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Fisher K, Halliwell T, Payne KAP, Ragala G, Hay S, Rigby SEJ, Leys D. Efficient NADPH-dependent dehalogenation afforded by a self-sufficient reductive dehalogenase. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105086. [PMID: 37495113 PMCID: PMC10463259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductive dehalogenases are corrinoid and iron-sulfur cluster-containing enzymes that catalyze the reductive removal of a halogen atom. The oxygen-sensitive and membrane-associated nature of the respiratory reductive dehalogenases has hindered their detailed kinetic study. In contrast, the evolutionarily related catabolic reductive dehalogenases are oxygen tolerant, with those that are naturally fused to a reductase domain with similarity to phthalate dioxygenase presenting attractive targets for further study. We present efficient heterologous expression of a self-sufficient catabolic reductive dehalogenase from Jhaorihella thermophila in Escherichia coli. Combining the use of maltose-binding protein as a solubility-enhancing tag with the btuCEDFB cobalamin uptake system affords up to 40% cobalamin occupancy and a full complement of iron-sulfur clusters. The enzyme is able to efficiently perform NADPH-dependent dehalogenation of brominated and iodinated phenolic compounds, including the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol, under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. NADPH consumption is tightly coupled to product formation. Surprisingly, corresponding chlorinated compounds only act as competitive inhibitors. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals loss of the Co(II) signal observed in the resting state of the enzyme under steady-state conditions, suggesting accumulation of Co(I)/(III) species prior to the rate-limiting step. In vivo reductive debromination activity is readily observed, and when the enzyme is expressed in E. coli strain W, supports growth on 3-bromo-4-hydroxyphenylacetic as a sole carbon source. This demonstrates the potential for catabolic reductive dehalogenases for future application in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Fisher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tom Halliwell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karl A P Payne
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gabriel Ragala
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen E J Rigby
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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2
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Abstract
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Redox potentials
have been calculated for 12 different iron–sulfur
sites of 6 different types with 1–4 iron ions. Structures were
optimized with combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical
(QM/MM) methods, and the redox potentials were calculated using the
QM/MM energies, single-point QM methods in a continuum solvent or
by QM/MM thermodynamic cycle perturbations. We show that the best
results are obtained with a large QM system (∼300 atoms, but
a smaller QM system, ∼150 atoms, can be used for the QM/MM
geometry optimization) and a large value of the dielectric constant
(80). For absolute redox potentials, the B3LYP density functional
method gives better results than TPSS, and the results are improved
with a larger basis set. However, for relative redox potentials, the
opposite is true. The results are insensitive to the force field (charges
of the surroundings) used for the QM/MM calculations or whether the
protein and solvent outside the QM system are relaxed or kept fixed
at the crystal structure. With the best approach for relative potentials,
mean absolute and maximum deviations of 0.17 and 0.44 V, respectively,
are obtained after removing a systematic error of −0.55 V.
Such an approach can be used to identify the correct oxidation states
involved in a certain redox reaction. We
have studied redox potentials of 12 iron−sulfur
sites of 6 types with 1−4 iron ions. Structures were optimized
with combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM)
methods, and the redox potentials were calculated with QM/MM, QM calculations
in a continuum solvent or by QM/MM thermodynamic cycle perturbations.
