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Sako R, Kobayashi F, Aida N, Furusawa M, Muramatsu T. Response of porcine epithelial rests of Malassez to stimulation by interleukin-6. Int Endod J 2017; 51:431-437. [PMID: 28898425 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the proliferation and migration of epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) after stimulation with IL-6. METHODOLOGY Porcine-derived ERM were seeded on Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium, and IL-6 (100 pg mL-1 ) was incorporated into the culture medium. The WST-1 assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation, and absorption was measured at 450 nm. A wound-healing assay and immunofluorescence assay for integrin α3 were conducted to investigate migration. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction were used to analyse data of WST-1 and wound-healing assays. RESULTS Cell proliferation following the stimulation by IL-6 increased over time, with a significant increase being observed at 6 h (P < 0.05), but not in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell proliferation was significantly greater in IL-6-treated ERM than in nontreated ERM (P < 0.05). The results of the wound-healing assay revealed earlier closure in IL-6-treated ERM (P < 0.05). In the immunofluorescence assay, integrin α3 was detected at the edge of cell processes adjacent to the wound area. A neutralized antibody abrogated the effects of the IL-6 stimulation in cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION IL-6 promoted the proliferation and migration of porcine ERM in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sako
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Kobayashi
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Aida
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Furusawa
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Muramatsu
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Helal M, Abd-Elmotelb M, Sarhan N, Nagy N. Putative role of epithelial rests of Malassez in alleviation of traumatic occlusion. Tanta Dental Journal 2015; 12:292-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tdj.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Aida N, Ushikubo T, Kobayashi F, Sako R, Suehara M, Furusawa M, Muramatsu T. Actin stabilization induces apoptosis in cultured porcine epithelial cell rests of Malassez. Int Endod J 2015; 49:663-9. [PMID: 26118334 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test whether actin stabilization by jasplakinolide induces inhibition of cell viability and apoptosis in epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM). METHODOLOGY ERM derived from porcine were spread in a 96-well dish (5 × 10(4) /well) using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The actin-specific stabilization reagent, jasplakinolide, was incorporated into the culture medium and incubated for 24 h. To evaluate cell viability, the WST-1 assay was carried out and absorption (450 nm) was measured. To detect apoptotic cells, monoclonal antibody to single-strand DNA (ssDNA) was used and absorption (405 nm) was measured. Actin stabilization and apoptosis induced by jasplakinolide were morphologically investigated by staining with Alexa Fluor 568 phalloidin and observed under a fluorescent microscope. As a negative control, DMSO was used instead of jasplakinolide. Differences between the jasplakinolide-treated group and the control group were analysed statistically using the Student's t-test. RESULTS Cell viability decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, and cell viability in the jasplakinolide-treated ERM was lower than that in nontreated ERM (n = 16, P < 0.01). Apoptotic cells in the jasplakinolide-treated ERM were more frequently detected compared to that in nontreated ERM (n = 16, P < 0.01). Morphologically, shrinkage, irregular forms and fragmentation of nuclei suggesting apoptotic bodies were observed in jasplakinolide-treated ERM, whilst actin filaments were extended in non-treated ERM. CONCLUSION Actin stabilization by jasplakinolide inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in epithelial cell rests of Malassez.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aida
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ushikubo
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Kobayashi
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Sako
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Suehara
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Furusawa
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Muramatsu
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Noro D, Kurashige Y, Shudo K, Takahashi A, Abiko Y, Saitoh M. Effect of epithelial cells derived from periodontal ligament on osteoblast-like cells in a Transwell membrane coculture system. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1007-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Márton IJ, Kiss C. Overlapping Protective and Destructive Regulatory Pathways in Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2014; 40:155-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Keinan D, Cohen RE. The Significance of Epithelial Rests of Malassez in the Periodontal Ligament. J Endod 2013; 39:582-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mao X, Qi S, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Chen D. Zn2+ and l-isoleucine induce the expressions of porcine β-defensins in IPEC-J2 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:1547-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mao X, Qi S, Yu B, Huang Z, Chen H, Mao Q, Han G, Chen D. Dietary l-arginine supplementation enhances porcine β-defensins gene expression in some tissues of weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Wolf M, Lossdörfer S, Abuduwali N, Jäger A. Potential role of high mobility group box protein 1 and intermittent PTH (1-34) in periodontal tissue repair following orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:989-97. [PMID: 22777389 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies indicate that high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) can be released by necrotic and damaged cells and functions as an alarmin that