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Bunyatratchata A, Parc AL, de Moura Bell JMLN, Cohen JL, Duman H, Arslan A, Kaplan M, Barile D, Karav S. Release of bifidogenic N-glycans from native bovine colostrum proteins by an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 162:110138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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2
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Liew CY, Chen JL, Tsai ST, Ni CK. Identification of side-reaction products generated during the ammonia-catalyzed release of N-glycans. Carbohydr Res 2022; 522:108686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Kajiura H, Hiwasa-Tanase K, Ezura H, Fujiyama K. Effect of fruit maturation on N-glycosylation of plant-derived native and recombinant miraculin. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 178:70-79. [PMID: 35276597 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Miracle fruit, Synsepalum dulcificum, produces a unique taste-modifying protein, miraculin (MIR), which has an attractive potential for commercial application as a novel low-calorie sweetener. To establish a stable supply system for MIR, a previous study established a platform for recombinant MIR (rMIR) production in tomato plants and demonstrated that native miraculin from miracle fruit (nMIR) and rMIR were almost identical in their protein modifications with N-glycan. However, neither N-glycosylation nor the influence of fruit maturation on the structural changes of N-glycan have been fully characterized in detail. Here, with a focus on N-glycosylation and the contribution of fruit maturation to N-glycan, we reanalyzed the N-glycosylation of the natural maturation stages of nMIR and rMIR, and then compared the N-glycan structures on MIRs prepared from the fruit at two different maturation stages. The detailed peptide mapping and N-glycosylation analysis of MIRs provided evidence that MIRs have variants, which were derived mainly from the differences in the N-glycan structure in nMIR and the N-glycosylation in rMIR and not from the cleavage of the peptide backbone. N-Glycan analysis of MIRs from the maturation stage of fruits demonstrated that N-glycan structures were similar among nMIRs and rMIRs at every maturation stage. These results indicated that the heterogeneously expressed rMIRs had the same characteristics in post-translational modifications, especially N-glycosylation and N-glycan structures, throughout the maturation stages. This study demonstrated the potential of recombinant protein expressed in tomato plants and paves the way for the commercial use of rMIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Hiwasa-Tanase
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia (OU:CRS), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Dunphy K, Dowling P, Bazou D, O’Gorman P. Current Methods of Post-Translational Modification Analysis and Their Applications in Blood Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1930. [PMID: 33923680 PMCID: PMC8072572 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) add a layer of complexity to the proteome through the addition of biochemical moieties to specific residues of proteins, altering their structure, function and/or localization. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques are at the forefront of PTM analysis due to their ability to detect large numbers of modified proteins with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. The low stoichiometry of modified peptides means fractionation and enrichment techniques are often performed prior to MS to improve detection yields. Immuno-based techniques remain popular, with improvements in the quality of commercially available modification-specific antibodies facilitating the detection of modified proteins with high affinity. PTM-focused studies on blood cancers have provided information on altered cellular processes, including cell signaling, apoptosis and transcriptional regulation, that contribute to the malignant phenotype. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of many blood cancer therapies, such as kinase inhibitors, involves inhibiting or modulating protein modifications. Continued optimization of protocols and techniques for PTM analysis in blood cancer will undoubtedly lead to novel insights into mechanisms of malignant transformation, proliferation, and survival, in addition to the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review discusses techniques used for PTM analysis and their applications in blood cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Dunphy
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Despina Bazou
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Peter O’Gorman
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland;
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5
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Harvey DJ. NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF N-LINKED GLYCANS. Mass Spectrom Rev 2020; 39:586-679. [PMID: 32329121 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans from glycoproteins are complex, branched structures whose structural determination presents many analytical problems. Mass spectrometry, usually conducted in positive ion mode, often requires extensive sample manipulation, usually by derivatization such as permethylation, to provide the necessary structure-revealing fragment ions. The newer but, so far, lesser used negative ion techniques, on the contrary, provide a wealth of structural information not present in positive ion spectra that greatly simplify the analysis of these compounds and can usually be conducted without the need for derivatization. This review describes the use of negative ion mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of N-linked glycans and emphasises the many advantages that can be gained by this mode of operation. Biosynthesis and structures of the compounds are described followed by methods for release of the glycans from the protein. Methods for ionization are discussed with emphasis on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and methods for producing negative ions from neutral compounds. Acidic glycans naturally give deprotonated species under most ionization conditions. Fragmentation of negative ions is discussed next with particular reference to those ions that are diagnostic for specific features such as the branching topology of the glycans and substitution positions of moieties such as fucose and sulfate, features that are often difficult to identify easily by conventional techniques such as positive ion fragmentation and exoglycosidase digestions. The advantages of