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Pandey P, Khan F, Ramniwas S, Saeed M, Ahmad I. A mechanistic review of the pharmacological potential of narirutin: a dietary flavonoid. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03022-w. [PMID: 38457040 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Flavanones, a type of polyphenol, are found in substantial amounts in citrus fruits. When high- or moderate-dose orange juice consumption occurs, flavanones make up a significant portion of the total polyphenols in plasma. Disaccharide derivative narirutin, mainly dihydroxy flavanone, is found in citrus fruits. The substantial chemotherapeutic potential of narirutin has been amply demonstrated by numerous experimental studies. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to compile the research that has already been done showing narirutin to be a promising anticancer drug, with its mechanism of action being documented in treatment plans for various cancer forms. Narirutin functions in a variety of cancer cells by regulating several pathways that include cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and DNA repair. Narirutin has been shown to modify many molecular targets linked to the development of cancer, including drug transporters, cell cycle mediators, transcription factors, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these reviews offer important new information about narirutin's potential as a potent and promising drug candidate for use in medicines, functional foods, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and other products targeted at improving the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Pandey
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Sherif AE, Sajid-ur-Rehman M, Asif M, Qadeer I, Khan KUR. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic potential of Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm. using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1326968. [PMID: 38293669 PMCID: PMC10825028 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1326968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic potential of Oxystelma esculentum using different animal models. The phytochemical profile was determined by assessing its total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), followed by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of O. esculentum ethanolic extract (OEE) was evaluated by lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition activity and a human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stability assay. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of the plant was determined by the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, and the analgesic potential by the hot plate test, tail-flick test, formalin-induced analgesia, acetic acid-induced writhing activities, and yeast-induced elevation of body temperature. The values of total phenolic content (212.6 ± 3.18 µg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (37.6 ± 1.76 µg QE/g) were observed. The results showed that OEE exhibited significant antioxidant capacity in DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (266.3 ± 7.35 μmol TE/g), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (1,066.3 ± 7.53 μmol TE/g), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) (483.6 ± 3.84 μmol TE/g) assays. The HPLC analysis demonstrated phytocompounds with anti-inflammatory potential, such as chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and coumarin. The plant showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme with a high percentage (56.66%) and HRBC membrane stability (67.29%). In in vivo studies, OEE exhibited significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw edema model), analgesic (hot plate test, tail-flick test, formalin-induced analgesia, and acetic acid-induced writhing), and antipyretic (rectal temperature reduction) responses at different doses (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg). Molecular docking studies showed significant binding affinities of phytocompounds compared to indomethacin and predicted various binding interactions for stable conformations. The results of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies supported the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic potential of O. esculentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa E. Sherif
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Sajid-ur-Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Iram Qadeer
- Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Kashif ur Rehman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Islam F, Mitra S, Emran TB, Khan Z, Nath N, Das R, Sharma R, Awadh AAA, Park MN, Kim B. Natural Small Molecules in Gastrointestinal Tract and Associated Cancers: Molecular Insights and Targeted Therapies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175686. [PMID: 36080453 PMCID: PMC9457641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Although surgery is the primary treatment, serious maladies that dissipate to other parts of the body may require chemotherapy. As there is no effective procedure to treat stomach cancer, natural small molecules are a current focus of research interest for the development of better therapeutics. Chemotherapy is usually used as a last resort for people with advanced stomach cancer. Anti-colon cancer chemotherapy has become increasingly effective due to drug resistance and sensitivity across a wide spectrum of drugs. Naturally-occurring substances have been widely acknowledged as an important project for discovering innovative medications, and many therapeutic pharmaceuticals are made from natural small molecules. Although the beneficial effects of natural products are as yet unknown, emerging data suggest that several natural small molecules could suppress the progression of stomach cancer. Therefore, the underlying mechanism of natural small molecules for pathways that are directly involved in the pathogenesis of cancerous diseases is reviewed in this article. Chemotherapy and molecularly-targeted drugs can provide hope to colon cancer patients. New discoveries could help in the fight against cancer, and future stomach cancer therapies will probably include molecularly formulated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (B.K.)
| | - Zidan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Nikhil Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05254, Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05254, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (B.K.)
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Islam F, Bepary S, Nafady MH, Islam MR, Emran TB, Sultana S, Huq MA, Mitra S, Chopra H, Sharma R, Sweilam SH, Khandaker MU, Idris AM. Polyphenols Targeting Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury: Current Status and Future Vision. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022:8741787. [PMID: 36046682 PMCID: PMC9423984 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8741787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when the spinal cord is deteriorated or traumatized, leading to motor and sensory functions lost even totally or partially. An imbalance within the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense levels results in oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation. After SCI, OS and occurring pathways of inflammations are significant strenuous drivers of cross-linked dysregulated pathways. It emphasizes the significance of multitarget therapy in combating SCI consequences. Polyphenols, which are secondary metabolites originating from plants, have the promise to be used as alternative therapeutic agents to treat SCI. Secondary metabolites have activity on neuroinflammatory, neuronal OS, and extrinsic axonal dysregulated pathways during the early stages of SCI. Experimental and clinical investigations have noted the possible importance of phenolic compounds as important phytochemicals in moderating upstream dysregulated OS/inflammatory signaling mediators and axonal regeneration's extrinsic pathways after the SCI probable significance of phenolic compounds as important phytochemicals in mediating upstream dysregulated OS/inflammatory signaling mediators. Furthermore, combining polyphenols could be a way to lessen the effects of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sristy Bepary
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohamed H. Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abubakr M. Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
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Mitra S, Muni M, Shawon NJ, Das R, Emran TB, Sharma R, Chandran D, Islam F, Hossain MJ, Safi SZ, Sweilam SH, Chen Y. Tacrine Derivatives in Neurological Disorders: Focus on Molecular Mechanisms and Neurotherapeutic Potential. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022; 2022:1-22. [PMID: 36035218 PMCID: PMC9410840 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7252882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tacrine is a drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as a cognitive enhancer and inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, its clinical application has been restricted due to its poor therapeutic efficacy and high prevalence of detrimental effects. An attempt was made to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie tacrine and its analogues influence over neurotherapeutic activity by focusing on modulation of neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and regulatory role in gene and protein expression, energy metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis modulation, and osmotic regulation. Regardless of this, analogues of tacrine are considered as a model inhibitor of cholinesterase in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. The variety both in structural make-up and biological functions of these substances is the main appeal for researchers' interest in them. A new paradigm for treating neurological diseases is presented in this review, which includes treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease, as well as other neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease and the synthesis and biological properties of newly identified versatile tacrine analogues and hybrids. We have also shown that these analogues may have therapeutic promise in the treatment of neurological diseases in a variety of experimental systems.
