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El Kamari F, El Omari H, El-Mouhdi K, Chlouchi A, Harmouzi A, Lhilali I, El Amrani J, Zahouani C, Hajji Z, Ousaaid D. Effects of Different Solvents on the Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant, and Antifungal Activities of Micromeria graeca L. from Middle Atlas of Morocco. Biochem Res Int 2024; 2024:9027997. [PMID: 38440065 PMCID: PMC10911884 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9027997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Micromeria graeca L. is a dense chemical source of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, which have various health-related properties. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of different extractor solvents on phenol and flavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant and antifungal activities of different extracts. Initially, three extractor solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate, and water) were used to prepare the Soxhlet extracts, which were then examined for their polyphenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant potential using three complementary assays (DPPH, FRAP, and TAC). The antifungal capacity against the two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) was performed using the method of diffusion on disc. The dosage of phytochemical compounds revealed that the highest values were established in water extract with values of 360 ± 22.1 mg GAE/g dry weight plant and 81.3 ± 21.2 mg RE/g dry weight plant for TPC and TFC, respectively. In addition, the strongest antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and FRAP assays was established in water extract with IC50 values of 0.33 ± 0.23 and 0.23 ± 0.12 mg/mL, respectively, while the methanol extract showed the best antioxidant activity as measured by TAC with an IC50 of 483 ± 17.6 mg GAEq/g dry weight plant. The water extract recorded the most important antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an inhibition zone of 16 ± 1.6 mm and MFC = 500 μg/mL, whereas ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest activity against both studied fungi strains. Micromeria graeca L. contains considerable amounts of bioactive contents with high antioxidant and antifungal potentials, which may make it a promising source of antioxidants and natural antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima El Kamari
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences Dhar EL Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Hajar El Omari
- Natural Resources Management and Development Team, Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Healthcare Techniques, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Karima El-Mouhdi
- Natural Resources Management and Development Team, Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Healthcare Techniques, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Amina Chlouchi
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
- National Higher School of Chemistry, IUT, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Anjoud Harmouzi
- Agrophysiology, Biotechnology, Environment and Quality Laboratory, Sciences Faculty, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ilham Lhilali
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Jihane El Amrani
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Healthcare Techniques, Fez, Morocco
| | - Chadia Zahouani
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Economics of Sustainable Development, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larach, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Zouhair Hajji
- Economics and Management, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Driss Ousaaid
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences Dhar EL Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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Elbouny H, Ouahzizi B, Bekkouch O, Bennani A, Amrani S, Ramchoun M, Sellam K, Alem C. Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine Aqueous Extract Exerts Lipid-lowering and Anti-atherosclerotic Effects in Hyperlipidemic Guinea Pigs. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:256-262. [PMID: 38038002 DOI: 10.2174/011871529x270863231123063744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine (T. atlanticus) is traditionally used in the Moroccan high Atlas Mountains to treat several disorders, including cardiovascular disease. In the present study, the lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic activities of the traditionally used aqueous extract of T. atlanticus were evaluated on guinea pigs subjected to chronic hyperlipidemia. METHODS Animals were given a diet containing 2% cholesterol and 20% lard for 12 weeks. Moreover, thyme extract was given daily at 400 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, lipid levels and paraoxonase arylesterase activity were measured, and aorta histology was studied. RESULTS Our findings revealed that there was an important elevation of blood lipids in the HFD group along with a significant decrease in paraoxonase arylesterase activity (-40.06%). Moreover, the consumption of fat altered the histology of aorta by thickening the intima media and forming atherosclerotic lesions and foam cells in these tissues. However, the administration of thyme extract attenuated HFD-caused alterations by decreasing blood lipids, elevating paraoxonase activity (+24.04%), and limiting the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSION We conclude that the supplementation with the aqueous extract of T. atlanticus could potentially protect against hyperlipidemia and consequently, the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Elbouny
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Brahim Ouahzizi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Oussama Bekkouch
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Amal Bennani
- Anatomopathology Department, University Mohamed VI Hospital, Mohamed First University Oujda, Oujda
| | - Souliman Amrani
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Sellam
- Laboratory of Bioactives, Health, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Chakib Alem
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
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Elbatreek MH, Fathi AM, Mahdi I, Abdelfattah MAO, Mahmoud MF, Sobeh M. Thymus satureioides Coss. combats oral ulcer via inhibition of inflammation, proteolysis, and apoptosis. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2557-2570. [PMID: 37477794 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Oral ulcer is a frequent condition that commonly affects the tongue and in which 75% of the patients experience pain, and 25% report taste changes. The available therapies are not sufficiently effective for rapid and complete healing of tongue ulcers. We previously annotated the metabolites of Thymus satureioides (TS) aerial parts and reported their antioxidant, dermacosmeceutical and hepatoprotective properties. In this study, we performed in silico analysis, by applying network pharmacology and molecular docking, followed by experimental validation of the effect of local application of T. satureioides (TS) gel at two different concentrations on the healing of acetic-acid-induced tongue ulcer in rats. Salvianolic acid A, phloretic acid caffeate, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and luteolin were the top bioactive ingredients of TS extract. Network pharmacology showed that the most relevant targets of these active constituents were TLR4, COX-2, MMP-9, TNF-α, and Caspase-3. Molecular docking showed that rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid had a relatively strong binding affinity, compared to the other compounds, toward all the target proteins. Experimental validation in tongue ulcer model in rats and immunohistochemistry experiments showed that application of a gel containing TS extract (5 and 10%) was effective in healing the tongue ulcer via downregulation of COX-2, TNF-α, MMP-9, and Caspase-3. This study suggests that T. satureioides extract could act as a topical treatment for tongue ulcers by combating inflammation, apoptosis, and proteolysis. The possible treatment potential of some constituents including rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid in oral ulcerations awaits further investigations to confirm their potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Fathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ismail Mahdi
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed A O Abdelfattah
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, 54200, Kuwait
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