negative over positive ions for this structural work are emphasised with an example of a series of glycans where all other methods failed to produce a structure. Fragmentation of derivatized glycans is discussed next, both with respect to derivatives at the reducing terminus of the molecules, and to methods for neutralization of the acidic groups on sialic acids to both stabilize them for MALDI analysis and to produce the diagnostic fragments seen with the neutral glycans. The use of ion mobility, combined with conventional mass spectrometry is described with emphasis on its use to extract clean glycan spectra both before and after fragmentation, to separate isomers and its use to extract additional information from separated fragment ions. A section on applications follows with examples of the identification of novel structures from lower organisms and tables listing the use of negative ions for structural identification of specific glycoproteins, glycans from viruses and uses in the biopharmaceutical industry and in medicine. The review concludes with a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Temporini C, Colombo R, Calleri E, Tengattini S, Rinaldi F, Massolini G. Chromatographic tools for plant-derived recombinant antibodies purification and characterization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Xiao H, Sun F, Suttapitugsakul S, Wu R. Global and site-specific analysis of protein glycosylation in complex biological systems with Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 2019; 38:356-379. [PMID: 30605224 PMCID: PMC6610820 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is ubiquitous in biological systems and plays essential roles in many cellular events. Global and site-specific analysis of glycoproteins in complex biological samples can advance our understanding of glycoprotein functions and cellular activities. However, it is extraordinarily challenging because of the low abundance of many glycoproteins and the heterogeneity of glycan structures. The emergence of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has provided us an excellent opportunity to comprehensively study proteins and their modifications, including glycosylation. In this review, we first summarize major methods for glycopeptide/glycoprotein enrichment, followed by the chemical and enzymatic methods to generate a mass tag for glycosylation site identification. We next discuss the systematic and quantitative analysis of glycoprotein dynamics. Reversible protein glycosylation is dynamic, and systematic study of glycoprotein dynamics helps us gain insight into glycoprotein functions. The last part of this review focuses on the applications of MS-based proteomics to study glycoproteins in different biological systems, including yeasts, plants, mice, human cells, and clinical samples. Intact glycopeptide analysis is also included in this section. Because of the importance of glycoproteins in complex biological systems, the field of glycoproteomics will continue to grow in the next decade. Innovative and effective MS-based methods will exponentially advance glycoscience, and enable us to identify glycoproteins as effective biomarkers for disease detection and drug targets for disease treatment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 9999: XX-XX, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332 Georgia
| | - Fangxu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332 Georgia
| | - Suttipong Suttapitugsakul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332 Georgia
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332 Georgia
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8
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Ikegami T. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biopharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic peptides: A review based on the separation characteristics of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:130-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical (Bio-) Analysis; Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Mass spectrometry for protein sialoglycosylation. Mass Spectrom Rev 2018; 37:652-680. [PMID: 29228471 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of structurally unique and negatively charged nine-carbon sugars, normally found at the terminal positions of glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The glycosylation of proteins is a universal post-translational modification in eukaryotic species and regulates essential biological functions, in which the most common sialic acid is N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactononulopyranos-1-onic acid) (Neu5NAc). Because of the properties of sialic acids under general mass spectrometry (MS) conditions, such as instability, ionization discrimination, and mixed adducts, the use of MS in the analysis of protein sialoglycosylation is still challenging. The present review is focused on the application of MS related methodologies to the study of both N- and O-linked sialoglycans. We reviewed MS-based strategies for characterizing sialylation by analyzing intact glycoproteins, proteolytic digested glycopeptides, and released glycans. The review concludes with future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zack Li
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Abstract
In recent years, the carbohydrate moieties of plants have received considerable attention, as they are a potential source of cross-reactive, allergy-provoking immune responses. In addition, carbohydrate structures also play a critical role in plant metabolism. Here, we present a simple and rapid method for preparing and analyzing N-glycans from different cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus) using an N-glycanase specific for the release of plant-derived carbohydrate structures. To achieve this, crude trichloroacetic acid precipitates of radish homogenates were treated with PNGase H+, and labeled using 2-aminobenzamide as a fluorescent tag. The labeled N-glycan samples were subsequently analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) separation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for a detailed structural evaluation and to quantify relative abundancies of the radish-derived N-glycan structures. This protocol can also be used for the analysis of N-glycans from various other plant species, and may be useful for further investigation of the function and effects of N-glycans on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Min Du
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Shen-Li Zheng
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University;
| | - Gabriel Yedid
