. Chronic exposure was also associated with significantly increased global 5hmC levels in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, but significantly decreased in the midbrain. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, highly localized epigenetic changes in the rat brain following acute and chronic morphine exposure. Further work is required to elucidate the potential role of these changes in the formation of tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Barrow
- a Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4HH , United Kingdom
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , MA 02115 , USA
| | - Xinyan Li
- c King's Lab , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Chris Smart
- d Institute of Neuroscience , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE4 5LP , United Kingdom.,e Northumberland Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE3 3XT , United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- c King's Lab , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Yacong Zhang
- f Department of Occupational & Environmental Health , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , MA 02115 , USA
| | - Liqiong Guo
- f Department of Occupational & Environmental Health , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
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Dong H, Zhang L, Liu W, Tian Y. Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor for Monitoring of Chloride Ion in an Animal Model of Alzhemier's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:339-346. [PMID: 27992175 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential damage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in brain function has attracted extensive attention. As the most common anion, Cl- has been indicated to play significant roles in brain diseases, particularly in the pathological process of AD. In this work, a label-free selective and accurate electrochemical biosensor was first developed for real-time monitoring of Cl- levels in a mouse brain model of AD and rat brain upon global cerebral ischemia. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were designed and synthesized as selective recognition element for Cl-, while 5'-MB-GGCGCGATTTT-SH-3' (SH-DNA-MB, MB = methylene blue) was selected as an inner reference molecule for a built-in correction to avoid the effects from the complicated brain. The electrochemical biosensor showed high accuracy and remarkable selectivity for determination of Cl- over other anions, metal ions, amino acids, and other biomolecules. Furthermore, three-dimensional nanostructures composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and Au nanoleaves were assembled on the carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) surface to enhance the response signal. Finally, the developed biosensor with high analytical performance, as well as the unique characteristic of CFME itself including inertness in live brain and good biocompatibility, was successfully applied to in vivo determination of Cl- levels in three brain regions: striatum, hippocampus, and cortex of live mouse and rat brains. The comparison of average levels of Cl- in normal striatum, hippocampus, and cortex of normal mouse brains and those in the mouse model brains of AD was reported. In addition, the results in rat brains followed by cerebral ischemia demonstrated that the concentrations of Cl- decreased by 19.8 ± 0.5% (n = 5) in the striatum and 27.2 ± 0.3% (n = 5) in hippocampus after cerebral ischemia for 30 min, but that negligible change in Cl- concentration was observed in cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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Kachroo A, Schwarzschild MA. Allopurinol reduces levels of urate and dopamine but not dopaminergic neurons in a dual pesticide model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2014; 1563:103-9. [PMID: 24680743 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Robust epidemiological data link higher levels of the antioxidant urate to a reduced risk of developing Parkinson׳s disease (PD) and to a slower rate of its progression. Allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), blocks the oxidation of xanthine to urate. The present study sought to determine whether lowering levels of urate using allopurinol results in exacerbated neurotoxicity in a dual pesticide mouse model of PD. Although oral allopurinol reduced serum and striatal urate levels 4-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, it did not alter the multiple motor deficits induced by chronic (7 week) intermittent (biweekly) exposure to intraperitoneal Paraquat (PQ) plus Maneb (MB). However, striatal dopamine content, which was unaffected after either allopurinol or chronic pesticide exposure alone, was significantly reduced by 22% in mice exposed to the combination. Stereological assessment showed that the numbers of dopaminergic nigral neurons were significantly reduced by 29% and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) negative neurons unaffected after PQ+MB treatments. This reduction in TH-positive neurons was not affected by allopurinol treatment. Of note, despite the expectation of exacerbated oxidative damage due to the reduction in urate, protein carbonyl levels, a marker of oxidative damage, were actually reduced in the presence of allopurinol. Overall, allopurinol lowered urate levels but did not exacerbate dopaminergic neuron degeneration, findings suggesting that basal levels of urate in mice do not appreciably protect against oxidative damage and neurotoxicity in the PQ+MB model of PD, and/or that allopurinol produces an antioxidant benefit offsetting its detrimental urate-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kachroo
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Michael A Schwarzschild