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Alqudah A, Qnais EY, Wedyan MA, Oqal M, Alqudah M, AbuDalo R, AL-Hashimi N. Ceratonia siliqua leaves ethanol extracts exert anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10400. [PMID: 36090223 PMCID: PMC9449564 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae) has neuroprotective, mutagenic, hypotensive, anti-bacterial, hypoglycaemic, and anti-inflammatory effects through extracts from its leaves. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the anti-nociceptive activity of ethanol extracts of Ceratonia siliqua leaves. Methods Ethanol extract of Ceratonia siliqua leaves were studied using well-established animal models of inflammation and pain. A hot plate latency assay (55 °C) was used to assess the analgesic effect of 10, 31.6, 100, and 316 mg/kg doses of ethanol extracts in addition to paw licking time in early and late phase using a formalin-induced paw licking assay test. Paw oedema induction using carrageenan and cotton pellet granuloma assays were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of 10, 31.6, 100, and 316 mg/kg doses of ethanol extract. Results The ethanol extract of Ceratonia siliqua leaves reduces paw licking time in early and late phase after formalin injection. The same effect was also observed when the hotplate test was performed. Ethanol extract of Ceratonia siliqua leaves caused dose dependent inhibition in paw oedema after the injection of carrageenan and cotton pellet granuloma in mice. These effects were not antagonized when opioid receptors were blocked by naloxone (5 mg/kg). The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of Ceratonia siliqua leaves showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. Conclusion The present data indicate that ethanol extract of Ceratonia siliqua leaves might possess anti-inflammatory and anti-nociception properties and should be considered for further therapeutic research.
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Bawazeer S, Rauf A, Emran TB, Aljohani ASM, Alhumaydhi FA, Khan Z, Ahmad L, Hemeg HA, Muhammad N, Sharma R, Maalik A, Khan I. Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Rhazya stricta Extracts and Evaluation of Its Biological Activities. Journal of Nanomaterials 2022; 2022:1-11. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7365931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhazya stricta is a well-known medicinal plant and source of numerous potential secondary metabolites including steroids, alkaloids, and tannins. R. stricta possesses multimedical applications and used for curing of various diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, sore throat, infectious, helminthiasis, arthritis, and cancer. The current investigation deals with synthesizing AgNPs using aqueous and ethanol extracts of R. stricta. The synthesized R. stricta-AgNPs were characterized through UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The UV-visible analysis exhibited a characteristic absorption
at 475 nm in R. stricta ethanol AgNPs while this peak was absent in R. stricta aqueous crude extract. The thermal stability of R. stricta-AgNPs demonstrated that by increasing the reduction time and temperature, the absorption of AgNPs also increased, leading to more stable NPs formation. The FTIR spectra showed a broad peak at 450-550 cm-1 that confirmed the occurrence of AgNPs of R. stricta. The AFM study of the synthesized AgNPs revealed the spherical shape and size ranging from 30 nm to 90 nm. In antioxidant and antibacterial study, the R. stricta-AgNPs exhibited good antioxidant activity (87.94% and 88.37%) than the ethanol crude extract (50.00% and 56.81%) at 100 μg/mL using DPPH assay. Maximum antibacterial activity was recorded against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), which was 15 and 0 mm, while against Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia) was found to be 16 and 14 mm, respectively, whereas against Bacillus subtills, a poor activity was recorded as 14 for extract and 0 mm for AgNPs, respectively. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the percent effect of extract (100 mg/kg) and AgNPs (15 mg/kg) was 79.98 and 83.23, respectively. The maximum muscle coordination effect of extracts in the inclined plan and traction test was 44% and 38% at higher doses. A mild sedative effect was also recorded against extract and AgNPs. The significant (
) effect of extract was noted at 100 mg/kg while AgNPs was more significant (
) at the tested dose of 15 mg/kg. These findings have concluded that R. stricta-AgNPs is an effective bioreductant of AgNPs synthesis and exhibit several applications in distinctive biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, 23430 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah S. M. Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zidan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Laiba Ahmad
- Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Madinah Al-Monawra 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aneela Maalik
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Khan
- Department of Chemistry, GPGC Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
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Shi M, Gu J, Wu H, Rauf A, Emran TB, Khan Z, Mitra S, Aljohani ASM, Alhumaydhi FA, Al-Awthan YS, Bahattab O, Thiruvengadam M, Suleria HAR. Phytochemicals, Nutrition, Metabolism, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits in Lettuce-A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061158. [PMID: 35740055 PMCID: PMC9219965 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce is one of the most famous leafy vegetables worldwide with lots of applications from food to other specific uses. There are different types in the lettuce group for consumers to choose from. Additionally, lettuce is an excellent source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and chlorophyll with related health benefits. At the same time, nutrient composition and antioxidant compounds are different between lettuce varieties, especially for green and red lettuce types. The benefit of lettuce consumption depends on its composition, particularly antioxidants, which can function as nutrients. The health benefits rely on their biochemical effect when reaching the bloodstream. Some components can be released from the food matrix and altered in the digestive system. Indeed, the bioaccessibility of lettuce is measuring the quantity of these compounds released from the food matrix during digestion, which is important for health-promoting features. Extraction of bioactive compounds is one of the new trends observed in lettuce and is necessarily used for several application fields. Therefore, this review aims to demonstrate the nutritional value of lettuce and its pharmacological properties. Due to their bioaccessibility and bioavailability, the consumer will be able to comprehensively understand choosing a healthier lettuce diet. The common utilization pattern of lettuce extracted nutrients will also be summarized for further direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.G.); (H.W.)
| | - Jingyu Gu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.G.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanjing Wu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.G.); (H.W.)