The best results are obtained with the second approach using ∼300
atoms in the QM model and a large dielectric constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66175-416 Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yakini A Tavares Santos
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Justin Bergmann
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66175-416 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Phillip Steindel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Narmien Haddad
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sean J. Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Gudim I, Hammerstad M, Lofstad M, Hersleth HP. The Characterization of Different Flavodoxin Reductase-Flavodoxin (FNR-Fld) Interactions Reveals an Efficient FNR-Fld Redox Pair and Identifies a Novel FNR Subclass. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5427-5436. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Gudim
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Marta Hammerstad
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Marie Lofstad
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Hans-Petter Hersleth
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Section for Chemical Life Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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5
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Fabrizi de Biani F, Zanello P. The competition between chemistry and biology in assembling iron-sulfur derivatives. Molecular structures and electrochemistry. Part IV. {[Fe3S4](SγCys)3} proteins. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017; 455:319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Yan Z, Fushinobu S, Wakagi T. Four Cys residues in heterodimeric 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase are required for CoA-dependent oxidative decarboxylation but not for a non-oxidative decarboxylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1844:736-43. [PMID: 24491525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heterodimeric 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (OFOR) from Sulfolobus tokodaii (StOFOR) has only one [4Fe-4S]²⁺ cluster, ligated by 4 Cys residues, C12, C15, C46, and C197. The enzyme has no other Cys. To elucidate the role of these Cys residues in holding of the iron-sulfur cluster in the course of oxidative decarboxylation of a 2-oxoacid, one or two of these Cys residues was/were substituted with Ala to yield C12A, C15A, C46A, C197A and C12/15A mutants. All the mutants showed the loss of iron-sulfur cluster, except the C197A one which retained some unidentified type of iron-sulfur cluster. On addition of pyruvate to OFOR, the wild type enzyme exhibited a chromophore at 320nm and a stable large EPR signal corresponding to a hydroxyethyl-ThDP radical, while the mutant enzymes did not show formation of any radical intermediate or production of acetyl-CoA, suggesting that the intact [4Fe-4S] cluster is necessary for these processes. The stable radical intermediate in wild type OFOR was rapidly decomposed upon addition of CoA in the absence of an electron acceptor. Non-oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, yielding acetaldehyde, has been reported to require CoA for other OFORs, but StOFOR catalyzed acetaldehyde production from pyruvate independent of CoA, regardless of whether the iron-sulfur cluster is intact [4Fe-4S] type or not. A comprehensive reaction scheme for StOFOR with a single cluster was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Wakagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Raleiras P, Kellers P, Lindblad P, Styring S, Magnuson A. Isolation and characterization of the small subunit of the uptake hydrogenase from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18345-52. [PMID: 23649626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.468587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, hydrogen evolution is associated with hydrogenases and nitrogenase, making these enzymes interesting targets for genetic engineering aimed at increased hydrogen production. Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 is a filamentous cyanobacterium that expresses the uptake hydrogenase HupSL in heterocysts under nitrogen-fixing conditions. Little is known about the structural and biophysical properties of HupSL. The small subunit, HupS, has been postulated to contain three iron-sulfur clusters, but the details regarding their nature have been unclear due to unusual cluster binding motifs in the amino acid sequence. We now report the cloning and heterologous expression of Nostoc punctiforme HupS as a fusion protein, f-HupS. We have characterized the anaerobically purified protein by UV-visible and EPR spectroscopies. Our results show that f-HupS contains three iron-sulfur clusters. UV-visible absorption of f-HupS has bands ∼340 and 420 nm, typical for iron-sulfur clusters. The EPR spectrum of the oxidized f-HupS shows a narrow g = 2.023 resonance, characteristic of a low-spin (S = ½) [3Fe-4S] cluster. The reduced f-HupS presents complex EPR spectra with overlapping resonances centered on g = 1.94, g = 1.91, and g = 1.88, typical of low-spin (S = ½) [4Fe-4S] clusters. Analysis of the spectroscopic data allowed us to distinguish between two species attributable to two distinct [4Fe-4S] clusters, in addition to the [3Fe-4S] cluster. This indicates that f-HupS binds [4Fe-4S] clusters despite the presence of unusual coordinating amino acids. Furthermore, our expression and purification of what seems to be an intact HupS protein allows future studies on the significance of ligand nature on redox properties of the iron-sulfur clusters of HupS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Raleiras
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Hernandez JA, Curatti L, Aznar CP, Perova Z, Britt RD, Rubio LM. Metal trafficking for nitrogen fixation: NifQ donates molybdenum to NifEN/NifH for the biosynthesis of the nitrogenase FeMo-cofactor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11679-84. [PMID: 18697927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803576105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molybdenum nitrogenase, present in a diverse group of bacteria and archea, is the major contributor to biological nitrogen fixation. The nitrogenase active site contains an iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) composed of 7Fe, 9S, 1Mo, one unidentified light atom, and homocitrate. The nifQ gene was known to be involved in the incorporation of molybdenum into nitrogenase. Here we show direct biochemical evidence for the role of NifQ in FeMo-co biosynthesis. As-isolated NifQ was found to carry a molybdenum-iron-sulfur cluster that serves as a specific molybdenum donor for FeMo-co biosynthesis. Purified NifQ supported in vitro FeMo-co synthesis in the absence of an additional molybdenum source. The mobilization of molybdenum from NifQ required the simultaneous participation of NifH and NifEN in the in vitro FeMo-co synthesis assay, suggesting that NifQ would be the physiological molybdenum donor to a hypothetical NifEN/NifH complex.