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Gago B, Fuxe K, Brené S, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Reina-Sánchez MD, Suárez-Boomgaard D, Roales-Buján R, Valderrama-Carvajal A, de la Calle A, Rivera A. Early modulation by the dopamine D4receptor of morphine-induced changes in the opioid peptide systems in the rat caudate putamen. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1533-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Gago
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Science, University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stefan Brené
- Department of Neurobiology; Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine, University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | | | | | - Ruth Roales-Buján
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Science, University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | | | - Adelaida de la Calle
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Science, University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - Alicia Rivera
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Science, University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
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Li K, He HT, Li HM, Liu JK, Fu HY, Hong M. Heroin affects purine nucleotides metabolism in rat brain. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1104-8. [PMID: 22019714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of heroin on purine nucleotides metabolism in rat brain. METHODS Biochemical changes in association with heroin administration were compared between heroin-administered rats and non-heroin rats. HPLC method was used to detect the absolute content of purine nucleotides in brain tissues. Concentrations of uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre) in plasma were measured. Enzymatic activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) in brain tissue were analyzed. Real-time PCR was used to determine the relative level of transcripts of ADA, XO, adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT), hypoxanthine-guaninephosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) and adenosine kinase (AK) in brain tissue. RESULTS Compared with those in the saline group, the content of AMP and GTP of heroin group decreased significantly; the UA concentration in plasma, ADA and XO activities and the mRNA level of ADA and XO in brain tissues in heroin group increased significantly; the mRNA level of AK, APRT and HGPRT in brain tissues in heroin group decreased significantly (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Heroin administration may enhance the catabolism and inhibit the anabolism of purine nucleotides in brain. There may be a deficiency of purine nucleotides, especially GTP and AMP in rat brain exposed to heroin. Our findings may provide a new potential approach to study the mechanism of heroin addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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7
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Bazzu G, Biosa A, Farina D, Spissu Y, Dedola S, Calia G, Puggioni G, Rocchitta G, Migheli R, Desole MS, Serra PA. Dual asymmetric-flow microdialysis for in vivo monitoring of brain neurochemicals. Talanta 2011; 85:1933-40. [PMID: 21872041 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microdialysis is an extensively used technique for both in vivo and in vitro experiments, applicable to animal and human studies. In neurosciences, the in vivo microdialysis is usually performed to follow changes in the extracellular levels of substances and to monitor neurotransmitters release in the brain of freely moving animals. Catecholamines, such as dopamine and their related compounds, are involved in the neurochemistry and in the physiology of mental diseases and neurological disorders. It is generally supposed that the brain's energy requirement is supplied by glucose oxidation. More recently, lactate was proposed to be the metabolic substrate used by neurons during synaptic activity. In our study, an innovative microdialysis approach for simultaneous monitoring of catecholamines, indolamines, glutamate and energy substrates in the striatum of freely moving rats, using an asymmetric perfusion flow rate on microdialysis probe, is described. As a result of this asymmetric perfusion, two samples are available from the same brain region, having the same analytes composition but different concentrations. The asymmetric flow perfusion could be a useful tool in neurosciences studies related to brain's energy requirement, such as toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Bazzu
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Pinelli A, Cighetti G, Trivulzio S, Accinni R. Morphine or its withdrawal affects plasma malondialdehyde, vitamin E levels and absence or presence of abstinence signs in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.04.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Various experimental observations show that morphine treatment generates reactive oxygen species, and that its discontinuation leads to signs of withdrawal. We therefore investigated plasma malondialdehyde and vitamin E levels under both conditions to verify the occurrence of any alterations in oxidative metabolism, and whether these are associated with behavioural changes.
Methods
We investigated the effects of morphine or morphine plus naloxone on plasma malondialdehyde, vitamin E levels and withdrawal signs such as jumping, wet dog shakes and faecal excretion in rats. Furthermore, isopropylnoradrenaline was injected in rabbits to verify its effects on plasma malondialdehyde levels.
Key findings
Morphine treatment increased free malondialdehyde and decreased vitamin E levels. The elevation in malondialdehyde levels were exacerbated by the abrupt removal of morphine by naloxone, which also led to the appearance of withdrawal signs. The increased malondialdehyde values can be attributed to the interactions of reactive oxygen species with unsaturated fatty acids, and the lowered levels of vitamin E to its interactions with reactive oxygen species.
