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Wannemacher R, Reiß A, Rohn K, Lühder F, Flügel A, Baumgärtner W, Hülskötter K. Ovalbumin-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells contribute to different susceptibility for Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus persistence. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194842. [PMID: 37292191 PMCID: PMC10244668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is the causative agent of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD); a well-established animal model for the chronic progressive form of human multiple sclerosis (MS). In susceptible mice with an inadequate immune response, TMEV-IDD is triggered by virus persistence and maintained by a T cell mediated immunopathology. OT-mice are bred on a TMEV-resistant C57BL/6 background and own predominantly chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-specific populations of CD8+ T cells (OT-I) or CD4+ T cells (OT-II), respectively. It is hypothesized that the lack of antigen specific T cell populations increases susceptibility for a TMEV-infection in OT-mice on a TMEV-resistant C57BL/6 background. OT-I, OT-II, and C57BL/6 control mice were infected intracerebrally with the TMEV-BeAn strain. Mice were scored weekly for clinical disease and after necropsy, histological and immunohistochemical evaluation was performed. OT-I mice started to develop progressive motor dysfunction between 7 and 21 days post infection (dpi), leading up to hind limb paresis and critical weight loss, which resulted in euthanasia for humane reasons between 14 and 35 dpi. OT-I mice displayed a high cerebral virus load, an almost complete absence of CD8+ T cells from the central nervous system (CNS) and a significantly diminished CD4+ T cell response. Contrarily, only 60% (12 of 20) of infected OT-II mice developed clinical disease characterized by mild ataxia. 25% of clinically affected OT-II mice (3 of 12) made a full recovery. 5 of 12 OT-II mice with clinical disease developed severe motor dysfunction similar to OT-I mice and were euthanized for humane reasons between 13 and 37 dpi. OT-II mice displayed only low virus-immunoreactivity, but clinical disease correlated well with severely reduced infiltration of CD8+ T cells and the increased presence of CD4+ T cells in the brains of OT-II mice. Though further studies are needed to reveal the underlying pathomechanisms following TMEV infection in OT mice, findings indicate an immunopathological process as a main contributor to clinical disease in OT-II mice, while a direct virus-associated pathology may be the main contributor to clinical disease in TMEV-infected OT-I mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Wannemacher
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Reiß
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Data Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Hülskötter
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Omura S, Sato F, Park AM, Fujita M, Khadka S, Nakamura Y, Katsuki A, Nishio K, Gavins FNE, Tsunoda I. Bioinformatics Analysis of Gut Microbiota and CNS Transcriptome in Virus-Induced Acute Myelitis and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelination; Potential Association of Distinct Bacteria With CNS IgA Upregulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1138. [PMID: 32733435 PMCID: PMC7358278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections have been associated with acute and chronic inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, e.g., acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and multiple sclerosis (MS), where animal models support the pathogenic roles of viruses. In the spinal cord, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces an AFM-like disease with gray matter inflammation during the acute phase, 1 week post infection (p.i.), and an MS-like disease with white matter inflammation during the chronic phase, 1 month p.i. Although gut microbiota has been proposed to affect immune responses contributing to pathological conditions in remote organs, including the brain pathophysiology, its precise role in neuroinflammatory diseases is unclear. We infected SJL/J mice with TMEV; harvested feces and spinal cords on days 4 (before onset), 7 (acute phase), and 35 (chronic phase) p.i.; and examined fecal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing and CNS transcriptome by RNA sequencing. Although TMEV infection neither decreased microbial diversity nor changed overall microbiome patterns, it increased abundance of individual bacterial genera Marvinbryantia on days 7 and 35 p.i. and Coprococcus on day 35 p.i., whose pattern-matching with CNS transcriptome showed strong correlations: Marvinbryantia with eight T-cell receptor (TCR) genes on day 7 and with seven immunoglobulin (Ig) genes on day 35 p.i.; and Coprococcus with gene expressions of not only TCRs and IgG/IgA, but also major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and complements. The high gene expression of IgA, a component of mucosal immunity, in the CNS was unexpected. However, we observed substantial IgA positive cells and deposition in the CNS, as well as a strong correlation between CNS IgA gene expression and serum anti-TMEV IgA titers. Here, changes in a small number of distinct gut bacteria, but not overall gut microbiota, could affect acute and chronic immune responses, causing AFM- and MS-like lesions in the CNS. Alternatively, activated immune responses would alter the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sundar Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumina Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aoshi Katsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Felicity N. E. Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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3
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Sanabria-Castro A, Flores-Díaz M, Alape-Girón A. Biological models in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:491-508. [PMID: 31571267 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, experimental models resembling specific aspects of this immune-mediated demyelinating human disease have been developed to increase the understanding of processes related to pathogenesis, disease evolution, evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and demyelination and remyelination mechanisms. Based on the nature of the investigation, biological models may include in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments. Even though these approaches have disclosed valuable information, every disease animal model has limitations and can only replicate specific features of MS. In vitro and ex vivo models generally do not reflect what occurs in the organism, and in vivo animal models are more likely used; nevertheless, they are able to reproduce only certain stages of the disease. In vivo MS disease animal models in mammals include: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, viral encephalomyelitis, and induced demyelination. This review examines and describes the most common biological disease animal models for the study of MS, their specific characteristics and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Research Unit, San Juan de Dios Hospital CCSS, San José, Costa Rica.,School of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Omura S, Kawai E, Sato F, Martinez NE, Minagar A, Al-Kofahi M, Yun JW, Cvek U, Trutschl M, Alexander JS, Tsunoda I. Theiler's Virus-Mediated Immunopathology in the CNS and Heart: Roles of Organ-Specific Cytokine and Lymphatic Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2870. [PMID: 30619258 PMCID: PMC6295469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces different diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) and heart, depending on the mouse strains and time course, with cytokines playing key roles for viral clearance and immune-mediated pathology (immunopathology). In SJL/J mice, TMEV infection causes chronic TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) in the spinal cord about 1 month post-inoculation (p.i.). Unlike other immunopathology models, both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can play dual roles in TMEV-IDD. Pro-inflammatory cytokines play beneficial roles in viral clearance while they are also detrimental in immune-mediated demyelination. Anti-inflammatory cytokines suppress not only protective anti-viral immune responses but also detrimental autoreactive immune responses. Conversely, in C3H mice, TMEV infection induces a non-CNS disease, myocarditis, with three distinctive phases: phase I, viral pathology with interferon and chemokine responses; phase II, immunopathology mediated by acquired immune responses; and phase III, cardiac fibrosis. Although the exact mechanism(s) by which a single virus, TMEV, induces these different diseases in different organs is unclear, our bioinformatics approaches, especially principal component analysis (PCA) of transcriptome data, allow us to identify the key factors contributing to organ-specific immunopathology. The PCA demonstrated that in vitro infection of a cardiomyocyte cell line reproduced the transcriptome profile of phase I in TMEV-induced myocarditis; distinct interferon/chemokine-related responses were induced in vitro in TMEV-infected cardiomyocytes, but not in infected neuronal cells. In addition, the PCA of the in vivo CNS transcriptome data showed that decreased lymphatic marker expressions were weakly associated with inflammation in TMEV infection. Here, dysfunction of lymphatic vessels is shown to potentially contribute to immunopathology by delaying the clearance of cytokines and immune cells from the inflammatory site, although this can also confine the virus at these sites, preventing virus spread via lymphatic vessels. On the other hand, in the heart, dysfunction of lymphatics was associated with reduced lymphatic muscle contractility provoked by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, TMEV infection may induce different patterns of cytokine expressions as well as lymphatic vessel dysfunction by rather different mechanisms between the CNS and heart, which might explain observed patterns of organ-specific immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Eiichiro Kawai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas E Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Mahmoud Al-Kofahi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Winny Yun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Urska Cvek
- Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Marjan Trutschl
- Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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Tiwari S, Lapierre J, Ojha CR, Martins K, Parira T, Dutta RK, Caobi A, Garbinski L, Ceyhan Y, Esteban-Lopez M, El-Hage N. Signaling pathways and therapeutic perspectives related to environmental factors associated with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1831-1846. [PMID: 30204260 PMCID: PMC7167107 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of unknown etiology. Both genetic-susceptibility and environment exposures, including vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr viral and Herpesvirus (HHV-6) infections are strongly implicated in the activation of T cells and MS-pathogenesis. Despite precise knowledge of how these factors could be operating alone or in combination to facilitate and aggravate the disease progression, it is clear that prolonged induction of inflammatory molecules and recruitment of other immune cells by the activated T cells results in demyelination and axonal damage. It is imperative to understand the risk factors associated with MS progression and how these factors contribute to disease pathology. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms of what factors triggers activation of T cells to attack myelin antigen are important to strategize therapeutics and therapies against MS. Current review provides a detailed literature to understand the role of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic factors on the impact of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneham Tiwari
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Kyle Martins
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Tiyash Parira
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Rajib Kumar Dutta
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Allen Caobi
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Luis Garbinski
- Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Yasemin Ceyhan
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria Esteban-Lopez
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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Palle P, Monaghan KL, Milne SM, Wan ECK. Cytokine Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Therapeutic Applications. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:medsci5040023. [PMID: 29099039 PMCID: PMC5753652 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders in young adults. The etiology of MS is not known but it is widely accepted that it is autoimmune in nature. Disease onset is believed to be initiated by the activation of CD4+ T cells that target autoantigens of the central nervous system (CNS) and their infiltration into the CNS, followed by the expansion of local and infiltrated peripheral effector myeloid cells that create an inflammatory milieu within the CNS, which ultimately lead to tissue damage and demyelination. Clinical studies have shown that progression of MS correlates with the abnormal expression of certain cytokines. The use of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model further delineates the role of these cytokines in neuroinflammation and the therapeutic potential of manipulating their biological activity in vivo. In this review, we will first present an overview on cytokines that may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS or EAE, and provide successful examples and roadblock of translating data obtained from EAE to MS. We will then focus in depth on recent findings that demonstrate the pathological role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in MS and EAE, and briefly discuss the potential of targeting effector myeloid cells as a treatment strategy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpalatha Palle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research and the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Kelly L Monaghan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research and the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Sarah M Milne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research and the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Edwin C K Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research and the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Sato F, Kawai E, Martinez NE, Omura S, Park AM, Takahashi S, Yoh K, Tsunoda I. T-bet, but not Gata3, overexpression is detrimental in a neurotropic viral infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10496. [PMID: 28874814 PMCID: PMC5585213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection in mice induces inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system. Although C57BL/6 mice normally resistant to TMEV infection with viral clearance, we have previously demonstrated that RORγt-transgenic (tg) C57BL/6 mice, which have Th17-biased responses due to RORγt overexpression in T cells, became susceptible to TMEV infection with viral persistence. Here, using T-bet-tg C57BL/6 mice and Gata3-tg C57BL/6 mice, we demonstrated that overexpression of T-bet, but not Gata3, in T cells was detrimental in TMEV infection. Unexpectedly, T-bet-tg mice died 2 to 3 weeks after infection due to failure of viral clearance. Here, TMEV infection induced splenic T cell depletion, which was associated with lower anti-viral antibody and T cell responses. In contrast, Gata3-tg mice remained resistant, while Gata3-tg mice had lower IFN-γ and higher IL-4 production with increased anti-viral IgG1 responses. Thus, our data identify how overexpression of T-bet and Gata3 in T cells alters anti-viral immunity and confers