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi 94640, Pakistan;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Zidan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Abdullah S. M. Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary of Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yahya S. Al-Awthan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.A.-A.); (O.B.)
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen
| | - Omar Bahattab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.A.-A.); (O.B.)
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (H.A.R.S.)
| | - Hafiz A. R. Suleria
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.G.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (H.A.R.S.)
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Lyzu C, Mitra S, Perveen K, Khan Z, Tareq AM, Bukhari NA, Husain FM, Lipy EP, Islam D, Hakim M, Emran TB, Dashti MG. Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, and In Silico Analyses of Sterculia villosa and Vernonia patula. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022; 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35707476 PMCID: PMC9192300 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3190496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our study aims to evaluate the chemical profiles and antioxidant activities of a methanolic extract of Sterculia villosa bark (MESV) and a methanolic extract of the Vernonia patula whole plant (MEVP). The chemical profiling of MESV and MEVP was performed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which identified 52 and 33 chemical compounds, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay indicated that both MESV and MEVP displayed concentration-dependent scavenging activities, and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for MEVP, MESV, and ascorbic acid were 305.30, 555.44, and 36.32 μg/mL, respectively. The total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of MESV were 81.44 ± 2.70 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry extract and 62.58 ± 1.93 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract, whereas these values for MEVP were 291.31 ± 6.61 mg QE/g dry extract and 58.99 ± 3.16 mg GAE/g dry extract, respectively. Molecular docking studies were also evaluated, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and toxicological properties were assessed. Therefore, these two plants, S. villosa and V. patula, showed potential options for further advanced studies into oxidative stress.
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Mitra S, Islam F, Das R, Urmee H, Akter A, Idris AM, Khandaker MU, Almikhlafi MA, Sharma R, Emran TB, Ullah R. Pharmacological Potential of Avicennia alba Leaf Extract: An Experimental Analysis Focusing on Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antidiarrheal Activity. BioMed Research International 2022; 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35572728 PMCID: PMC9106461 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7624189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Avicennia alba is a mangrove plant that is extensively used to treat severe health issues. This focus of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal activities of methanolic extract of A. alba leaves in Swiss albino mouse model. The antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal activities of the leaf extract were performed using alloxan-monohydrate, carrageenan-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot plate method, and castor oil-induced method, respectively. The extract was used at doses ranging from 200 to 500 mg/kg to conduct the investigation. Leaf extract at 400 and 500 mg/kg showed potent antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Advanced research is needed to control blood glucose levels and carrageenan paw edema-based anti-inflammatory effects. Both tests showed statistically significant result in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum dose (500 mg/kg) demonstrated potent analgesic activity in both writhing test and hot plate method. The plant extract also showed significant antidiarrheal activity at 400 and 500 mg/kg in experimental mice. However, more research is needed to explore the possible mechanisms and isolate the compounds associated with these bioactivities from the leaf extract of A. alba.
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Alam N, Banu N, Alam NU, Ruman U, Khan Z, Ibn Aziz MA, Barua N, Chy FJ, Jahan A, Juthy TS, Nassan MA, El-bahy SM, Abdel-rahman Mohamed A, Sayeed MA, Emran TB. Deciphering the Pharmacological Potentials of Methanol Extract of Sterculia foetida Seeds Using Experimental and Computational Approaches. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022; 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35502174 PMCID: PMC9056218 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3403086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The edible herb Sterculia foetida L. has potential nutraceutical and medicinal effects. The present study is performed to assess the possible antidiabetic, neuropharmacological, and antidiarrheal activity of the methanolic extract of S. foetida seeds (MESF) through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. When compared to standard acarbose, the results of the antidiabetic study provided strong proof that the glucose level in the MESF was gradually decreased by inhibiting the function of α-amylase enzymes. The sedative potential of MESF (200 and 400 mg/kg) was determined by employing open field, hole cross, and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time tests, which revealed significant reductions in locomotor performance and increased sleep duration following MESF treatment. In addition, mice treated with MESF exhibited superior exploration during elevated plus maze and hole board tests. MESF also showed good antidiarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal motility tests. Previously isolated compounds (captan, 1-azuleneethanol, acetate, and tetraconazole) exhibited good binding affinity in docking studies and drug-likeliness properties in absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/toxicity (ADME/T), and toxicological studies. Collectively, these results indicate the bioactivity of S. foetida, which represents a potential candidate in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Rahman MM, Islam MR, Shohag S, Hossain ME, Rahaman MS, Islam F, Ahmed M, Mitra S, Khandaker MU, Idris AM, Chidambaram K, Emran TB, Cavalu S. The Multifunctional Role of Herbal Products in the Management of Diabetes and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 27:1713. [PMID: 35268815 PMCID: PMC8911649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are the most demanding health problems today, and their prevalence, as well as comorbidities, is on the rise all over the world. As time goes on, both are becoming big issues that have a big impact on people’s lives. Diabetes is a metabolic and endocrine illness set apart by hyperglycemia and glucose narrow-mindedness because of insulin opposition. Heftiness is a typical, complex, and developing overall wellbeing worry that has for quite some time been connected to significant medical issues in individuals, all things considered. Because of the wide variety and low adverse effects, herbal products are an important hotspot for drug development. Synthetic compounds are not structurally diverse and lack drug-likeness properties. Thus, it is basic to keep on exploring herbal products as possible wellsprings of novel drugs. We conducted this review of the literature by searching Scopus, Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. From 1990 until October 2021, research reports, review articles, and original research articles in English are presented. It provides top to bottom data and an examination of plant-inferred compounds that might be utilized against heftiness or potentially hostile to diabetes treatments. Our expanded comprehension of the systems of activity of phytogenic compounds, as an extra examination, could prompt the advancement of remedial methodologies for metabolic diseases. In clinical trials, a huge number of these food kinds or restorative plants, as well as their bioactive compounds, have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of obesity.