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Mahdi I, Fahsi N, Annaz H, Drissi B, Barakate M, Mahmoud MF, Sobeh M. Thymus satureioides Coss.: Mineral Composition, Nutritional Value, Phytochemical Profiling, and Dermatological Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:4636. [PMID: 37375191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaitra, Thymus satureioides, is an aromatic plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. In this study, we assessed the mineral composition, nutritional value, phytocontents, and dermatological properties of the aerial parts of T. satureioides. The plant contained high contents of calcium and iron, moderate levels of magnesium, manganese, and zinc, and low contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and copper. It is rich in several amino acids, including asparagine, 4-hydroxyproline, isoleucine, and leucine, and the essential amino acids account for 60.8%. The extract contains considerable amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids (TPC = 118.17 mg GAE/g extract and TFC = 32.32 mg quercetin/g extract). It also comprises 46 secondary metabolites, identified through LC-MS/MS analysis, belonging to phenolic acids, chalcones, and flavonoids. The extract elicited pronounced antioxidant activities, inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa (MIC = 50 mg/mL), and reduced biofilm formation by up to 35.13% using the ¼ sub-MIC of 12.5 mg/mL. Moreover, bacterial extracellular proteins and exopolysaccharides were diminished by 46.15% and 69.04%, respectively. Likewise, the swimming of the bacterium was impaired (56.94% decrease) in the presence of the extract. In silico, skin permeability and sensitization effects revealed that out of the 46 identified compounds, 33 were predicted to be exempt from any skin sensitivity risk (Human Sensitizer Score ≤ 0.5), while extensive skin permeabilities were observed (Log Kp = -3.35--11.98 cm/s). This study provides scientific evidence about the pronounced activities of T. satureioides, supports its traditional uses, and promotes its utilization in the development of new drugs, food supplements, and dermatological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Mahdi
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Nidal Fahsi
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Hassan Annaz
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Badreddine Drissi
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Barakate
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, AgroSciences and Environment, CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°4, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
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Nadi A, Shiravi AA, Mohammadi Z, Aslani A, Zeinalian M. Thymus vulgaris, a natural pharmacy against COVID-19: A molecular review. J Herb Med 2023; 38:100635. [PMID: 36718131 PMCID: PMC9877322 DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction A worldwide pandemic infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a deadly disease called COVID-19. Interaction of the virus and the Angiotensin converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor leads to an inflammatory-induced tissue damage. Thymus vulgaris L. (TvL) is a plant with a long history in traditional medicine that has antimicrobial, antiseptic, and antiviral properties. Thymol and Carvacrol are two important biological components in Thyme that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This study is a molecular review on the potential effects of TvL and its active compounds on SARS-COV2 infection. Method This is a narrative review in which using PubMed, Scopus, ISI, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Google scholar, and Arxiv preprint databases, the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic and protective effects of TvL and its active compounds have been discussed regarding the molecular pathogenesis in COVID-19. Results Thyme could suppress TNF-alpha, IL-6, and other inflammatory cytokines. It also enhances the anti-inflammatory cytokines like TGF-beta and IL-10. Thyme extract acts also as an inhibitor of cytokines IL-1-beta and IL-8, at both mRNA and protein levels. Thymol may also control the progression of neuro-inflammation toward neurological disease by reducing some factors. Thyme and its active ingredients, especially Thymol and Carvacrol, have also positive effects on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and intestinal microbiota. Conclusions Accordingly, TvL and its bioactive components may prevent COVID-19 complications and has a potential protective role against the deleterious consequences of the disease.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme II
- ACEIs, ACE inhibitors
- ALI, acute lung injury
- ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- AT1R, angiotensin II receptor type 1
- AngII, angiotensin II
- BALF, brochalveolar lavage fluid
- COVID-19
- CVD, cardio vascular disease
- IL, Interleukin
- Infection
- RAS, renin-angiotensin system
- SARS-COV2
- TGF-β, Transforming growth factor beta
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Th, T helper
- Thyme
- Thymus vulgaris L
- Treatment
- TvL, Thymus vulgaris L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nadi
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Shiravi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amin Aslani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Zeinalian
- Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Iranian Cancer Control and Prevention Center (MACSA), Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding author at: Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Martins-Gomes C, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Modulation of Cell Death Pathways for Cellular Protection and Anti-Tumoral Activity: The Role of Thymus spp. Extracts and Their Bioactive Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021691. [PMID: 36675206 PMCID: PMC9864824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products used for their health-promoting properties have accompanied the evolution of humanity. Nowadays, as an effort to scientifically validate the health-promoting effects described by traditional medicine, an ever-growing number of bioactivities are being described for natural products and the phytochemicals that constitute them. Among them, medicinal plants and more specifically the Thymus genus spp., arise as products already present in the diet and with high acceptance, that are a source of phytochemicals with high pharmacological value. Phenolic acids, flavonoid glycoside derivatives, and terpenoids from Thymus spp. have been described for their ability to modulate cell death and survival pathways, much-valued bioactivities in the pharmaceutical industry, that continually sought-after new formulations to prevent undesired cell death or to control cell proliferation. Among these, wound treatment, protection from endogenous/exogenous toxic molecules, or the induction of selective cell death, such as the search for new anti-tumoral agents, arise as main objectives. This review summarizes and discusses studies on Thymus spp., as well as on compounds present in their extracts, with regard to their health-promoting effects involving the modulation of cell death or survival signaling pathways. In addition, studies regarding the main bioactive molecules and their cellular molecular targets were also reviewed. Concerning cell survival and proliferation, Thymus spp. present themselves as an option for new formulations designed for wound healing and protection against chemicals-induced toxicity. However, Thymus spp. extracts and some of their compounds regulate cell death, presenting anti-tumoral activity. Therefore Thymus spp. is a rich source of compounds with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lab, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lab, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-921
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Gourich AA, Bencheikh N, Bouhrim M, Regragui M, Rhafouri R, Drioiche A, Asbabou A, Remok F, Mouradi A, Addi M, Hano C, Zair T. Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales. Chemistry 2022; 4:1775-1788. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants represent an inexhaustible source of traditional and effective remedies thanks to the various active ingredients they contain. Secondary metabolites present in plant extracts, such as essential oils (EO), have remarkable pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial effects. Here, the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of four Moroccan medicinal plants, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (R. officinalis), Mentha pulegium L. (M. pulegium), Salvia officinalis L. (S. officinalis), and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales (T. zygis), traditionally used in Morocco to treat microbial infections, were addressed. EO were extracted using the hydrodistillation method, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). EO yields were of 3.64 ± 0.12, 3.53 ± 0.06, 2.48 ± 0.06, and 2.34 ± 0.08%, respectively, for M. pulegium, R. officinalis, S. officinalis, and T. zygis. The main bioactive components present in these EO were piperitenone (32.9%) and pulegone (32.8%) for M. pulegium, 1,8-cineol (43.8%) and camphor (18.7%) for R. officinalis, 1,8-cineole (16.8%) and trans-thujone (15.9%) for S. officinalis, and thymol (36.4%), carvacrol (24.1%) and cymene (23.5%) for T. zygis. These EO showed, according to the results of their antimicrobial activities, good effectiveness against bacteria and fungi. Moreover, the T. zygis EO showed the most potent activity against all bacteria studied, while that of R. officinalis, M. pulegium, and S. officinalis showed moderate activity against the Enterobacter cloacae of Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli. The antifungal activity tests revealed a strong antifungal activity for the T. zygis EO and a moderate activity for the S. officinalis EO. On the other hand, the EO of R. officinalis, and M. pulegium were found to be inactive at the doses used against the selected strains. In conclusion, our results show that the medicinal plants studied contain biologically active molecules with antimicrobial effects. They can replace synthesized molecules, especially in the formulation of additives, and for therapeutic, cosmetic, and food-processing purposes.
