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Franco-Mateos E, Souza-Egipsy V, García-Estévez L, Pérez-García J, Gion M, Garrigós L, Cortez P, Saavedra C, Gómez P, Ortiz C, Cruz VL, Ramos J, Cortés J, Vega JF. Exploring the Combined Action of Adding Pertuzumab to Branded Trastuzumab versus Trastuzumab Biosimilars for Treating HER2+ Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3940. [PMID: 38612751 PMCID: PMC11011846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding activity of various trastuzumab biosimilars versus the branded trastuzumab towards the glycosylated extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) target in the presence of pertuzumab was investigated. We employed size exclusion chromatography with tetra-detection methodology to simultaneously determine absolute molecular weight, concentration, molecular size, and intrinsic viscosity. All trastuzumab molecules in solution exhibit analogous behavior in their binary action towards HER2 regardless of the order of addition of trastuzumab/pertuzumab. This analogous behavior of all trastuzumab molecules, including biosimilars, highlights the robustness and consistency of their binding activity towards HER2. Furthermore, the addition of HER2 to a mixture of trastuzumab and pertuzumab leads to increased formation of high-order HER2 complexes, up to concentrations of one order of magnitude higher than in the case of sequential addition. The observed increase suggests a potential synergistic effect between these antibodies, which could enhance their therapeutic efficacy in HER2-positive cancers. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the complex interplay between therapeutic antibodies and their target antigens, providing valuable insights for the development of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Franco-Mateos
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Virginia Souza-Egipsy
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
| | | | - José Pérez-García
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Ridgewood, NJ 07450, USA
| | - María Gion
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Laia Garrigós
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
| | | | - Cristina Saavedra
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Patricia Gómez
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
| | - Víctor L. Cruz
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Javier Ramos
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Javier Cortés
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. Vega
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
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2
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Zhang H, Dalby PA. Stability Convergence in Antibody Coformulations. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4098-4110. [PMID: 36264768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Combined administration of antibody therapeutics has proven to be beneficial for patients with cancer or infectious diseases. As a result, there is a growing trend toward multiple antibodies premixed into a single product form and delivered to patients as a fixed-dose coformulation. However, combining antibodies into a single coformulation could be challenging as proteins have the potential to interact and alter their stability and degradation profiles in the mixture, compared to that in isolation. We show that in two specific antibody-antibody coformulations, the more stable antibody component increased the stability of the less stable component, which in return destabilized the more stable component, hence exhibiting an overall convergence of stability in the coformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, UCL, WC1E 6BTLondon, U.K.,EPSRC Future Targeted Healthcare Manufacturing Hub, UCL, WC1E 6BTLondon, U.K
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, UCL, WC1E 6BTLondon, U.K
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3
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Fan Y, Sun Z, Conrad F, Wen W, Zhao L, Lou J, Zhou Y, Farr-Jones S, Marks JD. Multicolor fluorescence activated cell sorting to generate humanized monoclonal antibody binding seven subtypes of BoNT/F. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273512. [PMID: 36048906 PMCID: PMC9436041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize multiple antigen variants is challenging. Here, we present a strategy to generate mAbs that bind seven subtypes of botulinum neurotoxin serotype F (BoNT/F) that differ from each other in amino acid sequence by up to 36%. Previously, we identified 28H4, a mouse mAb with poor cross-reactivity to BoNT/F1, F3, F4, and F6 and with no detectable binding to BoNT/F2, F5, or F7. Using multicolor labeling of the different BoNT/F subtypes and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of yeast displayed single-chain Fv (scFv) mutant libraries, 28H4 was evolved to a humanized mAb hu6F15.4 that bound each of seven BoNT/F subtypes with high affinity (KD 5.81 pM to 659.78 pM). In contrast, using single antigen FACS sorting, affinity was increased to the subtype used for sorting but with a decrease in affinity for other subtypes. None of the mAb variants showed any binding to other BoNT serotypes or to HEK293 or CHO cell lysates by flow cytometry, thus demonstrating stringent BoNT/F specificity. Multicolor FACS-mediated antibody library screening is thus proposed as a general method to generate multi-specific antibodies to protein subtypes such as toxins or species variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Zhengda Sun
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Fraser Conrad
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Weihua Wen
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Lequn Zhao
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jianlong Lou
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yu Zhou
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Shauna Farr-Jones
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - James D. Marks
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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4
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Tomic MT, Farr-Jones S, Syar ES, Niemuth N, Kobs D, Hackett MJ, Espinoza Y, Martinez Z, Pham K, Snow DM, Marks JD, Cobb RR. Neutralizing Concentrations of Anti-Botulinum Toxin Antibodies Positively Correlate with Mouse Neutralization Assay Results in a Guinea Pig Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:671. [PMID: 34564675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of the most toxic proteins known and can induce respiratory failure requiring long-term intensive care. Treatment of botulism includes the administration of antitoxins. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) hold considerable promise as BoNT therapeutics and prophylactics, due to their potency and safety. A three-mAb combination has been developed that specifically neutralizes BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A), and a separate three mAb combination has been developed that specifically neutralizes BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B). A six mAb cocktail, designated G03-52-01, has been developed that combines the anti-BoNT/A and anti-BoNT/B mAbs. The pharmacokinetics and neutralizing antibody concentration (NAC) of G03-52-01 has been determined in guinea pigs, and these parameters were correlated with protection against an inhalation challenge of BoNT/A1 or BoNT/B1. Previously, it was shown that each antibody demonstrated a dose-dependent mAb serum concentration and reached maximum circulating concentrations within 48 h after intramuscular (IM) or intraperitoneal (IP) injection and that a single IM injection of G03-52-01 administered 48 h pre-exposure protected guinea pigs against an inhalation challenge of up to 93 LD50s of BoNT/A1 and 116 LD50s of BoNT/B1. The data presented here advance our understanding of the relationship of the neutralizing NAC to the measured circulating antibody concentration and provide additional support that a single IM or intravenous (IV) administration of G03-52-01 will provide pre-exposure prophylaxis against botulism from an aerosol exposure of BoNT/A and BoNT/B.