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9
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Holm RH, Ciurli S, Weigel JA. Subsite-Specific Structures and Reactions in Native and Synthetic [4Fe-4S] Cubane-Type Clusters. In: Lippard SJ, editor. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1990. pp. 1-74. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470166390.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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10
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Moura I, Pereira AS, Tavares P, Moura JJ. Simple and Complex Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Sulfate Reducing Bacteria. Elsevier; 1999. pp. 361-419. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)60083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Ferredoxins are a group of iron-sulfur proteins for which a wealth of structural and mutational data have recently become available. Previously unknown structures of ferredoxins which are adapted to halophilic, acidophilic or hyperthermophilic environments and new cysteine patterns for cluster ligation and non-cysteine cluster ligation have been described. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments have given insight into factors that influence the geometry, stability, redox potential, electronic properties and electron-transfer reactivity of iron-sulfur clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sticht
- Lehrstuhl für Struktur und Chemie der Biopolymere, Universität Bayreuth, Germany.
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12
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Zhou Z, Swenson RP. The cumulative electrostatic effect of aromatic stacking interactions and the negative electrostatic environment of the flavin mononucleotide binding site is a major determinant of the reduction potential for the flavodoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris [Hildenborough]. Biochemistry 1996; 35:15980-8. [PMID: 8973168 DOI: 10.1021/bi962124n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavodoxins are typified by the very low one-electron reduction potential for the semiquinone/hydroquinone couple (Esq/hq) of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor. In the Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin, the elimination of the side chain of Tyr98, which flanks the outer or si face of the flavin, through the Y98A mutation results in a substantial increase in Esq/hq of 139 mV, representing about one-half of the total shift in Esq/hq in this flavodoxin [Swenson, R. P., & Krey, G. D. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 8505-8514]. The extent to which this large effect was the result of the elimination of unfavorable coplanar aromatic stacking interactions or to the greater solvent exposure of the flavin ring was not known. The significance of the latter effect was heightened by the characterization of the Fld+6 mutant which demonstrated that the unfavorable interaction between the negative electrostatic environment provided by the asymmetric clustering of acidic residues surrounding the cofactor and the FMN hydroquinone anion is responsible for about one-third of the total decrease in Esq/hq in this flavodoxin [Zhou, Z., & Swenson, R. P. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 3183-3192]. In this study, a flavodoxin mutant was generated in which an alanine was substituted for Tyr98 while at the same time the negative electrostatic surface was partially neutralized by the substitution of the six acidic amino acid residues with their amide equivalents. The Esq/hq value of this mutant was found to have increased by 221 mV relative to wild type, which accounts for 70-80% of the total shift in Esq/hq in this flavodoxin. This increase is very similar to the sum of the individual changes in Esq/hq introduced independently in the Y98A and Fld+6 mutants. The similarity in the magnitude of the effect of the neutralization of the six acidic residues in the context of an alanine residue at position 98 (Y98A) relative to an aromatic tyrosine residue (wild type) suggests that the increase in Esq/hq observed for the Y98A mutant is more likely due to the elimination of unfavorable pi-pi interactions between Tyr98 and the FMN hydroquinone rather than to the increased solvent exposure of the flavin. This study provides further support for the concept that the cumulative effect of the unfavorable electrostatic interactions introduced by coplanar aromatic or pi-pi stacking interactions and the negative electrostatic environment of the FMN binding site is a major determinant of the low one-electron reduction potential of the flavodoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482
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14
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Zhou J, Hu Z, Münck E, Holm RH. The Cuboidal Fe3S4 Cluster: Synthesis, Stability, and Geometric and Electronic Structures in a Non-Protein Environment. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9537843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhengguo Hu
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Eckard Münck
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - R. H. Holm
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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15