is recognized by the innate immune system. Little is known about the role of HMGB1 within the periodontal ligament (PDL). Therefore, we examined HMGB1 expression by PDL cells in vitro and compared the findings to an in vivo model of orthodontically induced tooth root resorption. In addition, we addressed the question of whether a potentially anabolic intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (iPTH) would modulate the expression of HMGB1. MATERIALS AND METHODS In confluent PDL cell cultures, HMGB1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In a rat model comprising 25 animals, mechanical loading for 5 days was followed by administration of either iPTH (1-34) systemically or sham injections for up to 56 days. HMGB1 expression was determined by means of immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. RESULTS The in vitro experiments revealed an inhibitory effect of iPTH on basal HMGB1 mRNA expression in confluent PDL cells. In vivo, the mechanical force-induced enhanced HMGB1 protein expression declined time dependently. Intermittent PTH further inhibited HMGB1 expression. The significantly higher basal HMGB1 protein expression in the former compression side was followed by a more pronounced time- and iPTH-dependent decline in the same area. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate a major role for HMGB1 in the regulation of PDL wound healing following mechanical load-induced tissue injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings point to the potential benefit of iPTH in the attempt to support these immune-associated reparative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
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Haku K, Muramatsu T, Hara A, Kikuchi A, Hashimoto S, Inoue T, Shimono M. Epithelial cell rests of Malassez modulate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis via gap junctional communication under mechanical stretching in vitro. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 2012; 52:173-82. [PMID: 22293587 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.52.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) are involved in the maintenance and homeostasis of the periodontal ligament. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanical stretching on cell growth, cell death and differentiation in the ERM. Cultured porcine ERM were stretched for 24 hr in cycles of 18% elongation for 1 sec followed by 1 sec relaxation. The numbers of cells and TUNEL-positive cells were then counted. The expression of mRNAs encoding gap junction protein α1 (Gja1), ameloblastin, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and noggin were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. The number of cells in the stretching group was approximately 1.3-fold higher than that in the non-stretching controls at 24 hr (p<0.01). Apoptotic cells ranged from 1.9-2.5% in the stretching group at 24 hr, but were only 0.6% in the control group (p<0.01). The expression of Gja1, ameloblastin and noggin mRNAs in the stretching group was decreased at 24 hr compared with in the non-stretching group (p<0.01), whereas the expression of BMP2 and BMP4 mRNAs in the stretching group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01). Incorporation of 18 α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18GA, a gap junction inhibitor) promoted proliferation and apoptosis and confirmed both the increase of BMP2 and BMP4 and the decline of Gja1, ameloblastin and noggin in ERM. Thus, the ERM modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibit differentiation by reducing expression of Gja1 under mechanical stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Haku
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Japan
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Su J, Zhang ZW, Han YH, Li S, Xu SW. Expression and Identification of Porcine β-Defensin 1 in Escherichia coli and Up-Regulation by Streptococcus Infection in Porcine Tongue In Vivo. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tadokoro O, Kawahara I, Vandevska-Radunovic V. Reactions of periodontal ligament epithelial cell clusters and OX6-immunopositive cells to experimental tooth movement and periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:584-91. [PMID: 21615410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate reactions of periodontal ligament epithelial cell clusters and major histocompatibility complex class II (OX6)-immunopositive cells to simultaneously induced tooth movement and periodontitis employing Waldo's method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Elastic gums were inserted between the right upper first and second molars of rats. Animals were killed by intracardiac perfusion on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 after the experimental procedures, and maxillary molars were decalcified and processed for OCT compound. Cytokeratin and OX6 antibodies to detect epithelial and immunocompetent cells were used for double-fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Immunostained sections of rat upper molar regions were examined with a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS Large periodontal ligament epithelial cell clusters appeared and became contiguous with each other, and OX6-immunopositive cells surrounded the clusters over time in the periodontal ligament near the gum insertion site. In the periodontal ligament distant from the gum insertion site, epithelial cell clusters and OX6-immunopositive cells were scattered. After 14 d, thickened epithelium and elongated rete pegs were found close to large epithelial cell clusters in the periodontal ligament near the gum insertion site. CONCLUSION These findings suggest proliferation and/or aggregation of periodontal ligament epithelial cells, and interaction between OX6-immunopositive cells and the periodontal ligament epithelial cells, in response to tooth movement and periodontal inflammation. This method may be a useful experimental model to elucidate the relationship between rete pegs and periodontal ligament epithelial cell clusters in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tadokoro
- Department of Oral Anatomy 1, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan.