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Khursheed A, Ahmad S, Saleem M, Khan KUR, Khan J, Orhan IE, Abaci N, Imran M, Tauseef S, Uddin R, Yawer MA, Tousif MI, Ojha SC, Khurshid U. Phytochemical profiling, in vitro biological activity, docking studies, and cytotoxicity assessments of Rondeletia odorata Jacquin: An unexplored plant of the coffee family. Front Chem 2022; 10:1017577. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1017577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rondeletia odorata Jacquin is a flowering plant that belongs to the coffee family. As a rich source of polyphenols with significant antioxidant potential, R. odorata may have health benefits. Therefore, in the current work, ethanolic extract of aerial parts and its n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol soluble fractions were analyzed for their antioxidant potential and various enzyme inhibition properties. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the crude ethanol extract (ROE) and its n-hexane (ROH), ethyl acetate (ROEA), and n-butanol (ROB) fractions were determined spectrophotometrically, while metabolic profiling was established through UHPLC-MS analysis, which revealed the presence of 58 phytochemicals. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ROE extract were measured as 51.92 mg GA.Eq./g of dry extract and 52.35 mg Qu.Eq./g of the dry extract, respectively. In the DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, ROE and ROEA showed the highest potential with values of 62.13 ± 0.62 and 76.31% ± 1.86%, respectively, comparable to quercetin (80.89% ± 0.54%). Similarly, in the FRAP assay, the same pattern of the activity was observed with ROE and ROEA, which displayed absorbance values of 1.32 ± 0.01 and 0.80 ± 0.02 at 700 nm, respectively, which are comparable (1.76 ± 0.02) with the reference compound quercetin, whereas the ROH showed maximum metal-chelating capacity (62.61% ± 1.01%) among all extracts and fractions. Antibacterial activity assay indicated that the ROEA fraction was the most active against Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus, while the rest of the fractions showed good to moderate activity. Enzyme inhibition assays showed that ROEA fraction exhibited the highest activity with IC50 values of 2.78 ± 0.42 and 3.95 ± 0.13 mg/mL against urease and carbonic anhydrase (CA), respectively. Furthermore, the docking studies of some of the major compounds identified in the extract revealed a strong correlation with their inhibitory activity. All extracts and fractions were also tested for their thrombolytic activity, and the ROB fraction showed a notable potential. Antiviral assay led to remarkable outcomes. Thus, it can be inferred that aerial parts of R. odorata are potential sources of bioactive components with several significant pharmacological activities.
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Khouya T, Ramchoun M, Elbouny H, Hmidani A, Bouhlali EDT, Alem C. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb) Lindl.): Evaluation of nutritional value, polyphenol composition, antidiabetic effect, and toxicity of leaf aqueous extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 296:115473. [PMID: 35718052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) is an evergreen tree native to China, which is introduced in many Mediterranean countries. As in many ancient medical systems, loquat leaves have been used in Moroccan traditional medicine to treat diabetes and its complications. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to determine the nutritional and polyphenol composition and to evaluate the in vivo antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic properties and oral toxicity of a leaf aqueous extract (LLE) derived from loquat grown in Morocco. MATERIALS AND METHODS Energy value and fiber, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, total carbohydrate, sugar, lipid, and protein contents were determined according to international methods committee guidelines. Polyphenol profiling was carried out using the HPLC-DAD method. Mice fed a high-fat and high-glucose (HFG) diet for 10 weeks were used as a model to assess the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of a daily administration of LLE at three different doses (150, 200, 250 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day), in comparison with metformin (50 mg/kg BW/day) and pravastatin (20 mg/kg BW/day). The oral toxicity was determined following OECD 425 Guideline. RESULTS Loquat leaves were found to be rich in fiber, minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and sodium), and vitamins (B2, B6, and B12) and lower in energy, sugar, and fat. Ten different phenolic compounds were characterized. Naringenin, procyanidin C1, epicatechin, and rutin were the more abundant compounds in LLE. The administration of the LLE dose-dependently ameliorated hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and hyperlipidemia in HFG diet-fed mice. The median lethal dose of LLE was higher than 5000 mg/kg BW. CONCLUSIONS Loquat leaves are a potential source of micronutrients and polyphenols with beneficial effects on diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Khouya
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, 52000, Morocco.
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, 52000, Morocco; Laboratory of Biotechnology & Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Beni Mellal, 23000, Morocco.
| | - Hamza Elbouny
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, 52000, Morocco.
| | - Abdelbassat Hmidani
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, 52000, Morocco.
| | - Eimad Dine Tariq Bouhlali
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, 52000, Morocco; National Institute of Agronomic Research Regional Center, Errachidia, 52000, Morocco.
| | - Chakib Alem
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, 52000, Morocco.
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Khandker SS, Alam M, Uddin F, Shapla UM, Lubna N, Mazumder TA, Marzan M, Mondal M, Khalil MI, Karim N, Shakil MS, Hossen MS, Tanguay R. Subchronic Toxicity Study of Alternanthera philoxeroides in Swiss Albino Mice Having Antioxidant and Anticoagulant Activities. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35875616 PMCID: PMC9300360 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8152820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternanthera philoxeroides, a tropical herb and edible vegetable, has been popular as a medicinal plant. Applying in vitro approach, we initially attempted to assess the phytochemicals, bioactive chemicals, as well as antioxidant and anticoagulant activities of this plant. Following that, the in vivo toxicological effects of methanolic extracts of A. philoxeroides using different doses on the kidney, heart, lung, liver, stomach, brain, and blood of female Swiss Albino mice were investigated. We estimated phytochemicals content as well as antioxidant activity through DPPH, NO, CUPRAC, and reducing power assays, followed by the anticoagulant activities of PT and aPTT and bioactive compounds using HPLC. To confirm the biocompatibility of A. philoxeroides extracts, histopathological and hematological parameters were examined in a mice model. Total phenol, flavonoid, and tannin content in A. philoxeroides was 181.75 ± 2.47 mg/g, 101.5 ± 3 .53 mg/g, and 68.58 ± 0.80 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the HPLC study confirmed the presence of four phenolic compounds: catechin, tannic acid, gallic acid, and vanillic acid. The methanolic extract of A. philoxeroides showed considerable antioxidant activity in all four antioxidant assay methods when compared to the standard. In comparison to ascorbic acid, A. philoxeroides also demonstrated a minor concentration-dependent ferric and cupric reduction activity. In vivo evaluation indicated that A. philoxeroides extracts (doses: 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) had no negative effects on the relative organ or body weight, or hematological indicators. Our study concluded that A. philoxeroides had significant antioxidant and anticoagulant activities and demonstrated no negative effects on the body or relative organ weight, histopathological, and hematological indices in the mouse model.
