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Vargas-Gastélum L, Romer AS, Ghotbi M, Dallas JW, Alexander NR, Moe KC, McPhail KL, Neuhaus GF, Shadmani L, Spatafora JW, Stajich JE, Tabima JF, Walker DM. Herptile gut microbiomes: a natural system to study multi-kingdom interactions between filamentous fungi and bacteria. mSphere 2024; 9:e0047523. [PMID: 38349154 PMCID: PMC10964425 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00475-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Reptiles and amphibians (herptiles) are some of the most endangered and threatened species on the planet and numerous conservation strategies are being implemented with the goal of ensuring species recovery. Little is known, however, about the gut microbiome of wild herptiles and how it relates to the health of these populations. Here, we report results from the gut microbiome characterization of both a broad survey of herptiles, and the correlation between the fungus Basidiobolus, and the bacterial community supported by a deeper, more intensive sampling of Plethodon glutinosus, known as slimy salamanders. We demonstrate that bacterial communities sampled from frogs, lizards, and salamanders are structured by the host taxonomy and that Basidiobolus is a common and natural component of these wild gut microbiomes. Intensive sampling of multiple hosts across the ecoregions of Tennessee revealed that geography and host:geography interactions are strong predictors of distinct Basidiobolus operational taxonomic units present within a given host. Co-occurrence analyses of Basidiobolus and bacterial community diversity support a correlation and interaction between Basidiobolus and bacteria, suggesting that Basidiobolus may play a role in structuring the bacterial community. We further the hypothesis that this interaction is advanced by unique specialized metabolism originating from horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to Basidiobolus and demonstrate that Basidiobolus is capable of producing a diversity of specialized metabolites including small cyclic peptides.IMPORTANCEThis work significantly advances our understanding of biodiversity and microbial interactions in herptile microbiomes, the role that fungi play as a structural and functional members of herptile gut microbiomes, and the chemical functions that structure microbiome phenotypes. We also provide an important observational system of how the gut microbiome represents a unique environment that selects for novel metabolic functions through horizontal gene transfer between fungi and bacteria. Such studies are needed to better understand the complexity of gut microbiomes in nature and will inform conservation strategies for threatened species of herpetofauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluvia Vargas-Gastélum
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexander S. Romer
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marjan Ghotbi
- Research Division 3, Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jason W. Dallas
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - N. Reed Alexander
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kylie C. Moe
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kerry L. McPhail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - George F. Neuhaus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Leila Shadmani
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Javier F. Tabima
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donald M. Walker
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Garcias-Bonet N, Roik A, Tierney B, García FC, Villela HDM, Dungan AM, Quigley KM, Sweet M, Berg G, Gram L, Bourne DG, Ushijima B, Sogin M, Hoj L, Duarte G, Hirt H, Smalla K, Rosado AS, Carvalho S, Thurber RV, Ziegler M, Mason CE, van Oppen MJH, Voolstra CR, Peixoto RS. Horizon scanning the application of probiotics for wildlife. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:252-269. [PMID: 37758552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The provision of probiotics benefits the health of a wide range of organisms, from humans to animals and plants. Probiotics can enhance stress resilience of endangered organisms, many of which are critically threatened by anthropogenic impacts. The use of so-called 'probiotics for wildlife' is a nascent application, and the field needs to reflect on standards for its development, testing, validation, risk assessment, and deployment. Here, we identify the main challenges of this emerging intervention and provide a roadmap to validate the effectiveness of wildlife probiotics. We cover the essential use of inert negative controls in trials and the investigation of the probiotic mechanisms of action. We also suggest alternative microbial therapies that could be tested in parallel with the probiotic application. Our recommendations align approaches used for humans, aquaculture, and plants to the emerging concept and use of probiotics for wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Garcias-Bonet
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Roik
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Braden Tierney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisca C García
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helena D M Villela
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashley M Dungan
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate M Quigley
- Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia; James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Michael Sweet
- Aquatic Research Facility, Nature-based Solutions Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; University of Potsdam and Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David G Bourne
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Blake Ushijima
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Maggie Sogin
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Lone Hoj
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; IMPG, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alexandre S Rosado
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Carvalho
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maren Ziegler
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; WorldQuant Initiative on Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | | | - Raquel S Peixoto
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Gonzales M, Jacquet P, Gaucher F, Chabrière É, Plener L, Daudé D. AHL-Based Quorum Sensing Regulates the Biosynthesis of a Variety of Bioactive Molecules in Bacteria. J Nat Prod 2024. [PMID: 38390739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria are social microorganisms that use communication systems known as quorum sensing (QS) to regulate diverse cellular behaviors including the production of various secreted molecules. Bacterial secondary metabolites are widely studied for their bioactivities including antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic compounds. Besides playing a crucial role in natural bacterial niches and intermicrobial competition by targeting neighboring organisms and conferring survival advantages to the producer, these bioactive molecules may be of prime interest to develop new antimicrobials or anticancer therapies. This review focuses on bioactive compounds produced under acyl homoserine lactone-based QS regulation by Gram-negative bacteria that are pathogenic to humans and animals, including the Burkholderia, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Chromobacterium, and Pseudoalteromonas genera. The synthesis, regulation, chemical nature, biocidal effects, and potential applications of these identified toxic molecules are presented and discussed in light of their role in microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gonzales
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13288, France
- Gene&GreenTK, Marseille 13005, France
| | | | | | - Éric Chabrière
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13288, France
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Liu X, Wang Z, You Z, Wang W, Wang Y, Wu W, Peng Y, Zhang S, Yun Y, Zhang J. Transcriptomic analysis of cell envelope inhibition by prodigiosin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1333526. [PMID: 38318338 PMCID: PMC10839101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1333526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading threat to public health as it is resistant to most currently available antibiotics. Prodigiosin is a secondary metabolite of microorganisms with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. This study identified a significant antibacterial effect of prodigiosin against MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration as low as 2.5 mg/L. The results of scanning electron microscopy, crystal violet staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that prodigiosin inhibited biofilm formation in S. aureus USA300, while also destroying the structure of the cell wall and cell membrane, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. At a prodigiosin concentration of 1.25 mg/L, biofilm formation was inhibited by 76.24%, while 2.5 mg/L prodigiosin significantly reduced the vitality of MRSA cells in the biofilm. Furthermore, the transcriptomic results obtained at 1/8 MIC of prodigiosin indicated that 235and 387 genes of S. aureus USA300 were significantly up- and downregulated, respectively. The downregulated genes were related to two-component systems, including the transcriptional regulator LytS, quorum sensing histidine kinases SrrB, NreA and NreB, peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes (MurQ and GlmU), iron-sulfur cluster repair protein ScdA, microbial surface components recognizing adaptive matrix molecules, as well as the key arginine synthesis enzymes ArcC and ArgF. The upregulated genes were mainly related to cell wall biosynthesis, as well as two-component systems including vancomycin resistance-associated regulator, lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis related proteins DltD and DltB, as well as the 9 capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins. This study elucidated the molecular mechanisms through which prodigiosin affects the cell envelope of MRSA from the perspectives of cell wall synthesis, cell membrane and biofilm formation, providing new potential targets for the development of antimicrobials for the treatment of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zonglin Wang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhongyu You
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Clinical Laboratory of First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yongjia Peng
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Suping Zhang
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yinan Yun
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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5
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Martínez-Ugalde E, Ávila-Akerberg V, González Martínez TM, Rebollar EA. Gene functions of the Ambystoma altamirani skin microbiome vary across space and time but potential antifungal genes are widespread and prevalent. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001181. [PMID: 38240649 PMCID: PMC10868611 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin microbiomes can play a critical role in host survival against emerging diseases by protecting their host against pathogens. While a plethora of biotic and abiotic factors have been shown to influence the taxonomic diversity of amphibian skin microbiomes it remains unclear whether functional genomic diversity varies in response to temporal and environmental factors. Here we applied a metagenomic approach to evaluate whether seasonality, distinct elevations/sites, and pathogen presence influenced the functional genomic diversity of the A. altamirani skin microbiome. We obtained a gene catalogue of 92 107 nonredundant annotated genes and a set of 50 unique metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs). Our analysis showed that genes linked to general and potential antifungal traits significantly differed across seasons and sampling locations at different elevations. Moreover, we found that the functional genomic diversity of A. altamirani skin microbiome differed between B. dendrobatidis infected and not infected axolotls only during winter, suggesting an interaction between seasonality and pathogen infection. In addition, we identified the presence of genes and biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) linked to potential antifungal functions such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing, secretion systems, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and chitin degradation. Interestingly genes linked to these potential antifungal traits were mainly identified in Burkholderiales and Chitinophagales MAGs. Overall, our results identified functional traits linked to potential antifungal functions in the A. altamirani skin microbiome regardless of variation in the functional diversity across seasons, elevations/sites, and pathogen presence. Our findings suggest that potential antifungal traits found in Burkholderiales and Chitinophagales taxa could be related to the capacity of A. altamirani to survive in the presence of Bd, although further experimental analyses are required to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Ávila-Akerberg
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | - Eria A. Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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6
