1
|
Mincheva-Tasheva S, Pfitzner C, Kumar R, Kurtsdotter I, Scherer M, Ritchie T, Muhr J, Gecz J, Thomas PQ. Mapping combinatorial expression of non-clustered protocadherins in the developing brain identifies novel PCDH19-mediated cell adhesion properties. Open Biol 2024; 14:230383. [PMID: 38629124 PMCID: PMC11037505 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered protocadherins (ncPcdhs) are adhesive molecules with spatio-temporally regulated overlapping expression in the developing nervous system. Although their unique role in neurogenesis has been widely studied, their combinatorial role in brain physiology and pathology is poorly understood. Using probabilistic cell typing by in situ sequencing, we demonstrate combinatorial inter- and intra-familial expression of ncPcdhs in the developing mouse cortex and hippocampus, at single-cell resolution. We discovered the combinatorial expression of Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19), a protein involved in PCDH19-clustering epilepsy, with Pcdh1, Pcdh9 or Cadherin 13 (Cdh13) in excitatory neurons. Using aggregation assays, we demonstrate a code-specific adhesion function of PCDH19; mosaic PCDH19 absence in PCDH19+9 and PCDH19 + CDH13, but not in PCDH19+1 codes, alters cell-cell interaction. Interestingly, we found that PCDH19 as a dominant protein in two heterophilic adhesion codes could promote trans-interaction between them. In addition, we discovered increased CDH13-mediated cell adhesion in the presence of PCDH19, suggesting a potential role of PCDH19 as an adhesion mediator of CDH13. Finally, we demonstrated novel cis-interactions between PCDH19 and PCDH1, PCDH9 and CDH13. These observations suggest that there is a unique combinatorial code with a cell- and region-specific characteristic where a single molecule defines the heterophilic cell-cell adhesion properties of each code.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefka Mincheva-Tasheva
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical
Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| | - Chandran Pfitzner
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical
Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
| | - Idha Kurtsdotter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela Scherer
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical
Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| | - Tarin Ritchie
- School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
| | - Jonas Muhr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research
Institute, Adelaide, 5000 ,
Australia
| | - Paul Q. Thomas
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical
Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gendosz de Carrillo D, Kocikowska O, Rak M, Krzan A, Student S, Jędrzejowska-Szypułka H, Pawletko K, Lasek-Bal A. The Relevance of Reperfusion Stroke Therapy for miR-9-3p and miR-9-5p Expression in Acute Stroke-A Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2766. [PMID: 38474013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion stroke therapy is a modern treatment that involves thrombolysis and the mechanical removal of thrombus from the extracranial and/or cerebral arteries, thereby increasing penumbra reperfusion. After reperfusion therapy, 46% of patients are able to live independently 3 months after stroke onset. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators in the development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and the efficacy of the applied treatment. The first aim of this study was to examine the change in serum miRNA levels via next-generation sequencing (NGS) 10 days after the onset of acute stroke and reperfusion treatment. Next, the predictive values of the bioinformatics analysis of miRNA gene targets for the assessment of brain ischemic response to reperfusion treatment were explored. Human serum samples were collected from patients on days 1 and 10 after stroke onset and reperfusion treatment. The samples were subjected to NGS and then validated using qRT-PCR. Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were used for enrichment analysis. Hsa-miR-9-3p and hsa-miR-9-5p expression were downregulated on day 10 compared to reperfusion treatment on day 1 after stroke. The functional analysis of miRNA target genes revealed a strong association between the identified miRNA and stroke-related biological processes related to neuroregeneration signaling pathways. Hsa-miR-9-3p and hsa-miR-9-5p are potential candidates for the further exploration of reperfusion treatment efficacy in stroke patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Gendosz de Carrillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Olga Kocikowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Engineering and Systems Biology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Krzan
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Upper-Silesian Medical Center of the Silesian Medical University, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Department of Engineering and Systems Biology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Halina Jędrzejowska-Szypułka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawletko
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anetta Lasek-Bal
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Upper-Silesian Medical Center of the Silesian Medical University, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Slough MM, Li R, Herbert AS, Lasso G, Kuehne AI, Monticelli SR, Bakken RR, Liu Y, Ghosh A, Moreau AM, Zeng X, Rey FA, Guardado-Calvo P, Almo SC, Dye JM, Jangra RK, Wang Z, Chandran K. Two point mutations in protocadherin-1 disrupt hantavirus recognition and afford protection against lethal infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4454. [PMID: 37488123 PMCID: PMC10366084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) are the etiologic agents of severe hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas for which no FDA-approved countermeasures are available. Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), a cadherin-superfamily protein recently identified as a critical host factor for ANDV and SNV, represents a new antiviral target; however, its precise role remains to be elucidated. Here, we use computational and experimental approaches to delineate the binding surface of the hantavirus glycoprotein complex on PCDH1's first extracellular cadherin repeat domain. Strikingly, a single amino acid residue in this PCDH1 surface influences the host species-specificity of SNV glycoprotein-PCDH1 interaction and cell entry. Mutation of this and a neighboring residue substantially protects Syrian hamsters from pulmonary disease and death caused by ANDV. We conclude that PCDH1 is a bona fide entry receptor for ANDV and SNV whose direct interaction with hantavirus glycoproteins could be targeted to develop new interventions against HCPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie R Monticelli
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Russell R Bakken
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Agnidipta Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alicia M Moreau
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Takeichi M. Cell sorting in vitro and in vivo: How are cadherins involved? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 147:2-11. [PMID: 36376196 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal tissues are composed of heterogenous cells, and their sorting into different compartments of the tissue is a pivotal process for organogenesis. Cells accomplish sorting by themselves-it is well known that singly dispersed cells can self-organize into tissue-like structures in vitro. Cell sorting is regulated by both biochemical and physical mechanisms. Adhesive proteins connect cells together, selecting particular partners through their specific binding properties, while physical forces, such as cell-cortical tension, control the cohesiveness between cells and in turn cell assembly patterns in mechanical ways. These processes cooperate in determining the overall cell sorting behavior. This article focuses on the 'cadherin' family of adhesion molecules as a biochemical component of cell-cell interactions, addressing how they regulate cell sorting by themselves or by cooperating with other factors. New ideas beyond the classical models of cell sorting are also discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoshina N, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Rally VR, Sant J, Hoshina M, Seiglie MP, Umemori H. ASD/OCD-Linked Protocadherin-10 Regulates Synapse, But Not Axon, Development in the Amygdala and Contributes to Fear- and Anxiety-Related Behaviors. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4250-4266. [PMID: 35504727 PMCID: PMC9145243 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1843-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Protocadherin-10 (PCDH10) gene is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depression (MD). The PCDH10 protein is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule that belongs to the δ2-protocadherin family. PCDH10 is highly expressed in the developing brain, especially in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, the role of PCDH10 in vivo has been debatable: one paper reported that a Pcdh10 mutant mouse line showed changes in axonal projections; however, another Pcdh10 mutant mouse line was reported to have failed to detect axonal phenotypes. Therefore, the actual roles of PCDH10 in the brain remain to be elucidated. We established a new Pcdh10 KO mouse line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, without inserting gene cassettes to avoid nonspecific effects, examined the roles of PCDH10 in the brain, and studied the behavioral consequences of Pcdh10 inactivation. Here, we show that Pcdh10 KO mice do not show defects in axonal development. Instead, we find that Pcdh10 KO mice exhibit impaired development of excitatory synapses in the dorsal BLA. We further demonstrate that male Pcdh10 KO mice exhibit reduced anxiety-related behaviors, impaired fear conditioning, decreased stress-coping responses, and mildly impaired social recognition and communication. These results indicate that PCDH10 plays a critical role in excitatory synapse development, but not axon development, in the dorsal BLA and that PCDH10 regulates anxiety-related, fear-related, and stress-related behaviors. Our results reveal the roles of PCDH10 in the brain and its relationship to relevant psychiatric disorders such as ASD, OCD, and MD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProtocadherin-10 (PCDH10) encodes a cell adhesion molecule and is implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depression (MD). PCDH10 is highly expressed in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, the phenotypes of previously published Pcdh10 mutant mice are debatable, and some are possibly because of the nonspecific effects of the LacZ/Neo cassette inserted in the mice. We have generated a new Pcdh10 mutant mouse line without the LacZ/Neo cassette. Using our new mouse line, we reveal the roles of PCDH10 for excitatory synapse development in the BLA. The mutant mice exhibit anxiety-related, fear-related, and stress-related behaviors, which are relevant to ASD, OCD, and MD, suggesting a possible treatment strategy for such psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naosuke Hoshina
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Erin M Johnson-Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Veronica R Rally
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jaanvi Sant
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Miyuki Hoshina
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mariel P Seiglie