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Chakrabartty I, Mohanta YK, Nongbet A, Mohanta TK, Mahanta S, Das N, Saravanan M, Sharma N. Exploration of Lamiaceae in Cardio Vascular Diseases and Functional Foods: Medicine as Food and Food as Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:894814. [PMID: 35774598 PMCID: PMC9237463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.894814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most life-threatening diseases that has caused high mortality worldwide. Several scientists, researchers, and doctors are now resorting to medicinal plants and their metabolites for the treatment of different diseases, including CVD. The present review focuses on one such family of medicinal plants, called Lamiaceae, which has relieving and preventive action on CVD. Lamiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution and has great importance in the traditional system of medicine. Lamiaceae members exhibit a wide range of activities like antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, vasorelaxant, and thrombolytic effect, both in vitro and in vivo–these are mechanisms that contribute to different aspects of CVD including stroke, heart attack, and others. These plants harbour an array of bioactive compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other phytochemicals responsible for these actions. The review also highlights that these plants are a rich source of essential nutrients and minerals like omega-3 and hence, can serve as essential sources of functional foods—this can have an additional role in the prevention of CVDs. However, limitations still exist, and extensive research needs to be conducted on the Lamiaceae family in the quest to develop new and effective plant-based drugs and functional foods that can be used to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Chakrabartty
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Meghalaya, India
| | - Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Meghalaya, India
- *Correspondence: Yugal Kishore Mohanta, ; Tapan Kumar Mohanta, ; Nanaocha Sharma,
| | - Amilia Nongbet
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Meghalaya, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- *Correspondence: Yugal Kishore Mohanta, ; Tapan Kumar Mohanta, ; Nanaocha Sharma,
| | - Saurov Mahanta
- National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), Guwahati Centre, Guwahati, India
| | - Nibedita Das
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Meghalaya, India
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal, India
- *Correspondence: Yugal Kishore Mohanta, ; Tapan Kumar Mohanta, ; Nanaocha Sharma,
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Khouya T, Ramchoun M, Hmidani A, Amrani S, Benlyas M, Kasbi Chadli F, Ouguerram K, Alem C. Effect of supplementation with polyphenol extract of Thymus atlanticus on paraoxonase-1 activity, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in high-fat diet-fed hamsters. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14225. [PMID: 35575425 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thymus atlanticus has been used by Moroccan people to treat a variety of health problems, particularly metabolic disorders. In this study, hamsters fed a high-fat diet daily received distilled water (a positive control) or a single dose of Thymus atlanticus polyphenols (Pp) for 63 days. The negative control was fed a normal diet and received distilled water. Results showed that the supplementation of HFD with Pp significantly (p < .001) reduced the levels of MDA and LDL cholesterol, restored insulin level, and increased the activities of serum paraoxonase-1 and HDL cholesterol levels, but did not affect (p > .05) the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase when compared with the group feeding HFD alone. Thymus atlanticus could be an effective agent against dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: HFD consumption is a risk factor for oxidative stress and the development of metabolic disorders, such as hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, which may result in atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, the leading causes of death globally. The management of these alterations is an important strategy to prevent and treat heart complications. Our results showed thatT. atlanticus effectively alleviated HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance and improved PON1 activity. T. atlanticus is a source of biomolecules that may be an effective supplement for controlling HFD-related metabolic disorders. Therefore, the findings of this study may be helpful in the preparation of effective supplements from T. atlanticus to control metabolic disorders and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Khouya
- Team of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Team of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdelbassat Hmidani
- Team of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Souliman Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Benlyas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Fatima Kasbi Chadli
- INRAe UMR1280 PhAN, Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, CHU Hôtel Dieu, IMAD, CRNH Ouest, University of Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- UMR1280 PhAN, Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, INRAe, University of Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, IMAD, CRNH Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Chakib Alem
- Team of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco
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Ozkan K, Karadag A, Sagdic O. The effects of drying and fermentation on the bioaccessibility of phenolics and antioxidant capacity of Thymus vulgaris leaves. AAlim 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2021.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fresh thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) were dried at 45 °C for 5 h and naturally fermented at 20 °C in a brine solution containing salt and vinegar for 18 days. The ethanolic extracts of fresh (FT), dried (DT), and fermented-pickled (PT) thyme leaves were assessed in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity values and subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity values of fermented thyme leaves were found significantly higher than of dried and fresh samples. The bioaccessibility index (BI) value for TPC and TFC was highest for PT and lowest for DT, indicating that both processes had different effects on the structure of phenolic compounds present in the thyme leaves. Similarly both Recovery and BI values of DPPH antioxidant capacity were highest for PT, but lowest for fresh samples. When CUPRAC assay was applied, the recovery % for FT and PT was similar, and the BI was higher for FT. Results showed that compared to the results of fresh thyme leaves, drying and pickling had a considerable effect on the initial phenolic compounds extracted and their fate during in vitro digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ozkan
- Food Engineering Department, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A. Karadag
- Food Engineering Department, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - O. Sagdic
- Food Engineering Department, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lamponi S. Bioactive Natural Compounds with Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Activity and Their Potential Role in the Treatment of Thrombotic Disorders. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101095. [PMID: 34685464 PMCID: PMC8540276 DOI: 10.3390/life11101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural anticoagulant drugs can be obtained from plants, rich in secondary bioactive metabolites which, in addition to being effective antioxidants, also possess anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties and, for this reason, can be excellent candidates for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. This review reports an overview of the hemostatic process and thrombotic disorders together with data on plants, more and less common from around the world, containing bioactive compounds characterized by antiplatelet and anticoagulant activity. The reported literature was obtained from Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, Google Scholar considering only articles in the English language, published in peer-reviewed journals. The number of citations of the articles and the impact factor of the journals were other parameters used to select the scientific papers to be included in the review. The analysis of the literature data selected demonstrates that many plants’ bioactive compounds show antiplatelet and anticoagulant activity that make them potential candidates to be used as new natural compounds able to interfere with both primary and secondary hemostasis. Moreover, they could be used together with anticoagulants currently administered in clinical practice to increase their efficacy and to reduce complications in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lamponi