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Meurling S, Siljestam M, Cortazar-Chinarro M, Åhlen D, Rödin-Mörch P, Ågren E, Höglund J, Laurila A. Body size mediates latitudinal population differences in the response to chytrid fungus infection in two amphibians. Oecologia 2024; 204:71-81. [PMID: 38097779 PMCID: PMC10830819 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Factors behind intraspecific variation in sensitivity to pathogens remain poorly understood. We investigated how geographical origin in two North European amphibians affects tolerance to infection by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a generalist pathogen which has caused amphibian population declines worldwide. We exposed newly metamorphosed individuals of moor frog Rana arvalis and common toad Bufo bufo from two latitudinal regions to two different BdGPL strains. We measured survival and growth as infections may cause sub-lethal effects in fitness components even in the absence of mortality. Infection loads were higher in B. bufo than in R. arvalis, and smaller individuals had generally higher infection loads. B. bufo had high mortality in response to Bd infection, whereas there was little mortality in R. arvalis. Bd-mediated mortality was size-dependent and high-latitude individuals were smaller leading to high mortality in the northern B. bufo. Bd exposure led to sub-lethal effects in terms of reduced growth suggesting that individuals surviving the infection may have reduced fitness mediated by smaller body size. In both host species, the Swedish Bd strain caused stronger sublethal effects than the British strain. We suggest that high-latitude populations can be more vulnerable to chytrids than those from lower latitudes and discuss the possible mechanisms how body size and host geographical origin contribute to the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meurling
- Animal Ecology/ Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Siljestam
- Animal Ecology/ Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Cortazar-Chinarro
- Animal Ecology/ Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- MEMEG/Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David Åhlen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Rödin-Mörch
- Animal Ecology/ Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ågren
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Animal Ecology/ Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology/ Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Baranova MN, Pilipenko EA, Gabibov AG, Terekhov SS, Smirnov IV. Animal Microbiomes as a Source of Novel Antibiotic-Producing Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:537. [PMID: 38203702 PMCID: PMC10779147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds continue to serve as the most fruitful source of new antimicrobials. Analysis of bacterial genomes have revealed that the biosynthetic potential of antibiotic producers by far exceeds the number of already discovered structures. However, due to the repeated discovery of known substances, it has become necessary to change both approaches to the search for antibiotics and the sources of producer strains. The pressure of natural selection and the diversity of interactions in symbiotic communities make animal microbiomes promising sources of novel substances. Here, microorganisms associated with various animals were examined in terms of their antimicrobial agents. The application of alternative cultivation techniques, ultrahigh-throughput screening, and genomic analysis facilitated the investigation of compounds produced by unique representatives of the animal microbiota. We believe that new strategies of antipathogen defense will be discovered by precisely studying cell-cell and host-microbe interactions in microbiomes in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita N. Baranova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Pilipenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav S. Terekhov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Troitsky TS, Laine VN, Lilley TM. When the host's away, the pathogen will play: the protective role of the skin microbiome during hibernation. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:66. [PMID: 38129884 PMCID: PMC10740296 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin of animals is enveloped by a symbiotic microscopic ecosystem known as the microbiome. The host and microbiome exhibit a mutualistic relationship, collectively forming a single evolutionary unit sometimes referred to as a holobiont. Although the holobiome theory highlights the importance of the microbiome, little is known about how the skin microbiome contributes to protecting the host. Existing studies focus on humans or captive animals, but research in wild animals is in its infancy. Specifically, the protective role of the skin microbiome in hibernating animals remains almost entirely overlooked. This is surprising, considering the massive population declines in hibernating North American bats caused by the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which causes white-nose syndrome. Hibernation offers a unique setting in which to study the function of the microbiome because, during torpor, the host's immune system becomes suppressed, making it susceptible to infection. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on the protective role of the skin microbiome in non-human animals. We selected 230 publications that mentioned pathogen inhibition by microbes residing on the skin of the host animal. We found that the majority of studies were conducted in North America and focused on the bacterial microbiome of amphibians infected by the chytrid fungus. Despite mentioning pathogen inhibition by the skin microbiome, only 30.4% of studies experimentally tested the actual antimicrobial activity of symbionts. Additionally, only 7.8% of all publications studied defensive cutaneous symbionts during hibernation. With this review, we want to highlight the knowledge gap surrounding skin microbiome research in hibernating animals. For instance, research looking to mitigate the effects of white-nose syndrome in bats should focus on the antifungal microbiome of Palearctic bats, as they survive exposure to the Pseudogymnoascus destructans -pathogen during hibernation. We also recommend future studies prioritize lesser-known microbial symbionts, such as fungi, and investigate the effects of a combination of anti-pathogen microbes, as both areas of research show promise as probiotic treatments. By incorporating the protective skin microbiome into disease mitigation strategies, conservation efforts can be made more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Troitsky
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V N Laine
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T M Lilley
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Brunetti AE, Lyra ML, Bauermeister A, Bunk B, Boedeker C, Müsken M, Neto FC, Mendonça JN, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Melo WG, Pupo MT, Haddad CF, Cabrera GM, Overmann J, Lopes NP. Host macrocyclic acylcarnitines mediate symbiotic interactions between frogs and their skin microbiome. iScience 2023; 26:108109. [PMID: 37867936 PMCID: PMC10587524 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The host-microbiome associations occurring on the skin of vertebrates significantly influence hosts' health. However, the factors mediating their interactions remain largely unknown. Herein, we used integrated technical and ecological frameworks to investigate the skin metabolites sustaining a beneficial symbiosis between tree frogs and bacteria. We characterize macrocyclic acylcarnitines as the major metabolites secreted by the frogs' skin and trace their origin to an enzymatic unbalance of carnitine palmitoyltransferases. We found that these compounds colocalize with bacteria on the skin surface and are mostly represented by members of the Pseudomonas community. We showed that Pseudomonas sp. MPFS isolated from frogs' skin can exploit acylcarnitines as its sole carbon and nitrogen source, and this metabolic capability is widespread in Pseudomonas. We summarize frogs' multiple mechanisms to filter environmental bacteria and highlight that acylcarnitines likely evolved for another function but were co-opted to provide nutritional benefits to the symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés E. Brunetti
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, UNaM-CONICET), Posadas, Misiones N3300LQH, Argentina
- NPPNS, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mariana L. Lyra
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anelize Bauermeister
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Christian Boedeker
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Fausto Carnevale Neto
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jacqueline Nakau Mendonça
- NPPNS, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodríguez
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weilan G.P. Melo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Mônica T. Pupo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Célio F.B. Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M. Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos aplicados a la Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- NPPNS, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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10
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Huang C, Chu X, Hui W, Xie C, Xu X. Study on extraction and characterization of new antibiotics violacein from engineered Escherichia coli VioABCDE-SD. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1582-1596. [PMID: 36898961 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the characteristic properties of violacein biosynthesized by engineered Escherichia coli VioABCDE-SD, a convenient and simplified method was designed to extract violacein and its stability, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant capacity were analyzed. Different from the traditional extraction methods, our new method is easier and less time consuming and can directly obtain violacein dry powder product with a higher extraction rate. Low temperature, dark condition, neutral pH, reducing agents, Ba2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+ , and some food additives of sucrose, xylose, and glucose were conducive to maintaining its stability. The violacein also exhibited surprisingly high bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Deinococcus radiodurans R1, and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but no effect on E. coli. The violacein of VioABCDE-SD exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with the scavenging rate of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals reaching 60.33%, the scavenging efficiency of hydroxyl radical scavenging reaching 56.34%, and the total antioxidant capacity reaching 0.63 U/mL. Violacein from VioABCDE-SD can be synthesized directionally with better stability, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties compared with that from the original strain Janthinobacterium sp. B9-8. Therefore, our study indicated that violacein from engineered E. coli VioABCDE-SD was a kind of new antibiotic with potential biological activities, which may have potential utility in multiple areas such as pharmacological, cosmetics, and healthy food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoting Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyang Hui
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengjia Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xian Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Ujszegi J, Boros Z, Fodor A, Vajna B, Hettyey A. Metabolites of Xenorhabdus bacteria are potent candidates for mitigating amphibian chytridiomycosis. AMB Express 2023; 13:88. [PMID: 37615904 PMCID: PMC10449739 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has caused extreme losses in amphibian biodiversity. Finding bacteria that produce metabolites with antifungal properties may turn out to be invaluable in the fight against this devastating disease. The entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii and X. budapestensis produce secondary metabolites that are effective against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens. To assess whether they may also be effective against Bd, we extracted cell-free culture media (CFCM) from liquid cultures of X. szentirmaii and X. budapestensis and tested their ability to inhibit Bd growth in vitro. As a second step, using juvenile common toads (Bufo bufo) experimentally infected with Bd we also tested the in vivo antifungal efficacy of X. szentirmaii CFCM diluted to 2 and 10% (v/v), while also assessing possible malign side effects on amphibians. Results of the in vitro experiment documented highly effective growth inhibition by CFCMs of both Xenorhabdus species. The in vivo experiment showed that treatment with CFCM of X. szentirmaii applied at a dilution of 10% resulted in infection intensities reduced by ca. 73% compared to controls and to juvenile toads treated with CFCM applied at a dilution of 2%. At the same time, we detected no negative side effects of treatment with CFCM on toad survival and development. Our results clearly support the idea that metabolites of X. szentirmaii, and perhaps of several other Xenorhabdus species as well, may prove highly useful for the treatment of Bd infected amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Ujszegi
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Boros