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13
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Tallei TE, Fatimawali, Niode NJ, Idroes R, Zidan BMRM, Mitra S, Celik I, Nainu F, Ağagündüz D, Emran TB, Capasso R. A Comprehensive Review of the Potential Use of Green Tea Polyphenols in the Management of COVID-19. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021:7170736. [PMID: 34899956 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7170736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Green tea is produced from Camellia sinensis (L.) buds and leaves that have not gone through the oxidation and withering processes used to produce black and oolong teas. It was originated in China, but its cultivation and production have expanded to other Eastern Asian countries. Several polyphenolic compounds, including flavandiols, flavonols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, are found in green tea and may constitute greater than 30% of the dry weight. Flavonols, especially catechins, represent the majority of green tea polyphenols. Green tea polyphenolic compounds have been reported to confer several health benefits. This review describes the potential use of green tea polyphenols in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of green tea polyphenols have also been considered in this review. In addition to describing the bioactivities associated with green tea polyphenols, this review discusses the potential delivery of these biomolecules using a nanoparticle drug delivery system. Moreover, the bioavailability and toxicity of green tea polyphenols are also evaluated.
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Nur S, Hossain MM, Islam N, Tareq AM, Hanif NB, Khatun R, Sayeed MA. Scrutinizing pharmacological efficiency for Acacia auriculiformis by experimental and computational approach. Futur J Pharm Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The study sought to investigate the biological efficacy of methanol leave extract of Acacia auriculiformis (MEAA) via in vitro, in vivo, in silico approaches. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated through brine shrimp lethality assay, and anti-inflammatory activity was determined by membrane stabilisation and protein denaturation methods (BSA and egg albumin). The in vivo antipyretic activity was examined via Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia model.
Results
A. auriculiformis extract unveiled moderate cytotoxicity with significant anti-inflammatory efficacy (p < 0.001) compared to standard drug. This extract also exhibited dose-dependent time of paralysis and death for the worm (p < 0.001) in the anthelmintic test which was directly proportional to employed concentrations. A notable percentage of clot lysis effect (36.42 ± 1.95%, p < 0.001) was also observed for MEAA in human blood compared to control. However, this extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced fever in a dose-dependent manner during the antipyretic experiment. Besides, in computer-aided investigations, two compounds (2,4-ditert-butylphenol and 3-hydroxy-β-damascone) revealed the best binding interaction with six proteins for cytotoxicity, inflammation, helminthic, thrombolytic and pyretic effect. Moreover, these two compounds satisfy Lipinski’s ‘Rule of Five’ and revealed drug-likeness profiles in the toxicological study.
Conclusions
These findings disclosed that methanol leaves extract of A. auriculiformis might be a potent source for anti-inflammatory, anti-helminthic, thrombolytic and antipyretic agents.
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Rahmawati L, Aziz N, Oh J, Hong YH, Woo BY, Hong YD, Manilack P, Souladeth P, Jung JH, Lee WS, Jeon MJ, Kim T, Hossain MA, Yum J, Kim JH, Cho JY. Cissus subtetragona Planch. Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-induced Macrophages, HCl/EtOH-induced Gastritis, and LPS-induced Lung Injury via Attenuation of Src and TAK1. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196073. [PMID: 34641616 PMCID: PMC8512965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Cissus species have been used and reported to possess medicinal benefits. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Cissus subtetragona have not been described. In this study, we examined the potential anti-inflammatory effects of C. subtetragona ethanol extract (Cs-EE) in vitro and in vivo, and investigated its molecular mechanism as well as its flavonoid content. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages as well as LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis mouse models were utilized. Luciferase assays, immunoblotting analyses, overexpression strategies, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were performed to identify the molecular mechanisms and targets of Cs-EE. Cs-EE concentration-dependently reduced the secretion of NO and PGE2, inhibited the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and decreased NF-κB- and AP-1-luciferase activity. Subsequently, we determined that Cs-EE decreased the phosphorylation events of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. Cs-EE treatment also significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms of HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis and LPS-induced ALI mouse models. Overexpression of HA-Src and HA-TAK1 along with CETSA experiments validated that inhibited inflammatory responses are the outcome of attenuation of Src and TAK1 activation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cs-EE could be utilized as an anti-inflammatory remedy especially targeting against gastritis and acute lung injury by attenuating the activities of Src and TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laily Rahmawati
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Byoung Young Woo
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (B.Y.W.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (B.Y.W.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Philaxay Manilack
- Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane P.O. Box 811, Laos;
| | - Phetlasy Souladeth
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos, Vientiane P.O. Box 7322, Laos;
| | - Ji Hwa Jung
- Division of Zoology, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Korea;
| | - Woo Shin Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Mi Jeong Jeon
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Taewoo Kim
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
| | - Jinwhoa Yum
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2563 (J.-H.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2563 (J.-H.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
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Kim W, Kwon HJ, Jung HY, Lim SS, Kang BG, Jo YB, Yu DS, Choi SY, Hwang IK, Kim DW. Extracts from the Leaves of Cissus verticillata Ameliorate High-Fat Diet-Induced Memory Deficits in Mice. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1814. [PMID: 34579347 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Cissus verticillata leaf extract (CVE) on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and memory deficits. Male mice (5 weeks of age) were fed vehicle (distilled water), or 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg of CVE once a day for 8 weeks with an HFD. Treatment with CVE resulted in lower body weight and glucose levels in a concentration- and feeding time-dependent manner. LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the CVE-treated HFD group than in the vehicle-treated HFD group. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels did not show any significant changes. Lipid droplets and ballooning were reduced depending on the concentration of CVE treatment compared to the HFD group. Treatment with CVE ameliorated the increase in glucagon and immunoreactivities in the pancreas, and novel object recognition memory was improved by 300 mg/kg CVE treatment compared to the HFD group. More proliferating cells and differentiated neuroblasts were higher in mice treated with CVE than in vehicle-treated HFD-fed mice. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were significantly decreased in the HFD group, which was facilitated by treatment with 300 mg/kg CVE in hippocampal homogenates. These results suggest that CVE ameliorates HFD-induced obesity and memory deficits in mice, associated with increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus.