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Macedo A, Moura I, Surerus K, Papaefthymiou V, Liu M, LeGall J, Münck E, Moura J. Thiol/disulfide formation associated with the redox activity of the [Fe3S4] cluster of Desulfovibrio gigas ferredoxin II. 1H NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopic study. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Moreno C, Macedo AL, Moura I, LeGall J, Moura JJ. Redox properties of Desulfovibrio gigas [Fe3S4] and [Fe4S4] ferredoxins and heterometal cubane-type clusters formed within the [Fe3S4] core. Square wave voltammetric studies. J Inorg Biochem 1994; 53:219-34. [PMID: 8133257 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(94)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The same polypeptide chain (58 amino acids, 6 cysteines) is used to build up two ferredoxins in Desulfovibrio gigas a sulfate reducing organism. Ferredoxin II (FdII) contains a single [Fe3S4] core and ferredoxin I (FdI) mainly a [Fe4S4] core. The [Fe3S4] core can readily be interconverted into a [Fe4S4] complex (J.J.G. Moura, I. Moura, T.A. Kent, J.D. Lipscomb, B.H. Huynh, J. LeGall, A.V. Xavier, and E. Munck, J. Biol. Chem. 257, 6259 (1982)). This interconversion process suggested that the [Fe3S4] core could be used as a synthetic precursor for the formation of heterometal clusters. Co, Zn, Cd, and Ni derivatives were produced (I. Moura, J.J.G. Moura, E. Munck, V. Papaephthymiou, and J. LeGall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 349 (1986), K. Sureurs, E. Munck, I. Moura, J.J.G. Moura, and J. LeGall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3805 (1986), and A.L. Macedo, I. Moura, J.J.G. Moura, K. Surerus, and E. Munck, unpublished results). The redox properties of a series of heterometal clusters (MFe3S4] are assessed using direct electrochemistry (square wave voltammetry--SWV) promoted by Mg(II) at a glassy carbon electrode (derivatives: Cd (-495 mV), Fe (-420 mV), Ni (-360 mV), and Co (-245 mV) vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)). In parallel, the electrochemical behavior (cyclic voltammetry--CV, differential pulse voltammetry--DPV and SWV) of FdI and FdII were investigated as well as the cluster interconversion process. In addition to the +1/0 (3Fe cluster) and +2/+1 (4Fe cluster) redox transitions, a very negative redox step, at -690 mV, was detected for the 3Fe core, reminiscent of a postulated further 2e- reduction step, as proposed for D. africanus ferredoxin III by F.A. Armstrong, S.J. George, R. Cammack, E.C. Hatchikian, and A.J. Thomson, Biochem. J. 264, 265 (1989). The electrochemical redox potential values are compared with those determined by independent methods (namely by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and visible spectroscopy).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moreno
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova Lisboa, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Moura
- Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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Belinskii M. Heisenberg exchange model for [Fe3(II)Fe(III)] clusters of ferredoxins. A generalized solution of the exchange problem. Chem Phys Lett 1993; 203:389-95. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85586-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Holm R. Trinuclear Cuboidal and Heterometallic Cubane-Type Iron–Sulfur Clusters: New Structural and Reactivity Themes in Chemistry and Biology. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)60061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The crystal structure of ferredoxin II from Desulfovibrio gigas has been determined using phasing from anomalous scattering data at a resolution of 1.7 A and refined to an R-factor of 0.157. The molecule has an overall chain fold similar to that of the other bacterial ferredoxins of known structure. The molecule contains a single 3Fe-4S cluster with geometry indistinguishable from the 4Fe-4S clusters, and a disulfide bond near the site corresponding to the position of the second cluster of two-cluster ferredoxins. The cluster is bound by cysteine residues 8, 14 and 50. The side-chain of cysteine 11 extends away from the cluster, but could rotate to become the fourth cysteine ligand in the four-iron form of the molecule given a local adjustment of the polypeptide chain. This residue is modified, however, by what appears to be a methanethiol group. There are a total of eight NH . . . S bonds to the inorganic and cysteine sulfur atoms of the Fe-S cluster. There is an additional residue found that is not reported for the chemical sequence: according to the electron density a valine residue should be inserted after residue 55.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Kissinger
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bruschi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bacterienne, C.N.R.S., Marseille, France
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24