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang C, Shi Y, Li X, Guan L, Li H, Lin J. Cadherins and the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:336-348. [PMID: 35393670 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a nervous system disease caused by abnormal discharge of brain neurons, which is characterized by recurrent seizures. The factors that induce epilepsy include genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors are important pathogenic factors of epilepsy, such as epilepsy caused by protocadherin-19 (PCDH-19) mutation, which is an X-linked genetic disease. It is more common in female heterozygotes, which are caused by mutations in the PCDH-19 gene. Epilepsy caused by environmental factors is mainly caused by brain injury, which is commonly caused by brain tumors, brain surgery, or trauma to the brain. In addition, the pathogenesis of epilepsy is closely related to abnormalities in some signaling pathways. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is considered a new target for the treatment of epilepsy. This review summarizes these factors inducing epilepsy and the research hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The focus of this review centers on cadherins and the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We analyzed the pathogenesis of epilepsy induced by N-cadherin and PCDH-19 in the cadherin family members. Finally, we expect that in the future, new breakthroughs will be made in the study of the pathogenesis and mechanism of epilepsy at the cellular and molecular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Yang
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaping Shi
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lihong Guan
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Han Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Borghi R, Magliocca V, Trivisano M, Specchio N, Tartaglia M, Bertini E, Compagnucci C. Modeling PCDH19-CE: From 2D Stem Cell Model to 3D Brain Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073506. [PMID: 35408865 PMCID: PMC8998847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PCDH19 clustering epilepsy (PCDH19-CE) is a genetic disease characterized by a heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum ranging from focal epilepsy with rare seizures and normal cognitive development to severe drug-resistant epilepsy associated with intellectual disability and autism. Unfortunately, little is known about the pathogenic mechanism underlying this disease and an effective treatment is lacking. Studies with zebrafish and murine models have provided insights on the function of PCDH19 during brain development and how its altered function causes the disease, but these models fail to reproduce the human phenotype. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided a complementary experimental approach for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in PCDH19-CE during neurogenesis and studying the pathology in a more physiological three-dimensional (3D) environment through the development of brain organoids. We report on recent progress in the development of human brain organoids with a particular focus on how this 3D model may shed light on the pathomechanisms implicated in PCDH19-CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Borghi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Valentina Magliocca
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Department of Neurosciences, Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou K, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang B, Shi H. COP1 Acts as a Ubiquitin Ligase for PCDH9 Ubiquitination and Degradation in Human Glioma. Mol Neurobiol 2022. [PMID: 35084653 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1, also known as RFWD2), a ring-finger-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been reported to play a pivotal role in the regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Accumulating evidence has suggested that COP1 plays a role in tumorigenesis by triggering the ubiquitination and degradation of its substrates, but the potential mechanism remains unclear. In this study, COP1 was used as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid experiment to screen COP1-interacting proteins in a human brain cDNA library, and the results indicated that protocadherin 9 (PCDH9) was a potential binding protein of COP1. The interaction between and colocalization of COP1 and PCDH9 was further confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay and immunofluorescent staining. Subsequently, we demonstrated that COP1 acted as an E3 ligase to promote the ubiquitination and degradation of PCDH9 through the proteasome pathway in glioma cells. Furthermore, we identified that the type of COP1 mediated PCDH9 ubiquitination was Lys48-linked polyubiquitination. Finally, we found that the COP1 protein level was inversely correlated with the PCDH9 protein level in human glioma tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that COP1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for PCDH9 and reveal an important mechanism for PCDH9 regulation in human glioma.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yusuf IH, Garrett A, MacLaren RE, Issa PC. Retinal cadherins and the retinal cadherinopathies: Current concepts and future directions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 90:101038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Borghi R, Magliocca V, Petrini S, Conti LA, Moreno S, Bertini E, Tartaglia M, Compagnucci C. Dissecting the Role of PCDH19 in Clustering Epilepsy by Exploiting Patient-Specific Models of Neurogenesis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132754. [PMID: 34201522 PMCID: PMC8268119 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PCDH19-related epilepsy is a rare genetic disease caused by defective function of PCDH19, a calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion protein of the cadherin superfamily. This disorder is characterized by a heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum, with partial and generalized febrile convulsions that are gradually increasing in frequency. Developmental regression may occur during disease progression. Patients may present with intellectual disability (ID), behavioral problems, motor and language delay, and a low motor tone. In most cases, seizures are resistant to treatment, but their frequency decreases with age, and some patients may even become seizure-free. ID generally persists after seizure remission, making neurological abnormalities the main clinical issue in affected individuals. An effective treatment is lacking. In vitro studies using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reported accelerated neural differentiation as a major endophenotype associated with PCDH19 mutations. By using this in vitro model system, we show that accelerated in vitro neurogenesis is associated with a defect in the cell division plane at the neural progenitors stage. We also provide evidence that altered PCDH19 function affects proper mitotic spindle orientation. Our findings identify an altered equilibrium between symmetric versus asymmetric cell division as a previously unrecognized mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of this rare epileptic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Borghi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentina Magliocca
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Libenzio Adrian Conti
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Danilova NV, Mikhailov IA, Oleynikova NA, Malkov PG. [E-cadherin expression in tumor emboli in gastric cancer]. Arkh Patol 2021; 83:11-19. [PMID: 34041891 DOI: 10.17116/patol20218303111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the level of E-cadherin expression in tumor emboli, to compare it with expression in a tumor, to determine the dependence of E-cadherin expression in tumor emboli on the clinical and morphological characteristics of gastric cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used samples of surgical material from 280 patients with a verified diagnosis of gastric cancer. E-cadherin expression was determined by immunohistochemical method. The results of the reactions were assessed semi-quantitatively and compared with the main clinical and morphological characteristics of gastric cancer (histological type according to the WHO classification 2019, histological type according to the classification of P. Lauren, clinical stage, depth of invasion (T), number of metastases in lymph nodes (N), presence or/absence of distant metastases (M), tumor localization in the stomach). RESULTS Among 280 cases of cancer, emboli were detected only in 67 cases, used for further analysis. The rest of the samples were excluded from the analysis, since emboli did not get into the sections during the cutting of immunohistochemical preparations. The expression of E-cadherin in tumor emboli was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in tumor tissue. At the same time, no cases identified where the level of E-cadherin decreased in emboli compared to the tumor. A significant increase in the expression of E-cadherin in tumor emboli compared to the primary tumor was noted for all histological types according to WHO 2019, for intermediate and diffuse types according to the P. Lauren classification (p<0.001). Comparison of expression in emboli and tumors for neoplasms with different depths of invasion (T), different stages and different localizations did not reveal statistically significant differences. An increase in the expression of E-cadherin in emboli compared to tumors was characterized by a higher level of significance in the presence of metastases (N1, N2, N3a, N3b; p<0.001) than in the absence of metastases (N0; p=0.016). CONCLUSION The study revealed a statistically significant increase in the expression of E-cadherin in tumor emboli compared to the primary tumor, which is evidence of its important role in maintaining the integrity of emboli and tumor dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N V Danilova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - P G Malkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy for Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Iakovlev M, Faravelli S, Becskei A. Gene Families With Stochastic Exclusive Gene Choice Underlie Cell Adhesion in Mammalian Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642212. [PMID: 33996799 PMCID: PMC8117012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive stochastic gene choice combines precision with diversity. This regulation enables most T-cells to express exactly one T-cell receptor isoform chosen from a large repertoire, and to react precisely against diverse antigens. Some cells express two receptor isoforms, revealing the stochastic nature of this process. A similar regulation of odorant receptors and protocadherins enable cells to recognize odors and confer individuality to cells in neuronal interaction networks, respectively. We explored whether genes in other families are expressed exclusively by analyzing single-cell RNA-seq data with a simple metric. This metric can detect exclusivity independently of the mean value and the monoallelic nature of gene expression. Chromosomal segments and gene families are more likely to express genes concurrently than exclusively, possibly due to the evolutionary and biophysical aspects of shared regulation. Nonetheless, gene families with exclusive gene choice were detected in multiple cell types, most of them are membrane proteins involved in ion transport and cell adhesion, suggesting the coordination of these two functions. Thus, stochastic exclusive expression extends beyond the prototypical families, permitting precision in gene choice to be combined with the diversity of intercellular interactions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mancini M, Bassani S, Passafaro M. Right Place at the Right Time: How Changes in Protocadherins Affect Synaptic Connections Contributing to the Etiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:E2711. [PMID: 33352832 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, neurons need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to a functional neuronal circuitry. Mistakes during this process, leading to the formation of improper neuronal connectivity, can result in a number of brain abnormalities and impairments collectively referred to as neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), present on the cell surface, take part in the neurodevelopmental process regulating migration and recognition of specific cells to form functional neuronal assemblies. Among CAMs, the members of the protocadherin (PCDH) group stand out because they are involved in cell adhesion, neurite initiation and outgrowth, axon pathfinding and fasciculation, and synapse formation and stabilization. Given the critical role of these macromolecules in the major neurodevelopmental processes, it is not surprising that clinical and basic research in the past two decades has identified several PCDH genes as responsible for a large fraction of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the present article, we review these findings with a focus on the non-clustered PCDH sub-group, discussing the proteins implicated in the main neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