Conclusions
A connection seems to exist between altered peroxide status and withdrawal signs in abstinent animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Pinelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Accinni
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
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Schmidt AP, Böhmer AE, Antunes C, Schallenberger C, Porciúncula LO, Elisabetsky E, Lara DR, Souza DO. Anti-nociceptive properties of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol in mice: role of A1 adenosine receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:163-72. [PMID: 19133997 PMCID: PMC2697763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, used primarily in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. It is well known that purines exert multiple effects on pain transmission. We hypothesized that the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by allopurinol, thereby reducing purine degradation, could be a valid strategy to enhance purinergic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive profile of allopurinol on chemical and thermal pain models in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of vehicle (Tween 10%) or allopurinol (10-400 mg kg(-1)). Anti-nociceptive effects were measured with intraplantar capsaicin, intraplantar glutamate, tail-flick or hot-plate tests. KEY RESULTS Allopurinol presented dose-dependent anti-nociceptive effects in all models. The opioid antagonist naloxone did not affect these anti-nociceptive effects. The non-selective adenosine-receptor antagonist caffeine and the selective A(1) adenosine-receptor antagonist, DPCPX, but not the selective A(2A) adenosine-receptor antagonist, SCH58261, completely prevented allopurinol-induced anti-nociception. No obvious motor deficits were produced by allopurinol, at doses up to 200 mg kg(-1). Allopurinol also caused an increase in cerebrospinal fluid levels of purines, including the nucleosides adenosine and guanosine, and decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentration of uric acid. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Allopurinol-induced anti-nociception may be related to adenosine accumulation. Allopurinol is an old and extensively used compound and seems to be well tolerated with no obvious central nervous system toxic effects at high doses. This drug may be useful to treat pain syndromes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Pinelli A, Cighetti G, Trivulzio S. Plasma malondialdehyde levels and opiate withdrawal signs observed in rats treated with morphine plus naloxone: effects of -lipoic acid administration. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008; 22:439-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sivonová M, Kaplán P, Duracková Z, Dobrota D, Drgová A, Tatarková Z, Pavlíková M, Halasová E, Lehotský J. Time course of peripheral oxidative stress as consequence of global ischaemic brain injury in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 28:431-41. [PMID: 18058017 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals play an important role in the pathogenesis of brain injury. This study evaluates the potential relationship between ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain injury, peripheral oxidative stress (lymphocyte DNA damage), plasma antioxidant potential and uric acid levels. We observed that 15 min of ischaemia were sufficient to significantly increase lymphocyte DNA damage that remained elevated at the end of early (3 h) reperfusion and at later (72 h) reperfusion time; this parameter was not significantly increased, when compared to preoperated levels. In parallel, antioxidant potential was elevated after 15 min of ischaemia, remained high at early (3 h) reperfusion and decreased again with longer (72 h) reperfusion. A close association between the plasma antioxidant status and the uric acid content has been confirmed by findings that changes in TRAP values positively correlate with uric acid concentration in rat plasma after ischaemic injury. Moreover, results of in vitro experiments with extra uric acid addition to control plasma have shown that uric acid contributes to a greater part of TRAP values. These results indicate a similar time course of brain I/R-associated oxidative stress and peripheral antioxidant defence status and/or oxidative stress in animal experiments.