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University;
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11
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Kameyama A, Dissanayake SK, Thet Tin WW. Rapid chemical de-N-glycosylation and derivatization for liquid chromatography of immunoglobulin N-linked glycans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196800. [PMID: 29723274 PMCID: PMC5933716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan analysis may result in exploitation of glycan biomarkers and evaluation of heterogeneity of glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals. For N-linked glycan analysis, we investigated alkaline hydrolysis of the asparagine glycosyl carboxamide of glycoproteins as a deglycosylation reaction. By adding hydroxylamine into alkaline de-N-glycosylation, we suppressed the degradation of released glycans and obtained a mixture of oximes, free glycans, and glycosylamines. The reaction was completed within 1 h, and the mixture containing oximes was easily tagged with 2-aminobenzamide by reductive amination. Here, we demonstrated N-linked glycan analysis using this method for a monoclonal antibody, and examined whether this method could liberate glycans without degradation from apo-transferrin containing NeuAc and NeuGc and horseradish peroxidase containing Fuc α1-3 GlcNAc at the reducing end. Furthermore, we compared glycan recoveries between conventional enzymatic glycan release and this method. Increasing the reaction temperature and reaction duration led to degradation, whereas decreasing these parameters resulted in lower release. Considering this balance, we proposed to carry out the reaction at 80°C for 1 h for asialo glycoproteins from mammals and at 50°C for 1 h for sialoglycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kameyama
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Santha Kumara Dissanayake
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wai Wai Thet Tin
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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O'Flaherty R, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Greville G, Rudd PM, Lauc G. The sweet spot for biologics: recent advances in characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:13-29. [PMID: 29130774 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1404907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycosylation is recognized as a Critical Quality Attribute for therapeutic glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Hence, efficient and quantitative glycan analysis techniques have been increasingly important for their discovery, development and quality control. The aim of this review is to highlight relevant and recent advances in analytical technologies for characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Areas covered: The review gives an overview of the glycosylation trends of biotherapeutics approved in 2016 and 2017 by FDA. It describes current and novel analytical technologies for characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins and is explored in the context of released glycan, glycopeptide or intact glycoprotein analysis. Ultra performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis technologies are explored in this context. Expert commentary: There is a need for the biopharmaceutical industry to incorporate novel state of the art analytical technologies into existing and new therapeutic glycoprotein workflows for safer and more efficient biotherapeutics and for the improvement of future biotherapeutic design. Additionally, at present, there is no 'gold-standard' approach to address all the regulatory requirements and as such this will involve the use of orthogonal glycoanalytical technologies with a view to gain diagnostic information about the therapeutic glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín O'Flaherty
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - Gordon Greville
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gordan Lauc
- b Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory , 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia.,c Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Largy E, Cantais F, Van Vyncht G, Beck A, Delobel A. Orthogonal liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for the comprehensive characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins, from released glycans to intact protein level. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:128-146. [PMID: 28372839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are increasingly used as therapeutics. Their characterization is challenging due to their size and inherent heterogeneity notably caused by post-translational modifications, among which glycosylation is probably the most prominent. The glycosylation profile of therapeutic proteins must therefore be thoroughly analyzed. Here, we illustrate how the use of a combination of various cutting-edge LC or LC/MS(/MS) methods, and operating at different levels of analysis allows the comprehensive characterization of both the N- and O-glycosylations of therapeutic proteins without the need for other approaches (capillary electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF). This workflow does not call for the use of highly specialized/custom hardware and software nor an extensive knowledge of glycan analysis. Most notably, we present the point of view of a contract research organization, with the constraints associated to the work in a regulated environment (GxP). Two salient points of this work are i) the use of mixed-mode chromatography as a fast and straightforward mean of profiling N-glycans sialylation as well as an orthogonal method to separate N-glycans co-eluting in the HILIC mode; and ii) the use of widepore HILIC/MS to analyze challenging N/O-glycosylation profiles at both the peptide and subunit levels. A particular attention was given to the sample preparations in terms of duration, specificity, versatility, and robustness, as well as the ease of data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Largy
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536, Donstiennes, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Cantais
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536, Donstiennes, Belgium
| | - Géry Van Vyncht
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536, Donstiennes, Belgium
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), 5 Av. Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74164, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Arnaud Delobel
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536, Donstiennes, Belgium.