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Vajna
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Wax N, Walke JB, Haak DC, Belden LK. Comparative genomics of bacteria from amphibian skin associated with inhibition of an amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15714. [PMID: 37637170 PMCID: PMC10452622 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a skin disease associated with worldwide amphibian declines. Symbiotic microbes living on amphibian skin interact with Bd and may alter infection outcomes. We completed whole genome sequencing of 40 bacterial isolates cultured from the skin of four amphibian species in the Eastern US. Each isolate was tested in vitro for the ability to inhibit Bd growth. The aim of this study was to identify genomic differences among the isolates and generate hypotheses about the genomic underpinnings of Bd growth inhibition. We identified sixty-five gene families that were present in all 40 isolates. Screening for common biosynthetic gene clusters revealed that this set of isolates contained a wide variety of clusters; the two most abundant clusters with potential antifungal activity were siderophores (N=17 isolates) and Type III polyketide synthases (N=22 isolates). We then examined various subsets of the 22 isolates in the phylum Proteobacteria for genes encoding specific compounds that may inhibit fungal growth, including chitinase and violacein. We identified differences in Agrobacterium and Sphingomonas isolates in the chitinase genes that showed some association with anti-Bd activity, as well as variation in the violacein genes in the Janthinobacterium isolates. Using a comparative genomics approach, we generated several testable hypotheses about differences among bacterial isolates from amphibian skin communities that could contribute to variation in the ability to inhibit Bd growth. Further work is necessary to explore and uncover the various mechanisms utilized by amphibian skin bacterial isolates to inhibit Bd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Wax
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Jenifer B. Walke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States of America
| | - David C. Haak
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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13
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Olukanni OD, Abiola T, Dada JB, Dare PA, Ayoade F, Olukanni AT. Resourcefulness of propylprodigiosin isolated from Brevundimonas olei strain RUN-D1. AMB Express 2023; 13:71. [PMID: 37422847 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel red-pigmented bacterium was isolated from a water sample collected at Osun River, Ede. Morphological and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the bacterium is a strain of Brevundimonas olei, while its red pigment was identified using UV-visible, FTIR and GCMS as a derivative of propylprodigiosin. The maximum absorbance of 534 nm, the FTIR's 1344 cm- 1 peak of prodigiosin's methoxyl C-O interaction, and the molecular ions from GCMS confirmed the pigment's identity. The pigments production was temperature-sensitive (25 °C), lost at > 28 °C, and in the presence of urea and humus. In addition, the pigment turned pink in the presence of hydrocarbons, while its red colour was retained with KCN and Fe2SO4, and enhanced by methylparaben. Furthermore, the pigment is stable in high temperature, salt, and acidic conditions, but changed to yellow in alkaline solution. The pigment, identified as propylprodigiosin (m/z 297), demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against clinically important strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC9077), Bacillus cereus (ATCC10876), Salmonella typhi (ATCC13311), and Escherichia coli (DSM10974). The ethanol extract has the highest zones of inhibition of 29 ± 3.0, 26 ± 1.2, 22 ± 3.0, 22 ± 1.5, and 20 ± 2.0 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the acetone pigments interacted with cellulose and glucose such that increasing glucose concentrations showed linearity at 425 nm. Finally, the fastness of the pigments to fabrics was excellent, with percentage fadedness of 0 and - 43% light and washing tests, respectively, in the presence of Fe2SO4 as the mordant. The antibacterial nature of prodigiosin solutions and their good textile fastness to fabrics could be essential in manufacturing antiseptic materials such as bandages, hospital clothing and agricultural applications such as tubers preservation.Key points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide D Olukanni
- Department of Biochemistry, Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria.
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria.
| | - Temitope Abiola
- Department of Biochemistry, Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan B Dada
- Department of Biochemistry, Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Peter A Dare
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Femi Ayoade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Adedayo T Olukanni
- Department of Biochemistry, Redeemer's University, PMB 230 Ede, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
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14
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Rodríguez J, Lobato C, Vázquez L, Mayo B, Flórez AB. Prodigiosin-Producing Serratia marcescens as the Causal Agent of a Red Colour Defect in a Blue Cheese. Foods 2023; 12:2388. [PMID: 37372599 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Technological defects in the organoleptic characteristics of cheese (odour, colour, texture, and flavour) reduce quality and consumer acceptance. A red colour defect in Cabrales cheese (a traditional, blue-veined, Spanish cheese made from raw milk) occurs infrequently but can have a notable economic impact on family-owned, artisanal cheesemaking businesses. This work reports the culture-based determination of Serratia marcescens as the microbe involved in the appearance of red spots on the surface and nearby inner areas of such cheese. Sequencing and analysis of the genome of one S. marcescens isolate, RO1, revealed a cluster of 16 genes involved in the production of prodigiosin, a tripyrrole red pigment. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of prodigiosin in methanol extracts of S. marcescens RO1 cultures. The same was also observed in extracts from red areas of affected cheeses. The strain showed low survival rates under acidic conditions but was not affected by concentrations of up to 5% NaCl (the usual value for blue cheese). The optimal conditions for prodigiosin production by S. marscescens RO1 on agar plates were 32 °C and aerobic conditions. Prodigiosin has been reported to possess antimicrobial activity, which agrees with the here-observed inhibitory effect of RO1 supernatants on different bacteria, the inhibition of Enterobacteriaceae, and the delayed development of Penicillium roqueforti during cheesemaking. The association between S. marcescens and the red colour defect was strengthened by recreating the fault in experimental cheeses inoculated with RO1. The data gathered in this study point towards the starting milk as the origin of this bacterium in cheese. These findings should help in the development of strategies that minimize the incidence of pigmenting S. marcescens in milk, the red defect the bacterium causes in cheese, and its associated economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Lobato
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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15
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Shaffer JMC, Giddings LA, Samples RM, Mikucki JA. Genomic and phenotypic characterization of a red-pigmented strain of Massilia frigida isolated from an Antarctic microbial mat. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1156033. [PMID: 37250028 PMCID: PMC10213415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1156033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica experience a range of selective pressures, including extreme seasonal variation in temperature, water and nutrient availability, and UV radiation. Microbial mats in this ecosystem harbor dense concentrations of biomass in an otherwise desolate environment. Microbial inhabitants must mitigate these selective pressures via specialized enzymes, changes to the cellular envelope, and the production of secondary metabolites, such as pigments and osmoprotectants. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, red-pigmented bacterium, strain DJPM01, from a microbial mat within the Don Juan Pond Basin of Wright Valley. Analysis of strain DJMP01's genome indicates it can be classified as a member of the Massilia frigida species. The genome contains several genes associated with cold and salt tolerance, including multiple RNA helicases, protein chaperones, and cation/proton antiporters. In addition, we identified 17 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters, including a number of nonribosomal peptides and ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), among others, and the biosynthesis pathway for the antimicrobial pigment prodigiosin. When cultivated on complex agar, multiple prodiginines, including the antibiotic prodigiosin, 2-methyl-3-propyl-prodiginine, 2-methyl-3-butyl-prodiginine, 2-methyl-3-heptyl-prodiginine, and cycloprodigiosin, were detected by LC-MS. Genome analyses of sequenced members of the Massilia genus indicates prodigiosin production is unique to Antarctic strains. UV-A radiation, an ecological stressor in the Antarctic, was found to significantly decrease the abundance of prodiginines produced by strain DJPM01. Genomic and phenotypic evidence indicates strain DJPM01 can respond to the ecological conditions of the DJP microbial mat, with prodiginines produced under a range of conditions, including extreme UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. C. Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | | | - Robert M. Samples
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States
| | - Jill A. Mikucki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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16
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Jones KR, Hughey MC, Belden LK. Colonization order of bacterial isolates on treefrog embryos impacts microbiome structure in tadpoles. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230308. [PMID: 36946107 PMCID: PMC10031419 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Priority effects, or impacts of colonization order, may have lasting influence on ecological community composition. The embryonic microbiome is subject to stochasticity in colonization order of bacteria. Stochasticity may be especially impactful for embryos developing in bacteria-rich environments, such as the embryos of many amphibians. To determine if priority effects experienced as embryos impacted bacterial community composition in newly hatched tadpoles, we selectively inoculated the embryos of laboratory-raised hourglass treefrogs, Dendropsophus ebraccatus, with bacteria initially isolated from the skin of wild D. ebraccatus adults over 2 days. First, embryos were inoculated with two bacteria in alternating sequences. Next, we evaluated the outcomes of priority effects in an in vitro co-culture assay absent of host factors. We then performed a second embryo experiment, inoculating embryos with one of three bacteria on the first day and a community of five target bacteria on the second. Through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we observed relative abundance shifts in tadpole bacteria communities due to priority effects. Our results suggest that the initial bacterial source pools of embryos shape bacterial communities at later life stages; however, the magnitude of those changes is dependent on the host environment and the identity of bacterial colonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korin Rex Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0131, USA
| | - Myra C. Hughey
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Lisa K. Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0131, USA
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17
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Agarwal H, Bajpai S, Mishra A, Kohli I, Varma A, Fouillaud M, Dufossé L, Joshi NC. Bacterial Pigments and Their Multifaceted Roles in Contemporary Biotechnology and Pharmacological Applications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:614. [PMID: 36985186 PMCID: PMC10053885 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic dyes and colourants have been the mainstay of the pigment industry for decades. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people’s health. Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. Microbial pigments are categorized as secondary metabolites and are mainly produced due to impaired metabolism under stressful conditions. These pigments have vibrant shades and possess nutritional and therapeutic properties compared to synthetic pigment. Microbial pigments are now widely used within the pharmaceuticals, food, paints, and textile industries. The pharmaceutical industries currently use bacterial pigments as a medicine alternative for cancer and many other bacterial infections. Their growing popularity is a result of their low cost, biodegradable, non-carcinogenic, and environmentally beneficial attributes. This audit article has made an effort to take an in-depth look into the existing uses of bacterial pigments in the food and pharmaceutical industries and project their potential future applications.