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5
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Li Z, Lu JS, Liu S, Wang R, Xu Q, Yu YZ, Yang ZX. Recombinant L-HN Fusion Antigen Derived from the L and HN Domains of Botulinum Neurotoxin B Stimulates a Protective Antibody Response Against Active Neurotoxin. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1044-1053. [PMID: 33616873 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum in an anaerobic environment. BoNT is the most toxic protein among bacteria, animals, plants, and chemical substances reported to date. BoNTs are 150 kDa proteins composed of three major functional domains: catalytic (L domain, 50 kDa), translocation (HN domain, 50 kDa), and receptor-binding (Hc domain, 50 kDa) domains. Most studies have focused on the use of the Hc domain as an antigen because it is capable of generating robust protective immunity and contains some functional neutralizing epitopes. In the present study, we produced and characterized a recombinant L-HN fusion fragment of the parent BoNT/B (BL-HN) composed of L and HN domains with a deletion in the Hc domain (BHc). When the BL-HN protein was expressed in E. coli, it retained its stable structure and antigenicity. As a vaccine antigen, the recombinant BL-HN protein was found to induce sufficient protection against native BoNT/B in a mouse model. The BL-HN subunit vaccine could also induce a strong humoral immune response and generate sufficient neutralizing antibodies in immunized mice. Therefore, BL-HN may retain the native neurotoxin structure and critical epitopes responsible for inducing serum neutralizing antibodies. Studies of the dose-dependent immunoprotective effects further confirmed that the BL-HN antigen could provide potent protective immunity. This finding suggests that BL-HN can play an important role in immune protection against BoNT/B. Therefore, the BL-HN fusion fragment provides an excellent platform for the design of recombinant botulinum vaccines and neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.,Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shan Liu
- PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yun-Zhou Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhi-Xin Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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6
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Snow DM, Cobb RR, Martinez J, Finger-Baker I, Collins L, Terpening S, Syar ES, Niemuth N, Kobs D, Barnewall R, Farr-Jones S, Marks JD, Tomic MT. A Monoclonal Antibody Combination against both Serotypes A and B Botulinum Toxin Prevents Inhalational Botulism in a Guinea Pig Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:31. [PMID: 33466411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are extremely potent and can induce respiratory failure, requiring long-term intensive care to prevent death. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) hold considerable promise as BoNT therapeutics and prophylactics. In contrast, equine antitoxin cannot be used prophylactically and has a short half-life. Two three-mAb combinations are in development that specifically neutralize BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) and B (BoNT/B). The three-mAb combinations addressing a single serotype provided pre-exposure prophylaxis in the guinea pig inhalation model. A lyophilized co-formulation of six mAbs, designated G03-52-01, that addresses both A and B serotypes is in development. Here, we investigated the efficacy of G03-52-01 to protect guinea pigs against an aerosol exposure challenge of BoNT/A1 or BoNT/B1. Previously, it was found that each antibody demonstrated a dose-dependent exposure and reached maximum circulating concentrations within 48 h after intramuscular (IM) or intravenous (IV) injection. Here we show that G03-52-01, in a single IM injection of G03-52-01 administered 48 h pre-exposure, protected guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge of up to 238 LD50s of BoNT/A1 and 191 LD50s of BoNT/B1. These data suggest that a single IM administration of G03-52-01 provides pre-exposure prophylaxis against botulism from an aerosol exposure of BoNT/A1 or BoNT/B1.