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Shovo MARB, Tona MR, Mouah J, Islam F, Chowdhury MHU, Das T, Paul A, Ağagündüz D, Rahman MM, Emran TB, Capasso R, Simal-Gandara J. Computational and Pharmacological Studies on the Antioxidant, Thrombolytic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activity of Molineria capitulata. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:434-456. [PMID: 34206443 PMCID: PMC8929091 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molineria capitulata is an ornamental plant that has traditionally been used to treat several chronic diseases. The present study was designed to examine the antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of a methanolic extract of M. capitulata leaves (MEMC) using both experimental and computational models. Previously established protocols were used to perform qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening in MEMC. A computational study, including molecular docking and ADME/T analyses, was performed. The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as 148.67 and 24 mg/g, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by examining the reducing power of MEMC, resulting in absorbance of 1.87 at 400 µg/mL, demonstrating a strong reduction capacity. The extract exhibited significant protection against blood clotting and showed the highest protein denaturation inhibition at 500 µg/mL. In both the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw-licking models, MEMC resulted in significant potential pain inhibition in mice. In the computational analysis, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, orcinol glucoside, curcapital, crassifogenin C, and 2,6-dimethoxy-benzoic acid displayed a strong predictive binding affinity against the respective receptors. These findings indicated that M. capitulata possesses significant pharmacological activities to an extent supported by computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzia Rahman Tona
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.A.R.B.S.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Jannatul Mouah
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.A.R.B.S.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Fayza Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Helal Uddin Chowdhury
- Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy Lab, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh;
| | - Tuhin Das
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh;
| | - Arkajyoti Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (A.P.); (T.B.E.)
| | - Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey;
| | - Md. Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.A.R.B.S.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (A.P.); (T.B.E.)
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (J.S.-G.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (J.S.-G.)
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Das R, Rauf A, Akhter S, Islam MN, Emran TB, Mitra S, Khan IN, Mubarak MS. Role of Withaferin A and Its Derivatives in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:3696. [PMID: 34204308 PMCID: PMC8234716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders associated with cognitive decline and memory deficits due to beta-amyloid deposition (Aβ) and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. To date, approximately 47 million people worldwide have AD. This figure will rise to an estimated 75.6 million by 2030 and 135.5 million by 2050. According to the literature, the efficacy of conventional medications for AD is statistically substantial, but clinical relevance is restricted to disease slowing rather than reversal. Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone glycowithanolides, a secondary metabolite with comprehensive biological effects. Biosynthetically, it is derived from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Acnistus breviflorus (Gallinero) through the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways. Mounting evidence shows that WA possesses inhibitory activities against developing a pathological marker of Alzheimer's diseases. Several cellular and animal models' particulates to AD have been conducted to assess the underlying protective effect of WA. In AD, the neuroprotective potential of WA is mediated by reduction of beta-amyloid plaque aggregation, tau protein accumulation, regulation of heat shock proteins, and inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory constituents. Despite the various preclinical studies on WA's therapeutic potentiality, less is known regarding its definite efficacy in humans for AD. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the biosynthesis of WA, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of AD, and finally the therapeutic potential of WA for the treatment and prevention of AD, highlighting the research and augmentation of new therapeutic approaches. Further clinical trials are necessary for evaluating the safety profile and confirming WA's neuroprotective potency against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan;
| | - Saima Akhter
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Ishaq N. Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
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Dutta M, Nezam M, Chowdhury S, Rakib A, Paul A, Sami SA, Uddin MZ, Rana MS, Hossain S, Effendi Y, Idroes R, Tallei T, Alqahtani AM, Emran TB. Appraisals of the Bangladeshi Medicinal Plant Calotropis gigantea Used by Folk Medicine Practitioners in the Management of COVID-19: A Biochemical and Computational Approach. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:625391. [PMID: 34124140 PMCID: PMC8187851 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.625391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first recognized in Wuhan in late 2019 and, since then, had spread globally, eventually culminating in the ongoing pandemic. As there is a lack of targeted therapeutics, there is certain opportunity for the scientific community to develop new drugs or vaccines against COVID-19 and so many synthetic bioactive compounds are undergoing clinical trials. In most of the countries, due to the broad therapeutic spectrum and minimal side effects, medicinal plants have been used widely throughout history as traditional healing remedy. Because of the unavailability of synthetic bioactive antiviral drugs, hence all possible efforts have been focused on the search for new drugs and alternative medicines from different herbal formulations. In recent times, it has been assured that the Mpro, also called 3CLpro, is the SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme responsible for viral reproduction and thereby impeding the host's immune response. As such, Mpro represents a highly specified target for drugs capable of inhibitory action against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As there continue to be no clear options for the treatment of COVID-19, the identification of potential candidates has become a necessity. The present investigation focuses on the in silico pharmacological activity of Calotropis gigantea, a large shrub, as a potential option for COVID-19 Mpro inhibition and includes an ADME/T profile analysis of that ligand. For this study, with the help of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of C. gigantea methanolic leaf extract, a total of 30 bioactive compounds were selected. Our analyses unveiled the top four options that might turn out to be prospective anti-SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules; these warrant further exploration as well as possible application in processes of drug development to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mycal Dutta
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nezam
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Subrata Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Arkajyoti Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Zia Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Yunus Effendi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Azhar Indonesia University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Trina Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Ali M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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20
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Rahman MM, Uddin MJ, Reza ASMA, Tareq AM, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Ethnomedicinal Value of Antidiabetic Plants in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:729. [PMID: 33918026 PMCID: PMC8070064 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of conventional drugs to treat metabolic disorders and the pathological consequences of diabetes further increases the complications because of the side effects, and is sometimes burdensome due to relatively higher costs and occasionally painful route of administration of these drugs. Therefore, shifting to herbal medicine may be more effective, economical, have fewer side effects and might have minimal toxicity. The present review amasses a list of ethnomedicinal plants of 143 species belonging to 61 families, from distinctive domestic survey literature, reported to have been used to treat diabetes by the ethnic and local people of Bangladesh. Leaves of the medicinal plants were found leading in terms of their use, followed by fruits, whole plants, roots, seeds, bark, stems, flowers, and rhizomes. This review provides starting information leading to the search for and use of indigenous botanical resources to discover bioactive compounds for novel hypoglycemic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.J.U.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Md. Josim Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.J.U.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (A.M.T.)