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18
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Fieschi-Méric L, Van Leeuwen P, Hopkins K, Bournonville M, Denoël M, Lesbarrères D. Strong restructuration of skin microbiota during captivity challenges ex-situ conservation of amphibians. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1111018. [PMID: 36891392 PMCID: PMC9986596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the current worldwide amphibian extinction crisis, conservation instances have encouraged the establishment of ex-situ collections for endangered species. The resulting assurance populations are managed under strict biosecure protocols, often involving artificial cycles of temperature and humidity to induce active and overwintering phases, which likely affect the bacterial symbionts living on the amphibian skin. However, the skin microbiota is an important first line of defense against pathogens that can cause amphibian declines, such as the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Determining whether current husbandry practices for assurance populations might deplete amphibians from their symbionts is therefore essential to conservation success. Here, we characterize the effect of the transitions from the wild to captivity, and between aquatic and overwintering phases, on the skin microbiota of two newt species. While our results confirm differential selectivity of skin microbiota between species, they underscore that captivity and phase-shifts similarly affect their community structure. More specifically, the translocation ex-situ is associated with rapid impoverishment, decrease in alpha diversity and strong species turnover of bacterial communities. Shifts between active and overwintering phases also cause changes in the diversity and composition of the microbiota, and on the prevalence of Bd-inhibitory phylotypes. Altogether, our results suggest that current husbandry practices strongly restructure the amphibian skin microbiota. Although it remains to be determined whether these changes are reversible or have deleterious effects on their hosts, we discuss methods to limit microbial diversity loss ex-situ and emphasize the importance of integrating bacterial communities to applied amphibian conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Fieschi-Méric
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Biology Department, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London (ZSL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Bournonville
- Aquarium-Muséum de l'Université de Liège, Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Liège, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David Lesbarrères
- Biology Department, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Martínez-Ugalde E, Ávila-Akerberg V, González Martínez TM, Vázquez Trejo M, Zavala Hernández D, Anaya-Morales SL, Rebollar EA. The skin microbiota of the axolotl Ambystoma altamirani is highly influenced by metamorphosis and seasonality but not by pathogen infection. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:63. [PMID: 36503640 PMCID: PMC9743558 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiomes have been increasingly recognized as major contributors to host health and survival. In amphibians, bacterial members of the skin microbiota protect their hosts by inhibiting the growth of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Even though several studies describe the influence of biotic and abiotic factors over the skin microbiota, it remains unclear how these symbiotic bacterial communities vary across time and development. This is particularly relevant for species that undergo metamorphosis as it has been shown that host physiology and ecology drastically influence diversity of the skin microbiome. RESULTS We found that the skin bacterial communities of the axolotl A. altamirani are largely influenced by the metamorphic status of the host and by seasonal variation of abiotic factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity. Despite high Bd prevalence in these samples, the bacterial diversity of the skin microbiota did not differ between infected and non-infected axolotls, although relative abundance of particular bacteria were correlated with Bd infection intensity. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that metamorphosis is a crucial process that shapes skin bacterial communities and that axolotls under different developmental stages respond differently to environmental seasonal variations. Moreover, this study greatly contributes to a better understanding of the factors that shape amphibian skin microbiota, especially in a largely underexplored group like axolotls (Mexican Ambystoma species).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Martínez-Ugalde
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Víctor Ávila-Akerberg
- grid.412872.a0000 0001 2174 6731Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Tanya M. González Martínez
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Vázquez Trejo
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dalia Zavala Hernández
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Lucia Anaya-Morales
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico ,grid.251313.70000 0001 2169 2489 Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS USA
| | - Eria A. Rebollar
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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20
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Li P, He S, Zhang X, Gao Q, Liu Y, Liu L. Structures, biosynthesis, and bioactivities of prodiginine natural products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7721-7735. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The mosaic ecosystems of microbes that live on our skin encompass not only bacteria but also fungi, microeukaryotes, and viruses. As the second most prevalent group, unique fungal communities are found across the dry, moist, and oily microenvironments of human skin, and alterations of these communities are largely driven by changes in skin physiology throughout an individual's lifespan. Fungi have also been associated with infection and dermatological disorders, resulting from the disrupted balance between fungal-bacterial networks on the skin. Mechanisms of colonization resistance toward fungi in the skin microbiome of animals have advanced our understanding in conservation strategies, yet in the human skin, the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) remains vastly unexplored. Here, we review recent studies on the role of fungi in the skin microbiome, emphasizing how fungal-bacterial interactions at the skin surface play an important ecological function in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thy Nguyen
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Lindsay R Kalan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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22
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Cevallos MA, Basanta MD, Bello-López E, Escobedo-Muñoz AS, González-Serrano FM, Nemec A, Romero-Contreras YJ, Serrano M, Rebollar EA. Genomic characterization of antifungal Acinetobacter bacteria isolated from the skin of the frogs Agalychnis callidryas and Craugastor fitzingeri. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6775075. [PMID: 36288213 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, a lethal fungal disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is responsible for population declines and extinctions of amphibians worldwide. However, not all amphibian species are equally susceptible to the disease; some species persist in Bd enzootic regions with no population reductions. Recently, it has been shown that the amphibian skin microbiome plays a crucial role in the defense against Bd. Numerous bacterial isolates with the capacity to inhibit the growth of Batrachochytrium fungi have been isolated from the skin of amphibians. Here, we characterized eight Acinetobacter bacteria isolated from the frogs Agalychnis callidryas and Craugastor fitzingeri at the genomic level. A total of five isolates belonged to Acinetobacter pittii,Acinetobacter radioresistens, or Acinetobactermodestus, and three were not identified as any of the known species, suggesting they are members of new species. We showed that seven isolates inhibited the growth of Bd and that all eight isolates inhibited the growth of the phytopathogen fungus Botrytis cinerea. Finally, we identified the biosynthetic gene clusters that could be involved in the antifungal activity of these isolates. Our results suggest that the frog skin microbiome includes Acinetobacter isolates that are new to science and have broad antifungal functions, perhaps driven by distinct genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cevallos
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62220, México
| | - M D Basanta
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62220, México.,Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N Virgina St, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - E Bello-López
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62220, México
| | - A S Escobedo-Muñoz
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62220, México
| | - F M González-Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62220, México
| | - A Nemec
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czechia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Y J Romero-Contreras
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62220, México
| | - M Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62220, México
| | - E A Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62220, México
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23
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Vijay D, Alshamsi NS, Moussa Z, Akhtar MK. Extraction of the Anticancer and Antimicrobial Agent, Prodigiosin, from Vibrio gazogenes PB1 and Its Identification by 1D and 2D NMR. Molecules 2022; 27:6030. [PMID: 36144766 PMCID: PMC9504601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin is a secondary metabolite produced in several species of bacteria. It exhibits antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Methods for the extraction and identification of prodigiosin and their related derivatives from bacterial cultures typically depend on solvent-based extractions followed by NMR spectroscopy. The estuarine bacterium, V. gazogenes PB1, was previously shown to produce prodigiosin. This conclusion, however, was based on analytical data obtained from ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrophotometry and infrared spectroscopy. Complete dependence on these techniques would be considered inadequate for the accurate identification of the various members of the prodiginine family of compounds, which possess very similar chemical structures and near-identical optical properties. In this study, we extracted prodigiosin from a culture of Vibrio gazogenes PB1 cultivated in minimal media, and for the first time, confirmed the synthesis of prodigiosin Vibrio gazogenes PB1 using NMR techniques. The chemical structure was validated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and further corroborated by 2D NMR, which included 1H-1H-gDQFCOSY, 1H-13C-gHSQC, and 1H-13C-gHMBC, as well as 1H-1H-homonuclear decoupling experiments. Based on this data, previous NMR spectral assignments of prodigiosin are reaffirmed and in some cases, corrected. The findings will be particularly relevant for experimental work relating to the use of V. gazogenes PB1 as a host for the synthesis of prodigiosin.