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Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect and mechanism of morphine on purine nucleotide catabolism. METHODS The rat model of morphine dependence and withdrawal and rat C6 glioma cells in culture were used. Concentrations of uric acid in the plasma were measured by the uricase-rap method, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) in the plasma and tissues were measured by the ADA and XO test kit. RT-PCR and RT-PCR-Southern blotting were used to examine the relative amount of ADA and XO gene transcripts in tissues and C6 cells. RESULTS (i) the concentration of plasma uric acid in the morphine-administered group was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control group; (ii) during morphine administration and withdrawal periods, the ADA and XO concentrations in the plasma increased significantly (P<0.05); (iii) the amount of ADA and XO in the parietal lobe, liver, small intestine, and skeletal muscles of the morphine-administered groups increased, while the level of ADA and XO in those tissues of the withdrawal groups decreased; (iv) the transcripts of the ADA and XO genes in the parietal lobe, liver, small intestine, and skeletal muscles were higher in the morphine-administered group. The expression of the ADA and XO genes in those tissues returned to the control level during morphine withdrawal, with the exception of the skeletal muscles; and (v) the upregulation of the expression of the ADA and XO genes induced by morphine treatment could be reversed by naloxone. CONCLUSION The effects of morphine on purine nucleotide metabolism might be an important, new biochemical pharmacological mechanism of morphine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical School, Jilin University, Jilin, China
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13
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Arana C, Cutando A, Ferrera MJ, Gómez-Moreno G, Worf CV, Bolaños MJ, Escames G, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Parameters of oxidative stress in saliva from diabetic and parenteral drug addict patients. J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35:554-9. [PMID: 16968236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress constitutes the basis for many diseases and it may account for the severity of systemic and oral disease complications. The aim of this study was to assess whether saliva may be used to detect the body's oxidative stress level. METHODS Oxidative stress was determined in saliva from 14 diabetic patients and 10 heroin addicts; two different pathologic conditions related to free radical damage, and 21 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GRd) activities, and glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels were analyzed in the saliva of all individuals. Other variables including salivary volume and the oral status were also analyzed. RESULTS Diabetic patients had GPx and GRd activities of 39.98 +/- 1.61 and 6.19 +/- 0.61 nmol/min/mg prot, respectively. These values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those obtained in control saliva (27.51 +/- 0.86 and 3.44 +/- 0.25 nmol/min/mg prot, respectively). Drug addicts showed significantly (P < 0.001) lower salivary GPx and GRd activities than controls. Both group of patients had significantly lower levels of GSH and higher of GSSG than controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Changes in the antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in saliva from two different pathologic situations as those here studied suggest that this biologic fluid may be suitable for determining the prognosis and evolution of these diseases and its oral manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arana
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biotecnología, and Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Payabvash S, Beheshtian A, Salmasi AH, Kiumehr S, Ghahremani MH, Tavangar SM, Sabzevari O, Dehpour AR. Chronic morphine treatment induces oxidant and apoptotic damage in the mice liver. Life Sci 2006; 79:972-80. [PMID: 16750225 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently many researchers have proposed a protective role for morphine against tumor growth and metastasis, especially through induction of apoptosis in tumoral cells. These findings may lead to underestimation of cytotoxic effects of opioid drugs which are usually expected only at high doses. The present study was conducted to clarify whether repeated morphine administration, which is commonly used for relief from chronic pain, would interfere with liver antioxidant defence and hepatocytes vitality. Morphine was injected repeatedly at doses that have been reported to relieve cancer pain and reduce tumor spread in mice (5 and 10 mg/kg/day for nine consecutive days). The changes in hepatic glutathione concentration, its synthesis pathway and enzymatic antioxidant defense revealed the pro-oxidant effects of chronic morphine treatment on the liver. None of these changes were observed in those mice that were co-treated with naltrexone (opioid antagonist) and same doses of morphine. However induction of liver conjugating enzymes following morphine treatment was not receptor mediated. Moreover, chronic morphine treatment induced hepatocytes apoptosis. Interestingly, the apoptotic changes were antagonized by co-administration of either naltrexone or thiol antioxidant. In conclusion, although hepatotoxic effects of morphine at high doses have been reported previously, our findings propose that repeated morphine administration even at lower doses would induce oxidative stress in the liver, which may contribute to induction of apoptosis in hepatocytes. Since many of the observed adverse effects were mediated by opioid receptors, our results suggest that other opioid analgesics should also be