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Nezu T, Matsuzaka K, Nishii Y, Sueishi K, Inoue T. The effect of aging on the functions of epithelial rest cells of Malassez in vitro: immunofluorescence, DNA microarray and RT-PCR analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3353/omp.15.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yamawaki K, Matsuzaka K, Kokubu E, Inoue T. Effects of epidermal growth factor and/or nerve growth factor on Malassez's epithelial rest cells in vitro: expression of mRNA for osteopontin, bone morphogenetic protein 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:421-7. [PMID: 20337888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Malassez's epithelial rest (MER) cells are involved in the maintenance and homeostasis of the periodontal ligament (PDL). The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/or nerve growth factor (NGF) in vitro on these functions of MER cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS MER cells from porcine PDL were incubated for 3 or 9 h after the addition of EGF and/or NGF to final concentrations of 10 ng/mL. Cells cultured without those growth factors were used as controls. The expression of mRNA for osteopontin, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS There was a decrease in the expression of osteopontin mRNA by MER cells treated for 9 h with NGF and the level of mRNA expressed was lower than that of the control and EGF-treated groups. The expression of BMP-2 mRNA by MER cells treated with NGF for 9 h also decreased, and was lower than that of the control and EGF-treated groups. The expression of VEGF mRNA by MER cells treated with EGF for 3 or 9 h was higher than in the control and NGF-treated groups. The expression of VEGF mRNA was lower in MER cells treated with NGF for 3 and 9 h than in the control and EGF-treated groups, and decreased from 3 to 9 h of treatment. EGF stimulated MER cells to secrete VEGF, which suggests that EGF plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the PDL. NGF acts on MER cells to inhibit calcification in the PDL. Furthermore, in the EGF+NGF-treated MER cells, expression of mRNA for BMP-2 and VEGF was similar to that of the NGF-treated group, but cell proliferation and expression of osteopontin mRNA were similar to that of the EGF-treated group. CONCLUSION EGF and NGF play important roles in maintaining the PDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamawaki
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
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Ohshima M, Yamaguchi Y, Micke P, Abiko Y, Otsuka K. In Vitro Characterization of the Cytokine Profile of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez. J Periodontol 2008; 79:912-9. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Veldhuizen EJA, van Dijk A, Tersteeg MHG, Kalkhove SIC, van der Meulen J, Niewold TA, Haagsman HP. Expression of β-defensins pBD-1 and pBD-2 along the small intestinal tract of the pig: Lack of upregulation in vivo upon Salmonella typhimurium infection. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:276-83. [PMID: 16620987 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that play an important role in the innate immune response in the intestine. Up to date, only one beta-defensin (pBD-1), has been described in pig, which was found to be expressed at low levels in the intestine. We set-up a quantitative PCR method to detect the gene expression of pBD-1 and a newly discovered porcine beta-defensin, pBD-2. Expression of pBD-1 mRNA increased from the proximal to the distal part of the intestine whereas pBD-2 expression decreased. The main gene expression sites for pBD-2 were kidney and liver, whereas pBD-1 was mainly expressed in tongue. The porcine small intestinal segment perfusion (SISP) technique was used to investigate effects of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 on intestinal morphology and pBD-1 and pBD-2 mRNA levels in vivo. The early responses were studied 2, 4 and 8 h post-infection in four separate jejunal and ileal segments. Immunohistochemistry showed invasion of the mucosa by Salmonella and changes in intestinal morphology. However, no concomitant changes in expression of either pBD-1 or pBD-2 were observed. We conclude that at least two defensins are differentially expressed in the intestine of pigs, and that expression of both defensins is not altered by S. typhimurium under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