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy and SienabioACTIVE, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Nafis A, Iriti M, Ouchari L, El Otmani F, Marraiki N, Elgorban AM, Syed A, Mezrioui N, Hassani L, Custódio L. New Insight into the Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Synergistic Effects of the Moroccan Endemic Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine Essential Oil in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195850. [PMID: 34641393 PMCID: PMC8510371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reported the volatile profile, the antimicrobial activity and the synergistic potential of essential oil (EO) from the Moroccan endemic Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine, in combination with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and fluconazole for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The EO chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and the antimicrobial activity assessed by the disc diffusion method against three Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and one clinical isolate, Klebsiella pneumonia). The antifungal activity was evaluated in four pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis). The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and the synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin and fluconazole were determined by the two-fold dilution technique and checkerboard test, respectively. Twenty-one constituents were identified by GC-MS in the EO, including carvacrol (21.62%) and borneol (21.13%) as the major components. The EO exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones ranging from 0.7 mm to 22 mm for P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis, respectively, and MIC values varying from 0.56 mg/mL to 4.47 mg/mL. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 for bacteria and from 0.25 to 0.28 for yeasts. The maximum synergistic effect was observed for K. pneumonia with a 256-fold gain of antibiotic MIC. Our results have suggested that EO from T. atlanticus may be used alone or in association with antibiotics as a new potential alternative to prevent and control the emergence of resistant microbial strains both in the medical field and in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nafis
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +212-610170760
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lahcen Ouchari
- Moroccan Coordinated Collection of Microorganisms (CCMM), National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), P.O. Box 8027, Rabat 10102, Morocco;
| | - Fatima El Otmani
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Noureddine Mezrioui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Center of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
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Khouya T, Ramchoun M, Hmidani A, Bouhlali EDT, Amrani S, Alem C. Phytochemical analysis and bioactivity evaluation of Moroccan Thymus atlanticus (Ball) fractions. Scientific African 2021; 11:e00716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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El Hachlafi N, Chebat A, Fikri-Benbrahim K. Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Thymus satureioides Coss. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021:6673838. [PMID: 33574883 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6673838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymus satureioides Coss. (Lamiaceae) is a Moroccan medicinal plant locally known as "Azkouni" or "Zaitra." It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including hypertension, diabetes, cold, fever, dermatological and circulatory disorders, immune problems, bronchitis, nociception, cooling, pharyngitis, cough, and influenza. The current review aims to critically summarize the literature on ethnopharmacological uses, chemical profile, and pharmacological investigations of T. satureioides in order to provide data support and scientific evidences for further investigations. Electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Medline were used to gather data on T. satureioides. Chemical characterization of T. satureioides essential oils (EOs) and extracts allowed to identify a total of 139 bioactive compounds, mainly belonging to the terpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids classes. T. satureioides especially its essential oils exhibited numerous biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiparasitic, and hypolipedemic activities. In light of these findings, further studies to transmute the traditional application of T. satureioides into scientific-based information are strongly required. Additional in vivo pharmacological studies are recommended to validate the results of the in vitro studies. Moreover, comprehensive preclinical and clinical trials on the pharmacological mechanisms of action of this plant and its bioactive compounds on molecular targets should be performed. Finally, more efforts must be focused on toxicological assessments and pharmacokinetic studies, in order to ensure the safety and the efficiency of T. satureioides.
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Lamponi S, Baratto MC, Miraldi E, Baini G, Biagi M. Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative, Anticoagulant and Mutagenic Effects of a Hydroalcoholic Extract of Tuscan Rosmarinus officinalis. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10010097. [PMID: 33418860 PMCID: PMC7825123 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the chemical profile of an ethanolic extract of Tuscan Rosmarinus officinalis (Roex) and to determine its in vitro bioactivity. The content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and triterpenoids was determined, and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis revealed that rosmarinic acid and other hydroxycinnamic derivatives were the main constituents of the extract. Roex demonstrated to have both antioxidant activity and the capability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human breast adenocarcinoma cells MDA-MB-231 viability was influenced by the extract with an IC50 of 2.4 × 10-1 mg/mL and 4.8 × 10-1 mg/mL, respectively. The addition of Roex to the culture medium of both the above cell lines, resulted also in the reduction of cell death after H2O2 pre-treatment. The Ames test demonstrated that Roex was not genotoxic towards both TA98 and TA100 strains, with and without S9 metabolic activation. The extract, by inactivating thrombin, showed to also have an anti-coagulating effect at low concentration values. All these biological activities exerted by Roex are tightly correlated to its phytochemical profile, rich in bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lamponi
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234386; Fax: +39-0577-234254
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Miraldi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Strada Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.M.); (G.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Giulia Baini
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Strada Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.M.); (G.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Strada Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.M.); (G.B.); (M.B.)
