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Lyons MJ, Ehrhardt C, Walsh JJ. Orellanine: From Fungal Origin to a Potential Future Cancer Treatment. J Nat Prod 2023; 86:1620-1631. [PMID: 37308446 PMCID: PMC10294258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungal metabolites represent an underutilized resource in the development of novel anticancer drugs. This review will focus on the promising fungal nephrotoxin orellanine, found in mushrooms including Cortinarius orellanus (Fools webcap). Emphasis will be placed on its historical significance, structural features, and associated toxicomechanics. Chromatographic methods for analysis of the compound and its metabolites, its synthesis, and chemotherapeutic potential are also discussed. Although orellanine's exceptional selectivity for proximal tubular cells is well documented, the mechanics of its toxicity in kidney tissue remains disputed. Here, the most commonly proposed hypotheses are detailed in the context of the molecule's structure, the symptoms seen following ingestion, and its characteristic prolonged latency period. Chromatographic analysis of orellanine and its related substances remains challenging, while biological evaluation of the compound is complicated by uncertainty regarding the role of active metabolites. This has limited efforts to structurally refine the molecule; despite numerous established methods for its synthesis, there is minimal published material on how orellanine's structure might be optimized for therapeutic use. Despite these obstacles, orellanine has generated promising data in preclinical studies of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma, leading to the early 2022 announcement of phase I/II trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Lyons
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John J. Walsh
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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2
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Flament E, Guitton J, Gicquel T, Paret N, Jarrier N, Creusat G, Tournoud C, Labadie M, Gaulier JM, Gaillard Y. Determination of Orellanine in Human Biological Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection: A Validated Method Applied to Suspected Poisoning Cases. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:26-32. [PMID: 35294965 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of mushrooms can become unsafe for the consumer in case of confusion. Some fungi of Cortinarius genus contain the nephrotoxic mycotoxin orellanine responsible for their toxicity. Related case poisoning diagnosis is a challenge for both clinicians and analysts because of a long latency period between intake and toxic syndrome, the lack of available information in literature and the numerous pitfalls of orellanine identification/quantification in biological samples. In this situation, we propose an analytical method designed for the orellanine detection and/or quantification in biological matrices such as plasma, urine and whole blood, in a context of related intoxication suspected case. Using 1 mL biological sample volume, this liquid chromatographic with high-resolution mass spectrometry detection method (i) exhibits a limit of quantification for orellanine of 0.5 µg/L in plasma and urine and (ii) enables orellanine detection in whole blood with a limit of detection of 0.5 µg/L. This validated analytical method was successfully applied to 10 suspected intoxication cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Flament
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 800 Avenue Marie Curie, La Voulte-sur-Rhône F-07800, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Medical Unity Pharmacology-Pharmacogenetic-Toxicology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud-HCL, 165 Rue du Grand Revoyet, Pierre Bénite F-69495, France.,Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy Lyon, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- Clinical and Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 Rue Henri Le Guilloux, Rennes F-35033, France
| | - Nathalie Paret
- Poison Control Center of Lyon, SHUPT, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Nathalie Jarrier
- Poison Control Center of Lyon, SHUPT, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Gaelle Creusat
- Poison Control Center of Nancy, University Hospital, 29 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Christine Tournoud
- Poison Control Center of Nancy, University Hospital, 29 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Magali Labadie
- Poison Control Center of Bordeaux, University Hospital, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, CHU Lille, Bd Pr. J. Leclercq, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Yvan Gaillard
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 800 Avenue Marie Curie, La Voulte-sur-Rhône F-07800, France
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Nusair SD, Zainalabdeen EA, Alshogran OY, Alkaraki A. Evaluation of orellanine-induced toxicity from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus and the antagonistic effect of Petroselinum crispum. Toxicon 2022; 214:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Flament E, Guitton J, Gaulier JM, Gaillard Y. Human Poisoning from Poisonous Higher Fungi: Focus on Analytical Toxicology and Case Reports in Forensic Toxicology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120454. [PMID: 33322477 PMCID: PMC7764321 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several families of higher fungi contain mycotoxins that cause serious or even fatal poisoning when consumed by humans. The aim of this review is to inventory, from an analytical point of view, poisoning cases linked with certain significantly toxic mycotoxins: orellanine, α- and β-amanitin, muscarine, ibotenic acid and muscimol, and gyromitrin. Clinicians are calling for the cases to be documented by toxicological analysis. This document is therefore a review of poisoning cases involving these mycotoxins reported in the literature and carries out an inventory of the analytical techniques available for their identification and quantification. It seems indeed that these poisonings are only rarely documented by toxicological analysis, due mainly to a lack of analytical methods in biological matrices. There are many reasons for this issue: the numerous varieties of mushroom involved, mycotoxins with different chemical structures, a lack of knowledge about distribution and metabolism. To sum up, we are faced with (i) obstacles to the documentation and interpretation of fatal (or non-fatal) poisoning cases and (ii) a real need for analytical methods of identifying and quantifying these mycotoxins (and their metabolites) in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Flament
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France; (E.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lyon-Sud University Hospital–Hospices Civil de Lyon, 69002 Pierre Bénite, France
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Claude Bernard, 69622 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Department of Toxicology and Genopathy, Lille University Hospital, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Yvan Gaillard
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France; (E.F.); (Y.G.)