This article reviews general aspects about the epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM). The historical and general morphological features of the ERM are briefly described. The embryological derivation of the ERM is presented as an important consideration in understanding the events associated with their origin and possible functional roles within the periodontal ligament. The ultrastructural description of the ERM is also included to complement the morphological characteristics which distinguish these cells as the unique epithelial element of the periodontal ligament. The unique ability of these cells to synthesize and secrete a number of proteins usually associated with cells of mesenchymal origin, rather than ectodermal origin, is discussed in light of their role in cementum repair and regeneration. Such considerations lead to our hypothesis that one of the functional roles of the ERM may lie not only their role in maintaining and contributing to the normal periodontal cellular elements and function but also contributing, in a significant manner, to periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rincon
- Department of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Veldhuizen EJA, Hendriks HGCJM, Hogenkamp A, van Dijk A, Gaastra W, Tooten PCJ, Haagsman HP. Differential regulation of porcine beta-defensins 1 and 2 upon Salmonella infection in the intestinal epithelial cell line IPI-2I. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:94-102. [PMID: 16938353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells represent the first line of defence against pathogenic bacteria in the lumen of the gut. Besides acting as a physical barrier, epithelial cells orchestrate the immune response through the production of several innate immune mediator molecules including beta-defensins. Here, we establish the porcine intestinal cell line IPI-2I as a new model system to test the regulation of porcine beta-defensins 1 and 2. Gene expression of both defensins was highly upregulated by foetal calf serum components in normal growth medium. In serum-free medium, baseline expression remained low, but pBD-2 gene expression was increased 10-fold upon infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Salmonella Enteritidis, pathogenic bacteria with comparable adhesion and invasion characteristics, failed to increase pBD-2 mRNA levels. Heat killed or colistin-treated Salmonella Typhimurium had no effect, showing that the upregulation of pBD-2 was dependent on the viability of the Salmonella Typhimurium. Gene expression of pBD-1 was regulated differently since an increase in pBD-1 mRNA was observed by Salmonella Enteritidis infection. We conclude that the IPI-2I cells can serve as a new model to study porcine beta-defensin regulation and that pBD-1 and pBD-2 are differentially regulated in this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
We have developed a method by which llama cytokine mRNAs can be quantified using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA was extracted from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of llama, reverse transcribed to cDNA, and cytokine profiles for interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha were quantified by real-time PCR. The expressions of mRNAs of inflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha were upregulated upon stimulation with LPS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Incubation of PBMCs with 100 and 1,000 pg/ml of LPS for 3 to 6 hr resulted in the acceleration of the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we describe a highly sensitive and reproducible method to quantify the transcription of llama cytokine mRNAs by real-time RT-PCR with the double-stranded DNA-binding dye SYBR Green I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raadan Odbileg
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Dawson HD, Beshah E, Nishi S, Solano-Aguilar G, Morimoto M, Zhao A, Madden KB, Ledbetter TK, Dubey JP, Shea-Donohue T, Lunney JK, Urban JF. Localized multigene expression patterns support an evolving Th1/Th2-like paradigm in response to infections with Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1116-28. [PMID: 15664955 PMCID: PMC546930 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.1116-1128.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infectious diseases have been studied in pigs because the two species have common microbial, parasitic, and zoonotic organisms, but there has been no systematic evaluation of cytokine gene expression in response to infectious agents in porcine species. In this study, pigs were inoculated with two clinically and economically important parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum, and gene expression in 11 different tissues for 20 different swine Th1/Th2-related cytokines, cytokine receptors, and markers of immune activation were evaluated by real-time PCR. A generalized Th1-like pattern of gene expression was evident in pigs infected with T. gondii, along with an increased anti-inflammatory gene expression pattern during the recovery phase of the infection. In contrast, an elevated Th2-like pattern was expressed during the period of expulsion of A. suum fourth-stage