susceptibility to TMEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Eiichiro Kawai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Nicholas E Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,International Institute for Investigative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Keigyou Yoh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. .,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. .,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Tsunoda I, Sato F, Omura S, Fujita M, Sakiyama N, Park AM. Three immune-mediated disease models induced by Theiler's virus: Multiple sclerosis, seizures and myocarditis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7:330-345. [PMID: 28603559 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection has been used as a viral model for multiple sclerosis (MS), as TMEV can induce chronic inflammatory demyelinating lesions with viral persistence in the spinal cord of SJL/J mice. In contrast, when C57BL/6 mice are infected with TMEV, the mice can clear the virus from the central nervous system (CNS), without viral persistence or demyelination, but develop seizures and hippocampal sclerosis, which has been used as a viral model for seizures/epilepsy. In the two TMEV-induced CNS disease models, not only viral infection, but also immune responses contribute to the pathogenesis. Interestingly, acquired immunity plays an effector role in the MS model, whereas innate immunity appears to contribute to the development of seizures. Recently, we have established the third TMEV-induced disease model, a mouse model for viral myocarditis, using C3H mice. TMEV-induced myocarditis is a triphasic disease, which mimics human myocarditis; phase I, mediated by viral replication in the heart and innate immunity; phase II, mediated by acquired immunity; and phase III, resulted from cardiac fibrosis. The genetic susceptibility to the aforementioned three models (MS, seizures and myocarditis) differs among mouse strains. We have compared and contrasted the three models induced by one single pathogen, TMEV, particularly in regard to the roles of T helper cells and natural killer T cells, which will give an insight into how interactions between the immune system and the host's genetic background determine the tissue tropism of virus and the development of virus-induced organ-specific immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Namie Sakiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
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Libbey JE, Hanak TJ, Doty DJ, Wilcox KS, Fujinami RS. NBQX, a highly selective competitive antagonist of AMPA and KA ionotropic glutamate receptors, increases seizures and mortality following picornavirus infection. Exp Neurol 2016; 280:89-96. [PMID: 27072529 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seizures occur due to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition, with the balance tipping towards excitation, and glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. Since upregulation of expression and/or function of glutamate receptors can contribute to seizures we determined the effects of three antagonists, NBQX, GYKI-52466 and MK 801, of the various ionotropic glutamate receptors, AMPA, NMDA and KA, on acute seizure development in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced seizure model. We found that only NBQX had an effect on acute seizure development, resulting in a significantly higher number of mice experiencing seizures, an increase in the number of seizures per mouse, a greater cumulative seizure score per mouse and a significantly higher mortality rate among the mice. Although NBQX has previously been shown to be a potent anticonvulsant in animal seizure models, seizures induced by electrical stimulation, drug administration or as a result of genetic predisposition may differ greatly in terms of mechanism of seizure development from our virus-induced seizure model, which could explain the opposite, proconvulsant effect of NBQX observed in the TMEV-induced seizure model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tyler J Hanak
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, 417 Wakara Way, Suite 3211, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Tsunoda I, Omura S, Sato F, Kusunoki S, Fujita M, Park AM, Hasanovic F, Yanagihara R, Nagata S. Neuropathogenesis of Zika Virus Infection : Potential Roles of Antibody-Mediated Pathology. Acta Med Kinki Univ 2016; 41:37-52. [PMID: 28428682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, which includes many human and animal pathogens, such as dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. In the original as well as subsequent experimental and clinical reports, ZIKV seems to have moderate neurotropism (in animal models) and neurovirulence (in human fetuses), but no neuroinvasiveness (in human adults). Intrauterine ZIKV infection (viral pathology) has been linked to an increased incidence of microcephaly, while increased Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) following ZIKV infection is likely immune-mediated (immunopathology). Clinically, in ZIKV infection, antibodies against other flaviviruses, such as DENV, have been detected; these antibodies can cross-react with ZIKV without ZIKV neutralization. In theory, such non-neutralizing antibodies are generated at the expense of decreased production of neutralizing antibodies ("antigenic sin"), leading to poor viral clearance, while the non-neutralizing antibodies can also enhance viral replication in Fc receptor (FcR)-bearing cells via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Here, we propose three potential roles of the antibody-mediated pathogenesis of ZIKV infection: 1) cross-reactive antibodies that recognize ZIKV and neural antigens cause GBS; 2) ZIKV-antibody complex is transported transplacentally via neonatal FcR (FcRn), resulting in fetal infection; and 3) ZIKV-antibody complex is taken up at peripheral nerve endings and transported to neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), by which the virus can enter the CNS without crossing the blood-brain barrier.
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Gilli F, Li L, Pachner AR. The immune response in the CNS in Theiler's virus induced demyelinating disease switches from an early adaptive response to a chronic innate-like response. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:66-79. [PMID: 26260496 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) is an important model of the progressive disability caused by irreversible CNS tissue injury, and provides an example of how a CNS pathogen can cause inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. We were interested in which molecules, especially inflammatory mediators, might be upregulated in the CNS throughout TMEV-IDD. We quantitated by a real-time RT-PCR multi-gene system the expression of a pathway-focused panel of genes at 30 and 165 days post infection, characterizing both the early inflammatory and the late neurodegenerative stages of TMEV-IDD. Also, we measured 32 cytokines/chemokines by multiplex Luminex analysis in CSF specimens from early and late TMEV-IDD as well as sham-treated mice. Results indicate that, in the later stage of TMEV-IDD, activation of the innate immune response is most prominent: TLRs, type I IFN response genes, and innate immunity-associated cytokines were highly expressed in late TMEV-IDD compared to sham (p ≤ 0.0001) and early TMEV-IDD (p < 0.05). Conversely, several molecular mediators of adaptive immune response were highly expressed in early TMEV-IDD (all p ≤ 0.001). Protein detection in the CSF was broadly concordant with mRNA abundance of the corresponding gene measured by real-time RT-PCR in the spinal cord, since several cytokines/chemokines were increased in the CSF of TMEV-IDD mice. Results show a clear shift from adaptive to innate immunity from early to late TMEV-IDD, indicating that adaptive and innate immune pathways are likely involved in the development and progression of the disease to different extents. CSF provides an optimal source of biomarkers of CNS neuroinflammation.
