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Barszcz W, Łożyńska M, Molenda J. Impact of pyrolysis process conditions on the structure of biochar obtained from apple waste. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10501. [PMID: 38714738 PMCID: PMC11076542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Biochar is an eco-friendly carbon material whose properties allow it to be used as a sorbent for wastewater treatment or soil remediation. The paper presents the results of research related to the pyrolysis process of apple waste after supercritical CO2 extraction with the simultaneous use of physical activation. The research assessed the influence of the temperature of the pyrolysis process and steam activation on the structural properties of the obtained biochar, i.e. specific surface, porous structure, and presence of functional groups. The results obtained confirmed that lower temperature pyrolysis produces biochar characterised by the presence of functional groups and ordered structure. On the other hand, high temperature pyrolysis with simultaneous steam activation determines microporosity and high values of the specific surface area. Taking into consideration pollutant sorption mechanisms (physical and chemical sorption), the obtained biochar materials can be used as sorbents in water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Barszcz
- Bioeconomy and Ecoinnovation Centre, Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, 26-600, Radom, Poland.
- Faculty of Buildings Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-653, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Łożyńska
- Bioeconomy and Ecoinnovation Centre, Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, 26-600, Radom, Poland
| | - Jarosław Molenda
- Bioeconomy and Ecoinnovation Centre, Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, 26-600, Radom, Poland
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Gayathiri M, Pulingam T, Lee KT, Sudesh K. Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: Factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism. Chemosphere 2022; 294:133764. [PMID: 35093418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of activated carbon is evidenced by the increased scope of carbon-based applications in various industrial applications including pharmaceutical antidotes, wastewater remediation, aquaculture and toxin removal. Activated carbon produced from biomass waste by various processing methods and conditions is emerging as a promising adsorbent for remediation of the ecosystem due to extensive discharge of pollutants. Methods of producing activated carbon, nature of lignocellulosic biomass waste, and interaction of adsorbent-adsorbate are some of the crucial factors that need to be scrutinized to produce an effective adsorbent. However, these factors have not been thoroughly discussed in the literature. Activated carbon needs to go through continuous and rigorous research and development through optimization of key parameters such as type of activation (physical/chemical) and processing conditions, especially for large-scale production. It is imperative to have a detailed understanding of the preeminent characteristics of the activated carbon such as pore size distribution, total pore volume, surface area, and yield of activated carbon that control the extents of adsorptions and production of activated carbon. To further clarify the involved mechanism, studies should focus on all the possible variables that influence the system. Therefore, this review provides a better understanding of factors that affect the production of an efficient activated carbon, important properties to be used as an adsorbent, and the involved mechanisms during the adsorption process followed by increasing demand for activated carbon in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniandy Gayathiri
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Thiruchelvi Pulingam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Penang, Malaysia
| | - K T Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Penang, Malaysia.
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3
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Žukauskaitė Z, Druteikienė R, Tarasiuk N, Tautkus S, Niaura G, Ignatjev I, Baltušnikas A, Konstantinova M, Maceika E, Kazakevičiūtė-Jakučiūnienė L, Buivydas Š, Jasinevičienė D, Gvozdaitė R. Separation of anthropogenic radionuclides from aqueous environment using raw and modified biosorbents. J Environ Radioact 2022; 244-245:106829. [PMID: 35121277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two types of biosorbents were used to remove 137Cs and plutonium isotopes from aqueous solutions - moss (Ptilium crista - castrensis) and oak sawdust (Quercus robur), both in the form of natural and modified state. Sorbent modification significantly increases the sorbent surface area (for moss sorbents - from 4.0 to 47.2 m2/g, and for sawdust sorbents - from 1.1 to 26.3 m2/g), pore volume (from 10-3 to 10-2), concentration and amount of basic cations and anions, as well as active functional groups on the sorbent surface. The main functional groups on the surface of natural sorbents modified with iron hydroxide interacting with analytes are carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. For carbonized sawdust and its subsequent activation with concentrated HCl, in addition to carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, acetyl groups also become active. Carbonated sawdust treated with HCl showed the highest average removal efficiency and sorption capacity for radiocesium and plutonium isotopes in laboratory column experiments - for 137Cs ∼78.6% and ∼196.6 Bq/g and for 239+240Pu ∼83% and ∼41.5 Bq/g, respectively. The moss and moss modified with iron hydroxide also showed good properties of adsorbing plutonium isotopes in field (in-situ) experiments. The best results on the sorption of 137Cs in field experiments were shown by carbonated sawdust activated with HCl, and for isotopes of plutonium - the raw moss and moss modified with iron hydroxide. The results of the study showed that sorbents can be used not only for purification of water from plutonium isotopes but allow the operational sampling and more accurate measurement of radiocesium and plutonium isotopes in the fresh water reservoirs by the dynamic flow method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Žukauskaitė