|
14
|
Serratto GM, Pizzi E, Murru L, Mazzoleni S, Pelucchi S, Marcello E, Mazzanti M, Passafaro M, Bassani S. The Epilepsy-Related Protein PCDH19 Regulates Tonic Inhibition, GABA AR Kinetics, and the Intrinsic Excitability of Hippocampal Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5336-5351. [PMID: 32880860 PMCID: PMC7541378 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PCDH19 encodes for protocadherin-19 (PCDH19), a cell-adhesion molecule of the cadherin superfamily preferentially expressed in the brain. PCDH19 mutations cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome named epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 9 (EIEE9) characterized by seizures associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits. We recently reported that PCDH19 binds the alpha subunits of GABAA receptors (GABAARs), modulating their surface availability and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). Here, we investigated whether PCDH19 regulatory function on GABAARs extends to the extrasynaptic receptor pool that mediates tonic current. In fact, the latter shapes neuronal excitability and network properties at the base of information processing. By combining patch-clamp recordings in whole-cell and cell-attached configurations, we provided a functional characterization of primary hippocampal neurons from embryonic rats of either sex expressing a specific PCDH19 short hairpin (sh)RNA. We first demonstrated that PCDH19 downregulation reduces GABAAR-mediated tonic current, evaluated by current shift and baseline noise analysis. Next, by single-channel recordings, we showed that PCDH19 regulates GABAARs kinetics without altering their conductance. In particular, GABAARs of shRNA-expressing neurons preferentially exhibit brief openings at the expense of long ones, thus displaying a flickering behavior. Finally, we showed that PCDH19 downregulation reduces the rheobase and increases the frequency of action potential firing, thus indicating neuronal hyperexcitability. These findings establish PCDH19 as a critical determinant of GABAAR-mediated tonic transmission and GABAARs gating, and provide the first mechanistic insights into PCDH19-related hyperexcitability and comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Pizzi
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Murru
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20129, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzoleni
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20129, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Mazzanti
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20129, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bassani
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20129, Milan, Italy. .,NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Kerrisk Campbell M, Tom I, Foreman O, Hanson JE, Sheng M. PCDH7 interacts with GluN1 and regulates dendritic spine morphology and synaptic function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10951. [PMID: 32616769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal domain (NTD) of the GluN1 subunit (GluN1-NTD) is important for NMDA receptor structure and function, but the interacting proteins of the GluN1-NTD are not well understood. Starting with an unbiased screen of ~ 1,500 transmembrane proteins using the purified GluN1-NTD protein as a bait, we identify Protocadherin 7 (PCDH7) as a potential interacting protein. PCDH7 is highly expressed in the brain and has been linked to CNS disorders, including epilepsy. Using primary neurons and brain slice cultures, we find that overexpression and knockdown of PCDH7 induce opposing morphological changes of dendritic structures. We also find that PCDH7 overexpression reduces synaptic NMDA receptor currents. These data show that PCDH7 can regulate dendritic spine morphology and synaptic function, possibly via interaction with the GluN1 subunit.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion molecules that belong to the cadherin superfamily, and are subdivided into clustered (cPcdhs) and non-clustered Pcdhs (ncPcdhs) in vertebrates. In this review, we summarize their discovery, expression mechanisms, and roles in neuronal development and cancer, thereby highlighting the context-dependent nature of their actions. We furthermore provide an extensive overview of current structural knowledge, and its implications concerning extracellular interactions between cPcdhs, ncPcdhs, and classical cadherins. Next, we survey the known molecular action mechanisms of Pcdhs, emphasizing the regulatory functions of proteolytic processing and domain shedding. In addition, we outline the importance of Pcdh intracellular domains in the regulation of downstream signaling cascades, and we describe putative Pcdh interactions with intracellular molecules including components of the WAVE complex, the Wnt pathway, and apoptotic cascades. Our overview combines molecular interaction data from different contexts, such as neural development and cancer. This comprehensive approach reveals potential common Pcdh signaling hubs, and points out future directions for research. Functional studies of such key factors within the context of neural development might yield innovative insights into the molecular etiology of Pcdh-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pancho
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Basnet S, Bochkov YA, Brockman-Schneider RA, Kuipers I, Aesif SW, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Ober C, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. CDHR3 Asthma-Risk Genotype Affects Susceptibility of Airway Epithelium to Rhinovirus C Infections. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:450-458. [PMID: 30916989 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0220oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CDHR3 (cadherin-related family member 3) is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in airway epithelia and the only known receptor for rhinovirus C (RV-C). A CDHR3 SNP (rs6967330) with G to A base change has been linked to severe exacerbations of asthma and increased susceptibility to RV-C infections in young children. The goals of this study were to determine the subcellular localization of CDHR3 and to test the hypothesis that CDHR3 asthma-risk genotype affects epithelial cell function and susceptibility to RV-C infections of the airway epithelia. We used immunofluorescence imaging, Western blot analysis, and transmission electron microscopy to show CDHR3 subcellular localization in apical cells, including expression in the cilia of airway epithelia. Polymorphisms in CDHR3 rs6967330 locus (G→A) that were previously associated with childhood asthma were related to differences in CDHR3 expression and epithelial cell function. The rs6967330 A allele was associated with higher overall protein expression and RV-C binding and replication compared with the rs6967330 G allele. Furthermore, the rs6967330 A allele was associated with earlier ciliogenesis and higher FOXJ1 expression. Finally, CDHR3 genotype had no significant effects on membrane integrity or ciliary beat function. These findings provide information on the subcellular localization and possible functions of CDHR3 in the airways and link CDHR3 asthma-risk genotype to increased RV-C binding and replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Scott W Aesif
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Carol Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gong Z, Hu G. PCDH20 acts as a tumour-suppressor gene through the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2020; 26:209-217. [PMID: 31450490 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downregulation of PCDH20 is frequently involved in tumorigenesis of many cancers, but the role of PCDH20 protein in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PCDH20 in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC). METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and qRT-PCR was carried out to estimate the expressions of PCDH20 protein and mRNA in HSCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Correlation between the PCDH20 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was evaluated using chi-square test. Meanwhile, Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were applied to analyze the overall survival. After transfection of PCDH20, the CCK8 assay, Cell migration assay and invasion assay were used to investigate the changes in the viability, migration and invasion of Fuda cells. The mechanisms by which reduced PCDH20 promote migration and invasion of Fuda cells were examined using western blotting. RESULTS PCDH20 protein showed in tumor tissue low expression rates of 67.5% (54/80). The mRNA of PCDH20 indicated the consistent trend (80%, 8/10). Reduced PCDH20 expression was positively related to T stage and lymph node metastasis (P< 0.05). Patients with low levels of PCDH20 had worse overall survival compared with those with high PCDH20 levels (P< 0.001). The univariate Cox regression analysis described that lymph node metastasis (P= 0.043) and down-regulated PCDH20 expression (P= 0.045) were significantly prognostic factors.Multivariate analysis suggested that low PCDH20 expression (P= 0.015) were significantly independent prognostic factors for overall survival. PCDH20 in Fadu cells significantly inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion. Meanwhile, PCDH20 was involved in the disruption of HSCC progression through antagonizing its downstream Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. CONCLUSION Our data highlight that the downregulated PCDH20 may serve as reliable diagnostic biomarker in HSCC.
Collapse
|
19
|
Harrison OJ, Brasch J, Katsamba PS, Ahlsen G, Noble AJ, Dan H, Sampogna RV, Potter CS, Carragher B, Honig B, Shapiro L. Family-wide Structural and Biophysical Analysis of Binding Interactions among Non-clustered δ-Protocadherins. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2655-2671.e7. [PMID: 32101743 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered δ1- and δ2-protocadherins, close relatives of clustered protocadherins, function in cell adhesion and motility and play essential roles in neural patterning. To understand the molecular interactions underlying these functions, we used solution biophysics to characterize binding of δ1- and δ2-protocadherins, determined crystal structures of ectodomain complexes from each family, and assessed ectodomain assembly in reconstituted intermembrane junctions by cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET). Homophilic trans (cell-cell) interactions were preferred for all δ-protocadherins, with additional weaker heterophilic interactions observed exclusively within each subfamily. As expected, δ1- and δ2-protocadherin trans dimers formed through antiparallel EC1-EC4 interfaces, like clustered protocadherins. However, no ectodomain-mediated cis (same-cell) interactions were detectable in solution; consistent with this, cryo-ET of reconstituted junctions revealed dense assemblies lacking the characteristic order observed for clustered protocadherins. Our results define non-clustered protocadherin binding properties and their structural basis, providing a foundation for interpreting their functional roles in neural patterning.