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - A. S. M. Ali Reza
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.J.U.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (M.J.U.); (A.S.M.A.R.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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21
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Chakraborty AJ, Mitra S, Tallei TE, Tareq AM, Nainu F, Cicia D, Dhama K, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J, Capasso R. Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:317. [PMID: 33917319 PMCID: PMC8067380 DOI: 10.3390/life11040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromelain is an effective chemoresponsive proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapple stems. It contains several thiol endopeptidases and is extracted and purified via several methods. It is most commonly used as an anti-inflammatory agent, though scientists have also discovered its potential as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent. It has been reported as having positive effects on the respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems, and potentially on the immune system. It is a natural remedy for easing arthritis symptoms, including joint pain and stiffness. This review details bromelain's varied uses in healthcare, its low toxicity, and its relationship to nanoparticles. The door of infinite possibilities will be opened up if further extensive research is carried out on this pineapple-derived enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka Jyoti Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.J.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.J.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Trina E. Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia;
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245, Indonesia;
| | - Donatella Cicia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Abstract
Medicinal plants are indispensable source of therapeutic agents, and have proved to be “warehouse” of lead drug candidates. Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch. ex Benth is a medicinal tree plant that is extensively distributed in both Asia and Africa. The species has many ethnomedicinal uses in the treatment of fever, cough, typhoid, wound, skin infection, measles, jaundice, diabetes, sexual dysfunction, cancer, bone fracture, and as galactogogues. In the recent decades, the extracts and phytochemicals of L. cupanioides have been investigated to possess antibacterial, anticancer, aphrodisiac, antifungal, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal, analgesic and ameliorative properties. However, triterpenoids which have been linked to its anticancer and antifungal actions, are the only isolated active constituents identified from the species despite the results of the phytochemical screenings and reported biological activities. Moreover, the mechanisms of action of the extracts and active components are yet to be fully elucidated. This paper provides a general review on the ethnomedicinal, phytochemicals, and biological activities of L. cupanioides, and lays a solid foundation for future investigations on the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusesan Ojo
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Johannesburg , Doornfontein , Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Derek T. Ndinteh
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Johannesburg , Doornfontein , Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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23
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Fahad FI, Barua N, Islam MS, Sayem SAJ, Barua K, Uddin MJ, Chy MNU, Adnan M, Islam MN, Sayeed MA, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J, Pagano E, Capasso R. Investigation of the Pharmacological Properties of Lepidagathis hyalina Nees through Experimental Approaches. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030180. [PMID: 33668978 PMCID: PMC7996513 DOI: 10.3390/life11030180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepidagathis hyalina Nees is used locally in Ayurvedic medicine to treat coughs and cardiovascular diseases. This study explored its pharmacological potential through in vivo and in vitro approaches for the metabolites extracted (methanolic) from the stems of L. hyalina. A qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of numerous secondary metabolites. The methanol extract of L. hyalina stems (MELHS) showed a strong antioxidative activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assays, and in the quantitative (phenolic and flavonoid) assay. Clot lysis and brine shrimp lethality bioassays were applied to investigate the thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities, respectively. MELHS exhibited an expressive percentage of clot lysis (33.98%) with a moderately toxic (115.11 μg/mL) effect. The in vivo anxiolytic activity was studied by an elevated plus maze test, whereas the antidepressant activity was examined by a tail suspension test and forced swimming test. During the anxiolytic evaluation, MELHS exhibited a significant dose-dependent reduction of anxiety, in which the 400 mg/kg dose of the extract showed 78.77 ± 4.42% time spent in the open arm in the elevated plus maze test. In addition, MELHS demonstrated dose-dependent and significant activities in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test, whereas the 400 mg/kg dose of the extract showed 87.67 ± 6.40% and 83.33 ± 6.39% inhibition of immobile time, respectively. Therefore, the current study suggests that L. hyalina could be a potential source of anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant agents. Further study is needed to determine the mechanism behind the bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fowzul Islam Fahad
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Niloy Barua
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Md. Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Syed Al Jawad Sayem
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Koushik Barua
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Mohammad Jamir Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Md. Nazim Uddin Chy
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Md. Adnan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
| | - Mohammed Aktar Sayeed
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.I.F.); (N.B.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.J.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.U.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.A.); (M.N.I.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); (R.C.); Tel.: +880-1554-310162 (M.A.S.); +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.-G.); +39-081-678664 (R.C.)
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); (R.C.); Tel.: +880-1554-310162 (M.A.S.); +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.-G.); +39-081-678664 (R.C.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus—University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); (R.C.); Tel.: +880-1554-310162 (M.A.S.); +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.-G.); +39-081-678664 (R.C.)