used more cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmehdi Payabvash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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Yang YD, Zhang JZ, Sun C, Yu HM, Li Q, Hong M. Heroin affects purine nucleotides catabolism in rats in vivo. Life Sci 2005; 78:1413-8. [PMID: 16223513 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of heroin on purine nucleotides catabolism, a rat model of heroin administration and withdrawal was established. Concentrations of uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen in plasma and ADA in plasma, brain, liver, and small intestine were tested. When two heroin administration groups were compared with the control group, the concentrations of plasma uric acid and ADA in plasma, brain, liver, and small intestine increased, whereas the plasma urea nitrogen concentrations in two heroin administration groups and the plasma creatinine concentration in the 3-day heroin administration group did not increase. It seemed that heroin exposure for a short time did not affect renal clearance rate notably. When two withdrawal groups were compared with two heroin administration groups, the concentrations of plasma uric acid and ADA in liver and small intestine decreased, but there was no significant reduction in ADA concentrations of the brain, while the plasma ADA concentrations in the two withdrawal groups were significantly higher than those of two heroin administration groups. When the two withdrawal groups were compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of plasma uric acid and ADA in liver and small intestine, while the concentrations of ADA in plasma and brain were still higher than those of the control group. The results imply that heroin administration may enhance the catabolism of purine nucleotides in the brain and other tissues by increased concentration of ADA and the effect may last for a long time in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-dan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Jilin University, #126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, PR China
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16
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Abstract
This study investigates the oxidative damage of biomolecules in livers of mice treated with morphine intraperitoneally. The oxidative damage of DNA as measured by single cell electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with electrochemical and UV detection, the protein carbonyl content was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method, and the malondialdehyde content was measured by the HPLC method. The activities of antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and the activity of alanine aminotransferase were assayed by spectrophotometer method. Glutathione and oxidized glutathione were detected by fluorescence spectrophotometer method. All the indexes of oxidative damage, such as 8-OHdG, protein carbonyl group and malondialdehyde content, and the activity of alanine aminotransferase (n=27) increased significantly compared to those of control (n=27) (P<0.01) in livers of morphine-administered alone mice, while the indexes related with the in vivo antioxidative capacity, such as the ratio of glutathione and oxidized glutathione, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased (P<0.01). When mice were treated with morphine combined with exogenous antioxidants, glutathione and ascorbic acid, all the indexes of oxidative damage and the activity of alanine aminotransferase showed no changes as compared to those of control (P>0.05), i.e., both glutathione and ascorbic acid completely abolished the damage of morphine on the hepatocyte. These results implied that morphine caused a seriously oxidative stress in mice livers and hence caused hepatotoxicity, while exogenous antioxidants were able to prevent the oxidative damage of biomolecules and hepatotoxicity caused by morphine. Thus, blocking oxidative damage may be a useful strategy for the development of a new therapy for opiate abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tao Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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17
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Pan J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Ouyang Z, Zheng Q, Zheng R. Oxidative stress in heroin administered mice and natural antioxidants protection. Life Sci 2005; 77:183-93. [PMID: 15862603 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative stress of heroin administered mice via intraperitoneal injection, and the therapeutic effects of exogenous antioxidants on the restrain of the oxidative damage of biomolecules and withdrawal syndrome were studied. After administered with heroin, mice showed decrease of total antioxidant capacity in blood, increase of reactive oxygen species production in white blood cells, and increase of oxidative damages of protein and lipid in brain and liver, but not in heart. On the other hand, exogenous antioxidants could restrain the oxidative stress, even alleviate withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R.China
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18