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun R, Xiang T, Tang J, Peng W, Luo J, Li L, Qiu Z, Tan Y, Ye L, Zhang M, Ren G, Tao Q. 19q13 KRAB zinc-finger protein ZNF471 activates MAPK10/JNK3 signaling but is frequently silenced by promoter CpG methylation in esophageal cancer. Theranostics 2020; 10:2243-2259. [PMID: 32089740 PMCID: PMC7019175 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs) are the largest transcription factor family in mammals, involved in the regulation of multiple physiologic processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and neoplastic transformation. Approximately one-third of ZFPs are Krüppel-associated box domain (KRAB)-ZFPs. Methods: ZNF471 expression and methylation were detected by reverse-transcription PCR and methylation-specific PCR. The impact and mechanism of ectopic ZNF471 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results: We identified a 19q13 KRAB-ZFP, ZNF471, as a methylated target in ESCC. We further found that ZNF471 is significantly downregulated in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent non-cancer tissues, due to its aberrant promoter CpG methylation, and further confirmed by methylation analysis and treatment with demethylation agent. Restoration of ZNF471 expression in silenced ESCC cells significantly altered cell morphology, induced apoptosis and G0/G1 arrest, and inhibited tumor cell colony formation, viability, migration and invasion. Importantly, ZNF471 was found to activate the expression of MAPK10/JNK3 and PCDH family genes, and further enhance MAPK10 signaling and downstream gene expression through binding to the MAPK10/JNK3 promoter. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that ZNF471 is an important tumor suppressor and loss of ZNF471 functions hampers MAPK10/JNK3 signaling during esophageal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu W, Yang L, Li T, Zhang Y. Cadherin Signaling in Cancer: Its Functions and Role as a Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2019; 9:989. [PMID: 31637214 PMCID: PMC6788064 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin family includes lists of transmembrane glycoproteins which mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. Cadherin-mediated adhesion regulates cell growth and differentiation throughout life. Through the establishment of the cadherin-catenin complex, cadherins provide normal cell-cell adhesion and maintain homeostatic tissue architecture. In the process of cell recognition and adhesion, cadherins act as vital participators. As results, the disruption of cadherin signaling has significant implications on tumor formation and progression. Altered cadherin expression plays a vital role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, angiogenesis, and tumor immune response. Based on ongoing research into the role of cadherin signaling in malignant tumors, cadherins are now being considered as potential targets for cancer therapies. This review will demonstrate the mechanisms of cadherin involvement in tumor progression, and consider the clinical significance of cadherins as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yu
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Modak D, Sotomayor M. Identification of an adhesive interface for the non-clustered δ1 protocadherin-1 involved in respiratory diseases. Commun Biol 2019; 2:354. [PMID: 31583286 PMCID: PMC6769022 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins form a large family of calcium-dependent adhesive proteins involved in morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and neuronal connectivity. Non-clustered δ1 protocadherins form a cadherin subgroup of proteins with seven extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats and cytoplasmic domains distinct from those of classical cadherins. Non-clustered δ1 protocadherins mediate homophilic adhesion and have been implicated in various diseases including asthma, autism, and cancer. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of human Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), a δ1-protocadherin member essential for New World Hantavirus infection that is typically expressed in the brain, airway epithelium, skin keratinocytes, and lungs. The structures suggest a binding mode that involves antiparallel overlap of repeats EC1 to EC4. Mutagenesis combined with binding assays and biochemical experiments validated this mode of adhesion. Overall, these results reveal the molecular mechanism underlying adhesiveness of PCDH1 and δ1-protocadherins, also shedding light on PCDH1's role in maintaining airway epithelial integrity, the loss of which causes respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debadrita Modak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bassani S, Cwetsch AW, Gerosa L, Serratto GM, Folci A, Hall IF, Mazzanti M, Cancedda L, Passafaro M. The female epilepsy protein PCDH19 is a new GABAAR-binding partner that regulates GABAergic transmission as well as migration and morphological maturation of hippocampal neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1027-1038. [PMID: 29360992 PMCID: PMC5886308 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The PCDH19 gene (Xp22.1) encodes the cell-adhesion protein protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) and is responsible for a neurodevelopmental pathology characterized by female-limited epilepsy, cognitive impairment and autistic features, the pathogenic mechanisms of which remain to be elucidated. Here, we identified a new interaction between PCDH19 and GABAA receptor (GABAAR) alpha subunits in the rat brain. PCDH19 shRNA-mediated downregulation reduces GABAAR surface expression and affects the frequency and kinetics of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in cultured hippocampal neurons. In vivo, PCDH19 downregulation impairs migration, orientation and dendritic arborization of CA1 hippocampal neurons and increases rat seizure susceptibility. In sum, these data indicate a role for PCDH19 in GABAergic transmission as well as migration and morphological maturation of neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Laura Gerosa
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milan 20129, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michele Mazzanti
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.,Telethon Dulbecco Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gerosa L, Francolini M, Bassani S, Passafaro M. The Role of Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) in Neurodevelopment and in the Pathophysiology of Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy-9 (EIEE9). Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:75-84. [PMID: 30431232 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PCDH19 is considered one of the most clinically relevant genes in epilepsy, second only to SCN1A. To date about 150 mutations have been identified as causative for PCDH19-female epilepsy (also known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-9, EIEE9), which is characterized by early onset epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral disturbances. Although little is known about the physiological role of PCDH19 and the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to EIEE9, in this review, we will present latest researches focused on these aspects, underlining protein expression, its known functions and the mechanisms by which the protein acts, with particular interest in PCDH19 extracellular and intracellular roles in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maura Francolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cao Y, Yu Y, Chen X, Ren F, Zhang R, Jia Y, Ren Z, Sun R, Li J, Shi H. Low Expression of Protocadherin-8 Promotes the Progression of Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 28:346-54. [PMID: 29324532 DOI: 10.1097/IGC.0000000000001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second most lethal gynecological cancer among women throughout the world. Protocadherin-8 (PCDH8) could function as a candidate tumor suppressor. However, the link between PCDH8 and OC development is poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 68 OC patients were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical information was collected and cancer tissues were used for tissue microarray. The PCDH8 expression was determined on tissue microarray by immunohistochemical staining, and PCDH8 protein was detected in cancer tissues and adjacent tissue by western blotting. Human OC cell lines (SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3) were used to assess the effects of PCDH8 overexpression by western blot and real-time PCR analysis. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay, wound healing migration assay, colony formation assay and invasion assays were performed to assess the influence of PCDH8 on cell function. Cells with Luc-nonspecific Lentiviral or Luc-Lentiviral with PCDH8 gene were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to observe the effect of PCDH8 gene on tumor growth. Bioluminescence imaging was used to observe tumor volume. RESULTS We found a low expression of PCDH8 in OC tissues versus the corresponding adjacent tissue. The PCDH8 expression, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, metastasis and recurrence were the independent prognostic factors for over-all survival by multivariate analyses. Furthermore, the patients with recurrence presented a low level of PCDH8 in OC tissues, and patients with advanced tumor stage also had a low PCDH8 expression. Importantly, the low expression of PCDH8 in OC tissues had a poor prognosis with a low overall survival rate. Overexpression of PCDH8 could inhibit OC cell growth/proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro. In vivo experiments also proved that overexpression of PCDH8 could inhibit OC cell growth/proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Protocadherin-8 might be considered as a candidate tumor suppressor and play a crucial role in the progression of OC.