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7
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Matsumura T, Amatsu S, Misaki R, Yutani M, Du A, Kohda T, Fujiyama K, Ikuta K, Fujinaga Y. Fully Human Monoclonal Antibodies Effectively Neutralizing Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050302. [PMID: 32392791 PMCID: PMC7291131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most potent natural toxin known. Of the seven BoNT serotypes (A to G), types A, B, E, and F cause human botulism. Treatment of human botulism requires the development of effective toxin-neutralizing antibodies without side effects such as serum sickness and anaphylaxis. In this study, we generated fully human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against serotype B BoNT (BoNT/B1) using a murine–human chimera fusion partner cell line named SPYMEG. Of these HuMAbs, M2, which specifically binds to the light chain of BoNT/B1, showed neutralization activity in a mouse bioassay (approximately 10 i.p. LD50/100 µg of antibody), and M4, which binds to the C-terminal of heavy chain, showed partial protection. The combination of two HuMAbs, M2 (1.25 µg) and M4 (1.25 µg), was able to completely neutralize BoNT/B1 (80 i.p. LD50) with a potency greater than 80 i.p. LD50/2.5 µg of antibodies, and was effective both prophylactically and therapeutically in the mouse model of botulism. Moreover, this combination showed broad neutralization activity against three type B subtypes, namely BoNT/B1, BoNT/B2, and BoNT/B6. These data demonstrate that the combination of M2 and M4 is promising in terms of a foundation for new human therapeutics for BoNT/B intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; (T.M.); (S.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sho Amatsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; (T.M.); (S.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ryo Misaki
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (R.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; (T.M.); (S.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Anariwa Du
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.D.); (K.I.)
| | - Tomoko Kohda
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Rinkuouraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (R.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikuta
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.D.); (K.I.)
- The Japan Science and Technology Agency/Japan International Cooperation Agency, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; (T.M.); (S.A.); (M.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-265-2200
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8
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Singh P, Roche A, van der Walle CF, Uddin S, Du J, Warwicker J, Pluen A, Curtis R. Determination of Protein-Protein Interactions in a Mixture of Two Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4775-4786. [PMID: 31613625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coformulation of monoclonal antibody (mAb) mixtures provides an attractive route to achieving therapeutic efficacy where the targeting of multiple epitopes is necessary. Controlling and predicting the behavior of such mixtures requires elucidating the molecular basis for the self- and cross-protein-protein interactions and how they depend on solution variables. While self-interactions are now beginning to be well understood, systematic studies of cross-interactions between mAbs in solution do not exist. Here, we have used static light scattering to measure the set of self- and cross-osmotic second virial coefficients in a solution containing a mixture of two mAbs, mAbA and mAbB, as a function of ionic strength and pH. mAbB exhibits strong association at a low ionic strength, which is attributed to an electrostatic attraction that is enhanced by the presence of a strong short-ranged attraction of nonelectrostatic origin. Under all solution conditions, the measured cross-interactions are intermediate self-interactions and follow similar patterns of behavior. There is a strong electrostatic attraction at higher pH values, reflecting the behavior of mAbB. Protein-protein interactions become more attractive with an increasing pH due to reducing the overall protein net charges, an effect that is attenuated with an increasing ionic strength due to the screening of electrostatic interactions. Under moderate ionic strength conditions, the reduced cross-virial coefficient, which reflects only the energetic contribution to protein-protein interactions, is given by a geometric average of the corresponding self-coefficients. We show the relationship can be rationalized using a patchy sphere model, where the interaction energy between sites i and j is given by the arithmetic mean of the i-i and j-j interactions. The geometric mean does not necessarily apply to all mAb mixtures and is expected to break down at a lower ionic strength due to the nonadditivity of electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Manchester Pharmacy School , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Aisling Roche
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science , University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher F van der Walle
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science , University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN , United Kingdom.,Dosage Form Design & Development , AstraZeneca , Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GH , United Kingdom
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Formulation Sciences CMC , Immunocore , Milton Park , Abingdon OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Jiali Du
- Dosage Form Design & Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg MD20878 , United States
| | - Jim Warwicker
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN , United Kingdom
| | - Alain Pluen
- Manchester Pharmacy School , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Robin Curtis
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science , University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN , United Kingdom
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9
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Snow DM, Riling K, Kimbler A, Espinoza Y, Wong D, Pham K, Martinez Z, Kraus CN, Conrad F, Garcia-Rodriguez C, Cobb RR, Marks JD, Tomic MT. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Four Monoclonal Antibody Combination Against Botulinum C and D Neurotoxins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019:AAC. [PMID: 31591130 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01270-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the most poisonous substance known. BoNTs are also classified as Tier 1 biothreat agents due to their high potency and lethality. The existence of seven BoNT serotypes (A-G), which differ between 35% to 68% in amino acid sequence, necessitates the development of serotype specific countermeasures. We present results of a Phase 1 clinical study of an anti-toxin to BoNT serotypes C and D, NTM-1634, which consists of an equimolar mixture of four fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), each binding to non-overlapping epitopes on BoNT serotypes C and D resulting in potent toxin neutralization in rodents. This first-in-human study evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of escalating doses of NTM-1634 administered intravenously to healthy adults (NCT03046550). Three cohorts of eight healthy subjects received a single intravenous dose of NTM-1634 or placebo at 0.33 mg/kg, 0.66 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg. Follow-up examinations and pharmacokinetic evaluations were continued up to 121 days post-infusion. Subjects were monitored using physical examinations, hematology and chemistry blood tests, and electrocardiograms. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods. The results demonstrated that the materials were safe and well-tolerated with the expected half-lives for human mAbs and with minimal anti-drug antibodies detected over the dose ranges and duration of the study.