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12
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Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which involves a complex interaction between immune system and neural cells. Animal modeling has been critical for addressing MS pathogenesis. The three most characterized animal models of MS are (1) the experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE); (2) the virally-induced chronic demyelinating disease, known as Theiler׳s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection and (3) the toxin-induced demyelination. All these models, in a complementary way, have allowed to reach a good knowledge of the pathogenesis of MS. Specifically, EAE is the model which better reflects the autoimmune pathogenesis of MS and is extremely useful to study potential experimental treatments. Furthermore, both TMEV and toxin-induced demyelination models are suitable for characterizing the role of the axonal injury/repair and the remyelination process in MS. In conclusion, animal models, despite their limitations, remain the most useful instrument for implementing the study of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiovirus Infections/pathology
- Cardiovirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Theilovirus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Divisione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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13
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Paz Soldán MM, Raman MR, Gamez JD, Lohrey AK, Chen Y, Pirko I, Johnson AJ. Correlation of Brain Atrophy, Disability, and Spinal Cord Atrophy in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimaging 2015; 25:595-9. [PMID: 25893491 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains incompletely understood. Unlike lesional measures, central nervous system atrophy has a strong correlation with disability. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection in SJL/J mice is an established model of progressive MS. We utilized in vivo MRI to quantify brain and spinal cord atrophy in this model and analyzed the temporal relationship between atrophy and disability. METHODS Infected and control mice were followed for 12 months. Disability was assessed periodically using rotarod assay. Volumetric MRI datasets were acquired at 7 Tesla. Ventricular volume and C4-5 spinal cord cross-sectional area measurements were performed using Analyze 10. RESULTS At 3 months, brain atrophy reached statistical significance (P = .005). In contrast, disability did not differ until 4 months post-infection (P = .0005). Cord atrophy reached significance by 9 months (P = 0.009). By 12 months, brain atrophy resulted in 111.8% increased ventricular volume (P = .00003), while spinal cord cross-sectional area was 25.6% reduced (P = .001) among cases. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that significant brain atrophy precedes and predicts the development of disability, while spinal cord atrophy occurs late and correlates with severe disability. The observed temporal relationship establishes a framework for mechanisms of disability progression and enables further investigations of their underlying substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mekala R Raman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Anne K Lohrey
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Istvan Pirko
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Kawai E, Sato F, Omura S, Martinez NE, Reddy PC, Taniguchi M, Tsunoda I. Organ-specific protective role of NKT cells in virus-induced inflammatory demyelination and myocarditis depends on mouse strain. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 278:174-84. [PMID: 25434008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) can induce demyelination or myocarditis in susceptible mouse strains. A deficiency of NKT cells exacerbated TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) in SJL/J and BALB/c mice. In C57BL/6 background, however, NKT-cell-deficient Jα18 KO mice remained as resistant to TMEV-IDD as wild-type mice. Echocardiography and histology showed that Jα18 KO mice developed more severe myocarditis (greater T cell infiltration and fibrosis) than wild-type mice, suggesting a protective role of NKT cells in myocarditis in C57BL/6 mice. Jα18 KO mice had higher cardiac viral RNA and anti-viral antibody titers, but had lower lymphoproliferation and IL-4 and IL-10 production.
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Martinez NE, Sato F, Omura S, Kawai E, Takahashi S, Yoh K, Tsunoda I. RORγt, but not T-bet, overexpression exacerbates an autoimmune model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:142-9. [PMID: 25288300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its autoimmune model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, studies have not addressed how enhanced Th17 immune responses can affect demyelinating diseases. We induced EAE with MOG in RORγt transgenic C57BL/6 mice that overexpress a Th17 inducing transcription factor. RORγt transgenic mice developed more severe EAE than wild-type mice with more robust anti-MOG Th17 immune responses. In contrast, mice overexpressing T-bet, a Th1-inducing transcription factor, were resistant to EAE. Therefore, a genetic bias toward Th17 immune responses could contribute to CNS immunopathology.
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Sato F, Omura S, Kawai E, Martinez NE, Acharya MM, Reddy PC, Chaitanya GV, Alexander JS, Tsunoda I. Distinct kinetics of viral replication, T cell infiltration, and fibrosis in three phases of myocarditis following Theiler's virus infection. Cell Immunol 2014; 292:85-93. [PMID: 25460083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We established a novel model of myocarditis induced with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), which has been used as a viral model for multiple sclerosis and seizure/epilepsy. Following TMEV infection, C3H mice developed severe myocarditis with T cell infiltration, while C57BL/6 mice had mild lesions and SJL/J mice had no inflammation in the heart. In C3H mice, myocarditis was divided into three phases: acute viral, subacute immune, and chronic fibrotic phases. Using toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-deficient C3H mice, we found that interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, TLR4, and anti-viral immune responses were associated with myocarditis susceptibility.