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Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that a gene transposition event occurred during the evolution of the bacterial ferredoxins subsequent to the ancestral intrasequence gene duplication. In light of this new information, the relationships among the bacterial ferredoxins were reexamined and an evolutionary tree consistent with this new understanding was derived. The bacterial ferredoxins can be divided into several groups based on their sequence properties; these include the clostridial-type ferredoxins, the Azotobacter-type ferredoxins, and a group containing the ferredoxins from the anaerobic, green, and purple sulfur bacteria. Based on sequence comparison, it was concluded that the amino-terminal domain of the Azotobacter-type ferredoxins, which contains the novel 3Fe:3S cluster binding site, is homologous with the carboxyl-terminal domain of the ferredoxins from the anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria. A number of ferredoxin sequences do not fit into any of the groups described above. Based on sequence properties, these sequences can be separated into three groups: a group containing Methanosarcina barkeri ferredoxin and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ferredoxin II, a group containing Desulfovibrio gigas ferredoxin and Clostridium thermoaceticum ferredoxin, and a group containing Desulfovibrio africanus ferredoxin I and Bacillus stearothermophilus ferredoxin. The last two groups differ from all of the other bacterial ferredoxins in that they bind only one Fe:S cluster per polypeptide, whereas the others bind two. Sequence examination indicates that the second binding site has been either partially or completely lost from these ferredoxins. Methanosarcina barkeri ferredoxin and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ferredoxin II are of interest because, of all the ferredoxins whose sequences are presently known, they show the strongest evidence of internal gene duplication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Teixeira M, Moura I, Xavier AV, Huynh BH, DerVartanian DV, Peck HD, LeGall J, Moura JJ. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on the mechanism of activation and the catalytic cycle of the nickel-containing hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Godfrey C, Greenwood C, Thomson AJ, Bray RC, George GN. Electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy studies on the dissimilatory nitrate reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem J 1984; 224:601-8. [PMID: 6097225 PMCID: PMC1144470 DOI: 10.1042/bj2240601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Preparations of nitrate reductase in the resting state from Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit an Mo(V) e.p.r. signal. Progressive reduction of the enzyme results at first in the intensification and then in the disappearance of the signal. Three different species of Mo(V) were detected by e.p.r. These are the high-pH species (g1 = 1.9871; g2 = 1.9795; g3 = 1.9632) and nitrate and nitrite complexes of a low-pH species (respectively g1 = 2.0004; g2 = 1.9858; g3 = 1.9670; and g1 = 1.9975; g2 = 1.9848; g3 = 1.9652). These signals are closely analogous to those for the enzyme from Escherichia coli described by Vincent & Bray [(1978) Biochem. J. 171, 639-647]. Signals typical of iron-sulphur clusters were also detected. In the oxidized enzyme these are believed to arise from a [3Fe-4S] cluster (g = 2.01) and in the reduced enzyme from an unusual low-potential [4Fe-4S]+ cluster (g1 = 2.054; g2 = 1.952; g3 = 1.878). The iron-sulphur centres were also studied in a 'high-catalytic-activity' form of the enzyme. Reduction with Na2S2O4 resulted in the formation of a complex signal with g values at 2.054, 1.952, 1.928, 1.903 and 1.878. The signal could be deconvoluted by reductive titration of the enzyme into two species (g1 = 2.054; g2 = 1.952; g3 = 1.878; and g1 = 2.036; g2 = 1.928; g3 = 1.903). The degradation of a [4Fe-4S] into a [3Fe-4S] cluster in the enzyme is suggested by these studies, the process being dependent on the method used to purify the enzyme. The addition of nitrate to the reduced enzyme results in the oxidation of Mo(IV) to Mo(V) and of all the iron-sulphur centres.
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Abstract
Desulfovibrio gigas ferredoxin II (FdII) contains a single 3Fe cluster [Huynh, B.H., Moura, J.J.G., Moura, I., Kent, T.A., LeGall, J., Xavier, A.V., and Münck, E. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 3242-3244]. In the oxidized state the protein exhibits an intense electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal at g = 2.02. Upon one-electron reduction the center becomes EPR silent. In the presence of D. gigas crude cell extracts, devoid of acidic electron carriers and supplemented with pyruvate and FdII, an EPR signal typical of reduced [4Fe-4S] centers is obtained. The appearance of this signal correlates with the beginning of stimulation of the phosphoroclastic reaction as judged by the production of H2. These results, supported by the occurrence of easy chemical conversion of the 3Fe cluster of D. gigas ferredoxin into 4Fe structures [Moura, J.J.G., Moura, I., Kent, T.A., Lipscomb, J.D., Huynh, B.H., LeGall, J., Xavier, A.V., and Münch, E. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 6259-6267], suggest that cluster conversion takes place in conditions close to the situation in vivo. This cluster interconversion is discussed in the context of some of the relevant metabolic pathways of Desulfovibrio spp.