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14
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Song X, Ju H, Lasanajak Y, Kudelka MR, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Oxidative release of natural glycans for functional glycomics. Nat Methods 2016; 13:528-34. [PMID: 27135973 PMCID: PMC4887297 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have essential roles in biology and the etiology of many diseases. A major hurdle in studying glycans through functional glycomics is the lack of methods to release glycans from diverse types of biological samples. Here we describe an oxidative strategy using household bleach to release all types of free reducing N-glycans and O-glycan-acids from glycoproteins, and glycan nitriles from glycosphingolipids. Released glycans are directly useful in glycomic analyses and can be derivatized fluorescently for functional glycomics. This chemical method overcomes the limitations in glycan generation and promotes archiving and characterization of human and animal glycomes and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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16
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Vanier G, Hempel F, Chan P, Rodamer M, Vaudry D, Maier UG, Lerouge P, Bardor M. Biochemical Characterization of Human Anti-Hepatitis B Monoclonal Antibody Produced in the Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139282. [PMID: 26437211 PMCID: PMC4593558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent actually the major class of biopharmaceuticals. They are produced recombinantly using living cells as biofactories. Among the different expression systems currently available, microalgae represent an emerging alternative which displays several biotechnological advantages. Indeed, microalgae are classified as generally recognized as safe organisms and can be grown easily in bioreactors with high growth rates similarly to CHO cells. Moreover, microalgae exhibit a phototrophic lifestyle involving low production costs as protein expression is fueled by photosynthesis. However, questions remain to be solved before any industrial production of algae-made biopharmaceuticals. Among them, protein heterogeneity as well as protein post-translational modifications need to be evaluated. Especially, N-glycosylation acquired by the secreted recombinant proteins is of major concern since most of the biopharmaceuticals including mAbs are N-glycosylated and it is well recognized that glycosylation represent one of their critical quality attribute. In this paper, we assess the quality of the first recombinant algae-made mAbs produced in the diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We are focusing on the characterization of their C- and N-terminal extremities, their signal peptide cleavage and their post-translational modifications including N-glycosylation macro- and microheterogeneity. This study brings understanding on diatom cellular biology, especially secretion and intracellular trafficking of proteins. Overall, it reinforces the positioning of P. tricornutum as an emerging host for the production of biopharmaceuticals and prove that P. tricornutum is suitable for producing recombinant proteins bearing high mannose-type N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Vanier
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale Equipe d’Accueil 4358, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Végétale Agronomie Sol Innovation, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Franziska Hempel
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Chan
- PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | - David Vaudry
- PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Uwe G. Maier
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale Equipe d’Accueil 4358, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Végétale Agronomie Sol Innovation, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale Equipe d’Accueil 4358, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Végétale Agronomie Sol Innovation, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Gao W, Ou G, Feng X, Liu BF, Zhang H, Liu X. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis of glycans with co-derivatization of asparaginyl-oligosaccharides. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 896:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Karav S, Bell JMLNDM, Le Parc A, Liu Y, Mills DA, Block DE, Barile D. Characterizing the release of bioactive N-glycans from dairy products by a novel endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1331-9. [PMID: 26097235 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase isolated from B. infantis ATCC 15697 (EndoBI-1) is a novel enzyme that cleaves N-N'-diacetyl chitobiose moieties found in the N-glycan core of high mannose, hybrid, and complex N-glycans. These conjugated N-glycans are recently shown as a new prebiotic source that stimulates the growth of a key infant gut microbe, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Infantis. The effects of pH (4.45-8.45), temperature (27.5-77.5°C), reaction time (15-475 min), and enzyme/protein ratio (1:3,000-1:333) were evaluated on the release of N-glycans from bovine colostrum whey by EndoBI-1. A central composite design was used, including a two-level factorial design (2(4)) with four center points and eight axial points. In general, low pH values, longer reaction times, higher enzyme/protein ratio, and temperatures around 52°C resulted in the highest yield. The results demonstrated that bovine colostrum whey, considered to be a by/waste product, can be used as a glycan source with a yield of 20 mg N-glycan/g total protein under optimal conditions for the ranges investigated. Importantly, these processing conditions are suitable to be incorporated into routine dairy processing activities, opening the door for an entirely new class of products (released bioactive glycans and glycan-free milk). The new enzyme's activity was also compared with a commercially available enzyme, showing that EndoBI-1 is more active on native proteins than PNGase F and can be efficiently used during pasteurization, streamlining its integration into existing processing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Karav