Collapse
|
26
|
Niazi R, Fanning EA, Depienne C, Sarmady M, Abou Tayoun AN. A mutation update for the PCDH19 gene causing early-onset epilepsy in females with an unusual expression pattern. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:243-257. [PMID: 30582250 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The PCDH19 gene consists of six exons encoding a 1,148 amino acid transmembrane protein, Protocadherin 19, which is involved in brain development. Heterozygous pathogenic variants in this gene are inherited in an unusual X-linked dominant pattern in which heterozygous females are affected, while hemizygous males are typically unaffected, although they pass on the pathogenic variant to each affected daughter. PCDH19-related disorder is known to cause early-onset epilepsy in females characterized by seizure clusters exacerbated by fever and in most cases, onset is within the first year of life. This condition was initially described in 1971 and in 2008 PCDH19 was identified as the underlying genetic etiology. This condition is the result of pathogenic loss-of-function variants that may be de novo or inherited from an affected mother or unaffected father and cellular interference has been hypothesized to be the culprit. Heterozygous females are symptomatic because of the presence of both wild-type and mutant cells that interfere with one another due to the production of different surface proteins, whereas nonmosaic hemizygous males produce a homogenous population of cells. Here, we review novel pathogenic variants in the PCDH19 gene since 2012 to date, and summarize any genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rojeen Niazi
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth A Fanning
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.,IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mahdi Sarmady
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bisogni AJ, Ghazanfar S, Williams EO, Marsh HM, Yang JY, Lin DM. Tuning of delta-protocadherin adhesion through combinatorial diversity. eLife 2018; 7:41050. [PMID: 30547884 PMCID: PMC6326727 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The delta-protocadherins (δ-Pcdhs) play key roles in neural development, and expression studies suggest they are expressed in combination within neurons. The extent of this combinatorial diversity, and how these combinations influence cell adhesion, is poorly understood. We show that individual mouse olfactory sensory neurons express 0–7 δ-Pcdhs. Despite this apparent combinatorial complexity, K562 cell aggregation assays revealed simple principles that mediate tuning of δ-Pcdh adhesion. Cells can vary the number of δ-Pcdhs expressed, the level of surface expression, and which δ-Pcdhs are expressed, as different members possess distinct apparent adhesive affinities. These principles contrast with those identified previously for the clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs), where the particular combination of cPcdhs expressed does not appear to be a critical factor. Despite these differences, we show δ-Pcdhs can modify cPcdh adhesion. Our studies show how intra- and interfamily interactions can greatly amplify the impact of this small subfamily on neuronal function. Multicellular life depends on cells being able to stick together. The human body, for example, consists of trillions of cells grouped into tissues and organs. The brain alone contains some 87 billion neurons organized into complex networks. To stay together, cells use proteins on their surface called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). There are four major families of CAMs, each with multiple members, and the CAMs on one cell recognize and interact with the CAMs on another. But how does this process work? One possibility is that different combinations of CAMs allow different cells to stick together. Bisogni et al. tested this idea by studying a family of CAMs called the delta-protocadherins. This family has nine members, each with its own gene. Before cells can use a gene to produce a protein, they must first use the gene’s DNA as a template to build an RNA molecule. By counting the number of different types of RNA molecules inside individual cells, Bisogni et al. showed that sensory neurons in the mouse each produce up to seven different delta-protocadherins. Further experiments revealed that cells fine-tune their interactions by varying the number, type and combination of delta-protocadherins on their surface. In addition, the delta-protocadherins also alter interactions between members of a related gene family, the clustered protocadherins. This further increases their ability to regulate how cells interact. In contrast to previous studies that focused on single molecules, Bisogni et al. have shown how combinations of molecules work together to influence cell adhesion. Deciphering this combinatorial code is key to understanding how interactions between cells go awry in disease. Mutations in the genes for CAMs often impair brain development. The reported findings may provide insights into how such mutations disrupt the CAM combinatorial code and alter cell to cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bisogni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Shila Ghazanfar
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric O Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg, United States
| | - Heather M Marsh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Jean Yh Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David M Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Heidarzadeh S, Motalleb GH, Zorriehzahra MJ. Evaluation of Tumor Regulatory Genes and Apoptotic Pathways in The Cytotoxic Effect of Cytochalasin H on Malignant Human Glioma Cell Line (U87MG). Cell J 2018; 21:62-69. [PMID: 30507090 PMCID: PMC6275432 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of current study was to provide a proof-of-concept on the mechanism of PLAU and PCDH10 gene expressions and caspases-3, -8, and -9 activities in the apoptotic pathway after treatment of malignant human glioma cell line (U87MG) with cytochalasin H. Materials and Methods In the present experimental study, we have examined cytochalasin H cytotoxic activities as a new therapeutic agent on U87MG cells in vitro for the first time. The cells were cultured and treated with 10-5-10-9 M of cytochalasin H for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The assessment of cell viability was carried out by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay at 578 nm. The data are the average of three independent tests. mRNA expression changes of PLAU and PCDH10 were then evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The fluorometric of caspases-3, -8, and -9 activities were carried out. The morphology changes in the U87MG cells were observed by fluorescence microscope. Results MTT assay showed that cytochalasin H (10-5 M) inhibited the U87MG cancer cells proliferation after 48 hours. Analysis of qRT-PCR showed that the PLAU expression was significantly decreased in comparison with the control (P<0.05). The expression of PCDH10 also showed a significant increase when compared to the control (P<0.001). Fluorescence microscope indicated morphological changes due to apoptosis in U87MG cancer cells, after treatment with cytochalasin H (10-5 M, 48 hours). The fluorometric evaluation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities showed no significant difference between the caspases and the control group. Conclusion This study shows the effect of caspase-independent pathways of the programmed cell death on the U87MG cancer cell line under cytochalasin H treatment. Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - G Holamreza Motalleb
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.Electronic Address:
| | - Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tan Y, Hou M, Ma S, Liu P, Xia S, Wang Y, Chen L, Chen Z. Chinese cases of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy: a novel mutation in the PCDH19 gene was proved in a mosaic male- case report. BMC Med Genet 2018; 19:92. [PMID: 29866057 PMCID: PMC5987650 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The link between the protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) gene and epilepsy suggests that an unusual form of X-linked inheritance affects females but is transmitted through asymptomatic males. Individuals with epilepsy associated with mutations in the PCDH19 gene display generalized or focal seizures with or without fever sensitivity. The clinical manifestation of the condition ranges from mild to severe, resulting in intellectual disability and behavioural disturbance. In the present study, we assessed mutations in the PCDH19 gene and the clinical features of a group of Chinese patients with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy and aimed to provide further insight into the understanding of epilepsy and mental retardation limited to females (EFMR; MIM 300088). Case Presentation We described three variations in the PCDH19 gene in Chinese patients with epilepsy who developed generalized seizures occurring in clusters with or without triggering by fever. Candidate genes were screened for mutations that cause epilepsy and related paroxysmal or nervous system diseases in the coding exons and intron–exon boundaries using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) followed by sequencing. The variations were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology and verified with first-generation sequencing. Exome sequencing of a multigene epilepsy panel revealed three mutations in the PCDH19 gene in a mosaic male and two unrelated females. These included a frameshift mutation c.1508_1509insT (p.Thr504HisfsTer19), a missense mutation c.1681C > T (p.Pro561Ser) and a nonsense mutation c.918C > G (p.Tyr306Ter). Of the three mutations in the PCDH19 gene associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, the frameshift variation in a mosaic male is novel and de novo, the missense variation is de novo and is the second ever reported in females, and the nonsense variation was inherited from the paternal line and is the first example discovered in a female. Conclusions The results from our current study provide new insight into and perspectives for the molecular genetic link between epilepsy and PCDH19 alterations. Moreover, our new findings of the male mosaic variant broaden the spectrum of PCDH19-related epilepsy and provide a new understanding of this complex genetic disorder. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-018-0621-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo City, 255029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Hou
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Qingdao Women & Children's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266034, China
| | - Shaochun Ma
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Affiliated Qingdao Women & Children's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266034, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shungang Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo City, 255029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo City, 255029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo City, 255029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Williams JS, Hsu JY, Rossi CC, Artinger KB. Requirement of zebrafish pcdh10a and pcdh10b in melanocyte precursor migration. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S274-S286. [PMID: 29604249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes derive from neural crest cells, which are a highly migratory population of cells that play an important role in pigmentation of the skin and epidermal appendages. In most vertebrates, melanocyte precursor cells migrate solely along the dorsolateral pathway to populate the skin. However, zebrafish melanocyte precursors also migrate along the ventromedial pathway, in route to the yolk, where they interact with other neural crest derivative populations. Here, we demonstrate the requirement for zebrafish paralogs pcdh10a and pcdh10b in zebrafish melanocyte precursor migration. pcdh10a and pcdh10b are expressed in a subset of melanocyte precursor and somatic cells respectively, and knockdown and TALEN mediated gene disruption of pcdh10a results in aberrant migration of melanocyte precursors resulting in fully melanized melanocytes that differentiate precociously in the ventromedial pathway. Live cell imaging analysis demonstrates that loss of pchd10a results in a reduction of directed cell migration of melanocyte precursors, caused by both increased adhesion and a loss of cell-cell contact with other migratory neural crest cells. Also, we determined that the paralog pcdh10b is upregulated and can compensate for the genetic loss of pcdh10a. Disruption of pcdh10b alone by CRISPR mutagenesis results in somite defects, while the loss of both paralogs results in enhanced migratory melanocyte precursor phenotype and embryonic lethality. These results reveal a novel role for pcdh10a and pcdh10b in zebrafish melanocyte precursor migration and suggest that pcdh10 paralogs potentially interact for proper transient migration along the ventromedial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xiao H, Sun Z, Wan J, Hou S, Xiong Y. Overexpression of protocadherin 7 inhibits neuronal survival by downregulating BIRC5 in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:71-80. [PMID: 29548751 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are widely-expressed transmembrane proteins in the nervous system. Recent studies suggest that Pcdhs play multiple critical roles during neuronal development. However, the cellular mechanisms of Pcdh7 in neurons are still largely unknown. In the current study, we demonstrated that the expression of Pcdh7 during mouse brain development was regulated spatiotemporally. We observed that the elevated expression of Pcdh7 led to activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in primary cortical neurons. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed that 12 genes were involved in the apoptotic pathway including baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) repeat containing 5 (BIRC5). The neuronal apoptosis caused by Pcdh7 overexpression could be significantly inhibited by either a missense mutation in the conserved motif CM2 domain of Pcdh7 or BIRC5 overexpression. These results suggest the existence of Pcdh7-BIRC5 signaling cascade in the cortical neurons and represent a potential therapeutic area for further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajuan Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziling Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengtao Hou