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); (R.C.); Tel.: +880-1554-310162 (M.A.S.); +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.-G.); +39-081-678664 (R.C.)
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24
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Uddin MZ, Paul A, Rakib A, Sami SA, Mahmud S, Rana MS, Hossain S, Tareq AM, Dutta M, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Chemical Profiles and Pharmacological Properties with in Silico Studies on Elatostema papillosum Wedd. Molecules 2021; 26:809. [PMID: 33557235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study attempted, for the first time, to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the phytochemical components of Elatostema papillosum methanol extract and their biological activities. The present study represents an effort to correlate our previously reported biological activities with a computational study, including molecular docking, and ADME/T (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion/toxicity) analyses, to identify the phytochemicals that are potentially responsible for the antioxidant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant. In the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis, a total of 24 compounds were identified, seven of which were documented as being bioactive based on their binding affinities. These seven were subjected to molecular docking studies that were correlated with the pharmacological outcomes. Additionally, the ADME/T properties of these compounds were evaluated to determine their drug-like properties and toxicity levels. The seven selected, isolated compounds displayed favorable binding affinities to potassium channels, human serotonin receptor, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), COX-2, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and human peroxiredoxin 5 receptor proteins. Phytol acetate, and terpene compounds identified in E. papillosum displayed strong predictive binding affinities towards the human serotonin receptor. Furthermore, 3-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane showed a significant binding affinity for the KcsA potassium channel. Eicosanal showed the highest predicted binding affinity towards the human peroxiredoxin 5 receptor. All of these findings support the observed in vivo antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and the in vitro antioxidant effects observed for this extract. The identified compounds from E. papillosum showed the lowest binding affinities towards COX-1, COX-2, and NF-κB receptors, which indicated the inconsequential impacts of this extract against the activities of these three proteins. Overall, E. papillosum appears to be bioactive and could represent a potential source for the development of alternative medicines; however, further analytical experiments remain necessary.
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25
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Banu N, Alam N, Nazmul Islam M, Islam S, Sakib SA, Hanif NB, Chowdhury MR, Tareq AM, Hasan Chowdhury K, Jahan S, Azad A, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Insightful Valorization of the Biological Activities of Pani Heloch Leaves through Experimental and Computer-Aided Mechanisms. Molecules 2020; 25:E5153. [PMID: 33167510 PMCID: PMC7663931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pani heloch (Antidesma montanum) is traditionally used to treat innumerable diseases and is a source of wild vegetables for the management of different pathological conditions. The present study explored the qualitative phytochemicals; quantitative phenol and flavonoid contents; in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic effects; and in vivo antipyretic and analgesic properties of the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves in different experimental models. The extract exhibited secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanols, phytosterols, cholesterols, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, fixed oils, emodines, coumarins, resins, and tannins. Besides, Pani heloch showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 99.00 µg/mL), while a moderate percentage of clot lysis (31.56%) in human blood and significant anti-inflammatory activity (p < 0.001) was achieved with the standard. Moreover, the analgesic and antipyretic properties appeared to trigger a significant response (p < 0.001) relative to in the control group. Besides, an in silico study of carpusin revealed favorable protein-binding affinities. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis and toxicological properties of all isolated compounds adopted Lipinski's rule of five for drug-like potential and level of toxicity. Our research unveiled that the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves exhibited secondary metabolites that are a good source for managing inflammation, pyrexia, pain, and cellular toxicity. Computational approaches and further studies are required to identify the possible mechanism which responsible for the biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Banu
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Najmul Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Sanjida Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Shahenur Alam Sakib
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nujhat Binte Hanif
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Md. Riad Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Kamrul Hasan Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Shamima Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Afrina Azad
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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26
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Guha B, Arman M, Islam MN, Tareq SM, Rahman MM, Sakib SA, Mutsuddy R, Tareq AM, Emran TB, Alqahtani AM. Unveiling pharmacological studies provide new insights on Mangifera longipes and Quercus gomeziana. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:183-190. [PMID: 33424295 PMCID: PMC7785437 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangifera longipes and Quercus gomeziana both is an ethnomedicinally important Asian herb that has been known for numerous healing activity of tribal people. The present research aims to investigate the phytochemical analysis with in vitro, in vivo possibilities of the soluble ethanol extract of M. longipes root (EEMLR) and Q. gomeziana leaves (EEQGL) by an experimental approach. The plant extract of EEMLR and EEQGL was found secondary metabolites, notably steroids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, gums, and alkaloids. Additionally, the extract showed significant activity in antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, membrane stabilization, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and analgesic activities while no response in antibacterial activity. Our findings reveal that soluble ethanol extract of EEMLR and EEQGL is safe, which can be an effective source for exploring new medicinal products. This research's outcomes may provide potentials for mitigating pyrexia, inflammation, pain, cellular toxicity, and coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwajit Guha
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, 739/A Mehedibag Road, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Arman
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Mohammed Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Md Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Shahenur Alam Sakib
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh.,Department of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rahul Mutsuddy
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, 739/A Mehedibag Road, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Ali M Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Rakib A, Paul A, Chy MNU, Sami SA, Baral SK, Majumder M, Tareq AM, Amin MN, Shahriar A, Uddin MZ, Dutta M, Tallei TE, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Biochemical and Computational Approach of Selected Phytocompounds from Tinospora crispa in the Management of COVID-19. Molecules 2020; 25:E3936. [PMID: 32872217 PMCID: PMC7504753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and the number of newly reported cases continues to increase. More than 19.7 million cases have been reported globally and about 728,000 have died as of this writing (10 August 2020). Recently, it has been confirmed that the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) enzyme is responsible not only for viral reproduction but also impedes host immune responses. The Mpro provides a highly favorable pharmacological target for the discovery and design of inhibitors. Currently, no specific therapies are available, and investigations into the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking. Therefore, herein, we analyzed the bioactive phytocompounds isolated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) from Tinospora crispa as potential COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors, using molecular docking study. Our analyses unveiled that the top nine hits might serve as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules, with three of them exerting biological activity and warranting further optimization and drug development to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Arkajyoti Paul
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh; (A.P.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (M.Z.U.); (M.D.)