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Koller GEB, Høiland K, Janak K, Størmer FC. The presence of orellanine in spores and basidiocarp fromCortinarius orellanusandCortinarius rubellus. Mycologia 2017; 94:752-6. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Høiland
- Division of Botany and Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. 1045 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Fredrik C. Størmer
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute ofPUBLIC Health, P.O. 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Orellanine is a nephrotoxic toxin produced by some mushroom species of the Cortinarius genus, typically found in Europe and North America. The nephrotoxicity of Cortinarius orellanus is well known and was first recognized in the 1950s when this mushroom was identified as the cause of a mass poisoning in Poland. Typically, onset of symptoms is delayed for 1-2 weeks after ingestion. Some patients suffer mild gastrointestinal discomfort in the latency period before developing signs of renal impairment due to severe interstitial nephritis, acute focal tubular damage, and interstitial fibrosis. There is no specific antidote to orellanine poisoning. The mainstay of treatment is the prevention of secondary complications of kidney failure, adequate dialysis and, in the case of incomplete recovery, management of chronic renal insufficiency. : In this work, we aim to review about Cortinarius species, including epidemiological studies, chemical structure, toxicokinetics, toxic doses, mechanisms of toxicity, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Soares
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Rocha-Pereira
- Department of Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Anantharam P, Shao D, Imerman PM, Burrough E, Schrunk D, Sedkhuu T, Tang S, Rumbeiha W. Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050158. [PMID: 27213453 PMCID: PMC4885072 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orellanine (OR) toxin is produced by mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius which grow in North America and in Europe. OR poisoning is characterized by severe oliguric acute renal failure, with a mortality rate of 10%–30%. Diagnosis of OR poisoning currently hinges on a history of ingestion of Cortinarius mushrooms and histopathology of renal biopsies. A key step in the diagnostic approach is analysis of tissues for OR. Currently, tissue-based analytical methods for OR are nonspecific and lack sensitivity. The objectives of this study were: (1) to develop definitive HPLC and LC-MS/MS tissue-based analytical methods for OR; and (2) to investigate toxicological effects of OR in mice. The HPLC limit of quantitation was 10 µg/g. For fortification levels of 15 µg/g to 50 µg/g OR in kidney, the relative standard deviation was between 1.3% and 9.8%, and accuracy was within 1.5% to 7.1%. A matrix-matched calibration curve was reproduced in this range with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.97–0.99. The limit of detection was 20 ng/g for LC-MS/MS. In OR-injected mice, kidney OR concentrations were 97 ± 51 µg/g on Day 0 and 17 ± 1 µg/g on termination Day 3. Splenic and liver injuries were novel findings in this mouse model. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojya Anantharam
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Dahai Shao
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Paula M Imerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Eric Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Dwayne Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Tsevelmaa Sedkhuu
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, 8200 Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar 017024, Mongolia.