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Ramchoun M, Khouya T, Alibrahim EA, Hmidani A, Sellam K, Amrani S, Harnafi H, Benlyas M, Kasbi Chadli F, Ouguerram K, Alem C. Thymus atlanticus polyphenol-rich extract regulates cholesterol metabolism by inhibiting its biosynthesis without affecting its excretion in hamsters fed a high-fat diet. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 129:618-625. [PMID: 33320714 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1854308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thymus atlanticus has been reported to have significant hypolipidaemic effect in animal models. However, the mechanism of this hypolipidaemic action still unknown. OBJECTIVE To determinate the possible mechanism(s) of hypolipidaemic action of a Thymus atlanticus polyphenol-rich extract (PRE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma, faecal, and liver cholesterol, bile acid content in the faeces, and gene expression level of HMG-CoA reductase, CYP7A1, ABCG5 and ABCG8 were analysed after 9 weeks in hamsters feeding normal diet, high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD supplemented with 400 mg/kg body weight/day of PRE. RESULTS PRE significantly decreased total cholesterol content (p < .05) and HMG-CoA reductase expression (p < .05), but did not affect the faecal cholesterol, bile acid contents and CYP7A1 and ABCG5/G8 expression (p > .05). CONCLUSION We can conclude that the T. atlanticus extract is efficient in the alleviation of chronic hyperlipidaemia by acting as cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhamed Ramchoun
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Tarik Khouya
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Eid Alabed Alibrahim
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Université d'Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France
| | - Abdelbassat Hmidani
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Khalid Sellam
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Souliman Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Hicham Harnafi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Benlyas
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Fatima Kasbi Chadli
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Nantes, France
- CRNH, Western Human Nutrition Research Centre, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Nantes, France
- CRNH, Western Human Nutrition Research Centre, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Chakib Alem
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, Errachidia, Morocco
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Taghouti M, Martins-Gomes C, Félix LM, Schäfer J, Santos JA, Bunzel M, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Polyphenol composition and biological activity of Thymus citriodorus and Thymus vulgaris: Comparison with endemic Iberian Thymus species. Food Chem 2020; 331:127362. [PMID: 32590268 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The polyphenol compositions of Thymus × citriodorus and Thymus vulgaris extracts as obtained by exhaustive hydroethanolic (HE) extraction and aqueous decoction (AD) were compared. In addition, their compositions and bioactivities were compared to those of Thymus pulegioides and Thymus mastichina, grown under the same edaphoclimatic conditions, and Thymus carnosus. Rosmarinic acid was the most abundant polyphenol followed by luteolin-hexuronide, salvianolic acids I and K. Cluster analysis suggests a similarity of the polyphenol composition of T. citriodorus and T. vulgaris. A significant antioxidant activity was observed and correlated with their polyphenol levels. The same being observed for the higher anti-proliferative activity/cytotoxicity of HE extracts on Caco-2 and HepG2 cells as compared to AD extracts. Significant association between the total phenolic compounds with the anti-proliferative activity, for both cell lines, was observed. These results support the importance of salvianolic acids levels in Thymus extracts and their in vitro anti-proliferative/cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Taghouti
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Research Centre Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Research Centre Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - João A Santos
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Technology, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Research Centre Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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21
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Ramchoun M, Khouya T, Harnafi H, Alem C, Benlyas M, Simmet T, Ouguerram K, Amrani S. Effect of polyphenol, flavonoid, and saponin fractions from Thymus atlanticus on acute and chronic hyperlipidemia in mice. Futur J Pharm Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Thymus atlanticus is an endemic plant of the Mediterranean region, which has been used in the Moroccan mountain area to treat several diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of polyphenol, flavonoid, and saponin fractions derived from this plant on acute and chronic hyperlipidemia in male albino mice.
Results
The results indicated that the injection of Triton WR-1339 (20 mg/100 g body weight (B.wt.)) and 6-week administration of a high-fat diet (which is an 81.8% standard diet supplemented with 2% cholesterol, 16% lard, and 0.2% cholic acid) significantly increased plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but did not affect high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in mice. Administration of a single dose (2 mg/kg B.wt.) of polyphenol, flavonoid, or saponin fractions significantly suppressed the effect of Triton injection on plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C. In addition, the supplementation of the high-fat diet with polyphenol fraction (2 mg/kg B.wt./day) prevented the increase of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C, and effectively increased HDL-C level when compared to mice feeding only the high-fat diet.
Conclusion
In conclusion, phenolic compounds from Thymus atlanticus possess a significant hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects and, therefore, could have an important role in the management of dyslipidemia.
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Afonso AF, Pereira OR, Cardoso SM. Health-Promoting Effects of Thymus Phenolic-Rich Extracts: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antitumoral Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090814. [PMID: 32882987 PMCID: PMC7555682 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus genus comprises numerous species that are particularly abundant in the West Mediterranean region. A growing body of evidence suggests that many of these species are a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids and luteolin glycosides, able to render them potential applications in a range of industrial fields. This review collects the most relevant studies focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer of phenolic-rich extracts from Thymus plants, highlighting correlations made by the authors with respect to the main phenolic players in such activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Afonso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Public Health Laboratory of Bragança, Local Health Unit, Rua Eng. Adelino Amaro da Costa, 5300-146 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Olívia R. Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234-370-360; Fax: +351-234-370-084
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Michel J, Abd Rani NZ, Husain K. A Review on the Potential Use of Medicinal Plants From Asteraceae and Lamiaceae Plant Family in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:852. [PMID: 32581807 PMCID: PMC7291392 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, and its rate of mortality is rising annually. In accordance with the current condition, studies on medicinal plants upon their activity on cardiovascular diseases are often being encouraged to be used in cardiovascular disease management, due to the availability of medicinal values in certain dedicated plants. This review was conducted based on two plant families, which are Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, to study on their action in cardiovascular disease relieving activities, to review the relationship between the phytochemistry of Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families and their effect on cardiovascular diseases, and to study their toxicology. The medicinal plants from these plant family groups are collected based on their effects on the mechanisms that affect the cardiovascular-related disease which are an antioxidant activity, anti-hyperlipidemic or hypocholesterolemia, vasorelaxant effect, antithrombotic action, and diuresis effect. In reference to various studies, the journals that conducted in vivo or in vitro experiments, which were used to prove the specific mechanisms, are included in this review. This is to ensure that the scientific value and the phytochemicals of the involved plants can be seen based on their activity. As a result, various plant species from both Asteraceae and Lamiaceae plant family have been identified and collected based on their study that has proven their effectiveness and uses in cardiovascular diseases. Most of the plants have an antioxidant effect, followed by anti-hyperlipidemia, vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, and diuretic effect from the most available to least available studies, respectively. These are the mechanisms that contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack, stroke, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. Further studies can be conducted on these plant species by identifying their ability and capability to be developed into a new drug or to be used as a medicinal plant in treating various cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Michel
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Zahirah Abd Rani
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairana Husain
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Silva AM, Martins-Gomes C, Souto EB, Schäfer J, Santos JA, Bunzel M, Nunes FM. Thymus zygis subsp. zygis an Endemic Portuguese Plant: Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060482. [PMID: 32503184 PMCID: PMC7346176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus zygis subsp. zygis is an endemic Portuguese plant belonging to the Thymus zygis species. Although T. zygis is commonly used as a condiment and as a medicinal herb, a detailed description of the polyphenol composition of hydroethanolic (HE) and aqueous decoction (AD) extracts is not available. In this work, we describe for the first time a detailed phenolic composition of Thymus zygis subsp. zygis HE and AD extracts, together with their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Unlike other Thymus species, T. zygis subsp. zygis extracts contain higher amounts of luteolin-(?)-O-hexoside. However, the major phenolic compound is rosmarinic acid, and high amounts of salvianolic acids K and I were also detected. T. zygis subsp. zygis extracts exhibited significant scavenging activity of ABTS+, hydroxyl (•OH), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals. Regarding the anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effect, tested against Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, the AD extract only slightly reduced cell viability at higher concentrations (IC50 > 600 µg/mL, 48 h exposure), denoting very low toxicity, while the HE extract showed a high anti-proliferative effect, especially at 48 h exposure (IC50 of 85.01 ± 15.10 μg/mL and 82.19 ± 2.46 μg/mL, for Caco-2 and HepG2, respectively). At non-cytotoxic concentrations, both extracts reduced the nitric oxide (NO) release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (at 50 μg/mL, HE and AD extracts inhibited NO release in ~89% and 48%, respectively). In conclusion, the results highlight the non-toxic effect of aqueous extracts, both resembling the consumption of antioxidants in foodstuff or in functional food. Furthermore, the HE extract of T. zygis subsp. zygis is a source of promising molecules with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, highlighting its potential as a source of bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (J.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.); (F.M.N.); Tel.: +351-259-350-921 (A.M.S.); +351-259-350-907 (F.M.N.)