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24
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Wuerthner VP, Hua J, Hernández‐Gómez O. Life stage and proximity to roads shape the skin microbiota of eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3954-3965. [PMID: 35355399 PMCID: PMC9790580 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host-associated microbiomes play an essential role in the health of organisms, including immune system activation, metabolism and energy uptake. It is well established that microbial communities differ depending on the life stage and natural history of the organism. However, the effects of life stage and natural history on microbial communities may also be influenced by human activities. We investigated the effects of amphibian life stage (terrestrial eft vs. aquatic adult) and proximity to roadways on newt skin bacterial communities. We found that the eft and adult life stages differed in bacterial community composition; however, the effects of roads on community composition were more evident in the terrestrial eft stage compared to the aquatic adult stage. Terrestrial efts sampled close to roads possessed richer communities than those living further away from the influence of roads. When accounting for amplicon sequence variants with predicted antifungal capabilities, in the adult life stage, we observed a decrease in anti-fungal bacteria with distance to roads. In contrast, in the eft stage, we found an increase in anti-fungal bacteria with distance to roads. Our results highlight the need to consider the effects of human activities when evaluating how host-associated microbiomes differ across life stages of wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Hua
- Department of Biological SciencesBinghamton UniversityBinghamtonNY,Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Obed Hernández‐Gómez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California‐BerkeleyBerkeleyCA,Department of Natural Sciences and MathematicsDominican University of CaliforniaSan RafaelCA
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25
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Abstract
Temporal changes and transmission patterns in host-associated microbial communities have important implications for host health. The diversity of amphibian skin microbial communities is associated with disease outcome in amphibians exposed to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). To successfully develop conservation strategies against Bd, we need a comprehensive understanding of how skin microbes are maintained and transmitted over time within populations. We used 16S rRNA sequence analysis to compare Epipedobates anthonyi frogs housed with one conspecific to frogs housed singly at four time points over the course of 1 year. We found that both α and β diversity of frog skin bacterial communities changed significantly over the course of the experiment. Specifically, we found that bacterial communities of cohabitating frogs became more similar over time. We also observed that some bacterial taxa were differentially abundant between frogs housed singly and frogs housed with a conspecific. These results suggest that conspecific contact may play a role in mediating amphibian skin microbial diversity and that turnover of skin microbial communities can occur across time. Our findings provide rationale for future studies exploring horizontal transmission as a potential mechanism of host-associated microbial maintenance in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kruger
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Spencer Roth
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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26
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Araújo RG, Zavala NR, Castillo-Zacarías C, Barocio ME, Hidalgo-Vázquez E, Parra-Arroyo L, Rodríguez-Hernández JA, Martínez-Prado MA, Sosa-Hernández JE, Martínez-Ruiz M, Chen WN, Barceló D, Iqbal HM, Parra-Saldívar R. Recent Advances in Prodigiosin as a Bioactive Compound in Nanocomposite Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154982. [PMID: 35956931 PMCID: PMC9370345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bionanocomposites based on natural bioactive entities have gained importance due to their abundance; renewable and environmentally benign nature; and outstanding properties with applied perspective. Additionally, their formulation with biological molecules with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities has been produced nowadays. The present review details the state of the art and the importance of this pyrrolic compound produced by microorganisms, with interest towards Serratia marcescens, including production strategies at a laboratory level and scale-up to bioreactors. Promising results of its biological activity have been reported to date, and the advances and applications in bionanocomposites are the most recent strategy to potentiate and to obtain new carriers for the transport and controlled release of prodigiosin. Prodigiosin, a bioactive secondary metabolite, produced by Serratia marcescens, is an effective proapoptotic agent against bacterial and fungal strains as well as cancer cell lines. Furthermore, this molecule presents antioxidant activity, which makes it ideal for treating wounds and promoting the general improvement of the immune system. Likewise, some of the characteristics of prodigiosin, such as hydrophobicity, limit its use for medical and biotechnological applications; however, this can be overcome by using it as a component of a bionanocomposite. This review focuses on the chemistry and the structure of the bionanocomposites currently developed using biorenewable resources. Moreover, the work illuminates recent developments in pyrrole-based bionanocomposites, with special insight to its application in the medical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G. Araújo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Natalia Rodríguez Zavala
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (TecNM-ITD), Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote. Durango, Durango 34080, Mexico
| | - Carlos Castillo-Zacarías
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico
| | - Mario E. Barocio
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | | | - Lizeth Parra-Arroyo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | | | - María Adriana Martínez-Prado
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (TecNM-ITD), Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote. Durango, Durango 34080, Mexico
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Manuel Martínez-Ruiz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Hafiz M.N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Correspondence: (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Correspondence: (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
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27
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Peixoto RS, Voolstra CR, Sweet M, Duarte CM, Carvalho S, Villela H, Lunshof JE, Gram L, Woodhams DC, Walter J, Roik A, Hentschel U, Thurber RV, Daisley B, Ushijima B, Daffonchio D, Costa R, Keller-Costa T, Bowman JS, Rosado AS, Reid G, Mason CE, Walke JB, Thomas T, Berg G. Harnessing the microbiome to prevent global biodiversity loss. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1726-1735. [PMID: 35864220 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Global biodiversity loss and mass extinction of species are two of the most critical environmental issues the world is currently facing, resulting in the disruption of various ecosystems central to environmental functions and human health. Microbiome-targeted interventions, such as probiotics and microbiome transplants, are emerging as potential options to reverse deterioration of biodiversity and increase the resilience of wildlife and ecosystems. However, the implementation of these interventions is urgently needed. We summarize the current concepts, bottlenecks and ethical aspects encompassing the careful and responsible management of ecosystem resources using the microbiome (termed microbiome stewardship) to rehabilitate organisms and ecosystem functions. We propose a real-world application framework to guide environmental and wildlife probiotic applications. This framework details steps that must be taken in the upscaling process while weighing risks against the high toll of inaction. In doing so, we draw parallels with other aspects of contemporary science moving swiftly in the face of urgent global challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Peixoto
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Sweet
- Aquatic Research Facility, Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Carvalho
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helena Villela
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeantine E Lunshof
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna Roik
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ute Hentschel
- RD3 Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Brendan Daisley
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blake Ushijima
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tina Keller-Costa
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jeff S Bowman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre S Rosado
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,University of Postdam and Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
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28
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Ienes-Lima J, Prichula J, Abadie M, Borges-Martins M, Frazzon APG. First Report of Culturable Skin Bacteria in Melanophryniscus admirabilis (Admirable Redbelly Toad). Microb Ecol 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02069-7. [PMID: 35859070 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melanophryniscus admirabilis is a small toad, critically endangered with a microendemic distribution in the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. The amphibian skin microbiome is considered one of the first lines of defense against pathogenic infections, such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). The knowledge of skin amphibian microbiomes is important to numerous fields, including species conservation, detection, and quantification of environmental changes and stressors. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, cultivable bacteria in the skin of wild M. admirabilis, and detected Bd fungus by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Skin swab samples were collected from 15 wild M. admirabilis, and the isolation of bacteria was performed by means of different culture strategies. A total of 62 bacterial isolates being Bacillus (n = 22; 34.48%), Citrobacter (n = 10; 16.13%), and Serratia (n = 12; 19.35%) were more frequently isolated genera. Interestingly, all skin samples tested were Bd negative. Some bacterial genera identified in our study might be acting in a synergic relationship and protecting them against the Bd fungus. In addition, these bacteria may play an essential role in maintaining this species in an environment modulated by anthropic actions. This first report of skin cultivable bacteria from M. admirabilis natural population improves our knowledge of skin amphibian microbiomes, contributing to a better understanding of their ecology and how this species has survived in an environment modulated by anthropic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ienes-Lima
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michelle Abadie
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcio Borges-Martins
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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29
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Durán N, Castro GR, Portela RWD, Fávaro WJ, Durán M, Tasic L, Nakazato G. Violacein and its antifungal activity: comments and potentialities. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:796-803. [PMID: 35687081 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Violacein is an important natural antimicrobial pigment that is mainly produced by Chromobacterium violaceum and Janthinobacterium lividum. It presents a significant range of effects against phytopathogenic and human fungi, besides being featured as having low toxicity, and by its important ecological role in protecting amphibian species and applications in dyed medical fabric. The hypothesis about violacein's action mechanisms against mucormycosis (Rhizopus arrhizus) and candidiasis (Candida auris) is herein discussed based on data available in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - G R Castro
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.,Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC). Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG), Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R W D Portela
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - W J Fávaro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L Tasic
- Biogical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - G Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Puerto Rico, Brazil
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30
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Lim S, Bhak J, Jeon S, Mun W, Bhak J, Choi SY, Mitchell RJ, Kaspar JR. The Kiss of Death: Serratia marcescens Antibacterial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus Requires Both de novo Prodigiosin Synthesis and Direct Contact. Microbiol Spectr. [PMID: 35435740 PMCID: PMC9241871 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00607-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial activities of prodigiosin are well-established but, as a hydrophobic molecule, the mechanisms used to introduce it to susceptible microbes has never been studied. We found here, in contrast to violacein, another hydrophobic antibiotic that can be transferred using membrane vesicles (MVs), prodigiosin is also carried from
Serratia marcescens
in MVs released but its resulting activities were severely mitigated compared to the freely added compound, suggesting it is more tightly bound to the MVs than violacein.