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wilson Rumbeiha
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Herrmann A, Hedman H, Rosén J, Jansson D, Haraldsson B, Hellenäs KE. Analysis of the mushroom nephrotoxin orellanine and its glucosides. J Nat Prod 2012; 75:1690-1696. [PMID: 23046414 DOI: 10.1021/np300135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Orellanine is a nephrotoxin found in various Cortinaceae mushroom species. Unintentional consumption after these species were confused with edible mushrooms such as Cantharellus tubaeformis has caused several casualties. In this work, a quantitative HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for total orellanine in Cortinarius rubellus, spiked blood plasma, and a mushroom stew prepared from C. tubaeformis with the addition of a single specimen of C. rubellus is presented. The existence of mono- and diglucosylated orellanine in C. rubellus was also proven, although quantitative analysis could not be obtained for the glucosides due to rapid hydrolyzation to orellanine in the extract. Extraction with 3 M HCl or water mainly yielded orellanine, while MeOH or acidified MeOH mainly extracted mono- and diglucosylated orellanine. The highest recovery of total orellanine was obtained with 3 M HCl, which was subsequently used for quantitative analysis. A C₁₈ HPLC column and low pH in the eluents retained all these toxins. Orellanine could be detected at a 4.9 ng/mL level in all extracts, which is well below the threshold for acute toxic effects. Additionally, the fragmentation pattern of orellanine upon electrospray MS/MS was probed. The method described is useful for two important applications. First, it allows quantitative analysis of processed food products that may be contaminated by orellanine from Cortinaceae mushrooms. Second, orellanine is currently being evaluated as a potential cure of metastatic renal cancer, and this work provides a method for monitoring orellanine at low concentrations within the therapeutic interval in blood serum.
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Nilsson UA, Nyström J, Buvall L, Ebefors K, Björnson-Granqvist A, Holmdahl J, Haraldsson B. The fungal nephrotoxin orellanine simultaneously increases oxidative stress and down-regulates cellular defenses. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1562-9. [PMID: 18279679 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Confusion of various nephrotoxic Cortinarius species with edible mushrooms occurs every year throughout Europe and North America. The toxin, orellanine (OR), accumulates selectively in renal tubular epithelium with ensuing renal failure after several days as the only clinical manifestation. This study was performed to clarify the mechanisms behind the kidney damage. Sprague-Dawley rats, 100 g bw, received various doses of purified OR ip (0-5 mg/kg bw). One week later, renal function (GFR) was determined (51Cr-EDTA), ascorbyl radicals in venous blood were analyzed using electron spin resonance, and oxidative protein damage was evaluated immunohistochemically. One OR-treated group (3.5 mg/kg) simultaneously received superoxide dismutase (SOD) targeted to tubular epithelium (HC-SOD; 10 mg/kg ip daily for 5 days). RT-PCR was used for analysis of mRNA expression of genes related to oxidative stress. OR caused a dose-dependent decrease in GFR, paralleled by increased levels of ascorbyl radicals and oxidative protein damage. Antioxidant treatment with HC-SOD decreased renal function even more and also increased tissue damage and mortality. Renal mRNA levels for key components in the antioxidative defense were strongly decreased, whereas those for several cytokines were increased. The data strongly suggest that OR nephrotoxicity in vivo is mediated by oxidative stress, including a virtual shutdown of important antioxidative enzymes. We interpret the unexpected effect of HC-SOD in terms of unbalanced SOD and catalase levels in the presence of OR, leading to massive generation of *OH and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf A Nilsson
- The Renal Center, Department of Nephrology, University of Göteborg, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Mushrooms are ubiquitous in nature. They are an important source of nutrition, however, certain varieties contain chemicals that can be highly toxic to humans. Industrially cultivated mushrooms are historically very safe, whereas foraging for mushrooms or accidental ingestion of mushrooms in the environment can result in serious illness and death. The emergency department is the most common site of presentation for patients suffering from acute mushroom poisoning. Although recognition can be facilitated by identification of a characteristic toxidrome, the presenting manifestations can be variable and have considerable overlap with more common and generally benign clinical syndromes. The goal of this two-part article is to review the knowledge base on this subject and provide information that will assist the clinician in the early consideration, diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning. Part I reviewed the epidemiology and demographics of mushroom poisoning, the physical characteristics of the most toxic varieties, the classification of the toxic species, and presented an overview of the cyclopeptide-containing mushroom class. Part II is focused on the presentation of the other classes of toxic mushrooms along with an up-to-date review of the most recently identified poisonous varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyan J Berger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beverly Hospital, Beverly, MA, USA
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12
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Abstract