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Kishore A, Biswas K, N VR, Shunmugam R, Sarma JD. Functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes facilitate efficient differentiation of neuroblastoma cells in vitro. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09540e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been increasingly used as scaffolds for neuronal growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinoy Kishore
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata (IISER-K)
- Nadia, India
| | - Kaushiki Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata (IISER-K)
- Nadia, India
| | - Vijaykameswara Rao N
- Polymer Research Center
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata (IISER-K)
- Nadia, India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Polymer Research Center
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata (IISER-K)
- Nadia, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata (IISER-K)
- Nadia, India
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18
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Libbey JE, Cusick MF, Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Antiviral CD8⁺ T cells cause an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-like disease in naive mice. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:45-54. [PMID: 22281874 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and both autoimmune, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and viral, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection, animal models of MS. Following TMEV infection, certain T cell hybridomas, generated from cloned TMEV-induced CD8(+) T cells, were able to produce clinical signs of disease (flaccid hind limb paralysis) upon adoptive transfer into naive mice. Dual T cell receptors (TCR) are present on the surface of these cells as both Vβ3 and Vβ6 were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening and flow cytometry and multiple Vα mRNAs were detected by PCR screening. This is the first demonstration of antiviral CD8(+) T cells having more than one TCR initiating an autoimmune disease in the natural host of the virus. We hypothesize that this is a potential mechanism for virus-induced autoimmune disease initiated by CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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19
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Sato F, Tanaka H, Hasanovic F, Tsunoda I. Theiler's virus infection: Pathophysiology of demyelination and neurodegeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:31-41. [PMID: 20537875 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been suggested to be an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), whose primary target is either myelin itself, or myelin-forming cells, the oligodendrocytes. Although axonal damage occurs in MS, it is regarded as a secondary event to the myelin damage. Here, the lesion develops from the myelin (outside) to the axons (inside) "Outside-In model". The Outside-In model has been supported by an autoimmune model for MS, experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, recently, (1) EAE-like disease has also been shown to be induced by immune responses against axons, and (2) immune responses against axons and neurons as well as neurodegeneration independent of inflammatory demyelination have been reported in MS, which can not be explained by the Outside-In model. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) is a viral model for MS. In TMEV infection, axonal injury precedes demyelination, where the lesion develops from the axons (inside) to the myelin (outside) "Inside-Out model". The initial axonal damage could result in the release of neuroantigens, inducing autoimmune responses against myelin antigens, which potentially attack the myelin from outside the nerve fiber. Thus, the Inside-Out and Outside-In models can make a "vicious" immunological cycle or initiate an immune cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Abstract
Myelin forms an insulating sheath surrounding axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems and is essential for rapid propagation of neuronal action potentials. Demyelination is an acquired disorder in which normally formed myelin degenerates, exposing axons to the extracellular environment. The result is dysfunction of normal neuron-to-neuron communication and in many cases, varying degrees of axonal degeneration. Numerous central nervous system demyelinating disorders exist, including multiple sclerosis. Although demyelination is the major manifestation of most of the demyelinating diseases, recent studies have clearly documented concomitant axonal loss to varying degrees resulting in long-term disability. Axonal injury may occur secondary to myelin damage (outside-in model) or myelin damage may occur secondary to axonal injury (inside-out model). Viral induced demyelination models, has provided unique imminent into the cellular mechanisms of myelin destruction. They illustrate mechanisms of viral persistence, including latent infections, virus reactivation and viral-induced tissue damage. These studies have also provided excellent paradigms to study the interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). In this review we will discuss potential cellular and molecular mechanism of central nervous system axonal loss and demyelination in a viral induced mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
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Libbey JE, Kirkman NJ, Wilcox KS, White HS, Fujinami RS. Role for complement in the development of seizures following acute viral infection. J Virol 2010; 84:6452-60. [PMID: 20427530 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00422-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement, part of the innate immune system, acts to remove pathogens and unwanted host material. Complement is known to function in all tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we demonstrated the importance of the complement system within the CNS in the development of behavioral seizures following Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. C57BL/6 mice, deficient in complement component C3, developed significantly fewer behavioral seizures following TMEV infection, whereas mice depleted of complement component C3 in the periphery through treatment with cobra venom factor had a seizure rate comparable to that of control mice. These studies indicate that C3 participates in the induction of acute seizures during viral encephalitis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the role of innate immunity in a novel viral infection-induced seizure model. METHODS C57BL/6 mice, mouse strains deficient in interleukin (IL)-1RI, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-RI, or myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), or transgenic mice (OT-I) were infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) or were mock infected. Mice were followed for acute seizures. Tissues were examined for neuron loss, the presence of virus (viral RNA and antigen), perivascular cuffs, macrophages/microglia, and gliosis, and mRNA expression of IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6. RESULTS IL-1 does not play a major role in seizures, as IL-1RI- and MyD88-deficient mice displayed a comparable seizure frequency relative to controls. In contrast, TNF-alpha and IL-6 appear to be important in the development of seizures, as only 10% and 15% of TNF-RI- and IL-6-deficient mice, respectively, showed signs of seizure activity. TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA levels also increased in mice with seizures. Inflammation (perivascular cuffs, macrophages/microglia, and gliosis) was greater in mice with seizures. OT-I mice (virus persists) had a seizure rate that was comparable to controls (no viral persistence), thereby discounting a role for TMEV-specific T cells in seizures. DISCUSSION We have implicated the innate immune response to viral infection, specifically TNF-alpha and IL-6, and concomitant inflammatory changes in the brain as contributing to the development of acute seizures. This model is a potential infection-driven model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki J Kirkman