- Brain Research Center and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu Y, Zheng S, Yao J, Li M, Yang G, Zhang N, Zhang S, Zhong B. Decreased expression of protocadherin 20 is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3018-3028. [PMID: 27935871 PMCID: PMC5356860 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, protocadherin 20 has been reported as a tumor suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the prognostic value of protocadherin 20 in HCC remains unclear. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and prognostic values of protocadherin 20 in HCC patients. The expression of protocadherin 20 was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier curves were created to calculate the overall survival of the patients, and Cox regression models were used to identify the risk factors associated with prognosis. Of 317 primary HCC patients, decreased expression of protocadherin 20 was observed in 184 (58.0%) patients (P < 0.001). Reduced protocadherin 20 protein expression correlated with portal hypertension, poor tumor differentiation, advanced Okuda stage, and Cancer of the Liver Italian Program score (all P < 0.05). Low protocadherin 20 expression was an independent risk factor for mortality (P = 0.018). Furthermore, in our newly developed simple risk score based on protocadherin 20, patients with total score > 1.11 showed significantly poorer outcome; and the predictive value of the score was better than the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, Okuda stage, and Child-Pugh classification (Harrell's concordance index = 0.614). Taken together, these findings suggest that protocadherin 20 may represent a novel prognostic biomarker for HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jiayan Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Minrui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Bihui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hillen AEJ, Burbach JPH, Hol EM. Cell adhesion and matricellular support by astrocytes of the tripartite synapse. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:66-86. [PMID: 29444459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the formation, function, and plasticity of synapses. Their processes enwrap the neuronal components of the tripartite synapse, and due to this close interaction they are perfectly positioned to modulate neuronal communication. The interaction between astrocytes and synapses is facilitated by cell adhesion molecules and matricellular proteins, which have been implicated in the formation and functioning of tripartite synapses. The importance of such neuron-astrocyte integration at the synapse is underscored by the emerging role of astrocyte dysfunction in synaptic pathologies such as autism and schizophrenia. Here we review astrocyte-expressed cell adhesion molecules and matricellular molecules that play a role in integration of neurons and astrocytes within the tripartite synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E J Hillen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
El Hajj N, Dittrich M, Haaf T. Epigenetic dysregulation of protocadherins in human disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:172-82. [PMID: 28694114 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are a group of cell-cell adhesion molecules that are highly expressed in the nervous system and have a major function in dendrite development and neural circuit formation. However, the role protocadherins play in human health and disease remains unclear. Several recent studies have associated epigenetic dysregulation of protocadherins with possible implications for disease pathogenesis. In this review, we briefly recap the various epigenetic mechanisms regulating protocadherin genes, particularly the clustered Pcdhs. We further outline research describing altered epigenetic regulation of protocadherins in neurological and psychiatric disorders, as well as in cancer and during aging. We additionally present preliminary data on DNA methylation dynamics of clustered protocadherins during fetal brain development, as well as the epigenetic differences distinguishing adult neuronal and glial cells. A deeper understanding of the role of protocadherins in disease is crucial for designing novel diagnostic tools and therapies targeting brain disorders.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ye M, Li J, Gong J. PCDH10 gene inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3167-3174. [PMID: 28498423 PMCID: PMC5442397 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin10 (PCDH10), a member of the non-clustered protocadherin (PCDH) family, functions as a tumor-suppressor gene in many cancers. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of PCDH10 was noticeably downregulated in the tissue and cells of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), when compared to those in normal liver tissue. The decreased PCDH10 expression in HCC was correlated with the aberrant methylation status of PCDH10 promoter. However, the biological functions and molecular mechanism of PCDH10 in HCC have yet to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to identify the biological function and mechanisms of PCDH10 in HCC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of PCDH10 in HCC cells with decreased expression of PCDH10 which were transfected with plasmid pcDNA3.1-PCDH10 or pcDNA3.1-vector using Lipofectamine 2000. The biological effects of PCDH10 in HCC cells were detected by CCK-8, colony formation and flow cytometric assays. Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to explore the mechanism of PCDH10 in HCC cells. PCDH10 expression was downregulated in the HCC cells (HepG2, HuH7, HuH1, and SNU387) when compared to the normal liver cells (L02). Upregulation of PCDH10 inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in the HCC cells. More importantly, we revealed that PCDH10 inhibited the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway thus carrying out its suppressive function in HCC. This study provides insights into the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC, and puts forward the novel hypothesis that PCDH10 could be a new biomarker for HCC, or that combined with other molecular markers could increase the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic tests for HCC. Restoration of PCDH10 could be a valuable therapeutic target for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jinzheng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen HF, Ma RR, He JY, Zhang H, Liu XL, Guo XY, Gao P. Protocadherin 7 inhibits cell migration and invasion through E-cadherin in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317697551. [PMID: 28381163 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317697551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protocadherin 7 is a member of the protocadherin family that expressed aberrantly in many types of human cancers. However, its expression, function, and underlying mechanisms are little known in gastric cancer. In this study, we detected protocadherin 7 expression in gastric cancer tissues and non-tumorous gastric mucosa tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The association of protocadherin 7 expression with the clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis was subsequently analyzed. MTS ((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium)) and transwell assays were performed to assess the effect of protocadherin 7 on proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer cell lines. Moreover, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to detect the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. Protocadherin 7 expression was decreased gradiently from normal tissue to gastric cancer, especially in gastric cancer tissue with lymph node metastasis. Low expression of protocadherin 7 was significantly associated with Lauren's classification ( p = 0.0005), lymph node metastases ( p = 0.0002), and tumor node metastasis stage ( p = 0.0221), as well as poor prognosis ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, down-regulation of protocadherin 7 in gastric cancer cell lines significantly increased their migration and invasion abilities (both p < 0.05), while it had no influence on the gastric cancer cell proliferation ( p > 0.05). Additionally, our results demonstrated that E-cadherin expression was down-regulated in gastric cancer cells with protocadherin 7 depletion. Our data indicated that protocadherin 7 may play important roles in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer, and protocadherin 7 could suppress cell migration and invasion through E-cadherin inhibition. Protocadherin 7 can serve as a novel biomarker for diagnostic and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Fang Chen
- 1 Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,2 Department of Pathology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Ran-Ran Ma
- 1 Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,3 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Yi He
- 1 Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,3 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,3 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- 2 Department of Pathology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Guo
- 1 Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,3 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- 1 Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,3 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cooper SR, Jontes JD, Sotomayor M. Structural determinants of adhesion by Protocadherin-19 and implications for its role in epilepsy. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27787195 PMCID: PMC5115871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered δ-protocadherins are homophilic cell adhesion molecules essential for the development of the vertebrate nervous system, as several are closely linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) result in a female-limited, infant-onset form of epilepsy (PCDH19-FE). Over 100 mutations in PCDH19 have been identified in patients with PCDH19-FE, about half of which are missense mutations in the adhesive extracellular domain. Neither the mechanism of homophilic adhesion by PCDH19, nor the biochemical effects of missense mutations are understood. Here we present a crystallographic structure of the minimal adhesive fragment of the zebrafish Pcdh19 extracellular domain. This structure reveals the adhesive interface for Pcdh19, which is broadly relevant to both non-clustered δ and clustered protocadherin subfamilies. In addition, we show that several PCDH19-FE missense mutations localize to the adhesive interface and abolish Pcdh19 adhesion in in vitro assays, thus revealing the biochemical basis of their pathogenic effects during brain development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18529.001 As the brain develops, its basic building blocks – cells called neurons – need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to neural circuits. A mistake that leads to the formation of incorrect connections can result in a number of disorders or brain abnormalities. Proteins called cadherins that are present on the surface of neurons enable them to stick to their correct partners like Velcro. One of these proteins is called Protocadherin-19. However, it was not fully understood how this protein forms an adhesive bond with other Protocadherin-19 molecules, or how some of the proteins within the cadherin family are able to distinguish between one another. Cooper et al. used X-ray crystallography to visualize the molecular structure of Protocadherin-19 taken from zebrafish in order to better understand the adhesive bond that these proteins form with each other. In addition, the new structure showed the sites of the mutations that cause a form of epilepsy in infant females. From this, Cooper et al. could predict how the mutations would disrupt Protocadherin-19’s shape and function. The structures revealed that Protocadherin-19 molecules from adjacent cells engage in a “forearm handshake” to form the bond that connects neurons. Some of the mutations that cause epilepsy occur in the region responsible for this Protocadherin-19 forearm handshake. Laboratory experiments confirmed that these mutations impair the formation of the adhesive bond, revealing the molecular basis for some of the mutations that underlie Protocadherin-19-female-limited epilepsy. Other cadherin molecules may interact via a similar forearm handshake; this could be investigated in future experiments. It also remains to be discovered how brain wiring depends on Protocadherin-19 adhesion in animal development, and how altering these proteins can rewire developing brain circuits. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18529.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pederick DT, Homan CC, Jaehne EJ, Piltz SG, Haines BP, Baune BT, Jolly LA, Hughes JN, Gecz J, Thomas PQ. Pcdh19 Loss-of-Function Increases Neuronal Migration In Vitro but is Dispensable for Brain Development in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26765. [PMID: 27240640 PMCID: PMC4886214 DOI: 10.1038/srep26765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin 19 (Pcdh19) is an X-linked gene belonging to the protocadherin superfamily, whose members are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system and have been implicated in cell-cell adhesion, axon guidance and dendrite self-avoidance. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in humans result in the childhood epilepsy disorder PCDH19 Girls Clustering Epilepsy (PCDH19 GCE) indicating that PCDH19 is required for brain development. However, understanding PCDH19 function in vivo has proven challenging and has not been studied in mammalian models. Here, we validate a murine Pcdh19 null allele in which a β-Geo reporter cassette is expressed under the control of the endogenous promoter. Analysis of β-Geo reporter activity revealed widespread but restricted expression of PCDH19 in embryonic, postnatal and adult brains. No gross morphological defects were identified in Pcdh19(+/β-Geo) and Pcdh19(Y/β-Geo) brains and the location of Pcdh19 null cells was normal. However, in vitro migration assays revealed that the motility of Pcdh19 null neurons was significantly elevated, potentially contributing to pathogenesis in patients with PCDH19 mutations. Overall our initial characterization of Pcdh19(+/β-Geo), Pcdh19(β-Geo/β-Geo) and Pcdh19(Y/β-Geo)mice reveals that despite widespread expression of Pcdh19 in the CNS, and its role in human epilepsy, its function in mice is not essential for brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Pederick