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | | | - Annabelle Le Parc
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Yan Liu
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - David A Mills
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616.,Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - David E Block
- Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616.,Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Daniela Barile
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616.,Foods for Health Inst., University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
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19
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. Mass Spectrom Rev 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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20
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Yuan J, Wang C, Sun Y, Huang L, Wang Z. Nonreductive chemical release of intact N-glycans for subsequent labeling and analysis by mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2014; 462:1-9. [PMID: 24912132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy is proposed, using cost-saving chemical reactions to generate intact free reducing N-glycans and their fluorescent derivatives from glycoproteins for subsequent analysis. N-Glycans without core α-1,3-linked fucose are released in reducing form by selective hydrolysis of the N-type carbohydrate-peptide bond of glycoproteins under a set of optimized mild alkaline conditions and are comparable to those released by commonly used peptide-N-glycosidase (PNGase) F in terms of yield without any detectable side reaction (peeling or deacetylation). The obtained reducing glycans can be routinely derivatized with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), and potentially some other fluorescent reagents for comprehensive analysis. Alternatively, the core α-1,3-fucosylated N-glycans are released in mild alkaline medium and derivatized with PMP in situ, and their yields are comparable to those obtained using commonly used PNGase A without conspicuous peeling reaction or any detectable deacetylation. Using this new technique, the N-glycans of a series of purified glycoproteins and complex biological samples were successfully released and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), demonstrating its general applicability to glycomic studies.
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21
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Chen W, Smeekens JM, Wu R. Comprehensive Analysis of Protein N-Glycosylation Sites by Combining Chemical Deglycosylation with LC–MS. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1466-73. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401000c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Chen
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Johanna M. Smeekens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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22
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Ruan WW, Cao MJ, Chen F, Cai QF, Su WJ, Wang YZ, Liu GM. Tropomyosin Contains IgE-Binding Epitopes Sensitive to Periodate but Not to Enzymatic Deglycosylation. J Food Sci 2013; 78:C1116-21. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Ruan
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - Feng Chen
- Dept. of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences; Clemson Univ.; Clemson; SC 29634; U.S.A
| | - Qiu-Feng Cai
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - Wen-Jin Su
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - You-Zhao Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety; Jimei Univ.; 43 Yindou Rd.; Xiamen; Fujian 361021; China
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23
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common protein modifications and is involved in many functions of glycoproteins. Investigating aberrant protein glycosylation associated with diseases is useful in improving disease diagnostics. Due to the nontemplate nature of glycan biosynthesis, the glycans attached to glycoproteins are enormously complex; thus, a method for comprehensive analysis of glycans from biological or clinical samples is needed. Here, we describe a novel method for glycomic analysis using glycoprotein immobilization for glycan extraction (GIG). Proteins or peptides from complex samples were first immobilized on solid support, and other nonconjugated molecules were removed. Glycans were enzymatically or chemically modified on solid phase before releasing from glycoproteins/glycopeptides for mass spectrometry analysis. The method was applied to the glycomic analysis of both N- and O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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24
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Abstract
Protein glycosylation represents the most abundant extracellular posttranslational modification in multicellular organisms. These glycoproteins unequivocally comprise the major biomolecules involved in extracellular processes, such as growth factors, signaling proteins for cellular communication, enzymes, and proteases for on- and off-site processing. It is now known that altered protein glycosylation is a hallmark event in many different pathologies. Glycoproteins are found mostly in the so-called secretome, which comprises classically and nonclassically secreted proteins and protein fragments that are released from the cell surface through ectodomain shedding. Due to biological complexity and technical difficulty, comparably few studies have taken an in-depth investigation of cellular secretomes using system-wide approaches. The cellular secretomes are considered to be a valuable source of therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers. It is not surprising that many existing biomarkers, including biomarkers for breast, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancers are glycoproteins. Focused analysis of secreted glycoproteins could thus provide valuable information for early disease diagnosis, and surveillance. Furthermore, since most secreted proteins are glycosylated and glycosylation predominantly targets secreted proteins, the glycan/sugar moiety itself can be used as a chemical "handle" for the targeted analysis of cellular secretomes, thereby reducing sample complexity and allowing detection of low abundance proteins in proteomic workflows. This review will focus on various glycoprotein enrichment strategies that facilitate proteomics-based technologies for the quantitative analysis of cell secretomes and cell surface proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zon W Lai