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10
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Espinoza Y, Wong D, Ahene A, Der K, Martinez Z, Pham J, Cobb RR, Farr-Jones S, Marks JD, Tomic MT. Pharmacokinetics of Human Recombinant Anti-Botulinum Toxin Antibodies in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E345. [PMID: 31212950 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are potential biothreat agents due to their high lethality, potency, and ease of distribution, thus the development of antitoxins is a high priority to the US government. This study examined pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies in rats of four oligoclonal anti-BoNT mAb-based therapeutics (NTM-1631, NTM-1632, NTM-1633, NTM-1634) for five BoNT serotypes (A, B, E, C, and D). NTM-1631, NTM-1632, and NTM-1633 each consist of three IgG1 mAbs, each with a distinct human or humanized variable region which bind to distinct epitopes on BoNT serotype A, B, or E respectively. NTM-1634 consists of four human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) mAbs binding BoNT C/D mosaic toxins. The mechanism of these antitoxins requires that three antibodies simultaneously bind toxin to achieve rapid clearance. Rats (total 378) displayed no adverse clinical signs attributed to antibody treatment from any of the antitoxins. Pharmacokinetic evaluation demonstrated that the individual mAbs are slowly eliminated, exhibiting dose-dependent exposure and long elimination half-lives ranging from 6.5 days to 10 days. There were no consistent differences observed between males and females or among the individual antibodies in each formulation in half-life. Anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were observed, as expected for human antibodies administered to rats. The results presented were used to support the clinical investigation of antibody-based botulism antitoxins.
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11
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Tomic MT, Espinoza Y, Martinez Z, Pham K, Cobb RR, Snow DM, Earnhart CG, Pals T, Syar ES, Niemuth N, Kobs DJ, Farr-Jones S, Marks JD. Monoclonal Antibody Combinations Prevent Serotype A and Serotype B Inhalational Botulism in a Guinea Pig Model. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E208. [PMID: 30959899 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of the most toxic proteins known, with a human LD50 of ~1 ng/kg. Equine antitoxin has a half-life in circulation of less than 1 day and is limited to a treatment rather than a prevention indication. The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may represent an alternative therapeutic option that can be produced at high quantities and of high quality and with half-lives of >10 days. Two different three mAb combinations are being developed that specifically neutralize BoNT serotypes A (BoNT/A) and B (BoNT/B). We investigated the pharmacokinetics of the anti-BoNT/A and anti-BoNT/B antibodies in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and their ability to protect guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge of BoNT/A1 or BoNT/B1. Each antibody exhibited dose-dependent exposure and reached maximum circulating concentrations within 48 h post intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection. A single intramuscular dose of the three mAb combination protected guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge dose of 93 LD50 of BoNT/A1 and 116 LD50 of BoNT/B1 at 48 h post antibody administration. These mAbs are effective in preventing botulism after an aerosol challenge of BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 and may represent an alternative to vaccination to prevent type A or B botulism in those at risk of BoNT exposure.
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Wijesuriya SD, Pongo E, Tomic M, Zhang F, Garcia-Rodriquez C, Conrad F, Farr-Jones S, Marks JD, Horwitz AH. Antibody engineering to improve manufacturability. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 149:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Li M, Lee D, Obi CR, Freeberg JK, Farr-Jones S, Tomic MT. An ambient temperature-stable antitoxin of nine co-formulated antibodies for botulism caused by serotypes A, B and E. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197011. [PMID: 29746518 PMCID: PMC5944936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective antitoxins to treat and prevent botulism are needed for biodefense. We have developed recombinant antibody-based therapeutics for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B, and E. The mechanism of action of this antitoxin requires that three mAbs bind one toxin molecule to achieve clearance. Here we present a co-formulation of an antitoxin to the three most important serotypes. Combining these antibodies obviates the need to identify the serotype causing intoxication prior to drug administration, which would facilitate administration. The lyophilized powder formulation contains nine mAbs, three mAbs for each of the three serotypes (A, B, E). The formulation was stored as a liquid and lyophilized powder for up to one year, and characterized by binding affinity and multiple physicochemical methods. No significant increase in soluble higher order aggregates, cleavage products, or change in charge isoforms was measured after storage as a lyophilized powder at 50°C for one year. Furthermore, toxin-domain binding ELISA data indicated that each of the individual antibodies in the lyophilized drug product showed essentially full binding capability to their respective toxin domains after being stored at 50°C for one year. Physicochemical characterization of the formulation demonstrated the nine individual mAbs were remarkably stable. This work demonstrates feasibility of lyophilized, oligoclonal antibody therapies for biodefense with ambient temperature stability, that would facilitate stockpiling, distribution, and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Li
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Dennis Lee
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Chidi R. Obi
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Shauna Farr-Jones
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Milan T. Tomic
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Diamant E, Pass A, Rosen O, Ben David A, Torgeman A, Barnea A, Tal A, Rosner A, Zichel R. A Novel Rabbit Spirometry Model of Type E Botulism and Its Use for the Evaluation of Postsymptom Antitoxin Efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02379-17. [PMID: 29437616 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02379-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most poisonous substances known in nature, pose significant concern to health authorities. The only approved therapeutic for botulism is antitoxin. While administered to patients only after symptom onset, antitoxin efficacy is evaluated in animals mostly in relation to time postintoxication regardless of symptoms. This is most likely due to the difficulty in measuring early symptoms of botulism in animals. In this study, a rabbit spirometry model was developed to quantify early respiratory symptoms of type E botulism that were further used as a trigger for treatment. Impaired respiration, in the form of a reduced minute volume, was detected as early as 18.1 ± 2.9 h after intramuscular exposure to 2 rabbit 50% lethal doses (LD50) of BoNT serotype E (BoNT/E), preceding any visible symptoms. All rabbits treated with antitoxin immediately following symptom onset survived. Postsymptom antitoxin efficacy was further evaluated in relation to toxin and antitoxin dosages as well as delayed antitoxin administration. Our system enabled us to demonstrate, for the first time, full antitoxin protection of animals treated with antitoxin after the onset of objective and quantitative type E botulism symptoms. This model may be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of antitoxins for additional serotypes of BoNT as well as that of next-generation anti-BoNT drugs that enter affected cells and act when antitoxin is no longer effective.