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - R Druteikienė
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - N Tarasiuk
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - S Tautkus
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko st. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - G Niaura
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - I Ignatjev
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A Baltušnikas
- Lithuanian Energy Institute Public institution, Breslaujos st. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - M Konstantinova
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - E Maceika
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - L Kazakevičiūtė-Jakučiūnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Š Buivydas
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - D Jasinevičienė
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - R Gvozdaitė
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Havrlentová M, Šliková S, Gregusová V, Kovácsová B, Lančaričová A, Nemeček P, Hendrichová J, Hozlár P. The Influence of Artificial Fusarium Infection on Oat Grain Quality. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2108. [PMID: 34683429 PMCID: PMC8538375 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions, such as various biotic and abiotic stresses, are the primary reason for decreased crop productivity. Oat, as one of the world's major crops, is an important cereal in human nutrition. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of inoculation with two species of the genus Fusarium on the selected qualitative parameters of oat grain intended for the food industry. Artificial inoculation caused a statistically significant decrease in the content of starch, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids in oat grains compared to the control. Moreover, artificial inoculation had no statistically significant effect on the content of β-D-glucans, total dietary fiber, total lipids, palmitic, stearic, and cis-vaccenic acids. An increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in oat grains was observed after inoculation. The most important indicator of Fusarium infection was the presence of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in the grain. The content of β-D-glucans, as a possible protective barrier in the cell wall, did not have a statistically significant effect on the inoculation manifestation in the grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Havrlentová
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (V.G.); (B.K.)
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia; (S.Š.); (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Svetlana Šliková
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia; (S.Š.); (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Veronika Gregusová
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (V.G.); (B.K.)
| | - Bernadett Kovácsová
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (V.G.); (B.K.)
| | - Andrea Lančaričová
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia; (S.Š.); (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Peter Nemeček
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Jana Hendrichová
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia; (S.Š.); (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Peter Hozlár
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production in Piešťany, Research and Breeding Station at Vígľaš-Pstruša, 962 12 Pstruša, Slovakia;
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Shrestha D, Rajbhandari A. The effects of different activating agents on the physical and electrochemical properties of activated carbon electrodes fabricated from wood-dust of Shorea robusta. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07917. [PMID: 34522810 PMCID: PMC8424512 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the effects of activating agents on the physical and electrochemical properties of activated carbon (AC) electrodes, fabricated from wood dust of Shorea robusta. Three different activating agents namely H3PO4, KOH and Na2CO3 have been used to prepare ACs, which were named as: Sr–H3PO4, Sr–KOH and Sr–Na2CO3. The ACs were characterized by TGA/DSC, XRD, Raman, SEM, FTIR and BET. All the as prepared ACs were found to be amorphous in nature. The oxygen surface functionality was developed at the surface. The surface area of Sr–H3PO4, Sr–KOH and Sr–Na2CO3 were found to be 1269.5 m2/g, 280.6 m2/g and 58.9 m2/g respectively. The activated carbon-electrodes were then fabricated and supercapacitive performances were evaluated by “three electrode system” in aqueous 6M KOH using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The GCD performed at 1A/g revealed the specific capacitance values were 136.3 F/g, 42.2 F/g and 59.1 F/g for Sr–H3PO4, Sr–KOH and Sr–Na2CO3-electrodes, respectively. Energy density for Sr–H3PO4 electrode was found to be 3.0 Wh/kg at 99.6 W/kg power densities. Moreover, it also displayed imposing cyclic stability of about 96.9 %, 89.5 % and 78.5 % after 1000 cycles of charge/discharge respectively. The overall electrochemical performance of Sr–H3PO4 showed outstanding supercapacitive performances demonstrating the high possibility of this material to be used for the EDLC application in supercapacitive energy storage. The Nyquist plot also showed the lowest internal resistance of about 0.4 Ω for Sr–H3PO4 electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shrestha
- Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - A Rajbhandari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Akinpelu AA, Chowdhury ZZ, Shibly SM, Faisal ANM, Badruddin IA, Rahman MM, Amin MA, Sagadevan S, Akbarzadeh O, Khan TMY, Kamangar S, Khalid K, Saidur R, Johan MR. Adsorption Studies of Volatile Organic Compound (Naphthalene) from Aqueous Effluents: Chemical Activation Process Using Weak Lewis Acid, Equilibrium Kinetics and Isotherm Modelling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042090. [PMID: 33669883 PMCID: PMC7923291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the preparation of activated carbon (CDSP) from date seed powder (DSP) by chemical activation to eliminate polyaromatic hydrocarbon-PAHs (naphthalene-C10H8) from synthetic wastewater. The chemical activation process was carried out using a weak Lewis acid of zinc acetate dihydrate salt (Zn(CH3CO2)2·2H2O). The equilibrium isotherm and kinetics analysis was carried out using DSP and CDSP samples, and their performances were compared for the removal of a volatile organic compound-naphthalene (C10H8)-from synthetic aqueous effluents or wastewater. The equilibrium isotherm data was analyzed using the linear regression model of the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The R2 values for the Langmuir isotherm were 0.93 and 0.99 for naphthalene (C10H8) adsorption using DSP and CDSP, respectively. CDSP showed a higher equilibrium sorption capacity (qe) of 379.64 µg/g. DSP had an equilibrium sorption capacity of 369.06 µg/g for C10H8. The rate of reaction was estimated for C10H8 adsorption using a pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic equation. The reaction mechanism for both the sorbents (CDSP and DSP) was studied using the intraparticle diffusion model. The equilibrium data was well-fitted with the pseudo-second order kinetics model showing the chemisorption nature of the equilibrium system. CDSP showed a higher sorption performance than DSP due to its higher BET surface area and carbon content. Physiochemical characterizations of the DSP and CDSP samples were carried out using the BET surface area analysis, Fourier-scanning microscopic analysis (FSEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and Fourier-transform spectroscopic analysis (FTIR). A thermogravimetric and ultimate analysis was also carried out to determine the carbon content in both the sorbents (DSP and CDSP) here. This study confirms the potential of DSP and CDSP to remove C10H8 from lab-scale synthetic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola A. Akinpelu
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
- Center of Environment and Water, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 34464, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaira Zaman Chowdhury
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-7967-2929 or +601-0267-5621
| | - Shahjalal Mohd. Shibly
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Abu Nasser Mohd Faisal
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.B.); (T.M.Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Research Center of Advanced Materials and Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Md. Al Amin
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Omid Akbarzadeh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
| | - T. M. Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.B.); (T.M.Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sarfaraz Kamangar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.B.); (T.M.Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Khalisanni Khalid
- Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang 43000, Malaysia;
- Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
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Liu N, Song X, Wang C, Li K, Ning P, Sun X, Wang F, Ma Y. Surface characterization study of corn-straw biochar catalysts for the simultaneous removal of HCN, COS, and CS 2. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01648a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface functional groups promoted the removal of HCN, COS and CS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Song
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Chi Wang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Yixing Ma
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
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Hildago-Oporto P, Navia R, Hunter R, Coronado G, Gonzalez ME. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using biochar as precursor material under microwave irradiation. J Environ Manage 2019; 244:83-91. [PMID: 31108314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a carbon-rich porous material obtained by the thermochemical treatment of biomass. Biochar presents a suitable composition as precursor material for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) growth, and can be used as a sustainable alternative in the valorization of biomass. In this study, the synthesis of CNTs using biochar as biological precursor material is presented. CNTs were synthesized using a mixture of biochar and ferrocene including microwave assisted heating. Biochar samples used in the synthesis of CNTs were obtained from agroindustrial waste such as wheat straw, oat hulls, rapeseed cake and hazelnut hulls pyrolyzed at 400 °C and 600 °C. Synthesized CNTs were examined by dynamic light scattering, UV-VIS spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the physicochemical properties of CNTs were influenced by pyrolysis temperature of biomass. Biochars obtained at 600 °C produced higher CNTs concentration and smaller hydrodynamic diameter. Moreover, CNTs synthesized from biochar of hazelnut hulls and wheat straw show a higher degree of wall graphitization, suggesting superior CNT quality. The results of this study show the feasible production of CNTs using biochar as precursor material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Hildago-Oporto
- Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - R Navia
- Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Departament of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Centre for Biotechnology & Bioengineering (CeBiB), University of La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - R Hunter
- Departament of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - G Coronado
- School of Industrial Processes, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile.