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Pereira FC, Santos SD, Ribeiro CF, Ali SF, Macedo TR. A Single Exposure to Morphine Induces Long-Lasting Hyporeactivity of Rat Caudate Putamen Dopaminergic Nerve Terminals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1025:414-23. [PMID: 15542744 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1316.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-lasting effects of exposure to drugs of abuse on the brain is a central theme in drug addiction research. This study was designed to evaluate whether enduring neurochemical adaptations within caudate putamen can be evoked by a single injection of a high dose of morphine. Rats were pretreated once with 10 mg/kg morphine. Seven days later the effect of another injection of 10 mg/kg morphine on total levels of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanilic acid (HVA) in caudate putamen was assessed in half the pretreated animals. An irreversible mu-opioid receptor antagonist, cloccinamox (C-CAM; 0.1 mg/kg), significantly antagonized the elevation of the HVA/DA ratio, but not the elevation of the DOPAC/DA ratio induced by morphine in the caudate putamen from drug-naive animals. Pretreatment with morphine blunted changes in the HVA/DA ratio induced by another morphine challenge, but it had no effect on the DOPAC/DA ratio within the caudate putamen. Therefore, a single dose of 10 mg/kg morphine hampered nigrostriatal DA release and extraneuronal metabolism, mu-opioid receptor mediated, on another 10 mg/kg morphine challenge. This confirms that the first exposure to morphine does not go without long-lasting neurochemical adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico C Pereira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Medical School, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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19
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Serra PA, Susini G, Rocchitta G, Migheli R, Dessanti G, Miele E, Desole MS, Miele M. Effects of sufentanil on the release and metabolism of dopamine and ascorbic acid and glutamate release in the striatum of freely moving rats. Neurosci Lett 2003; 344:9-12. [PMID: 12781909 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intrastriatally administered sufentanil on the release and metabolism of dopamine (DA) in the rat striatum were evaluated using in vivo microdialysis. Dialysate concentrations of DA and its acidic metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were increased following i.p. administration of either clinical anesthetic (20 microg/kg) or clinical analgesic (1 microg/kg) sufentanil doses. In addition, sufentanil also increased uric acid concentrations. In contrast, dialysate ascorbic acid and glutamate concentrations were unaffected. Intrastriatal infusion of sufentanil (250 nM) induced only a short lasting decrease in dialysate DA. Subcutaneous naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) abolished sufentanil-induced increases in dialysate DA, DOPAC+HVA and uric acid; however, naloxone (0.1 mM) failed to affect these increases when infused intrastriatally. These results demonstrate that sufentanil, at clinical doses, increases striatal DA release and oxidative metabolism of both DA and xanthine acting at extrastriatal sites with a mu-receptor-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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20
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Serra PA, Sciola L, Delogu MR, Spano A, Monaco G, Miele E, Rocchitta G, Miele M, Migheli R, Desole MS. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induces apoptosis in mouse nigrostriatal glia. Relevance to nigral neuronal death and striatal neurochemical changes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:34451-61. [PMID: 12084711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202099200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Swiss mice were given 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 25 mg/kg/day, for 5 consecutive days and killed at different days after MPTP discontinuance. Decreases in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity and levels of dopamine and its metabolites were observed 1 day after MPTP discontinuance. Ascorbic acid and glutamate levels had increased, dehydroascorbic acid and GSH decreased, whereas catabolites of high-energy phosphates (inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid) were unchanged. In addition, gliosis was observed in both striatum and substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Sections of SNc showed some terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Neurochemical parameters of dopaminergic activity showed a trend toward recovery 3 days after MPTP discontinuance. At this time point, TUNEL-positive cells were detected in SNc; some of them showed nuclei with neuronal morphology. A late (days 6-11) increase in striatal dopamine oxidative metabolism, ascorbic acid oxidative status, and catabolites of high-energy phosphates were observed concomitant with nigral neuron and nigrostriatal glial cell apoptotic death, as revealed by TUNEL, acridine orange, and Hoechst staining, and transmission electron microscopy. These data suggest that MPTP-induced activation/apoptotic death of glial cells plays a key role in the sequential linkage of neurochemical and cellular events leading to dopaminergic nigral neuron apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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21
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Moor E, Kohen R, Reiter RJ, Shohami E. Closed head injury increases extracellular levels of antioxidants in rat hippocampus in vivo: an adaptive mechanism? Neurosci Lett 2001; 316:169-72. [PMID: 11744229 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a major cause of secondary brain injury following head trauma. Low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) protect the tissue against oxidative damage caused by ROS. In the present study, we measured the extracellular levels of the LMWA ascorbic acid and uric acid in the rat brain before, during and after experimental closed head injury (CHI). A dialysis probe was inserted into the right ventral hippocampus through a chronically implanted guide. CHI was applied to the left hemisphere using a weight-drop device. CHI induced a rapid but transient increase in ascorbic acid levels. Uric acid levels increased to 250% of baseline shortly after CHI and remained elevated at 2 h after CHI. Previous results show that the overall reducing power of brain tissue decreases following CHI. Together with previous results, the current findings suggest that ascorbic acid and uric acid are mobilized from brain cells to the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Moor