Mushrooms are ubiquitous in nature. They are an important source of nutrition; however, certain varieties contain chemicals that can be highly toxic to humans. Industrially cultivated mushrooms are historically very safe, but foraging for mushrooms or accidental ingestion of mushrooms in the environment can result in serious illness and death. The emergency department is the most common site of presentation for patients suffering from acute mushroom poisoning. Although recognition can be facilitated by identification of a characteristic toxidrome, the presenting manifestations can be variable and have considerable overlap with more common and generally benign clinical syndromes. The goal of this two-part article is to review the knowledge base on this subject and provide information that will assist the clinician in the early consideration, diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning. Part I, presented in this issue of the Journal, reviews the epidemiology and demographics of mushroom poisoning, the physical characteristics of the most toxic varieties, the classification of the toxic species, and an overview of the cyclopeptide-containing mushroom class. Part II, to be published in the next issue of the Journal, will be focused on the presentation of the other classes of toxic mushrooms along with an up-to-date review of the most recently identified poisonous varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyan J Berger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beverly Hospital, Beverly, MA, USA
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Abstract
Among fungal toxins causing organ damage in the human body, amatoxins and orellanine remain exceptional. Amatoxins, a group of bicyclic octapeptides occurring in some Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota species, induce deficient protein synthesis resulting in cell death, but might also exert toxicity through inducing apoptosis. Target organs are intestinal mucosa, liver and kidneys. Poisoning will result in dehydration and electrolyte derangement, liver necrosis and possibly kidney damage. In established poisoning the mainstay of treatment is optimum symptomatic and supportive care. No specific treatment is available, but some pharmaceuticals, like silibinin, benzylpenicillin and acetylcysteine, might have a role in limiting the extent of hepatic damage. Orellanine is a nephrotoxic bipyridine N-oxide found in some Cortinarius species. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis and to generate free oxygen radicals. As early symptoms often are lacking or vague, poisoning may initially be overlooked or misinterpreted and the patients usually present with established renal damage. Supportive care is the only therapeutic option. Tricholoma equestre might contain a myotoxin and repeated ingestion may cause significant rhabdomyolysis. Ingestion of Amanita smithiana and A. proxima has been reported to result in kidney damage. Gyromitrin, a toxic compound that is converted to hydrazines in the stomach, occurs in some Gyromitra species. It is mainly neurotoxic, but may also induce moderate hepatic damage and haemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajarathnam
- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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Dorizzi R, Michelot D, Tagliaro F, Ghielmi S. Methods for chromatographic determination of amanitins and related toxins in biological samples. J Chromatogr 1992; 580:279-91. [PMID: 1400826 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the chromatographic determination of amanitins, toxins of Amanita phalloides (Fr.), Link mushrooms and related toxins are reviewed; particular emphasis is given to high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. The main chemical and toxicological aspects are discussed, but the focus of the present review is on the analytical problems arising in a laboratory charged with the setting up of a procedure which can direct the appropriate clinical management of an intoxicated patient or solve a forensic case.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dorizzi
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Hospital of Legnago, Italy
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Richard JM, Creppy EE, Benoit-Guyod JL, Dirheimer G. Orellanine inhibits protein synthesis in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, in rat liver mitochondria, and in vitro: indication for its activation prior to in vitro inhibition. Toxicology 1991; 67:53-62. [PMID: 1708173 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(91)90163-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pure orellanine, a nephrotoxic compound extracted from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus, which is known to induce severe kidney damage several days or weeks after ingestion, is found to inhibit strongly the synthesis of macromolecules (proteins, RNA and DNA) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and in rat liver mitochondria, although the uptake of labelled precursors of the above macromolecules is not significantly altered. Direct addition of orellanine to a cell-free system of rabbit reticulocyte lysate does not produce any inhibition of protein synthesis. However, when orellanine is pre-incubated with activating rat liver microsomal systems, this inhibition occurs. Thus, the in vivo inhibition of protein synthesis is most likely due to a metabolite of orellanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Richard
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université J. Fourier, Grenoble, Meylan
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Cantin D, Richard JM, Alary J. Chromatographic behaviour and determination of orellanine, a toxin from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus. J Chromatogr A 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(89)90021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lampe KF, McCann MA. Differential diagnosis of poisoning by North American mushrooms, with particular emphasis on Amanita phalloides-like intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16:956-62. [PMID: 3631682 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0644(87)80740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is possible to determine the management and prognosis of mushroom poisoning from the history and initial symptoms with a high degree of confidence. The most important intoxications are those involving Amanita phalloides or other potentially fatal amatoxin-containing mushrooms, which have a latent period of ten to 12 hours before the patient becomes symptomatic. Because aggressive gastroenteric decontamination can reduce the extent of hepatic damage, it is important to attempt to determine during this asymptomatic period whether amatoxin exposure has occurred. Various laboratory methods that might be useful are reviewed.
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