| | - M E Gonzalez
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
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Abstract
Abstract
Biochar is a solid by-product of thermochemical conversion of biomass to bio-oil and syngas. It has a carbonaceous skeleton, a small amount of heteroatom functional groups, mineral matter, and water. Biochar’s unique physicochemical structures lead to many valuable properties of important technological applications, including its sorption capacity. Indeed, biochar’s wide range of applications include carbon sequestration, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, renewable energy generation, soil amendment, and environmental remediation. Aside from these applications, new scientific insights and technological concepts have continued to emerge in the last decade. Consequently, a systematic update of current knowledge regarding the complex nature of biochar, the scientific and technological impacts, and operational costs of different activation strategies are highly desirable for transforming biochar applications into industrial scales. This communication presents a comprehensive review of physical activation/modification strategies and their effects on the physicochemical properties of biochar and its applications in environment-related fields. Physical activation applied to the activation of biochar is discussed under three different categories: I) gaseous modification by steam, carbon dioxide, air, or ozone; II) thermal modification by conventional heating and microwave irradiation; and III) recently developed modification methods using ultrasound waves, plasma, and electrochemical methods. The activation results are discussed in terms of different physicochemical properties of biochar, such as surface area; micropore, mesopore, and total pore volume; surface functionality; burn-off; ash content; organic compound content; polarity; and aromaticity index. Due to the rapid increase in the application of biochar as adsorbents, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of activation processes on the desired application are also covered.
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Oladele SO, Agbetoye LAS, Osundahunsi OF, Augusto PED. Oat hydration kinetics at different temperatures: Evaluation, model, and validation. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samouel O. Oladele
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental EngineeringFederal University of Technology Akure Ondo State Nigeria
- Department of Agri‐food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ)University of São Paulo (USP) Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Leo A. S. Agbetoye
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental EngineeringFederal University of Technology Akure Ondo State Nigeria
| | | | - Pedro E. D. Augusto
- Department of Agri‐food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ)University of São Paulo (USP) Piracicaba SP Brazil
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN)University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo SP Brazil
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Krerkkaiwan S, Fukuda S. Catalytic effect of rice straw‐derived chars on the decomposition of naphthalene: The influence of steam activation and solvent treatment during char preparation. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supachita Krerkkaiwan
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE) and Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and EnvironmentKing Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | - Suneerat Fukuda
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE) and Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and EnvironmentKing Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
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12
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Zhang X, Liu C, Ren Q, Qiu X, Xu B, Zhou X, Xie Y, Lou H, Ali MC, Gao H, Bai Y, Zhang S. Green chemical engineering in China. REV CHEM ENG 2019; 35:995-1077. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In China, the rapid development greatly promotes the national economic power and living standard but also inevitably brings a series of environmental problems. In order to resolve these problems fundamentally, Chinese scientists have been undertaking research in the area of green chemical engineering (GCE) for many years and achieved great progresses. In this paper, we reviewed the research progresses related to GCE in China and screened four typical topics related to the Chinese resources characteristics and environmental requirements, i.e. ionic liquids and their applications, biomass utilization and bio-based materials/products, green solvent-mediated extraction technologies, and cold plasmas for coal conversion. Afterwards, the perspectives and development tendencies of GCE were proposed, and the challenges which will be faced while developing available industrial technologies in China were mentioned.