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Claire C Homan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Emily J Jaehne
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Sandra G Piltz
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bryan P Haines
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Lachlan A Jolly
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - James N Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Qiu C, Bu X, Jiang Z. Protocadherin-10 acts as a tumor suppressor gene, and is frequently downregulated by promoter methylation in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:383-9. [PMID: 27176920 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin-10 (PCDH10), a member of non-clustered protocadherin family which plays important roles in calcium-dependent cell-cell signal transduction and adhesion. PCDH10 functions as a tumor suppressor gene and its expression is downregulated by promoter methylation in many malignances. In the present study, we explored PCDH10 expression and promoter methylation status, and its biological effects in pancreatic cancer cells, and furthermore, we explored the mechanism of PCDH10 preliminary in pancreatic cancer cells. the mRNA level of PCDH10 was detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR and promoter methylation status examined by methylation-specific PCR in the pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-1, Panc-1, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3) as well as the human normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells HPDE6-C7 which was used as a control. The human pancreatic cells were transfected with plasmid pcDNA3.1-PCDH10 or pcDNA3.1 by lipofectamine 2000. The biological function of PCDH10 in pancreatic cancer cells was determined by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, Transwell invasion assay and wound-healing assay. The levels of apoptosis related proteins were examined by western blotting. PCDH10 expression was obviously downregulated in the pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-1, Panc-1, BxPC-3) compared to the normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. PCDH10 promoter methylation was observed in the two pancreatic cancer cells Capan-1 and BxPC-3,and the expression of PCDH10 could be restored after treating with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A in the two cell types. Overexpression of PCDH10 can inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion ability of pancreatic cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Ectopic expression of PCDH10 could increase the levels of PARP, caspase-3, caspase-9 and decrease the level of bcl-2, AKT and p-AKT. PCDH10 acts as a tumor suppressor gene, and is frequently down-regulated by promoter methylation in pancreatic cancer cells. PCDH10 may induce cancer cell apoptosis via the AKT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaona Bu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rocca MS, Pecile V, Cleva L, Speltra E, Selice R, Di Mambro A, Foresta C, Ferlin A. The Klinefelter syndrome is associated with high recurrence of copy number variations on the X chromosome with a potential role in the clinical phenotype. Andrology 2016; 4:328-34. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Rocca
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - V. Pecile
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health; IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”; Trieste Italy
| | - L. Cleva
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health; IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”; Trieste Italy
| | - E. Speltra
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - R. Selice
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - A. Di Mambro
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - C. Foresta
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - A. Ferlin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bruining H, Matsui A, Oguro-Ando A, Kahn RS, Van't Spijker HM, Akkermans G, Stiedl O, van Engeland H, Koopmans B, van Lith HA, Oppelaar H, Tieland L, Nonkes LJ, Yagi T, Kaneko R, Burbach JPH, Yamamoto N, Kas MJ. Genetic Mapping in Mice Reveals the Involvement of Pcdh9 in Long-Term Social and Object Recognition and Sensorimotor Development. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:485-95. [PMID: 25802080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative genetic analysis of basic mouse behaviors is a powerful tool to identify novel genetic phenotypes contributing to neurobehavioral disorders. Here, we analyzed genetic contributions to single-trial, long-term social and nonsocial recognition and subsequently studied the functional impact of an identified candidate gene on behavioral development. METHODS Genetic mapping of single-trial social recognition was performed in chromosome substitution strains, a sophisticated tool for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) of complex traits. Follow-up occurred by generating and testing knockout (KO) mice of a selected QTL candidate gene. Functional characterization of these mice was performed through behavioral and neurological assessments across developmental stages and analyses of gene expression and brain morphology. RESULTS Chromosome substitution strain 14 mapping studies revealed an overlapping QTL related to long-term social and object recognition harboring Pcdh9, a cell-adhesion gene previously associated with autism spectrum disorder. Specific long-term social and object recognition deficits were confirmed in homozygous (KO) Pcdh9-deficient mice, while heterozygous mice only showed long-term social recognition impairment. The recognition deficits in KO mice were not associated with alterations in perception, multi-trial discrimination learning, sociability, behavioral flexibility, or fear memory. Rather, KO mice showed additional impairments in sensorimotor development reflected by early touch-evoked biting, rotarod performance, and sensory gating deficits. This profile emerged with structural changes in deep layers of sensory cortices, where Pcdh9 is selectively expressed. CONCLUSIONS This behavior-to-gene study implicates Pcdh9 in cognitive functions required for long-term social and nonsocial recognition. This role is supported by the involvement of Pcdh9 in sensory cortex development and sensorimotor phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilgo Bruining
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Asuka Matsui
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen M Van't Spijker
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Akkermans
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Stiedl
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam
| | - Herman van Engeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hein A van Lith
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Program Emotion and Cognition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Oppelaar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Tieland
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens J Nonkes
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Martien J Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xu Y, Yang Z, Yuan H, Li Z, Li Y, Liu Q, Chen J. PCDH10 inhibits cell proliferation of multiple myeloma via the negative regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin/BCL-9 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:747-54. [PMID: 26081897 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protocadherin-10 (PCDH10) gene is important in cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis and migration. Inactivation of PCDH10 by promoter methylation is a frequent pathogenetic event in multiple myeloma (MM). The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is known to be involved in the cell growth of various types of cancer, including MM. However, the relationship between PCDH10 and Wnt signaling in MM remains unclear. In this study, we found that PCDH10 deficiency highly enhanced MM cell proliferation, Wnt signaling and the expression of BCL-9, an essential coactivator of Wnt transcriptional activity that is correlated with cell growth, survival and drug resistance. Restoration of PCDH10 suppressed nuclear localization of β-catenin, the activity of LEF/TCF, the expression of BCL-9 and AKT, whereas the expression of GSK3β was increased. The antagonistic effect of PCDH10 was associated with G1-phase blockage. Collectively, PCDH10 antagonized MM cell proliferation via the downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin/BCL-9 signaling, whereas PCDH10 repressed the expression of AKT to promote the expression of GSK3β and then to restrain the activation of β-catenin. Thus, the results offer a novel preclinical rationale in order to explore PCDH10 as an effective and selective therapeutic strategy to eradicate MM cells.
Collapse
|
43
|
de Jong K, Vonk JM, Timens W, Bossé Y, Sin DD, Hao K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Postma DS, Boezen HM. Genome-wide interaction study of gene-by-occupational exposure and effects on FEV1 levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1664-1672.e14. [PMID: 25979521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease characterized by impaired lung function and airway obstruction resulting from interactions between multiple genes and multiple environmental exposures. Thus far, genome-wide association studies have largely disregarded environmental factors that might trigger the development of lung function impairment and COPD, such as occupational exposures, which are thought to contribute to 15% to 20% of the COPD prevalence. OBJECTIVES We performed a genome-wide interaction study to identify novel susceptibility loci for occupational exposure to biological dust, mineral dust, and gases and fumes in relation to FEV1 levels. METHODS We performed an identification analysis in 12,400 subjects from the LifeLines cohort study and verified our findings in 1436 subjects from a second independent cohort, the Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen cohort. Additionally, we assessed whether replicated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were cis-acting expression (mRNA) quantitative trait loci in lung tissue. RESULTS Of the 7 replicated SNPs that interacted with one of the occupational exposures, several identified loci were plausible candidates that might be involved in biological pathways leading to lung function impairment, such as PCDH9 and GALNT13. Two of the 7 replicated SNPs were cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci associated with gene expression of PDE4D and TMEM176A in lung tissue. CONCLUSION This genome-wide interaction study on occupational exposures in relation to the level of lung function identified several novel genes. Further research should determine whether the identified genes are true susceptibility loci for occupational exposures and whether these SNP-by-exposure interactions consequently contribute to the development of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- Department of Medicine and Center for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Coughlin GM, Kurrasch DM. Protocadherins and hypothalamic development: do they play an unappreciated role? J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:544-55. [PMID: 25845440 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal brain development requires coordinated cell movements at precise times. It has long been established that cell-cell adhesion proteins of the cadherin superfamily are involved in the adhesion and sorting of cells during tissue morphogenesis. In the present review, we focus on protocadherins, which form the largest subfamily of the cadherin superfamily and mediate homophilic cell-cell adhesion in the developing brain. These molecules are highly expressed during neural development and the exact roles that they play are still emerging. Although, historically, protocadherins were considered to provide mechanical and chemical connections between adjacent cells, recent research suggests that they may also serve as molecular identity markers of neurones to help guide cell recognition and sorting, cell migration, outgrowth of neuronal processes, and synapse formation. This phenomenon of single cell diversity stems, in part, from the vast variation in protein structure, genomic organisation and molecular function of the protocadherins. Although expression profiles and genetic manipulations have provided evidence for the role of protocadherins in the developing brain, we have only begun to construct a complete understanding of protocadherin function. We examine our current understanding of how protocadherins influence brain development and discuss the possible roles for this large superfamily within the hypothalamus. We conclude that further research into these underappreciated but vitally important genes will shed insight into hypothalamic development and perhaps the underlying aetiology of neuroendocrine disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Coughlin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The proper formation of dendritic arbors is a critical step in neural circuit formation, and as such defects in arborization are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Among the best gene candidates are those encoding cell adhesion molecules, including members of the diverse cadherin superfamily characterized by distinctive, repeated adhesive domains in their extracellular regions. Protocadherins (Pcdhs) make up the largest group within this superfamily, encompassing over 80 genes, including the ∼60 genes of the α-, β-, and γ-Pcdh gene clusters and the non-clustered δ-Pcdh genes. An additional group includes the atypical cadherin genes encoding the giant Fat and Dachsous proteins and the 7-transmembrane cadherins. In this review we highlight the many roles that Pcdhs and atypical cadherins have been demonstrated to play in dendritogenesis, dendrite arborization, and dendritic spine regulation. Together, the published studies we discuss implicate these members of the cadherin superfamily as key regulators of dendrite development and function, and as potential therapeutic targets for future interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Key Words
- CNR, Cadherin related neuronal receptor
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.