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Morgan TV, Stephens PJ, Devlin F, Stout CD, Melis KA, Burgess BK. Spectroscopic studies of ferricyanide oxidation of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:1931-5. [PMID: 6326091 PMCID: PMC345410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fe(CN)3-(6) oxidation of the crystallographically characterized [[3Fe-3S], [4Fe-4S]] ferredoxin I of Azotobacter vinelandii has been studied using absorption, circular dichroism, magnetic circular dichroism, and EPR spectroscopies. A paramagnetic intermediate is observed en route to Fe-S cluster-free apoprotein, possessing an anisotropic g approximately equal to 2 EPR signal, surviving to temperatures greater than 77 K. This species is shown to result from 3-electron oxidation of the [4Fe-4S] cluster, without modification of the [3Fe-3S] cluster. However, it does not give rise to observable paramagnetic magnetic circular dichroism in the visible-near UV spectral region and is therefore neither an oxidized HIPIP [4Fe-4S] cluster nor an oxidized [3Fe-3S] cluster. We identify the paramagnetic species as a cysteinyldisulfide radical formed on dissociation of an oxidized cysteinate and an oxidized sulfide ion from the [4Fe-4S] cluster. This conclusion is consistent with the observed reaction stoichiometry, the spectroscopic results obtained, known EPR spectra of disulfide radicals, and the reconstitution of the native [4Fe-4S] cluster by dithiothreitol alone. This reaction, earlier interpreted as a HIPIP-type oxidation, is a previously uncharacterized oxidation reaction of [4Fe-4S] clusters.
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Johnson MK, Thomson AJ, Richards AJ, Peterson J, Robinson AE, Ramsay RR, Singer TP. Characterization of the Fe-S cluster in aconitase using low temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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31
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Emptage MH, Dreyers JL, Kennedy MC, Beinert H. Optical and EPR characterization of different species of active and inactive aconitase. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Contents. 1. Introduction and history. 2. Characteristic spectroscopic features of 3Fe clusters. 1. General considerations. 2. Mössbauer spectroscopy. 3. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. 4. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. 5. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. 6. Extended X-ray fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. 3. Results of X-Ray diffraction studies. 4. Proteins containing or showing features characteristic of 3Fe clusters 1. Overview. 2. Ferredoxin I of Azotobacter vinelandii. 3. Ferredoxin II of Desulfovibrio gigas. 4. Aconitase from beef heart. 5. Other observations and considerations relevant to 3Fe clusters or cluster interconversions 1. Oxidative degradation of [4Fe-4S] clusters to 3Fe clusters. 2. Extrusion studies on 3Fe clusters. 3. Reconstitution of 3Fe clusters. 4. Disposition of iron ligands in cluster interconversions. 6. Do all 3Fe clusters have the same structure? Evidence for [3Fe-4S] clusters. 7. Are 3Fe clusters artifacts or biologically significant structures?
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Imai T, Matsumoto T, Ohta S, Ohmori D, Suzuki K, Tanaka J, Tsukioka M, Tobari J. Isolation and characterization of a ferredoxin from Mycobacterium smegmatis Takeo. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 743:91-7. [PMID: 6297598 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Teixeira M, Moura I, Xavier AV, Dervartanian DV, Legall J, Peck HD, Huynh BH, Moura JJ. Desulfovibrio Gigas hydrogenase: redox properties of the nickel and iron-sulfur centers. Eur J Biochem 1983; 130:481-4. [PMID: 6297907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Below 30 K, oxidized Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase presents an intense electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal centered at g = 2.02, typical of an iron-sulfur center. In addition a rhombic EPR signal, attributed to Ni(III) species, is also observed [LeGall, J., Ljungdahl, P., Moura, I., Peck, H.D., Jr, Xavier, A.V., Moura, J.J.G., Teixeira, M., Huynh, B.H., and DerVartanian, D.V. (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 106, 610-616; and Cammack, R., Patil, D., Aguirre, R., and Hatchikian, E.C., (1982) FEBS Lett. 142, 289-292]. At higher temperatures (77 K) the iron-sulfur EPR signal is broader and all the EPR features of the rhombic nickel signal can easily be observed. We have now obtained additional information concerning the redox properties of these EPR active centers, using an EPR redox titration method in the presence of dye mediators at pH = 8.5. The mid-point potential was determined to be -70 mV for the Fe,S cluster and -220 mV for the Ni center. Intermediate oxidation states were obtained upon partial reduction with either dithionite or hydrogen. Although upon dithionite reduction the centers are reduced in the order of decreasing mid-point reduction potentials, under a hydrogen atmosphere the nickel center reduces preferentially. This suggests a catalytic involvement of the nickel redox center in the binding of hydrogen. Preliminary Mössbauer studies on Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase reveal the presence of a paramagnetic 3 Fe center and two 4 Fe centers. The 3 Fe center is responsible for the g = 2.02 EPR signal but the two 4 Fe centers have been so far undetectable by EPR.