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (J.A.S.)
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB–Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, Building 50.41, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - João A. Santos
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (J.A.S.)
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Technology, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, Building 50.41, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.); (F.M.N.); Tel.: +351-259-350-921 (A.M.S.); +351-259-350-907 (F.M.N.)
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25
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Khouya T, Ramchoun M, Amrani S, Harnafi H, Rouis M, Couchie D, Simmet T, Alem C. Anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects of polyphenol-rich extracts from Thymus atlanticus: An in vitro and in vivo study. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 252:112475. [PMID: 31843575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL EVIDENCE Thymus atlanticus (TA) is used in traditional medicine in Morocco to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, after local and oral treatment. AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities of an aqueous extract (AE) and polyphenol fraction (PF) derived from TA. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of AE and PF on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production by naïve and LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57Bl/6 mice was assessed by ELISA assay. The effect of chronic administration of the extracts at three different doses by oral rout for 2 weeks on blood coagulation and inflammation induced by carrageenan in Wistar rats was evaluated. In addition, the in vitro anticoagulant effect was tested on blood plasma collected from healthy rats using the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) tests. The acute toxicity of AE was investigated. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by HPLC. RESULTS Analysis by HPLC indicated rosmarinic acid as the main phenolic acid in TA extracts. Compared to control macrophages, MCP-1 level was lower in medium supplemented with AE at 50 and 500 μg/mL and PF at 500 μg/mL, but higher in medium with PF at 50 μg/mL. Rosmarinic and chicoric acids, served as controls, significantly decreased MCP-1 production. Chronic oral administration of TA extracts prevented inflammation induced by carrageenan and induced a significant prolongation of blood coagulation time, in a dose dependant manner, in Wistar rats. The results of the in vitro assay showed that the coagulation time was significantly prolonged in plasma incubated with extracts in APTT, PT and TT tests. Lethal dose 50 of AE in mice was 27.90 ± 1.19 g/kg. CONCLUSION This study indicated TA as an herb with anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant proprieties and supports the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Khouya
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, 52000, Errachidia, Morocco.
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, 52000, Errachidia, Morocco; Laboratory of Biotechnology & Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Polydisciplinary Faculty, 23000, Beni Mellal, Morocco; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Souliman Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Hicham Harnafi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Mustapha Rouis
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), CNRS UMR-8256/INSERM ERL U-1164, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
| | - Dominique Couchie
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), CNRS UMR-8256/INSERM ERL U-1164, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Ulm University, Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Chakib Alem
- Biochemistry and Natural Substances Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, University Moulay Ismail, 52000, Errachidia, Morocco.
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26
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Ramchoun M, Khouya T, Harnafi H, Amrani S, Alem C, Benlyas M, Kasbi Chadli F, Nazih EH, Nguyen P, Ouguerram K. Effect of Aqueous Extract and Polyphenol Fraction Derived from Thymus atlanticus Leaves on Acute Hyperlipidemia in the Syrian Golden Hamsters. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020:3282596. [PMID: 32308705 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3282596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thymus atlanticus, an endemic plant of Morocco, is traditionally used as a liniment or a drink to treat various diseases. However, there are few available scientific data regarding its biological effects. In this connection, the present study aimed to investigate the hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extract and polyphenol fraction of Thymus atlanticus in Syrian golden hamsters treated with Triton WR-1339 (triton, 20 mg/100 g body weight). The hamsters orally received the extracts (400 mg/kg), and blood samples were collected after 24 h of treatment to determine plasma lipid, insulin, and fasting blood glucose levels. Plasma malondialdehyde level and plasma total antioxidant (TAS) were also evaluated. The T. atlanticus extracts significantly decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL-C, and LDL-C and increased HDL-C when compared with the hyperlipidemic group. Both extracts suppressed the effect of the triton injection on TAS and reduced the level of plasma malondialdehyde. The extracts produced no significant change in the blood glucose level but effectively prevented the mild hyperinsulinemia induced by triton. These findings suggest that T. atlanticus may be a useful alternative treatment for the control of hyperlipidemia and its related diseases.