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Garcia-Rodriguez C, Razai A, Geren IN, Lou J, Conrad F, Wen WH, Farr-Jones S, Smith TJ, Brown JL, Skerry JC, Smith LA, Marks JD. A Three Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes Multiple Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E Subtypes. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E105. [PMID: 29494481 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human botulism is most commonly caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B, and E. For this work, we sought to develop a human monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based antitoxin capable of binding and neutralizing multiple subtypes of BoNT/E. Libraries of yeast-displayed single chain Fv (scFv) antibodies were created from the heavy and light chain variable region genes of humans immunized with pentavalent-toxoid- and BoNT/E-binding scFv isolated by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). A total of 10 scFv were isolated that bound one or more BoNT/E subtypes with nanomolar-level equilibrium dissociation constants (KD). By diversifying the V-regions of the lead mAbs and selecting for cross-reactivity, we generated three scFv that bound all four BoNT/E subtypes tested at three non-overlapping epitopes. The scFvs were converted to IgG that had KD values for the different BoNT/E subtypes ranging from 9.7 nM to 2.28 pM. An equimolar combination of the three mAbs was able to potently neutralize BoNT/E1, BoNT/E3, and BoNT/E4 in a mouse neutralization assay. The mAbs have potential utility as therapeutics and as diagnostics capable of recognizing multiple BoNT/E subtypes. A derivative of the three-antibody combination (NTM-1633) is in pre-clinical development with an investigational new drug (IND) application filing expected in 2018.
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Fan Y, Garcia-Rodriguez C, Lou J, Wen W, Conrad F, Zhai W, Smith TJ, Smith LA, Marks JD. A three monoclonal antibody combination potently neutralizes multiple botulinum neurotoxin serotype F subtypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174187. [PMID: 28323873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human botulism is primarily caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B and E, with around 1% caused by serotype F (BoNT/F). BoNT/F comprises at least seven different subtypes with the amino acid sequence difference between subtypes as high as 36%. The sequence differences present a significant challenge for generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can bind, detect and neutralize all BoNT/F subtypes. We used repertoire cloning of immune mouse antibody variable (V) regions and yeast display to generate a panel of 33 lead single chain Fv (scFv) mAbs that bound one or more BoNT/F subtypes with a median equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 4.06 × 10-9 M. By diversifying the V-regions of the lead mAbs and selecting for cross reactivity we generated five mAbs that bound each of the seven subtypes. Three scFv binding non-overlapping epitopes were converted to IgG that had KD for the different BoNT/F subtypes ranging from 2.2×10-8 M to 1.47×10-12 pM. An equimolar combination of the mAbs was able to potently neutralize BoNT/F1, F2, F4 and F7 in the mouse neutralization assay. The mAbs have potential utility as diagnostics capable of recognizing the known BoNT/F subtypes and could be developed as antitoxins to prevent and treat type F botulism.