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Nazim Uddin Chy
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh; (A.P.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sumit Kumar Baral
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohuya Majumder
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh; (A.P.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Nurul Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
| | - Asif Shahriar
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51 Siddeswari Road, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Zia Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (M.Z.U.); (M.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mycal Dutta
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (M.Z.U.); (M.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (M.Z.U.); (M.D.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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Jahan I, Tona MR, Sharmin S, Sayeed MA, Tania FZ, Paul A, Chy MNU, Rakib A, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. GC-MS Phytochemical Profiling, Pharmacological Properties, and In Silico Studies of Chukrasia velutina Leaves: A Novel Source for Bioactive Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153536. [PMID: 32748850 PMCID: PMC7436235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chukrasia velutina is a local medicinal plant commonly known as chikrassy in Bangladesh, India, China, and other South Asian countries. The leaves, bark, and seeds are vastly used as herbal medicine for fever and diarrhea, and its leaves essential oils are used for antimicrobial purposes. In this study, we discuss the neuropsychiatric properties of C. velutina leaves through several animal models, quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis, and computational approaches. Neuropsychiatric effects were performed in rodents on the methanolic extract of C. velutina leaves (MECVL). Antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects experimented through these rodent models were used such as the force swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), hole board test (HBT), elevated plus maze test (EPMT), light/dark box test (LDBT), open field test (OFT), and hole cross test (HCT). In these rodent models, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses were used which exhibited a significant result in the force swimming and tail suspension test (p < 0.001) for the antidepressant effect. In the anxiolytic study, the results were significant in the hole board, elevated plus maze, and light/dark box test (p < 0.001) for doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The result was also significant in the open field and hole cross test (p < 0.001) for sedative action in the sake of similar doses. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative studies were also performed through phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis, and fifty-seven phytochemical compounds were found. These compounds were analyzed for pharmacokinetics properties using the SwissADME tool and from them, thirty-five compounds were considered for the molecular docking analysis. These phytoconstituents were docking against the human serotonin receptor, potassium channel receptor, and crystal structure of human beta-receptor, where eight of the compounds showed a good binding affinity towards the respective receptors considered to the reference standard drugs. After all of these analyses, it can be said that the secondary metabolite of C. velutina leaves (MECVL) could be a good source for inhibiting the neuropsychiatric disorders which were found on animal models as well as in computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israt Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (I.J.); (M.R.T.); (M.A.S.); (F.Z.T.); (M.N.U.C.)
| | - Marzia Rahman Tona
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (I.J.); (M.R.T.); (M.A.S.); (F.Z.T.); (M.N.U.C.)
| | - Sanjida Sharmin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (I.J.); (M.R.T.); (M.A.S.); (F.Z.T.); (M.N.U.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +88-01819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.G.)
| | - Mohammed Aktar Sayeed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (I.J.); (M.R.T.); (M.A.S.); (F.Z.T.); (M.N.U.C.)
| | - Fatamatuz Zuhura Tania
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (I.J.); (M.R.T.); (M.A.S.); (F.Z.T.); (M.N.U.C.)
| | - Arkajyoti Paul
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh;
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nazim Uddin Chy
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (I.J.); (M.R.T.); (M.A.S.); (F.Z.T.); (M.N.U.C.)
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh;
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh;
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +88-01819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.G.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of 21 Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +88-01819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.G.)
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Barua N, Ibn Aziz MA, Tareq AM, Sayeed MA, Alam N, Alam NU, Uddin MA, Lyzu C, Emran TB. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of Adenia trilobata (Roxb.). Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 23:100772. [PMID: 32551370 PMCID: PMC7292905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenia trilobata, locally known as akandaphal in Bangladesh, has some traditional uses. Leaves and stems extracted with pure methanol (MEATL, MEATS) and fractioned by n-hexane (NFATL, NFATS), which was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of four extracts showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, flavonol, and saponins. All four extracts of A. trilobata, exhibited a strong antioxidant activity while a moderately (MEATS = 328 μg/mL) to weakly toxic (NFATL = 616.85 μg/mL) LC50 observed in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In thrombolytic test, MEATL (18.54 ± 2.18%; P < 0.01) and MEATS (25.58 ± 4.76%; P < 0.0001) showed significant percentage of clot lysis in human blood. The in vivo analgesic activity carried by acetic acid test and formalin test, while the antidiarrheal activity assayed by two standard methods e.g., castor oil-induced diarrhea and castor oil-induced gastrointestinal motility. Both, in vivo model, showed an extremely significant (P < 0.0001) dose-dependent manner percentage of inhibition in comparison to the control group. Present results suggested, A. trilobata could be a potential source for antioxidative, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, analgesic, antidiarrheal agents which require further study to identify the mechanism of A. trilobata. Detection of different plant metabolites in extracts of different plant parts. Strong antioxidant activity was found for all four extracts. Moderate to weakly toxic LC50 observed in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. A significant percentage of clot lysis in human blood was perceived. Extremely significant analgesic and antidiarrheal activity was found.
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Key Words
- A. trilobata
- A. trilobata, Adenia trilobata
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- Analgesic activity
- Antidiarrheal
- Antioxidant
- Cytotoxic
- DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl
- FCR, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent
- IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration
- IP, intraperitoneal
- LC50, 50% lethal concentration
- OS, oxidative stress
- SEM, standard error mean
- Thrombolytic
- UV, ultra-violet
- b.w., body weight
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloy Barua
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh.,Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Arfin Ibn Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh.,Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Aktar Sayeed
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Najmul Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh.,Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Nobi Ul Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Amran Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Chadni Lyzu
- Biomedical and Toxicological Research Institute, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
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