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27
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Napoli E, Siracusa L, Ruberto G. New Tricks for Old Guys: Recent Developments in the Chemistry, Biochemistry, Applications and Exploitation of Selected Species from the Lamiaceae Family. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900677. [PMID: 31967708 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lamiaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants comprising about 250 genera and over 7,000 species. Most of the plants of this family are aromatic and therefore important source of essential oils. Lamiaceae are widely used as culinary herbs and reported as medicinal plants in several folk traditions. In the Mediterranean area oregano, sage, rosemary, thyme and lavender stand out for geographical diffusion and variety of uses. The aim of this review is to provide recent data dealing with the phytochemical and pharmacological studies, and the more recent applications of the essential oils and the non-volatile phytocomplexes. This literature survey suggests how the deeper understanding of biomolecular processes in the health and food sectors as per as pest control bioremediation of cultural heritage, or interaction with human microbiome, fields, leads to the rediscovery and new potential applications of well-known plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Napoli
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, IT-95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Siracusa
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, IT-95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, IT-95126, Catania, Italy
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28
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Coelho MN, Soares PAG, Frattani FS, Camargo LMM, Tovar AMF, de Aguiar PF, Zingali RB, Mourão PAS, Costa SS. Polysaccharide composition of an anticoagulant fraction from the aqueous extract of Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Lamiaceae). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:668-681. [PMID: 31883887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant popularly used against envenomation by snakebite. Pharmacological studies have shown that extracts of M. chamaedrys have antiophidic, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties, supporting the ethnopharmacological use. In this study, an aqueous extract of aerial parts of M. chamaedrys showed anticoagulant activity in the activated partial thromboplastin time assay (0.54 IU/mg). The bioassay-guided fractionation using ethanol precipitation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50 and Sephadex G-25 resulted in a water-soluble fraction with increased anticoagulant activity (Fraction F2-A; 2.94 IU/mg). A positive correlation was found between the amount of uronic acids and the anticoagulant potential of the active samples. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses indicated that F2-A contained homogalacturonan, type I rhamnogalacturonan, type II arabinogalactan and α-glucan. UV and FT-IR spectra indicated the possible presence of ferulic acid. Pectic polysaccharides and type II arabinogalactans may be contributing to the anticoagulant activity of the aqueous extract of M. chamaedrys in the APTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Coelho
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPN-Bio), Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Paulo A G Soares
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Flávia S Frattani
- Laboratório de Hemostasia e Trombose (LHT), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Luiza M M Camargo
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPN-Bio), Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Ana M F Tovar
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Paula F de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Quimiometria (LABQUIM), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Centro de Tecnologia, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.
| | - Russolina B Zingali
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Sônia S Costa
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPN-Bio), Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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29
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Taghouti M, Martins-Gomes C, Schäfer J, Santos JA, Bunzel M, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Chemical Characterization and Bioactivity of Extracts from Thymus mastichina: A Thymus with a Distinct Salvianolic Acid Composition. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:E34. [PMID: 31906063 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus mastichina, also called mastic thyme or Spanish marjoram, is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is widely used in folk medicine especially for treating digestive and respiratory systems disorders, and as a condiment to season olives. This work describes for the first time the detailed phenolic composition of exhaustive hydroethanolic extracts and aqueous decoctions of Thymus mastichina. Unlike other species of the Thymus genera, Thymus mastichina extracts contain high amounts of salvianolic acid derivatives, with salvianolic acid A isomer being the main derivative. This isomer was identified in extracts from Thymus mastichina for the first time. Also, an undescribed salvianolic acid derivative in Thymus mastichina was identified and its structure was tentatively described. Extracts from Thymus mastichina showed significant scavenging activity of 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide radicals. The anti-proliferative effect of both T. mastichina extracts were tested against Caco-2 and HepG2 cells; the hydroethanolic extract showed a high anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 cells compared to HepG2 cells (at 24 h exposure, the concentration that inhibits 50% of proliferation, IC50, was 71.18 ± 1.05 µg/mL and 264.60 ± 11.78 µg/mL for Caco-2 and HepG2, respectively). Thus, these results make this species a promising candidate for further investigation of its anti-tumoral potential. Therefore, Thymus mastichina can be potentially used as a functional food (used as a decoction or herbal tea) or as a source of bioactive ingredients with antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties.
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Hmidani A, Bouhlali EDT, Khouya T, Ramchoun M, Filali-Zegzouti Y, Alem C, Benlyas M. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities of three Thymus species grown in southeastern Morocco. Futur J Pharm Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-019-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Thyme has been used for centuries in southeastern Morocco to treat a wide range of diseases such as inflammation disorders. The aim of the current study is to examine and to compare in vitro the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticoagulant activities of three thyme species grown in southeastern Morocco.
Results
Data showed that all studied species possess an important antioxidant activity: Thymus atlanticus (IC50 = 16.59 μg/mL), Thymus zygis (IC50 = 15.43 μg/mL), and Thymus satureioides (IC50 = 14.65 μg/mL). Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, the highest effect was depicted in Thymus atlanticus followed by Thymus zygis and Thymus satureioides. With regard to the anticoagulant activity, the aqueous extract of these species prolongs activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion
Our results provide evidence that thymus extract exhibits marked antioxidant, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory effects, thus justifying the popular uses of these plants to treat some inflammatory and cardiovascular illnesses.
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Aouam I, EL Atki Y, Taleb M, Taroq A, EL Kamari F, Lyoussi B, Abdellaoui A. Antioxidant Capacities and Total Phenolic Contents of Thymus riatarum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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El Atki Y, Aouam I, El kamari F, Taroq A, Lyoussi B, Taleb M, Abdellaoui A. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of extracts from Teucrium polium growing wild in Morocco. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Martins-gomes C, Taghouti M, Schäfer J, Bunzel M, Silva AM, Nunes FM. Chemical characterization and bioactive properties of decoctions and hydroethanolic extracts of Thymus carnosus Boiss. J Funct Foods 2018; 43:154-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Wijesundara NM, Sekhon-Loodu S, Rupasinghe HV. Phytochemical-rich medicinal plant extracts suppress bacterial antigens-induced inflammation in human tonsil epithelial cells. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3469. [PMID: 28652934 PMCID: PMC5483044 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharyngitis is an inflammatory condition of the pharynx and associated structures commonly caused by the Group A streptococci (GAS). There is a growing interest in discovering plant-based anti-inflammatory compounds as potential alternatives to conventional drugs. This study evaluated anti-inflammatory activity of phytochemical-rich extracts prepared from 12 herbal plants using human tonsil epithelial cells (HTonEpiC) in vitro. METHODS The HTonEpiC were induced by a mixture of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) (10 µg/mL; bacterial antigens) for 4 h and then exposed to ethanol extracts (EE) or aqueous extracts (AE) for 20 h. The secretion of four pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined using spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS The herbal plant extracts (≤5 µg/mL) were not cytotoxic to HTonEpiC. The extracts exhibited a broad range of reduction (1.2%-92.6%) of secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), human beta defensin-2 (hBD-2), epithelial-derived neutrophil activating protein-78 (ENA-78), and granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2). Both EE and AE of clove, ginger, and echinacea flower and EE from danshen root significantly inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokine production as induced by LTA and PGN in HTonEpiCs at the concentrations of 1 and 5 µg/mL. DISCUSSION Our observations indicate that danshen root, clove, ginger, and echinacea flower extracts exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect in HTonEpiCs. The most efficacious extracts from danshen root, clove, ginger and echinacea flowers have potential to be used as natural sources for developing phytotherapeutic products in the management of painful inflammation due to streptococcal pharyngitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niluni M Wijesundara
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Satvir Sekhon-Loodu
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Hp Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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