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Abstract
Three different ferredoxins have been isolated from the sulfate reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio africanus. The present paper describes the complete amino acid sequence of D. africanus ferredoxin I. This sequence was determined using automatic protein sequencing in liquid phase and in solid phase. The 61 amino acid residues of the sequence have been aligned with the aid of peptides obtained by cyanogen bromide, cleavage and by tryptic hydrolysis. This ferredoxin which contains 4 cysteine residues represents the most simple case of one (4 Fe-4 S) cluster ferredoxin. A comparison of D. africanus ferredoxin I with D. gigas and Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxins is presented in terms of structural and possible evolutionary relationships.
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Moura JJ, Moura I, Kent TA, Lipscomb JD, Huynh BH, LeGall J, Xavier AV, Münck E. Interconversions of [3Fe-3S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters. Mössbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of Desulfovibrio gigas ferredoxin II. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)65132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Guerlesquin F, Moura JJ, Cammack R. Iron-sulphur cluster composition and redox properties of two ferredoxins from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway strain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982; 679:422-7. [PMID: 6279148 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(82)90163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two ferredoxins from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Norway Strain, were investigated by EPR spectroscopy. Ferredoxin I appears to be a conventional [4Fe-4S]2+;1+ ferredoxin, with a midpoint reduction potential of -374 mV at pH 8. Ferredoxin II when reduced, at first showed a more complex spectrum, indicating an interaction between two [4Fe-4S] clusters, and probably, has two clusters per protein subunit. Upon reductive titration ferredoxin II changed to give a spectrum in which no intercluster interaction was seen. The midpoint potentials of the native and modified ferredoxin at pH 8 were estimated to be -500 and -440 mV, respectively.
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Johnson MK, Spiro TG, Mortenson LE. Resonance Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance studies on oxidized and ferricyanide-treated Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin. Vibrational assignments from 34S shifts and evidence for conversion of 4 to 3 iron-sulfur clusters via oxidative damage. Vibrational assignments from 34S shifts and evidence for conversion of 4 to 3 iron-sulfur clusters via oxidative damage. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Sweeney W. Proton magnetic resonance studies of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I. Evidence for a difference in coordination of the 3Fe centers in azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I and desulfovibrio gigas ferredoxin II. J Biol Chem 1981; 256:12222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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42
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Johnson M, Hare J, Spiro T, Moura J, Xavier A, LeGall J. Resonance Raman spectra of three-iron centers in ferredoxins from Desulfovibrio gigas. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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43
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Thomson AJ, Robinson A, Johnson MK, Cammack R, Rao K, Hall DO. Low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism evidence for the conversion of four-iron-sulphur clusters in a ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum into three-iron-sulphur clusters. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(81)90047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Thomson AJ, Robinson AE, Johnson MK, Moura JJ, Moura I, Xavier AV, Legall J. The three-iron cluster in a ferredoxin from Desulphovibrio gigas. A low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism study. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981; 670:93-100. [PMID: 6268181 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(81)90053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin II from Desulphovibrio gigas is a tetrameric protein containing a novel iron-sulphur cluster consisting of three iron atoms. The low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of the oxidized and dithionite-reduced forms of ferredoxin II have been measured over the wavelength range approx. 300-800 nm. Both oxidation levels of the cluster are shown to be paramagnetic, although only the oxidized form gives an EPR signal. MCD magnetization curves have been constructed over the temperature range approx. 1.5-150 K and at fields between 0 and 5.1 Tesla. The curve for the oxidized protein can be fitted to a ground state of spin S = 1/2 with an isotropic g factor of 2.01. There is evidence for the thermal population of a low-lying electronic state above 50 K. The reduced protein gives a distinctive set of magnetization curves that are tentatively assigned to a ground state of S = 2, with a predominantly axial zero-field distortion that leaves the doublet Ms = +/-2 lowest in energy. The zero-field components have a maximum energy spread of approx. 15 cm-1. which places an upper limit of 4 cm-1 on the axial zero-field parameter D. The MCD spectra of the oxidized and reduced forms of the cluster are quite distinctive from one another. The spectra of the oxidized state are also different from those of oxidized high-potential iron protein from Chromatium and should provide a useful criterion for distinguishing between four- and three-iron clusters in their highest oxidation levels.