- Department of Pharmacology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The School of Pharmacy, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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22
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Serra PA, Esposito G, Delogu MR, Migheli R, Rocchitta G, Grella G, Miele E, Miele M, Desole MS. Analysis of 3-morpholinosydnonimine and sodium nitroprusside effects on dopamine release in the striatum of freely moving rats: role of nitric oxide, iron and ascorbic acid. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:836-42. [PMID: 11030735 PMCID: PMC1572392 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of intrastriatal infusion of 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on dopamine (DA), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), ascorbic acid and uric acid concentrations in dialysates from the striatum of freely moving rats were evaluated using microdialysis. SIN-1 (1 mM) infusion for 180 min increased microdialysate DA and 3-MT concentrations, while L-DOPA, DOPCA+HVA, ascorbic acid and uric acid levels were unaffected. Co-infusion with ascorbic acid (0.1 mM) inhibited SIN-1-induced increases in DA and 3-MT dialysate concentration. SNP (1 mM) infusion for 180 min increased greatly the dialysate DA concentration to a peak (2950% of baseline) at the end of the infusion, while increases in 3-MT were negligible. In addition, SNP decreased ascorbic acid and L-DOPA but increased uric acid concentration in the dialysate. Co-infusion with deferoxamine (0.2 mM) inhibited the late SNP-induced increase in DA dialysate concentration, but did not affect the decrease in ascorbic acid and increase uric acid dialysate concentrations. SNP (1 mM) infusion for 20 min moderately increased uric acid, DA and 3-MT, but decreased L-DOPA levels in the dialysate. Ascorbic acid concentration increased at the end of SNP infusion. Co-infusion with ascorbic acid (0.1 mM) inhibited the SNP-induced increase in DA and 3-MT, but did not affect the decrease in L-DOPA and increase in uric acid dialysate concentrations. These results suggest that NO released from SIN-1 may account for the increase in the dialysate DA concentration. NO released following decomposition of SNP may account for the early increase in dialysate DA, while late changes in microdialysate composition following SNP may result from an interaction between NO and the ferrocyanide moiety of SNP. Exogenous ascorbic acid inhibits the effect of exogenous NO on DA release probably by scavenging NO, suggesting that endogenous ascorbic acid may modulate the NO control of DA release from 300 striatal dopaminergic terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S. Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S. Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - M Rosaria Delogu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S. Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S. Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S. Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grella
- Department of Pharmaco-chemical Toxicology, University of Sassari, via Muroni 29, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Egidio Miele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S. Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Miele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S. Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria S Desole
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, viale S. Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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23
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Serra PA, Esposito G, Enrico P, Mura MA, Migheli R, Delogu MR, Miele M, Desole MS, Grella G, Miele E. Manganese increases L-DOPA auto-oxidation in the striatum of the freely moving rat: potential implications to L-DOPA long-term therapy of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:937-45. [PMID: 10864903 PMCID: PMC1572135 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that manganese enhances L-dihydroxyphenylanine (L-DOPA) toxicity to PC12 cells in vitro. The supposed mechanism of manganese enhancing effect [an increase in L-DOPA and dopamine (DA) auto-oxidation] was studied using microdialysis in the striatum of freely moving rats. Systemic L-DOPA [25 mg kg(-1) intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice in a 12 h interval] significantly increased baseline dialysate concentrations of L-DOPA, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and uric acid, compared to controls. Conversely, DA and ascorbic acid concentrations were significantly decreased. A L-DOPA oxidation product, presumptively identified as L-DOPA semiquinone, was detected in the dialysate. The L-DOPA semiquinone was detected also following intrastriatal infusion of L-DOPA. In rats given L-DOPA i.p. , intrastriatal infusion of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly increased DA and L-DOPA dialysate concentrations and lowered those of L-DOPA semiquinone; in addition, NAC decreased DOPAC+HVA and uric acid dialysate concentrations. In rats given L-DOPA either systemically or intrastriatally, intrastriatal infusion of manganese decreased L-DOPA dialysate concentrations and greatly increased those of L-DOPA semiquinone. These changes were inhibited by NAC infusion. These findings demonstrate that auto-oxidation of exogenous L-DOPA occurs in vivo in the rat striatum. The consequent reactive oxygen species generation may account for the decrease in dialysate DA and ascorbic acid concentrations and increase in enzymatic oxidation of xanthine and DA. L-DOPA auto-oxidation is inhibited by NAC and enhanced by manganese. These results may be of relevance to the L-DOPA long-term therapy of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Enrico