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Neuropathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, an animal model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 5:355-69. [PMID: 19894121 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of mice is an experimental model for multiple sclerosis (MS). TMEV induces a biphasic disease in susceptible mouse strains. During the acute phase, 1 week after infection, TMEV causes polioencephalomyelitis characterized by infection and apoptosis of neurons in the gray matter of the brain. During the chronic phase, about 1 month after infection, virus infects glial cells and macrophages, and induces inflammatory demyelination with oligodendrocyte apoptosis and axonal degeneration in the white matter of the spinal cord. Although antibody, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cell responses against TMEV capsid proteins play important roles in neuropathogenesis, infectious virus with persistence is necessary to induce demyelination; in general, adoptive transfer of antibody or T cells alone did not induce central nervous system (CNS) disease. The TMEV model can be useful for testing new therapeutic strategies specifically as a viral model for MS. Therapies targeting adhesion molecules, axonal degeneration, and immunosuppression can be beneficial for pure autoimmune CNS demyelinating diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but could be detrimental in virus-induced demyelinating diseases, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell biology have raised expectations that both diseases of, and injuries to, the central nervous system may be ameliorated by cell transplantation. In particular, cell therapy has been studied for inducing efficient remyelination in disorders of myelin, including both the largely pediatric disorders of myelin formation and maintenance and the acquired demyelinations of both children and adults. Potential cell-based treatments of two major groups of disorders include both delivery of myelinogenic replacements and mobilization of residual oligodendrocyte progenitor cells as a means of stimulating endogenous repair; the choice of modality is then predicated upon the disease target. In this review we consider the potential application of cell-based therapeutic strategies to disorders of myelin, highlighting the promises as well as the problems and potential perils of this treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and other neurotropic virus infections result in degeneration of each component of the neuron: apoptosis of the cell body, axonal (Wallerian) degeneration, and dendritic and synaptic pathology. In general, axonal degeneration is detrimental for hosts. However, axonal degeneration can be beneficial in the case of infection with neurotropic viruses that spread in the CNS using axonal transport. C57BL/Wld(S) (Wld(S), Wallerian degeneration slow mutant) mice are protected from axonal degeneration. Wld(S) mice infected with the neurovirulent GDVII strain of TMEV are more resistant to virus infection than wild-type mice, suggesting that axonal preservation contributes to the resistance. By contrast, infection with the less virulent Daniels strain of TMEV results in high levels of virus propagation in the CNS, suggesting that prolonged survival of axons in Wld(S) mice favors virus spread. Thus, axonal degeneration might be a beneficial self-destruct mechanism that limits the spread of neurotropic viruses, in the case of less virulent virus infection. We hypothesize that neurons use 'built-in' self-destruct protection machinery (compartmental neurodegeneration) against neurotropic virus infection, since the CNS is an immunologically privileged site. Early induction of apoptosis in the neuronal cell body limits virus replication. Wallerian degeneration of the axon prevents axonal transport of virus. Dendritic and synaptic degeneration blocks virus transmission at synapses. Thus, the balance between neurodegeneration and virus propagation may be taken into account in the future design of neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cell Biology & Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, MREB, Room 218, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Kumnok J, Ulrich R, Wewetzer K, Rohn K, Hansmann F, Baumgartner W, Alldinger S. Differential transcription of matrix-metalloproteinase genes in primary mouse astrocytes and microglia infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Neurovirol 2008; 14:205-17. [PMID: 18569455 PMCID: PMC7095224 DOI: 10.1080/13550280802008305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The BeAn strain of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces demyelinating disease in susceptible mice comparable to human multiple sclerosis. Recent in vivo studies showed that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of MMPs, TIMPs) are associated with demyelination in Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis. The present study was performed to evaluate the in vitro MMP and TIMP expression in astrocytes and microglia following TMEV infection. Brain cell cultures from SJL/J mice were infected with the BeAn strain of TMEV and the expressions of 11 MMPs and 4 TIMPs were evaluated by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) at different time points post infection (p.i.). In control astrocytes and microglia, a constitutive expression of MMP-2, -3, -9, -10, -12, -13,-14, -15, -24 and TIMP-2 to -4 was detected. In addition, TIMP-1 and MMP-11 was found in astrocytes only, and MMP-7 was absent in both cells cultures. RT-qPCR demonstrated high virus RNA copy numbers in astrocytes and a low amount in microglia. In accordance, TMEV antigen was detected in astrocytes, whereas it was below the limit of detection in microglia. MMP-3, -9, -10, -12, and -13 as well as TIMP-1 were the enzymes most prominently up-regulated in TMEV-infected astrocytes. In contrast, TMEV infection was associated with a down-regulation of MMPs and TIMPs in microglia. Conclusively, in addition to inflammatory infiltrates, TMEV-induced astrocytic MMPs might trigger a proteolysis cascade leading to an opening of the blood-brain barrier and demyelination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirawat Kumnok
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
The GDVII strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes an acute fatal polioencephalomyelitis in mice. Infection of susceptible mice with the DA strain of TMEV results in an acute polioencephalomyelitis followed by chronic immune-mediated demyelination with virus persistence in the central nervous system (CNS); DA virus infection is used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells can contribute to viral clearance and regulation of autoimmune responses. To investigate the role of CD1d in TMEV infection, we first infected CD1d-deficient mice (CD1(-/-)) and wild-type BALB/c mice with GDVII virus. Wild-type mice were more resistant to virus than CD1(-/-) mice (50% lethal dose titers: wild-type mice, 10 PFU; CD1(-/-) mice, 1.6 PFU). Wild-type mice had fewer viral antigen-positive cells with greater inflammation in the CNS than CD1(-/-) mice. Second, an analysis of DA virus infection in CD1(-/-) mice was conducted. Although both wild-type and CD1(-/-) mice had similar clinical signs during the first 2 weeks after infection, CD1(-/-) mice had an increase in neurological deficits over those observed in wild-type mice at 3 to 5 weeks after infection. Although wild-type mice had no demyelination, 20 and 60% of CD1(-/-) mice developed demyelination at 3 and 5 weeks after infection, respectively. TMEV-specific lymphoproliferative responses, interleukin-4 (IL-4) production, and IL-4/gamma interferon ratios were higher in CD1(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. Thus, CD1d-restricted NKT cells may play a protective role in TMEV-induced neurological disease by alteration of the cytokine profile and virus-specific immune responses.