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Fan Y, Barash JR, Lou J, Conrad F, Marks JD, Arnon SS. Immunological Characterization and Neutralizing Ability of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type H. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1606-14. [PMID: 26936913 PMCID: PMC4837907 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only Clostridium botulinum strain IBCA10-7060 produces the recently described novel botulinum neurotoxin type H (BoNT/H). BoNT/H (N-terminal two-thirds most homologous to BoNT/F and C-terminal one-third most homologous to BoNT/A) requires antitoxin to toxin ratios ≥1190:1 for neutralization by existing antitoxins. Hence, more potent and safer antitoxins against BoNT/H are needed. METHODS We therefore evaluated our existing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to BoNT/A and BoNT/F for BoNT/H binding, created yeast-displayed mutants to select for higher-affinity-binding mAbs by using flow cytometry, and evaluated the mAbs' ability to neutralize BoNT/H in the standard mouse bioassay. RESULTS Anti-BoNT/A HCC-binding mAbs RAZ1 and CR2 bound BoNT/H with high affinity. However, only 1 of 6 BoNT/F mAbs (4E17.2A) bound BoNT/H but with an affinity >800-fold lower (equilibrium dissociation binding constant [KD] = 7.56 × 10(-8)M) than its BoNT/F affinity (KD= 9.1 × 10(-11)M), indicating that the N-terminal two-thirds of BoNT/H is immunologically unique. The affinity of 4E17.2A for BoNT/H was increased >500-fold to KD= 1.48 × 10(-10)M (mAb 4E17.2D). A combination of mAbs RAZ1, CR2, and 4E17.2D completely protected mice challenged with 280 mouse median lethal doses of BoNT/H at a mAb dose as low as 5 µg of total antibody. CONCLUSIONS This 3-mAb combination potently neutralized BoNT/H and represents a potential human antitoxin that could be developed for the prevention and treatment of type H botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Jason R Barash
- Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond
| | - Jianlong Lou
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Fraser Conrad
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Stephen S Arnon
- Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond
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Cheng LW, Henderson TD, Lam TI, Stanker LH. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Sensitive Detection and Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5068-78. [PMID: 26633496 PMCID: PMC4690113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of nature’s most potent toxins. Due to potential food contamination, and bioterrorism concerns, the development of detection reagents, therapeutics and countermeasures are of urgent interest. Recently, we have developed a sensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassay for BoNT/B, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) MCS6-27 and anti-BoNT/B rabbit polyclonal antibodies as the capture and detector. The ECL assay detected as little as 1 pg/mL BoNT/B in the buffer matrix, surpassing the detection sensitivities of the gold standard mouse bioassays. The ECL assay also allowed detection of BoNT/B in sera matrices of up to 100% sera with negligible matrix effects. This highly-sensitive assay allowed the determination of the biological half-lives of BoNT/B holotoxin in vivo. We further tested the toxin neutralization potential of our monoclonal antibodies using the mouse systemic and oral intoxication models. A combination of mAbs protected mice in both pre- and post-exposure models to lethal doses of BoNT/B. MAbs were capable of increasing survival of animals when administered even 10 h post-intoxication in an oral model, suggesting a likely time for BoNT/B complexes to reach the blood stream. More sensitive detection assays and treatments against BoNT intoxication will greatly enhance efforts to combat botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Thomas D Henderson
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Tina I Lam
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Miethe S, Rasetti-Escargueil C, Avril A, Liu Y, Chahboun S, Korkeala H, Mazuet C, Popoff MR, Pelat T, Thullier P, Sesardic D, Hust M. Development of Human-Like scFv-Fc Neutralizing Botulinum Neurotoxin E. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139905. [PMID: 26440796 PMCID: PMC4595074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are considered to be the most toxic substances known on earth and are responsible for human botulism, a life-threatening disease characterized by flaccid muscle paralysis that occurs naturally by food-poisoning or colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by BoNT-producing clostridia. BoNTs have been classified as category A agent by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and are listed among the six agents with the highest risk to be used as bioweapons. Neutralizing antibodies are required for the development of effective anti-botulism therapies to deal with the potential risk of exposure. Results In this study, a macaque (Macaca fascicularis) was immunized with recombinant light chain of BoNT/E3 and an immune phage display library was constructed. After a multi-step panning, several antibody fragments (scFv, single chain fragment variable) with nanomolar affinities were isolated, that inhibited the endopeptidase activity of pure BoNT/E3 in vitro by targeting its light chain. Furthermore, three scFv were confirmed to neutralize BoNT/E3 induced paralysis in an ex vivo mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm assay. The most effective neutralization (20LD50/mL, BoNT/E3) was observed with scFv ELC18, with a minimum neutralizing concentration at 0.3 nM. Furthermore, ELC18 was highly effective in vivo when administered as an scFv-Fc construct. Complete protection of 1LD50 BoNT/E3 was observed with 1.6 ng/dose in the mouse flaccid paralysis assay. Conclusion These scFv-Fcs antibodies are the first recombinant antibodies neutralizing BoNT/E by targeting its light chain. The human-like nature of the isolated antibodies is predicting a good tolerance for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Miethe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Rasetti-Escargueil
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Avril
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), Département de Microbiologie, Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, B.P. 87, 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Yvonne Liu
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Siham Chahboun
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), Département de Microbiologie, Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, B.P. 87, 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Microbial Food Safety Research, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), 00014 Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 avenue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Michel-Robert Popoff