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria A Mura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - M Rosaria Delogu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Miele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria S Desole
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grella
- Department of Pharmaco-chemical Toxicology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Egidio Miele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Sassari, Viale S.Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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24
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Miele M, Mura MA, Enrico P, Esposito G, Serra PA, Migheli R, Zangani D, Miele E, Desole MS. On the mechanism of d-amphetamine-induced changes in glutamate, ascorbic acid and uric acid release in the striatum of freely moving rats. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:582-8. [PMID: 10711358 PMCID: PMC1571853 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of systemic, intrastriatal or intranigral administration of d-amphetamine on glutamate, aspartate, ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid, dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations in dialysates from the striatum of freely-moving rats were evaluated using microdialysis. 2. d-Amphetamine (2 mg kg-1) given subcutaneously (s.c.) increased DA, AA and uric acid and decreased DOPAC + HVA, glutamate and aspartate dialysate concentrations over a 3 h period after d-amphetamine. 5-HIAA concentrations were unaffected. Individual changes in glutamate and AA dialysate concentrations were negatively correlated. 3. d-Amphetamine (0.2 mM), given intrastriatally, increased DA and decreased DOPAC + HVA and aspartate dialysate concentrations, but failed to change those of glutamate, AA uric acid or 5-HIAA, over a 2 h period after d-amphetamine. Haloperidol (0.1 mM), given intrastriatally, increased aspartate concentrations without affecting those of glutamate or AA. 4. d-Amphetamine (0.2 mM), given intranigrally, increased AA and uric acid dialysate concentrations and decreased those of glutamate, aspartate and DA; DOPAC + HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations were unaffected. 5. These results suggest that d-amphetamine-induced increases in AA and uric acid and decreases in glutamate concentrations are triggered at nigral sites. The changes in aspartate levels may be evoked by at least two mechanisms: striatal (mediated by inhibitory dopaminergic receptors) and nigral (activation of amino acid carrier-mediated uptake).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Miele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria A Mura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Enrico
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier A Serra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Danilo Zangani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Egidio Miele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria S Desole
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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25
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Enrico P, Mura MA, Esposito G, Serra P, Migheli R, De Natale G, Desole MS, Miele M, Miele E. Effect of naloxone on morphine-induced changes in striatal dopamine metabolism and glutamate, ascorbic acid and uric acid release in freely moving rats. Brain Res 1998; 797:94-102. [PMID: 9630540 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that systemic morphine increases extracellular dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid concentrations in the striatum of freely moving rats. The morphine-induced increase in DA oxidative metabolism is highly correlated with that of xanthine. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of subcutaneous (s.c.) naloxone (1 mg/kg) on morphine-induced changes in DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), AA, uric acid and glutamate in the striatum of freely moving rats using microdialysis. Dialysates were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection or (glutamate) ultraviolet detection. Morphine (5-20 mg/kg) given s.c. increased DA, DOPAC+HVA, 5-HIAA, AA and uric acid and decreased glutamate dialysate concentrations over a 3 h period after morphine. Morphine (1 mM), given intrastriatally, did not affect all the above parameters, with the exception of an early short-lasting decrease in AA concentration. Naloxone antagonised all morphine-induced changes with the exception of AA increase and glutamate decrease in dialysate concentrations. Systemic or intrastrial (0.2-2 mM) naloxone increased AA and decreased glutamate dialysate concentrations. When given intranigrally, morphine (1 mM) increased DOPAC+HVA, AA and uric acid and decreased glutamate dialysate concentrations over a 2 h period after morphine; DA and 5-HIAA concentrations were unaffected. These results suggest that: (i) morphine increases striatal DA release and 5-hydroxytryptamine oxidative metabolism by a micro-opioid receptor-mediated mechanism mainly at extranigrostriatal sites; (ii) morphine increases DA and xanthine oxidative metabolism and affects glutamate and AA release by a micro-opioid receptor mediated mechanism acting also at nigral sites; and (iii) a micro-opioid receptor-mediated mechanism tonically controls at striatal sites extracellular AA and glutamate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Enrico
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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