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 17, Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Yagi Y, Kakehi K, Hayakawa T, Ohyama Y, Suzuki S. Specific detection of N-glycolylneuraminic acid and Galα1–3Gal epitopes of therapeutic antibodies by partial-filling capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2012; 431:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Lingg N, Zhang P, Song Z, Bardor M. The sweet tooth of biopharmaceuticals: importance of recombinant protein glycosylation analysis. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1462-72. [PMID: 22829536 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals currently represent the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry, mainly driven by a rapid expansion in the manufacture of recombinant protein-based drugs. Glycosylation is the most prominent post-translational modification occurring on these protein drugs. It constitutes one of the critical quality attributes that requires thorough analysis for optimal efficacy and safety. This review examines the functional importance of glycosylation of recombinant protein drugs, illustrated using three examples of protein biopharmaceuticals: IgG antibodies, erythropoietin and glucocerebrosidase. Current analytical methods are reviewed as solutions for qualitative and quantitative measurements of glycosylation to monitor quality target product profiles of recombinant glycoprotein drugs. Finally, we propose a framework for designing the quality target product profile of recombinant glycoproteins and planning workflow for glycosylation analysis with the selection of available analytical methods and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lingg
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Triguero A, Cabrera G, Rodríguez M, Soto J, Zamora Y, Pérez M, Wormald MR, Cremata JA. Differential N-glycosylation of a monoclonal antibody expressed in tobacco leaves with and without endoplasmic reticulum retention signal apparently induces similar in vivo stability in mice. Plant Biotechnol J 2011; 9:1120-30. [PMID: 21819534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are able to perform most of the post-translational modifications that are required by recombinant proteins to achieve adequate bioactivity and pharmacokinetics. However, regarding N-glycosylation the processing of plant N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus displays major differences when compared with that of mammalian cells. These differences in N-glycosylation are expected to influence serum clearance rate of plant-derived monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibody against the hepatitis B virus surface antigen expressed in Nicotiana tabacum leaves without KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (CB.Hep1(-)KDEL) and with a KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) fused to both IgG light and heavy chains (CB.Hep1(+)KDEL) were tested for in vivo stability in mice. Full characterization of N-glycosylation and aggregate formation in each monoclonal antibody batch was determined. The mouse counterpart (CB.Hep1) was used as control. Both (CB.Hep1(-)KDEL) and (CB.Hep1(+)KDEL) showed a faster initial clearance rate (first 24 h) compared with the analogous murine antibody while the terminal phase was similar in the three antibodies. Despite the differences between CB.Hep1(+)KDEL and CB.Hep1(-)KDEL N-glycans, the in vivo elimination in mice was indistinguishable from each other and higher than the murine monoclonal antibody. Molecular modelling confirmed that N-glycans linked to plantibodies were oriented away from the interdomain region, increasing the accessibility of the potential glycan epitopes by glycoprotein receptors that might be responsible for the difference in stability of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Triguero
- Department of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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28
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Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are the universal sugar donors for the formation of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, and glycosylated secondary metabolites. At least 100 genes encode proteins involved in the formation of nucleotide sugars. These nucleotide sugars are formed using the carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis, the sugar generated by hydrolyzing translocated sucrose, the sugars released from storage carbohydrates, the salvage of sugars from glycoproteins and glycolipids, the recycling of sugars released during primary and secondary cell wall restructuring, and the sugar generated during plant-microbe interactions. Here we emphasize the importance of the salvage of sugars released from glycans for the formation of nucleotide sugars. We also outline how recent studies combining biochemical, genetic, molecular and cellular approaches have led to an increased appreciation of the role nucleotide sugars in all aspects of plant growth and development. Nevertheless, our understanding of these pathways at the single cell level is far from complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Bar-Peled
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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