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 avenue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), Département de Microbiologie, Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, B.P. 87, 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), Département de Microbiologie, Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, B.P. 87, 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Fan Y, Dong J, Lou J, Wen W, Conrad F, Geren IN, Garcia-Rodriguez C, Smith TJ, Smith LA, Ho M, Pires-Alves M, Wilson BA, Marks JD. Monoclonal Antibodies that Inhibit the Proteolytic Activity of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype/B. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3405-23. [PMID: 26343720 PMCID: PMC4591640 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing antibodies (Abs) used to treat botulism cannot enter the cytosol of neurons and bind to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) at its site of action, and thus cannot reverse paralysis. However, Abs targeting the proteolytic domain of the toxin could inhibit the proteolytic activity of the toxin intracellularly and potentially reverse intoxication, if they could be delivered intracellularly. As such, antibodies that neutralize toxin activity could serve as potent inhibitory cargos for therapeutic antitoxins against botulism. BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B) contains a zinc endopeptidase light chain (LC) domain that cleaves synaoptobrevin-2, a SNARE protein responsible for vesicle fusion and acetylcholine vesicle release. To generate monoclonal Abs (mAbs) that could reverse paralysis, we targeted the protease domain for Ab generation. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries from immunized mice or humans were displayed on yeast, and 19 unique BoNT/B LC-specific mAbs isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of these mAbs for BoNT/B LC ranged from 0.24 nM to 14.3 nM (mean KD 3.27 nM). Eleven mAbs inhibited BoNT/B LC proteolytic activity. The fine epitopes of selected mAbs were identified by alanine-scanning mutagenesis, revealing that inhibitory mAbs bound near the active site, substrate-binding site or the extended substrate-binding site. The results provide mAbs that could prove useful for intracellular reversal of paralysis and identify epitopes that could be targeted by small molecules inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Jianbo Dong
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Jianlong Lou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Weihua Wen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Fraser Conrad
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Isin N Geren
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Consuelo Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Theresa J Smith
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Leonard A Smith
- Medical Countermeasures Technology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Melissa Pires-Alves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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Diamant E, Torgeman A, Ozeri E, Zichel R. Monoclonal Antibody Combinations that Present Synergistic Neutralizing Activity: A Platform for Next-Generation Anti-Toxin Drugs. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1854-81. [PMID: 26035486 PMCID: PMC4488679 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7061854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are among the fastest-growing therapeutics and are being developed for a broad range of indications, including the neutralization of toxins, bacteria and viruses. Nevertheless, MAbs potency is still relatively low when compared to conventional polyclonal Ab preparations. Moreover, the efficacy of an individual neutralizing MAb may significantly be hampered by the potential absence or modification of its target epitope in a mutant or subtype of the infectious agent. These limitations of individual neutralizing MAbs can be overcome by using oligoclonal combinations of several MAbs with different specificities to the target antigen. Studies conducted in our lab and by others show that such combined MAb preparation may present substantial synergy in its potency over the calculated additive potency of its individual MAb components. Moreover, oligoclonal preparation is expected to be better suited to compensating for reduced efficacy due to epitope variation. In this review, the synergistic neutralization properties of combined oligoclonal Ab preparations are described. The effect of Ab affinity, autologous Fc fraction, and targeting a critical number of epitopes, as well as the unexpected contribution of non-neutralizing clones to the synergistic neutralizing effect are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Diamant
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel.
| | - Amram Torgeman
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel.
| | - Eyal Ozeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel.
| | - Ran Zichel
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel.
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Mukherjee J, Dmitriev I, Debatis M, Tremblay JM, Beamer G, Kashentseva EA, Curiel DT, Shoemaker CB. Prolonged prophylactic protection from botulism with a single adenovirus treatment promoting serum expression of a VHH-based antitoxin protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106422. [PMID: 25170904 PMCID: PMC4149568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for most acute toxin exposures are limited to administration of polyclonal antitoxin serum. We have shown that VHH-based neutralizing agents (VNAs) consisting of two or more linked, toxin-neutralizing heavy-chain-only VH domains (VHHs), each binding distinct epitopes, can potently protect animals from lethality in several intoxication models including Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A1 (BoNT/A1). Appending a 14 amino acid albumin binding peptide (ABP) to an anti-BoNT/A1 heterodimeric VNA (H7/B5) substantially improved serum stability and resulted in an effective VNA serum half-life of 1 to 2 days. A recombinant, replication-incompetent, adenoviral vector (Ad/VNA-BoNTA) was engineered that induces secretion of biologically active VNA, H7/B5/ABP (VNA-BoNTA), from transduced cells. Mice administered a single dose of Ad/VNA-BoNTA, or a different Ad/VNA, via different administration routes led to a wide range of VNA serum levels measured four days later; generally intravenous > intraperitoneal > intramuscular > subcutaneous. Ad/VNA-BoNTA treated mice were 100% protected from 10 LD50 of BoNT/A1 for more than six weeks and protection positively correlated with serum levels of VNA-BoNTA exceeding about 5 ng/ml. Some mice developed antibodies that inhibited VNA binding to target but these mice displayed no evidence of kidney damage due to deposition of immune complexes. Mice were also successfully protected from 10 LD50 BoNT/A1 when Ad/VNA-BoNTA was administered up to 1.5 hours post-intoxication, demonstrating rapid appearance of the protective VNA in serum following treatment. Genetic delivery of VNAs promises to be an effective method of providing prophylactic protection and/or acute treatments for many toxin-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Igor Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle Debatis