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Tsunoda I, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. TGF-beta1 suppresses T cell infiltration and VP2 puff B mutation enhances apoptosis in acute polioencephalitis induced by Theiler's virus. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:80-9. [PMID: 17804084 PMCID: PMC2128758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
GDVII and DA strains of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) differ in VP2 puff B. One week after GDVII virus infection, SJL/J mice had large numbers of TUNEL+ apoptotic cells with a relative lack of T cell infiltration in the brain. DA viruses with mutation in puff B induced higher levels of apoptosis than wild-type DA virus, but levels of inflammation in brains were similar between DA and DA virus mutants. The difference in inflammation among TMEVs could be due to TGF-beta1 expression that was seen only in GDVII virus infection and negatively correlated with CD3+ T cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Peterson LK, Tsunoda I, Masaki T, Fujinami RS. Polyreactive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: Implications for systemic autoimmunity in progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 183:69-80. [PMID: 17197039 PMCID: PMC1829444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG92-106) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced from an A.SW mouse with progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Polyreactivity/specificity of the mAbs was demonstrated by ELISA. Functionality and a potential role in pathogenesis of systemic autoimmunity were demonstrated in vitro in a lymphocytotoxicity assay and in vivo upon injection into naïve mice. Injection of MOG mAb producing hybridomas into naïve mice resulted in immunoglobulin deposition in kidneys and liver. This model will be useful in determining whether transitional forms between CNS (organ)-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases exist, and whether progressive multiple sclerosis has features of a systemic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Peterson
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2305
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2305
| | - Takahisa Masaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2305
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2305
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30
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Tsunoda I, Tolley ND, Theil DJ, Whitton JL, Kobayashi H, Fujinami RS. Exacerbation of viral and autoimmune animal models for multiple sclerosis by bacterial DNA. Brain Pathol 2006; 9:481-93. [PMID: 10416988 PMCID: PMC8098503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection and relapsing-remitting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) have been used to investigate the viral and autoimmune etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a possible Th1-type mediated disease. DNA immunization is a novel vaccination strategy in which few harmful effects have been reported. Bacterial DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides, which contain CpG motifs, have been reported to enhance immunostimulation. Our objectives were two-fold: first, to ascertain whether plasmid DNA, pCMV, which is widely used as a vector in DNA immunization studies, could exert immunostimulation in vitro; and second, to test if pCMV injection could modulate animal models for MS in vivo. We demonstrated that this bacterially derived DNA could induce interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)gamma, (Th1-promoting cytokines), and IL-6 production as well as activate NK cells. Following pCMV injections, SJL/J mice were infected with TMEV or challenged with encephalitogenic myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) peptides. pCMV injection exacerbated TMEV-induced demyelinating disease in a dose-dependent manner. Exacerbation of the disease did not correlate with the number of TMEV-antigen positive cells but did with an increase in anti-TMEV antibody. pCMV injection also enhanced R-EAE with increased IFNgamma and IL-6 responses. These results caution the use of DNA vaccination in MS patients and other possible Th1-mediated diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- DNA, Bacterial/adverse effects
- DNA, Bacterial/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/adverse effects
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/microbiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Abstract
The Picornaviridae encompass many positive-strand RNA viruses, all of which share a generally similar genome design and capsid structure, but which induce quite diverse diseases in humans and other animals. Picornavirus strains of the same serotype have been shown to express different virulence (or pathogenic) phenotypes when studied in animal models, demonstrating that key elements of pathogenesis reside in the viral genome. However, the genetics that determine the virulence phenotype of any picornavirus are poorly understood. Picornaviruses do not have virulence genes per se, but the design ofthe capsid andhow it interacts with the virus receptor expressed on the host cell surface, specific sequences within the nontranslated regions of the viral genome, as well as coding sequences that result in different protein sequences may all have a part in determining the virulence phenotype. Virulence may be better understood as a continuum from an apparent inability to induce disease to the ability to cause severe pathogenic changes. Ultimately, the ability of a picornavirus to induce disease depends upon viral genetics and how they are modulated by the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
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Abstract
Research on genetically engineered mice provides insights into the etiology, therapy, and genetic basis of human diseases. An important variable that affects the results of mouse studies is the health status of the animals. Pathogen burdens may confound observations and obscure underlying mechanisms. Mouse resource centers frequently rederive infected mouse strains. We review our experience on the use of a well-established technique, embryo transfer to rederive infected mouse strains. The following mouse pathogens were eliminated by embryo transfer: Mouse Parvovirus, Mouse Hepatitis Virus, Mouse Rotavirus, Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus, Mouse Adenovirus, Helicobacter species, endoparasites, and ectoparasites. We rederived transgenic mouse lines, gene-targeted mouse lines, and lines with spontaneous mutations. In the majority of strains, fertilized eggs for embryo transfer were obtained by mating superovulated egg donors with males of the desired genotype. A total of 309 embryo transfers were performed to rederive 96 mouse strains. The pregnancy rate was 76%; 1996 pups were born, of which 43% carried the desired genotype. We performed 44 additional embryo transfers to rederive 15 other strains. The pregnancy rate was lower (45%) and none of the 135 pups carried the desired genotype. Although we successfully eliminated the pathogens in all transfers, we were unable to obtain pups with the desired genotype in 15 of 111 mouse lines. Multiple factors affect the efficiency of rederivation by embryo transfer. They include the response to superovulation by embryo donors, the number and age of stud males, the yield of fertilized eggs, the number of embryo transfers, and genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Van Keuren
- Transgenics Animal Model Core, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. TMEV and Neuroantigens: Myelin Genes and Proteins, Molecular Mimicry, Epitope Spreading, and Autoantibody-Mediated Remyelination. Experimental Models of Multiple Sclerosis 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25518-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Tsunoda I, Lane TE, Blackett J, Fujinami RS. Distinct roles for IP-10/CXCL10 in three animal models, Theiler's virus infection, EAE, and MHV infection, for multiple sclerosis: implication of differing roles for IP-10. Mult Scler 2004; 10:26-34. [PMID: 14760949 DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms982oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes demyelination with inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) in mice and is used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 kDa (IP-10) is a CXC chemokine and a chemoattractant for CXCR3+ T cells. IP-10 mRNA is expressed in the CNS during TMEV infection. However, administration of anti-IP-10 serum caused no difference in clinical signs, inflammation, demyelination, virus persistence or anti-virus antibody response in TMEV infection, while levels of virus specific and autoreactive lymphoproliferation increased. This likely reflects a difference in the pathogenesis of TMEV infection from that of two other animal models for MS, mouse hepatitis virus infection and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), where blocking of IP-10 resulted in clinical and histological improvement with suppression of antigen specific lymphoproliferation. In this review, we compare and contrast the roles of IP-10 between the three animal models for MS, and discuss the relevance to MS patients with different clinical courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2305, USA