larvae from the small intestine of pigs, along with low-level Th1-like and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Prototypical immune and physiological markers of infection were observed in bronchial alveolar lavage cells, small intestinal smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. This study validated the use of a robust quantitative gene expression assay to detect immune and inflammatory markers at multiple host tissue sites, enhanced the definition of two important swine diseases, and supported the use of swine as an experimental model for the study of immunity to infectious agents relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Dept. of Agriculture, Bldg. 307C, Room 214, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Yoshimoto T, Mizukawa N, Sawaki K, Nakano M, Yamachika E, Sugahara T, Yamaai T. Expression of Human α- and β-Defensins in Odontogenic Keratocysts and Radicular Cysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 16:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0915-6992(04)80039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dyce PW, DeVries RJ, Walton J, Hacker RR, Li J. Inducible expression of green fluorescent protein in porcine tracheal epithelial cells by the bovine tracheal antimicrobial peptide promoter. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 84:374-81. [PMID: 12968291 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tracheal antimicrobial peptides (TAP) are expressed primarily in respiratory epithelial cells of cattle. The TAP expression is inducible upon challenge with bacteria and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In pigs, a promoter that can be activated by bacterial infection has yet to be identified. The objective of this study was to use green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene to determine the function and inducibility of the bovine TAP promoter in porcine primary tracheal epithelial cells. Thus, evaluating the feasibility of using this promoter to direct transgene expression in porcine cells. The percentage of GFP expressing cells increased in response to LPS challenge in both a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Moreover, when the intensity of the GFP fluorescence was measured, it was observed that the percentage of cells that have a high intensity of GFP fluorescence, also increased gradually as LPS dose increased, the difference between the unchallenged (control) and challenged group become statistically significant at the concentration of 100 ng/mL after 36 h LPS challenge (p < 0.05). The level of induced-expression driven by the TAP promoter was 67.8 +/-12.2% that of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The intensity of GFP fluorescence by the TAP promoter was 39.8 +/- 7.6% when compared to the expression driven by the CMV promoter. These data suggest the TAP promoter functions at a lower, but comparable, level to the strong CMV promoter. Our data demonstrated that the bovine TAP promoter was functional in porcine primary tracheal epithelial cells. The ability of the TAP promoter to control gene expression in an inducible manner in the porcine respiratory tract presents an important application potential in transgenic animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Han DC, Huang GTJ, Lin LM, Warner NA, Gim JS, Jewett A. Expression of MHC Class II, CD70, CD80, CD86 and pro-inflammatory cytokines is differentially regulated in oral epithelial cells following bacterial challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 18:350-8. [PMID: 14622340 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2003.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral epithelium may play a regulatory role in local immune responses when interacting with bacteria. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of selected bacterial pathogens found in periodontal and endodontic infections on oral epithelial cells. Expression of cell surface molecules (major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II, CD54, CD70, CD80 and CD86) and secretion of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) in response to selected bacterial challenge were examined on an immortalized oral epithelial cell line, HOK-18A and a skin epithelial cell line, HaCaT. Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces israelii, Fusobacterium nucleatum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or primary human periradicular exudate from a granuloma were co-cultured with epithelial cells for 4 or 24 h. Subsequently, cell surface expression of MHC Class II, CD54, CD70, CD80 and CD86, along with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were determined using flow cytometry, ELISA and RT-PCR. Results indicated that the selected oral bacteria have greater effects on oral versus skin epithelial cells. F. nucleatum increased MHC Class II and CD54 (ICAM-1) cell surface expression on HOK-18A and HaCaT cells. A. israelii also had enhancing effects on the expression of CD54 and MHC Class II. A. israelii and LPS induced a 2.8-fold (P < 0.001) and 4.4-fold (P < 0.005) TNF-alpha secretion, respectively, while F. nucleatum and LPS induced a 10-fold (P < 0.0004) and 6-fold (P < 0.01) IL-1beta secretion, respectively by HOK-18A. Interestingly, CD70, CD80, and CD86 were generally decreased upon bacteria and LPS challenge on HOK-18A. The effects of increased MHC Class II and decreased CD70 were also evident with challenge of human periradicular exudate on HOK-18A. The implications of the study are unique in that oral epithelial cells may play both activating and inhibitory roles in the host immune response towards infection by oral bacteria. We introduce a concept of 'dormancy' where the differential expression of key cell surface antigens on oral epithelial cells may keep the recruited immune effector cells in a state of unresponsiveness, thus contributing to the long term quiescent period observed in many periodontal and endodontic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Han
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Medicine and Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Cho YW, Lee DY, Shin SJ, Shin NR, Kang SG, Choi IS, Yoo HS. Kinetic study of porcine GM-CSF expression in porcine alveolar macrophages and spleen cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 39:61-7. [PMID: 14556997 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important regulator in inducing differentiation and proliferation of immune cells. The functional roles of porcine GM-CSF (pGM-CSF) have not yet been revealed. Therefore, expression patterns of pGM-CSF were investigated in immune cells after cloning and sequencing of whole pGM-CSF cDNA. Whole cDNA of pGM-CSF was amplified from porcine alveolar macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) methods. The products of 5'- and 3'-RACE-PCR were cloned, and the nucleotide sequence of whole pGM-CSF cDNA was determined (GenBank accession number AY116504). The kinetics of pGM-CSF mRNA expression were studied in porcine immune cells such as alveolar macrophages and spleen cells, using a real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of pGM-CSF in LPS-, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-, or concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated cells was always higher as compared to the control cells. The expression levels of pGM-CSF in alveolar macrophages were highest at 5 h after LPS stimulation and then continuously decreased in the late phase. In spleen cells, the LPS-stimulated group showed the highest levels after 5 h, but the PHA- and the ConA-stimulated groups showed slightly increased expression levels at the early phase and peaked at 24 h. To our knowledge, this is the first published report describing the nucleotide sequence of whole cDNA and the expression pattern of pGM-CSF using real-time quantitative PCR. These results indicate that pGM-CSF has its own characteristic expression profile in different immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wook Cho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Götz W, Lossdörfer S, Krüger U, Braumann B, Jäger A. Immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor-II and its binding protein-6 in human epithelial cells of Malassez. Eur J Oral Sci 2003; 111:26-33. [PMID: 12558805 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
So-called epithelial rests of Malassez are derived from the Hertwig's root sheath and are located in the periodontal ligament, with still unknown functions. Different pathological conditions may lead to proliferation of these otherwise non-proliferative cell clusters. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is an important growth factor system controlling proliferation and differentiation. In our study on Malassez cells from extracted human deciduous teeth, we investigated their structure by means of light and electron microscopy. Although they appeared as cellular clusters with a uniform epithelial phenotype, immunohistochemical analyses of components of the IGF system revealed an unique pattern: weak immunoreactivity could be seen for IGF-II while among all IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) only IGFBP-6 and weakly IGFBP-4 were detectable in epithelial cells of Malassez. Since IGFBP-6 has a very high affinity for IGF-II and can inhibit its functions, we discuss that, in the normal periodontal ligament, autocrine IGFBP-6 may function as an antiproliferative molecule suppressing mitogenic effects of IGFs on Malassez cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Götz
- Dental Clinic, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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