- Celsr, Cadherin EGF LAG 7-pass G-type receptor 1
- DSCAM, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule
- Dnmt3b, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 β
- Ds, Dachsous
- EC, extracellular cadherin
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FMRP, Fragile X mental retardation protein
- Fj, Four jointed
- Fjx1, Four jointed box 1
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- Gogo, Golden Goal
- LIM domain, Lin11, Isl-1 & Mec-3 domain
- MARCKS, Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate
- MEF2, Myocyte enhancer factor 2
- MEK3, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
- PCP, planar cell polarity
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PSD, Post-synaptic density
- PYK2, Protein tyrosine kinase 2
- Pcdh
- Pcdh, Protocadherin
- RGC, Retinal ganglion cell
- RNAi, RNA interference
- Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- S2 cells, Schneider 2 cells
- SAC, starburst amacrine cell
- TAF1, Template-activating factor 1
- TAO2β, Thousand and one amino acid protein kinase 2 β
- TM, transmembrane
- arborization
- atypical cadherin
- branching
- cadherin superfamily
- cell adhesion
- da neuron, dendritic arborization neuron
- dendritic
- dendritic spine
- dendritogenesis
- fmi, Flamingo
- md neuron, multiple dendrite neuron
- neural circuit formation
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- self avoidance
- synaptogenesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Keeler
- a Department of Biology ; Neuroscience Graduate Program; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen Y, Xiang H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yu G. Loss of PCDH9 is associated with the differentiation of tumor cells and metastasis and predicts poor survival in gastric cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:417-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
47
|
Liu Q, Bhattarai S, Wang N, Sochacka-Marlowe A. Differential expression of protocadherin-19, protocadherin-17, and cadherin-6 in adult zebrafish brain. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1419-42. [PMID: 25612302 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule cadherins play important roles in both development and maintenance of adult structures. Most studies on cadherin expression have been carried out in developing organisms, but information on cadherin distribution in adult vertebrate brains is limited. In this study we used in situ hybridization to examine mRNA expression of three cadherins, protocadherin-19, protocadherin-17, and cadherin-6 in adult zebrafish brain. Each cadherin exhibits a distinct expression pattern in the fish brain, with protocadherin-19 and protocadherin-17 showing much wider and stronger expression than that of cadherin-6. Both protocadherin-19 and protocadherin-17-expressing cells occur throughout the brain, with strong expression in the ventromedial telencephalon, periventricular regions of the thalamus and anterior hypothalamus, stratum periventriculare of the optic tectum, dorsal tegmental nucleus, granular regions of the cerebellar body and valvula, and superficial layers of the facial and vagal lobes. Numerous sensory structures (e.g., auditory, gustatory, lateral line, olfactory, and visual nuclei) and motor nuclei (e.g., oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal motor, abducens, and vagal motor nuclei) contain protocadherin-19 and/or protocadherin-17-expressing cell. Expression of these two protocadherins is similar in the ventromedial telencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, facial, and vagal lobes, but substantially different in the dorsolateral telencephalon, intermediate layers of the optic tectum, and cerebellar valvula. In contrast to the two protocadherins, cadherin-6 expression is much weaker and limited in the adult fish brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kai M, Ueno N, Kinoshita N. Phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination of paraxial protocadherin (PAPC) controls gastrulation cell movements. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115111. [PMID: 25580871 PMCID: PMC4291225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraxial protocadherin (PAPC) has been shown to be involved in gastrulation cell movements during early embryogenesis. It is first expressed in the dorsal marginal zone at the early gastrula stage and subsequently restricted to the paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus and zebrafish. Using Xenopus embryos, we found that PAPC is also regulated at the protein level and is degraded and excluded from the plasma membrane in the axial mesoderm by the late gastrula stage. Regulation of PAPC requires poly-ubiquitination that is dependent on phosphorylation. PAPC is phosphorylated by GKS3 in the evolutionarily conserved cytoplasmic domain, and this in turn is necessary for poly-ubiquitination by an E3 ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP. We also show that precise control of PAPC by phosphorylation/ubiquitination is essential for normal Xenopus gastrulation cell movements. Taken together, our findings unveil a novel mechanism of regulation of a cell adhesion protein and show that this system plays a crucial role in vertebrate embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Kai
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biomechanics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biomechanics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Izuta Y, Taira T, Asayama A, Machigashira M, Kinoshita T, Fujiwara M, Suzuki ST. Protocadherin-9 involvement in retinal development in Xenopus laevis. J Biochem 2014; 157:235-49. [PMID: 25414271 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological roles of most protocadherins (Pcdhs) are a largely unsolved problem. Therefore, we cloned cDNA for Xenopus laevis protocadherin-9 and characterized its properties to elucidate the role. The deduced amino acid sequence was highly homologous to those of mammalian protocadherin-9 s. X. laevis protocadherin-9 expressed from the cDNA in L cells showed basic properties similar to those of mammalian Pcdhs. Expression of X. laevis protocadherin-9 was first detected in stage-31 embryos and increased as the development proceeded. In the later stage embryos and the adults, the retina strongly expressed protocadherin-9, which was mainly localized at the plexiform layers. Injection of morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotide against protocadherin-9 into the fertilized eggs inhibited eye development; and eye growth and formation of the retinal laminar structure were hindered. Moreover, affected retina showed abnormal extension of neurites into the ganglion cell layer. Co-injection of protocadherin-9 mRNA with the morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotide rescued the embryos from the defects. These results suggest that X. laevis protocadherin-9 was involved in the development of retina structure possibly through survival of neurons, formation of the lamina structure and neurite localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Izuta
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taira
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Asayama
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Mika Machigashira
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kinoshita
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Miwako Fujiwara
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro T Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Leonardi E, Sartori S, Vecchi M, Bettella E, Polli R, Palma LD, Boniver C, Murgia A. Identification of four novel PCDH19 Mutations and prediction of their functional impact. Ann Hum Genet 2014; 78:389-98. [PMID: 25227595 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The PCDH19 gene encodes protocadherin-19, a transmembrane protein with six cadherin (EC) domains, containing adhesive interfaces likely to be involved in neuronal connection. Over a hundred mostly private mutations have been identified in girls with epilepsy, with or without intellectual disability (ID). Furthermore, transmitting hemizygous males are devoid of seizures or ID, making it difficult to establish the pathogenic nature of newly identified variants. Here, we describe an integrated approach to evaluate the pathogenicity of four novel PCDH19 mutations. Segregation analysis has been complemented with an in silico analysis of mutation effects at the protein level. Using sequence information, we compared different computational prediction methods. We used homology modeling to build structural models of two PCDH19 EC-domains, and compared wild-type and mutant models to identify differences in residue interactions or biochemical properties of the model surfaces. Our analysis suggests different molecular effects of the novel mutations in exerting their pathogenic role. Two of them interfere with or alter functional residues predicted to mediate ligand or protein binding, one alters the EC-domain folding stability; the frame-shift mutation produces a truncated protein lacking the intracellular domain. Interestingly, the girl carrying the putative loss of function mutation presents the most severe phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Leonardi
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marilena Vecchi
- Pediatric Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Bettella
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Polli
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca De Palma
- Pediatric Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Clementina Boniver
- Pediatric Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Murgia
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|