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35
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Abstract
Axonal pathology has been highlighted as a cause of neurological disability in multiple sclerosis. The Daniels (DA) strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infects the gray matter of the central nervous system of mice during the acute phase and persistently infects the white matter of the spinal cord during the chronic phase, leading to demyelination. This experimental infection has been used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. The GDVII strain causes an acute fatal polioencephalomyelitis without demyelination. Injured axons were detected in normal appearing white matter at 1 week after infection with DA virus by immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for neurofilament protein. The number of damaged axons increased throughout time. By 2 and 3 weeks after infection, injured axons were accompanied by parenchymal infiltration of Ricinus communis agglutinin I(+) microglia/macrophages, but never associated with perivascular T-cell infiltration or obvious demyelination until the chronic phase. GDVII virus infection resulted in severe axonal injury in normal appearing white matter at 1 week after infection, without the presence of macrophages, T cells, or viral antigen-positive cells. The distribution of axonal injury observed during the early phase corresponded to regions where subsequent demyelination occurs during the chronic phase. The results suggest that axonal injury might herald or trigger demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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36
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Tsunoda I, Wada Y, Libbey JE, Cannon TS, Whitby FG, Fujinami RS. Prolonged gray matter disease without demyelination caused by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus with a mutation in VP2 puff B. J Virol 2001; 75:7494-505. [PMID: 11462022 PMCID: PMC114985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.16.7494-7505.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is divided into two subgroups based on neurovirulence. During the acute phase, DA virus infects cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system (CNS). Throughout the chronic phase, DA virus infects glial cells in the white matter, causing demyelinating disease. Although GDVII virus also infects neurons in the gray matter, infected mice developed a severe polioencephalomyelitis, and no virus is detected in the white matter or other areas in the CNS in rare survivors. Several sequence differences between the two viruses are located in VP2 puff B and VP1 loop II, which are located near each other, close to the proposed receptor binding site. We constructed a DA virus mutant, DApBL2M, which has the VP1 loop II of GDVII virus and a mutation at position 171 in VP2 puff B. While DApBL2M virus replicated less efficiently than DA virus during the acute phase, DApBL2M-induced acute polioencephalitis was comparable to that in DA virus infection. Interestingly, during the chronic phase, DApBL2M caused prolonged gray matter disease in the brain without white matter involvement in the spinal cord. This is opposite what is observed during wild-type DA virus infection. Our study is the first to demonstrate that conformational differences via interaction of VP2 puff B and VP1 loop II between GDVII and DA viruses can play an important role in making the transition of infection from the gray matter in the brain to the spinal cord white matter during TMEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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37
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Abstract
Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known, several factors play a role in this disease: genetic contributions, immunologic elements, and environmental factors. Viruses and virus infections have been associated with the initiation and/or enhancement of exacerbations in MS. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of mice is one of the animal models used to mimic MS. In other animal model systems, DNA vaccination has been used to protect animals against a variety of virus infections. To explore the utility of DNA vaccination, we have constructed eukaryotic expression vectors encoding the TMEV capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3. SJL/J mice were vaccinated intramuscularly once, twice, or three times with the different capsid protein cDNAs. This was followed by intracerebral TMEV infection to determine the effects of DNA vaccination on the course of TMEV-induced central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease. We found that vaccination of mice three times with cDNA encoding VP2 led to partial protection of mice from CNS demyelinating disease as determined by a decrease in clinical symptoms and histopathology. Vaccination of mice with cDNA encoding VP3 also led to a decrease in clinical symptoms. In contrast, mice vaccinated with cDNA encoding VP1 experienced a more severe disease with an earlier onset of clinical signs and enhanced histopathology compared with control mice. There was no correlation between anti-TMEV antibody titers and disease course. These results indicate that DNA immunization can modify chronic virus-induced demyelinating disease and may eventually lead to potential treatments for illnesses such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Tolley
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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38
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Abstract
Apoptosis has been observed in neural development and in various neurological diseases, including viral infection and multiple sclerosis. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus is divided into two subgroups based on neurovirulence: the highly neurovirulent GDVII strain produces an acute fatal polioencephalomyelitis in mice, whereas the attenuated DA strain produces demyelination with virus persistence preceded by an acute infection. TUNEL combined with immunocytochemistry was used to detect apoptosis in the central nervous system and to characterize which cell types were involved during the acute stage in both GDVII and DA virus infection and during the chronic stage in DA virus infection. We found that during the acute stage, apoptosis was induced in neurons in both virus infections. However, the number of apoptotic neurons was much greater in GDVII virus-infected mice than in DA virus-infected mice (P < 0.01). During the chronic stage of DA virus infection, apoptotic cells were detected only in the spinal cord white matter. Some of these cells were dual labeled for fragmented DNA and carbonic anhydrase II, an oligodendrocyte marker. Our results indicate that apoptosis of neurons could be responsible for the fatal outcome in GDVII virus infection. In contrast, apoptosis of oligodendrocytes can contribute to the chronic demyelinating DA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Obuchi M, Ohara Y, Takegami T, Murayama T, Takada H, Iizuka H. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus subgroup strain-specific infection in a murine macrophage-like cell line. J Virol 1997; 71:729-33. [PMID: 8985406 PMCID: PMC191107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.1.729-733.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared infection of a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774-1, with two Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus subgroup strains. The GDVII strain, which is highly virulent and produces acute polioencephalomyelitis in mice, did not actively replicate in J774-1 cells, although there was a significant inhibition in cellular protein synthesis. In contrast, the DA strain, which is less virulent and causes demyelination with a persistent virus infection, productively infected J774-1 cells; however, there was less virus produced than in BHK-21 cells, and there was little if any cellular protein shutoff. These in vitro data may provide some explanation for the biological activities that are observed between both subgroup strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Obuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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