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Abstract
A new ferredoxin designated ferredoxin III has been isolated from Desulfovibrio africanus grown on media high in iron. Native ferredoxin III is a dimer constituted by two identical subunits of approx. 7500. It is distinguished from the two other ferredoxins (I and II) isolated from this microorganism by its amino acids composition, N-terminal sequence, spectral properties and iron-sulfur content. The amino acid composition of D. africanus ferredoxin III is typical of ferredoxins with an excess of acidic over basic residues and the absence of histidine and arginine residues. The absorption spectrum of ferredoxin III exhibits two maxima, at 408 nm (epsilon = 58.5 . 10(3) M-1 . cm-1) and 285 nm (epsilon = 82 . 10(3) M-1 . cm-1), with a shoulder at 305 nm (epsilon = 75 . 10(3) M-1 . cm-1). Its A408/A285 absorbance ratio is 0.78. Ferredoxin III contains approx. 12--13 atoms each of iron and labile sulfur. This is in agreement with the high value of the extinction coefficient at 408 nm, which is slightly higher than 3-fold that of one [4Fe-4S] cluster. However, the number of cysteine residues of the protein (six residues), which is about the half that of iron atoms, is indicative of the presence of a new type of iron-sulfur cluster in ferredoxin III. The protein is unstable in a low ionic strength environment; the addition of neutral salts stabilizes the protein conformation. The data on the biological activity of ferredoxin III as compared to the two other ferredoxins from D. africanus show that the three iron-sulfur proteins function with equal effectiveness as electron carrier in the phosphoroclastic reaction and the H2-sulfite reductase system.
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Abstract
Certain metalloproteins are common to all photosynthetic electron transfer chains. These include soluble proteins such as ferredoxins and cytochromes of the c2 type, and membrane-bound components such as cytochrome b, c1 and the Rieske iron-sulphur protein. The sequence of electron transfer Quinone leads to (cyt b, Fe-S, cyt c1) leads to cyt c2 indicates a common precursor to these systems and to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In cyanobacteria the cytochrome c2 can be interchanged with the copper protein plastocyanin, and furthermore in chloroplasts of higher plants the latter is used exclusively. The ferredoxins in anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria are mostly of the [4Fe-4S] type, probably derived from those of the fermentative bacteria. These could readily be formed in the earliest cells from iron, sulphide and a very simple peptide. In the oxygen-evolving cyanobacteria and the aerobic halobacteria the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins predominate. The electron transfer chains of the cyanobacteria have been incorporated almost unchanged into the chloroplasts of plants. The electron transfer chains of purple photosynthetic bacteria were probably the precursors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, as shown by similarities of cytochromes c2 and succinate dehydrogenase. However a different origin of the eukaryotic cytoplasm is indicated by the presence of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase.
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Guerlesquin F, Bruschi M, Bovier-Lapierre G, Fauque G. Comparative studies of two ferredoxins from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans norway. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980; 626:127-35. [PMID: 7459376 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(80)90204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two ferredoxins isolated from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway have been purified and characterized. The less acidic, designated as ferredoxin I, contains four iron atoms, four acid-labile sulfur groups and six cysteine residues per molecule. Ferredoxin II is more acidic and abundant than ferredoxin I, but is very unstable to O2. Ferredoxin I and ferredoxin II differ according to amino acid composition but are homologous with respect to their N-terminal amino acid sequence. The absorption spectra of the two ferredoxins are similar to those of other Desulfovibrio species. Both proteins appear to be dimers of identical 6000-dalton subunits. Their activity was tested in two types of reaction in the electron transfer chain (phosphoroclastic reaction and sulfite reductase activity). The isolation of two different ferredoxins from the same organism, Desulfovibrio, has been reported in Desulfovibrio africanus but the significance of two ferredoxins functioning in the same electron transfer chain is not yet understood.
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Abstract
A flavodoxin and a rubredoxin have been isolated from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulphovibrio salexigens (strain British Guiana, NICB 8403). Their amino acid composition and spectral characteristics did not differ markedly from the homologous proteins presented in other Desulphovibrio spp. Flavodoxin was shown to be active in the electron transport of the sulfite reductase system.
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Huynh B, Moura J, Moura I, Kent T, Legall J, Xavier A, Münck E. Evidence for a three-iron center in a ferredoxin from Desulfovibrio gigas. Mössbauer and EPR studies. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:3242-4. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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