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31
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Li Z, Li A, Dai W, Leng H, Liu S, Jin L, Sun K, Feng J. Skin Microbiota Variation Among Bat Species in China and Their Potential Defense Against Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:808788. [PMID: 35432245 PMCID: PMC9009094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.808788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated skin bacteria are essential for resisting pathogen infections and maintaining health. However, we have little understanding of how chiropteran skin microbiota are distributed among bat species and their habitats, or of their putative roles in defending against Pseudogymnoascus destructans in China. In this study, we characterized the skin microbiomes of four bat species at five localities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to understand their skin microbial composition, structure, and putative relationship with disease. The alpha- and beta-diversities of skin microbiota differed significantly among the bat species, and the differences were affected by environmental temperature, sampling sites, and host body condition. The chiropteran skin microbial communities were enriched in bacterial taxa that had low relative abundances in the environment. Most of the potential functions of skin microbiota in bat species were associated with metabolism. Focusing on their functions of defense against pathogens, we found that skin microbiota could metabolize a variety of active substances that could be potentially used to fight P. destructans. The skin microbial communities of bats in China are related to the environment and the bat host, and may be involved in the host's defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongle Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Aoqiang Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Wentao Dai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Haixia Leng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Sen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Longru Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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32
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Bates KA, Sommer U, Hopkins KP, Shelton JMG, Wierzbicki C, Sergeant C, Tapley B, Michaels CJ, Schmeller DS, Loyau A, Bosch J, Viant MR, Harrison XA, Garner TWJ, Fisher MC. Microbiome function predicts amphibian chytridiomycosis disease dynamics. Microbiome 2022; 10:44. [PMID: 35272699 PMCID: PMC8908643 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) threatens amphibian biodiversity and ecosystem stability worldwide. Amphibian skin microbial community structure has been linked to the clinical outcome of Bd infections, yet its overall functional importance is poorly understood. METHODS Microbiome taxonomic and functional profiles were assessed using high-throughput bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS2 gene sequencing, bacterial shotgun metagenomics and skin mucosal metabolomics. We sampled 56 wild midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans) from montane populations exhibiting Bd epizootic or enzootic disease dynamics. In addition, to assess whether disease-specific microbiome profiles were linked to microbe-mediated protection or Bd-induced perturbation, we performed a laboratory Bd challenge experiment whereby 40 young adult A. obstetricans were exposed to Bd or a control sham infection. We measured temporal changes in the microbiome as well as functional profiles of Bd-exposed and control animals at peak infection. RESULTS Microbiome community structure and function differed in wild populations based on infection history and in experimental control versus Bd-exposed animals. Bd exposure in the laboratory resulted in dynamic changes in microbiome community structure and functional differences, with infection clearance in all but one infected animal. Sphingobacterium, Stenotrophomonas and an unclassified Commamonadaceae were associated with wild epizootic dynamics and also had reduced abundance in laboratory Bd-exposed animals that cleared infection, indicating a negative association with Bd resistance. This was further supported by microbe-metabolite integration which identified functionally relevant taxa driving disease outcome, of which Sphingobacterium and Bd were most influential in wild epizootic dynamics. The strong correlation between microbial taxonomic community composition and skin metabolome in the laboratory and field is inconsistent with microbial functional redundancy, indicating that differences in microbial taxonomy drive functional variation. Shotgun metagenomic analyses support these findings, with similar disease-associated patterns in beta diversity. Analysis of differentially abundant bacterial genes and pathways indicated that bacterial environmental sensing and Bd resource competition are likely to be important in driving infection outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Bd infection drives altered microbiome taxonomic and functional profiles across laboratory and field environments. Our application of multi-omics analyses in experimental and field settings robustly predicts Bd disease dynamics and identifies novel candidate biomarkers of infection. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran A Bates
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Ulf Sommer
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility - Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kevin P Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jennifer M G Shelton
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Claudia Wierzbicki
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christopher Sergeant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Benjamin Tapley
- ZSL London Zoo, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | | | - Dirk S Schmeller
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Adeline Loyau
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Jaime Bosch
- IMIB Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-University of Oviedo), 33600, Mieres, Spain
| | - Mark R Viant
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility - Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xavier A Harrison
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4DQ, UK
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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Basanta MD, Rebollar EA, García-Castillo MG, Rosenblum EB, Byrne AQ, Piovia-Scott J, Parra-Olea G. Genetic variation of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is linked to skin bacterial diversity in the Pacific treefrog Hyliola regilla (hypochondriaca). Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:494-506. [PMID: 34959256 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacterial communities are crucial to combating infections and contribute to host health. The amphibian skin microbiome plays an important role in protecting their hosts against pathogens such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), one of the causative agents of chytridiomycosis, which is responsible for dramatic amphibian population declines worldwide. Although symbiotic skin bacteria are known to inhibit Bd growth, an understanding of the relationship between Bd genetic variability, environmental conditions, and skin bacterial communities is limited. Therefore, we examined the associations between Bd infection load, Bd genetic diversity and skin bacterial communities in five populations of Hyliola regilla (hypochondriaca) from environmentally contrasting sites in Baja California, Mexico. We observed differences in Bd genetics and infection load among sites and environments. Genetic analysis of Bd isolates revealed patterns of spatial structure corresponding to the five sites sampled. Amphibian skin bacterial diversity and community structure differed among environments and sites. Bacterial community composition was correlated with Bd genetic differences and infection load, with specific bacterial taxa enriched on infected and un-infected frogs. Our results indicate that skin-associated bacteria and Bd strains likely interact on the host skin, with consequences for microbial community structure and Bd infection intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Delia Basanta
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, AP 70-153, C.P. 04510, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Eria A Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mirna G García-Castillo
- Universidad Politécnica de Huatusco, Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico.,Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región: Orizaba-Córdoba, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allison Q Byrne
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonah Piovia-Scott
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
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Ahmed A, Ahmad A, Li R, AL-Ansi W, Fatima M, Mushtaq BS, Basharat S, Li Y, Bai Z. Recent Advances in Synthetic, Industrial and Biological Applications of Violacein and Its Heterologous Production. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1465-1480. [PMID: 34584039 PMCID: PMC9705886 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2107.07045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Violacein, a purple pigment first isolated from a gram-negative coccobacillus Chromobacterium violaceum, has gained extensive research interest in recent years due to its huge potential in the pharmaceutic area and industry. In this review, we summarize the latest research advances concerning this pigment, which include (1) fundamental studies of its biosynthetic pathway, (2) production of violacein by native producers, apart from C. violaceum, (3) metabolic engineering for improved production in heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Yarrowia lipolytica, (4) biological/pharmaceutical and industrial properties, (5) and applications in synthetic biology. Due to the intrinsic properties of violacein and the intermediates during its biosynthesis, the prospective research has huge potential to move this pigment into real clinical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Ahmed
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Abdullah Ahmad
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Renhan Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Waleed AL-Ansi
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sana’a University, Sana’a, 725, Yemen
| | - Momal Fatima
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Sajid Mushtaq
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Samra Basharat
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China,Corresponding authors Y. Li E-mail:
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China,
Z. Bai Phone: +86510-85197983 Fax: +86510-85197983 E-mail:
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35
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Durán N, Nakazato G, Durán M, Berti IR, Castro GR, Stanisic D, Brocchi M, Fávaro WJ, Ferreira-Halder CV, Justo GZ, Tasic L. Multi-target drug with potential applications: violacein in the spotlight. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:151. [PMID: 34398340 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current review is to address updated research on a natural pigment called violacein, with emphasis on its production, biological activity and applications. New information about violacein's action mechanisms as antitumor agent and about its synergistic action in drug delivery systems has brought new alternatives for anticancer therapy. Thus, violacein is introduced as reliable drug capable of overcoming at least three cancer hallmarks, namely: proliferative signaling, cell death resistance and metastasis. In addition, antimicrobial effects on several microorganisms affecting humans and other animals turn violacein into an attractive drug to combat resistant pathogens. Emphasis is given to effects of violacein combined with different agents, such as antibiotics, anticancer agents and nanoparticles. Although violacein is well-known for many decades, it remains an attractive compound. Thus, research groups have been making continuous effort to help improving its production in recent years, which can surely enable its pharmaceutical and chemical application as multi-task compound, even in the cosmetics and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcela Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Ignasio R Berti
- Nanobiomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Applied Biotechnology CINDEFI (UNLPCONICET, CCT La Plata),, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Applied Biotechnology CINDEFI (UNLPCONICET, CCT La Plata),, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Danijela Stanisic
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetic, Evolution and Bioagents , Biology Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner J Fávaro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen V Ferreira-Halder
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giselle Z Justo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas (Campus Diadema) e Departamento de Bioquímica (Campus São Paulo), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 3 de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Ancient enzootic associations between wildlife and their infections allow evolution to innovate mechanisms of pathogenicity that are counterbalanced by host responses. However, erosion of barriers to pathogen dispersal by globalization leads to the infection of hosts that have not evolved effective resistance and the emergence of highly virulent infections. Global amphibian declines driven by the rise of chytrid fungi and chytridiomycosis are emblematic of emerging infections. Here, we review how modern biological methods have been used to understand the adaptations and counteradaptations that these fungi and their amphibian hosts have evolved. We explore the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors that modify the virulence of these infections and dissect the complexity of this disease system. We highlight progress that has led to insights into how we might in the future lessen the impact of these emerging infections. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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37
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Mutnale MC, Reddy GS, Vasudevan K. Bacterial Community in the Skin Microbiome of Frogs in a Coldspot of Chytridiomycosis Infection. Microb Ecol 2021; 82:554-558. [PMID: 33442763 PMCID: PMC8384794 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease caused by the pathogens, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), which has caused declines in amphibian populations worldwide. Asia is considered as a coldspot of infection, since adult frogs are less susceptible to Bd-induced mortality or morbidity. Using the next-generation sequencing approach, we assessed the cutaneous bacterial community composition and presence of anti-Bd bacteria in six frog species from India using DNA isolated from skin swabs. All the six frog species sampled were tested using nested PCR and found Bd negative. We found a total of 551 OTUs on frog skin, of which the bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria (56.15% average relative abundance) was dominated followed by Actinobacteria (21.98% average relative abundance) and Firmicutes (13.7% average relative abundance). The contribution of Proteobacteria in the anti-Bd community was highest and represented by 175 OTUs. Overall, the anti-Bd bacterial community dominated (51.7% anti-Bd OTUs) the skin microbiome of the frogs. The study highlights the putative role of frog skin microbiome in affording resistance to Bd infections in coldspots of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind C Mutnale
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gundlapally S Reddy
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Karthikeyan Vasudevan
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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38
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Abstract
Parasites, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, helminths, and arthropods, are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Consequently, hosts are frequently infected with more than one parasite species simultaneously. The assessment of such co-infections is of fundamental importance for disease ecology, but relevant studies involving non-domesticated animals have remained scarce. Many amphibians are in decline, and they generally have a highly diverse parasitic fauna. Here we review the literature reporting on field surveys, veterinary case studies, and laboratory experiments on co-infections in amphibians, and we summarize what is known about within-host interactions among parasites, which environmental and intrinsic factors influence the outcomes of these interactions, and what effects co-infections have on hosts. The available literature is piecemeal, and patterns are highly diverse, so that identifying general trends that would fit most host–multiparasite systems in amphibians is difficult. Several examples of additive, antagonistic, neutral, and synergistic effects among different parasites are known, but whether members of some higher taxa usually outcompete and override the effects of others remains unclear. The arrival order of different parasites and the time lag between exposures appear in many cases to fundamentally shape competition and disease progression. The first parasite to arrive can gain a marked reproductive advantage or induce cross-reaction immunity, but by disrupting the skin and associated defences (i.e., skin secretions, skin microbiome) and by immunosuppression, it can also pave the way for subsequent infections. Although there are exceptions, detrimental effects to the host are generally aggravated with increasing numbers of co-infecting parasite species. Finally, because amphibians are ectothermic animals, temperature appears to be the most critical environmental factor that affects co-infections, partly via its influence on amphibian immune function, partly due to its direct effect on the survival and growth of parasites. Besides their importance for our understanding of ecological patterns and processes, detailed knowledge about co-infections is also crucial for the design and implementation of effective wildlife disease management, so that studies concentrating on the identified gaps in our understanding represent rewarding research avenues. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Herczeg
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.
| | - János Ujszegi
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kásler
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.,Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Dóra Holly
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.,Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.,Department of Ecology, Institute for Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Rottenbiller utca 50, Budapest, 1077, Hungary
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39
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ZHAO Y, CHENG Q, SHEN Z, FAN B, XU Y, CAO Y, PENG F, ZHAO J, XUE B. Structure of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens NJZT-1 and its cytotoxicity on TSC2-null cells. Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.35719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi CHENG
- Nanjing Medical University, China
| | | | - Ben FAN
- Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | - Yan XU
- Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | | | | | | | - Bin XUE
- Nanjing Medical University, China; China Pharmaceutical University, China
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40
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Rollins-Smith LA, Le Sage EH. Batrachochytrium fungi: stealth invaders in amphibian skin. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 61:124-132. [PMID: 33964650 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian populations around the world have been affected by two pathogenic fungi within the phylum Chytridiomycota. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has infected hundreds of species and led to widespread declines and some species extinctions. Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has devastated some native European salamanders, especially the iconic fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra). Comparative genomic studies show that Bd is more diverse and widespread than previously thought, and global lineages occur together allowing for the development of hybrid lineages. New studies raise the concern of greater pathogenesis if both Bd and Bsal infect the same host. Although amphibians possess robust immune defenses, co-infected and many single-infected hosts seem unable to mount effective immune responses. A strong defense may actually be harmful. Analysis of Bd and Bsal secretions documents small metabolites that signal high density to limit their growth and to suppress adaptive immune defenses, thus enabling a stealth presence in the skin compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Rollins-Smith
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Emily H Le Sage
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Celedón RS, Díaz LB. Natural Pigments of Bacterial Origin and Their Possible Biomedical Applications. Microorganisms 2021; 9:739. [PMID: 33916299 PMCID: PMC8066239 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are considered one of the most promising niches for prospecting, production, and application of bioactive compounds of biotechnological interest. Among them, bacteria offer certain distinctive advantages due to their short life cycle, their low sensitivity to seasonal and climatic changes, their easy scaling as well as their ability to produce pigments of various colors and shades. Natural pigments have attracted the attention of industry due to an increasing interest in the generation of new products harmless to humans and nature. This is because pigments of artificial origin used in industry can have various deleterious effects. On this basis, bacterial pigments promise to be an attractive niche of new biotechnological applications, from functional food production to the generation of new drugs and biomedical therapies. This review endeavors to establish the beneficial properties of several relevant pigments of bacterial origin and their relation to applications in the biomedical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Salazar Celedón
- Laboratory of Molecular Applied Biology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile;
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Leticia Barrientos Díaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Applied Biology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile;
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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Abstract
Violacein is a pigment synthesized by Gram-negative bacteria such as Chromobacterium violaceum. It has garnered significant interest owing to its unique physiological and biological activities along with its synergistic effects with various antibiotics. In addition to C. violaceum, several microorganisms, including: Duganella sp., Pseudoalteromonas sp., Iodobacter sp., and Massilia sp., are known to produce violacein. Along with the identification of violacein-producing strains, the genetic regulation, quorum sensing mechanism, and sequence of the vio-operon involved in the biosynthesis of violacein have been elucidated. From an engineering perspective, the heterologous production of violacein using the genetically engineered Escherichia coli or Citrobacter freundii host has also been attempted. Genetic engineering of host cells involves the heterologous expression of genes involved in the vio operon and the optimization of metabolic pathways and gene regulation. Further, the crystallography of VioD and VioE was revealed, and mass production by enzyme engineering has been accelerated. In this review, we highlight the biologically assisted end-use applications of violacein (such as functional fabric development, nanoparticles, functional polymer composites, and sunscreen ingredients) and violacein activation mechanisms, production strains, and the results of mass production with engineered methods. The prospects for violacein research and engineering applications have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyunA Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - SeoA Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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Choi SY, Lim S, Yoon KH, Lee JI, Mitchell RJ. Biotechnological Activities and Applications of Bacterial Pigments Violacein and Prodigiosin. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:10. [PMID: 33706806 PMCID: PMC7948353 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss violacein and prodigiosin, two chromogenic bacterial secondary metabolites that have diverse biological activities. Although both compounds were "discovered" more than seven decades ago, interest into their biological applications has grown in the last two decades, particularly driven by their antimicrobial and anticancer properties. These topics will be discussed in the first half of this review. The latter half delves into the current efforts of groups to produce these two compounds. This includes in both their native bacterial hosts and heterogeneously in other bacterial hosts, including discussing some of the caveats related to the yields reported in the literature, and some of the synthetic biology techniques employed in this pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yeol Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Sungbin Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hye Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