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David T. Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nayak SU, Griffiss JM, McKenzie R, Fuchs EJ, Jurao RA, An AT, Ahene A, Tomic M, Hendrix CW, Zenilman JM. Safety and pharmacokinetics of XOMA 3AB, a novel mixture of three monoclonal antibodies against botulinum toxin A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5047-53. [PMID: 24913160 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02830-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A is a category A bioterrorism agent. Current antitoxin therapies are scarce and produce adverse reactions. XOMA 3AB consists of 3 IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), each with a distinct human or humanized variable region, which bind to distinct epitopes on botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. This first-in-human study evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of escalating doses of XOMA 3AB administered intravenously (i.v.) to healthy adults. In this double-blind placebo-controlled dose escalation study, 3 cohorts of 8 healthy subjects received a single intravenous dose of XOMA 3AB or placebo at a 3:1 ratio. Follow-up examinations included physical examinations, hematology and chemistry blood tests, electrocardiograms, and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods. There were no infusion discontinuations or hypersensitivity reactions. Two or more subjects experienced headache, hyperglycemia, or anemia; none was dose related. All adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate except for an episode of exercise-induced elevation of a subject's creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level, unrelated to XOMA 3AB. Concentration-time plots demonstrated a peak in MAb concentrations 1 to 2 h after completion of the infusion, after which the levels declined in a biexponential decay pattern for all analytes. For each MAb, the maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity (AUCinf) increased as the dose increased. Clearance of the humanized mouse MAb was more rapid than that of the two fully human MAbs, particularly at the lowest dose. None of the MAbs was immunogenic. At the doses administered, XOMA 3AB was well tolerated. These safety findings support further investigation of XOMA 3AB as a potential agent for botulism treatment and postexposure prophylaxis. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01357213.).
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Diamant E, Lachmi BE, Keren A, Barnea A, Marcus H, Cohen S, David AB, Zichel R. Evaluating the synergistic neutralizing effect of anti-botulinum oligoclonal antibody preparations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87089. [PMID: 24475231 PMCID: PMC3903612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are considered some of the most lethal known substances. There are seven botulinum serotypes, of which types A, B and E cause most human botulism cases. Anti-botulinum polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) are currently used for both detection and treatment of the disease. However, significant improvements in immunoassay specificity and treatment safety may be made using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). In this study, we present an approach for the simultaneous generation of highly specific and neutralizing MAbs against botulinum serotypes A, B, and E in a single process. The approach relies on immunization of mice with a trivalent mixture of recombinant C-terminal fragment (Hc) of each of the three neurotoxins, followed by a parallel differential robotic hybridoma screening. This strategy enabled the cloning of seven to nine MAbs against each serotype. The majority of the MAbs possessed higher anti-botulinum ELISA titers than anti-botulinum PAbs and had up to five orders of magnitude greater specificity. When tested for their potency in mice, neutralizing MAbs were obtained for all three serotypes and protected against toxin doses of 10 MsLD50-500 MsLD50. A strong synergistic effect of up to 400-fold enhancement in the neutralizing activity was observed when serotype-specific MAbs were combined. Furthermore, the highly protective oligoclonal combinations were as potent as a horse-derived PAb pharmaceutical preparation. Interestingly, MAbs that failed to demonstrate individual neutralizing activity were observed to make a significant contribution to the synergistic effect in the oligoclonal preparation. Together, the trivalent immunization strategy and differential screening approach enabled us to generate highly specific MAbs against each of the A, B, and E BoNTs. These new MAbs may possess diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Diamant
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Bat-El Lachmi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Keren
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ada Barnea
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shoshana Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Alon Ben David
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ran Zichel
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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Mahrhold S, Strotmeier J, Garcia-Rodriguez C, Lou J, Marks JD, Rummel A, Binz T. Identification of the SV2 protein receptor-binding site of botulinum neurotoxin type E. Biochem J 2013; 453:37-47. [PMID: 23621114 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20130391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The highly specific binding and uptake of BoNTs (botulinum neurotoxins; A-G) into peripheral cholinergic motoneurons turns them into the most poisonous substances known. Interaction with gangliosides accumulates the neurotoxins on the plasma membrane and binding to a synaptic vesicle membrane protein leads to neurotoxin endocytosis. SV2 (synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2) mediates the uptake of BoNT/A and /E, whereas Syt (synaptotagmin) is responsible for the endocytosis of BoNT/B and /G. The Syt-binding site of the former was identified by co-crystallization and mutational analyses. In the present study we report the identification of the SV2-binding interface of BoNT/E. Mutations interfering with SV2 binding were located at a site that corresponds to the Syt-binding site of BoNT/B and at an extended surface area located on the back of the conserved ganglioside-binding site, comprising the N- and C-terminal half of the BoNT/E-binding domain. Mutations impairing the affinity also reduced the neurotoxicity of full-length BoNT/E at mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparations demonstrating the crucial role of the identified binding interface. Furthermore, we show that a monoclonal antibody neutralizes BoNT/E activity because it directly interferes with the BoNT/E-SV2 interaction. The results of the present study suggest a novel mode of binding for BoNTs that exploit SV2 as a cell surface receptor.
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