| | - Jin I Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Mirae Campus, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
| | - Robert J Mitchell
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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Abarca JG, Whitfield SM, Zuniga-Chaves I, Alvarado G, Kerby J, Murillo-Cruz C, Pinto-Tomás AA. Genotyping and differential bacterial inhibition of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in threatened amphibians in Costa Rica. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [PMID: 33529150 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians have declined around the world in recent years, in parallel with the emergence of an epidermal disease called chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). This disease has been associated with mass mortality in amphibians worldwide, including in Costa Rica, and Bd is considered an important contributor to the disappearance of this group of vertebrates. While many species are susceptible to the disease, others show tolerance and manage to survive infection with the pathogen. We evaluated the pathogen Bd circulating in Costa Rica and the capacity of amphibian skin bacteria to inhibit the growth of the pathogen in vitro. We isolated and characterized - genetically and morphologically - several Bd isolates from areas with declining populations of amphibians. We determined that the circulating chytrid fungus in Costa Rica belongs to the virulent strain Bd-GPL-2, which has been related to massive amphibian deaths worldwide; however, the isolates obtained showed genetic and morphological variation. Furthermore, we isolated epidermal bacteria from 12 amphibian species of surviving populations, some in danger of extinction, and evaluated their inhibitory activity against the collection of chytrid isolates. Through bioassays we confirmed the presence of chytrid-inhibitory bacterial genera in Costa Rican amphibians. However, we observed that the inhibition varied between different isolates of the same bacterial genus, and each bacterial isolation inhibited fungal isolation differently. In total, 14 bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Stenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella showed inhibitory activity against all Bd isolates. Given the observed variation both in the pathogen and in the bacterial inhibition capacity, it is highly relevant to include local isolates and to consider the origin of the microorganisms when performing in vivo infection tests aimed at developing and implementing mitigation strategies for chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Abarca
- Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales y Vida Silvestre (LARNAVISI), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Steven M Whitfield
- Conservation and Research Department, Zoo Miami, St, Miami, FL 33177, USA
| | - Ibrahim Zuniga-Chaves
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Gilbert Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental y Comparada (LAPECOM), Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Jacob Kerby
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Catalina Murillo-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMic), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Adrián A Pinto-Tomás
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMic), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
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Durán N, Fávaro WJ, Brocchi M, Justo GZ, Castro GR, Durán M, Nakazato G. Patents on Violacein: A Compound with Great Diversity of Biological Activities and Industrial Potential. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2020; 15:102-111. [PMID: 33349223 DOI: 10.2174/2213476x07666201221111655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review outlines to envisage the current impact of violacein-derivative materials in several technological areas through patents. METHODS A comprehensive examination up to day patent databases on violacein demonstrated the relevance of this pigment, as well as the pertinent topics related to its technological development in order to obtain adaptable new pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and new quality fiber materials, together with others applications of violacein in different areas. RESULTS At present time, there is no efficient and economical feasible technique for violacein preparation at industrial scale. Many attempts have been developed but none have achieved the big challenge of being effective and inexpensive process. However, some potential applications of violacein in fields like biomedicine make the pigment worth to continuous the investigations. Particularly, violacein patents covering from biosynthesis to different applications were reported recently. CONCLUSION As unique pigment, violacein has been used in distinct areas of specialties, such as in medical and industrial fields. Then, this review through patents provides an update on violacein innovations useful for researchers working in an expandable and interesting field of biotechnology with natural pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Biology Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas,Campinas, SP. Brazil
| | - Wagner J Fávaro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Biology Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas,Campinas, SP. Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology. University of Campinas, Campinas, SP. Brazil
| | - Giselle Z Justo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP). Brazil
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiomaterials Laboratory, Institute of Applied Biotechnology CINDEFI (UNLP-CONICET, CCT La Plata), Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata. Argentina
| | - Marcela Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Biology Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas,Campinas, SP. Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina. Brazil
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Grogan LF, Humphries JE, Robert J, Lanctôt CM, Nock CJ, Newell DA, McCallum HI. Immunological Aspects of Chytridiomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040234. [PMID: 33086692 PMCID: PMC7712659 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are currently the most threatened vertebrate class, with the disease chytridiomycosis being a major contributor to their global declines. Chytridiomycosis is a frequently fatal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). The severity and extent of the impact of the infection caused by these pathogens across modern Amphibia are unprecedented in the history of vertebrate infectious diseases. The immune system of amphibians is thought to be largely similar to that of other jawed vertebrates, such as mammals. However, amphibian hosts are both ectothermic and water-dependent, which are characteristics favouring fungal proliferation. Although amphibians possess robust constitutive host defences, Bd/Bsal replicate within host cells once these defences have been breached. Intracellular fungal localisation may contribute to evasion of the induced innate immune response. Increasing evidence suggests that once the innate defences are surpassed, fungal virulence factors suppress the targeted adaptive immune responses whilst promoting an ineffectual inflammatory cascade, resulting in immunopathology and systemic metabolic disruption. Thus, although infections are contained within the integument, crucial homeostatic processes become compromised, leading to mortality. In this paper, we present an integrated synthesis of amphibian post-metamorphic immunological responses and the corresponding outcomes of infection with Bd, focusing on recent developments within the field and highlighting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Grogan
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; (J.E.H.); (D.A.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Josephine E. Humphries
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; (J.E.H.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Jacques Robert
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Chantal M. Lanctôt
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Catherine J. Nock
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - David A. Newell
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; (J.E.H.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
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Martin H. C, Ibáñez R, Nothias LF, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Dorrestein PC, Gutiérrez M. Metabolites from Microbes Isolated from the Skin of the Panamanian Rocket Frog Colostethus panamansis (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Metabolites 2020; 10:E406. [PMID: 33065987 PMCID: PMC7601193 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Panamanian rocket frog Colostethus panamansis (family Dendrobatidae) has been affected by chytridiomycosis, a deadly disease caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While there are still uninfected frogs, we set out to isolate microbes from anatomically distinct regions in an effort to create a cultivable resource within Panama for potential drug/agricultural/ecological applications that perhaps could also be used as part of a strategy to protect frogs from infections. To understand if there are specific anatomies that should be explored in future applications of this resource, we mapped skin-associated bacteria of C. panamansis and their metabolite production potential by mass spectrometry on a 3D model. Our results indicate that five bacterial families (Enterobacteriaceae, Comamonadaceae, Aeromonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae and Pseudomonadaceae) dominate the cultivable microbes from the skin of C. panamansis. The combination of microbial classification and molecular analysis in relation to the anti-Bd inhibitory databases reveals the resource has future potential for amphibian conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Martin H.
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, Panama 0843-01103, Panama;
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, India
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama 0843-03092, Panama;
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodríguez
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, Panama 0843-01103, Panama;
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Abstract
This article updates the understanding of two extirpation-driving infectious diseases, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, and Ranavirus. Experimental studies and dynamic, multifactorial population modeling have outlined the epidemiology and future population impacts of B dendrobatidis, B salamandrivorans, and Ranavirus. New genomic findings on divergent fungal and viral pathogens can help optimize control and disease management strategies. Although there have been major advances in knowledge of amphibian pathogens, controlled studies are needed to guide population recovery to elucidate and evaluate transmission routes for several pathogens, examine environmental control, and validate new diagnostic tools to confirm the presence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eria A. Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Emanuel Martínez-Ugalde
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Alberto H. Orta
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A. Rollins-Smith
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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