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Guo Y, Liu W, Wu R, Sun L, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Liu S, Wang H, Shan B. Marine-Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon Sheets with a Tunable N-Doping Content for Superior Sodium-Ion Storage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:38376-38386. [PMID: 30360066 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the electrode materials of sodium-ion storage devices from sustainable precursors via green methods is highly desirable. In this work, we fabricated a unique N, O dual-doped biocarbon nanosheet with hierarchical porosity by direct pyrolysis of low-cost cuttlebones and simple air oxidation activation (AOA) technique. With prolonging AOA time, thickness of the carbon sheets could be reduced controllably (from 35 to 5 nm), which may lead to tunable preparation of carbon nanosheets with a certain thickness. Besides, an unexpected increase in N-doping amount from 7.5 to 13.9 atom % was observed after AOA, demonstrating the unique role of AOA in tuning the doped heteroatoms of carbon matrix. This was also the first example of increasing N-doping content in carbons by treatment in air. More importantly, by optimizing the thickness of carbon sheets and heteroatom doping via AOA, superior sodium capacity-cycling retention-rate capability combinations were achieved. Specifically, a current state-of-the-art Na+ storage capacity of 640 mAh g-1 was obtained, which was comparable with the lithium-ion storage in carbon materials. Even after charging/discharging at large current densities (2 and 10 A g-1) for 10 000 cycles, the as-obtained samples still retained the capacities of 270 and 138 mAh g-1, respectively, with more than 90% retention. The assembled sodium-ion capacitors also delivered a high integrated energy-power density (36 kW h kg-1 at an ultrahigh power density of 53 000 W kg-1) and good cycling stability (90.5% of capacitance retention after 8000 cycles at 5 A g-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Ruitao Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Lanju Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Yongpeng Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Huanlei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Baohong Shan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
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15
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El-Moselhy MM, Ates A, Çelebi A. Synthesis and characterization of hybrid iron oxide silicates for selective removal of arsenic oxyanions from contaminated water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 488:335-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Zhu M, Liu R, Chai H, Yao J, Chen Y, Yi Z. Hazelnut shell activated carbon: a potential adsorbent material for the decontamination of uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Park SH, Cho HJ, Ryu C, Park Y. Removal of copper(II) in aqueous solution using pyrolytic biochars derived from red macroalga Porphyra tenera. J IND ENG CHEM 2016; 36:314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Park SH, Cho HJ, Ryu C, Park Y. Removal of copper(II) in aqueous solution using pyrolytic biochars derived from red macroalga Porphyra tenera. J IND ENG CHEM 2016; 36:314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Imyim A, Sirithaweesit T, Ruangpornvisuti V. Arsenite and arsenate removal from wastewater using cationic polymer-modified waste tyre rubber. J Environ Manage 2016; 166:574-578. [PMID: 26607568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Waste tyre rubber (WTR) granulate was modified with a cationic polymer, poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (p(APTMACl)). The resulting WTR/p(APTMACl) was utilized for the adsorption of arsenite, As(III) and arsenate, As(V) from aqueous medium in both batch and column methods. The level of adsorption increased gradually with increasing monomer concentration and contact time. The adsorption behavior obeyed the Freundlich model, and the rate of adsorption could be predicted by employing the pseudo-second order model. In the column method, As(V) could be adsorbed onto the sorbent more effectively than As(III). Remarkable desorption of As(III) and As(V) (99 and 92%, respectively) from the adsorbent was achieved using 0.10 M HCl as eluent. An approach of evaluation of adsorption capacity uncertainty is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichat Imyim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thitayati Sirithaweesit
- Program of Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vithaya Ruangpornvisuti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Minaret J, Dutta A. Comparison of liquid and vapor hydrothermal carbonization of corn husk for the use as a solid fuel. Bioresour Technol 2016; 200:804-11. [PMID: 26584229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the phase during the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of corn husks was studied to determine whether liquid water or water vapor was the more suitable reaction medium, as well as if the HTC process could produce a solid fuel (hydrochar) from green corn husks that was comparable to coal. Using liquid water for the HTC process produced a hydrochar with an increased heating value (27.66MJkg(-1)) compared to using water vapor (25.46MJkg(-1)). HTC using liquid water removed 90% of the potassium contained in raw corn husk, whereas the water vapor HTC treatment removed 58%. The liquid water treated hydrochar contained a 29% decrease in ash content compared to the water vapor hydrochar. Using a TGA-FTIR analysis the liquid treated hydrochar demonstrated a more coal-like combustion in terms of mass loss and heat production, compared to the vapor treated hydrochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Minaret
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G-2W1, Canada
| | - Animesh Dutta
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G-2W1, Canada.
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Zhang X, Wu J, Yang H, Shao J, Wang X, Chen Y, Zhang S, Chen H. Preparation of nitrogen-doped microporous modified biochar by high temperature CO2–NH3 treatment for CO2 adsorption: effects of temperature. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23748g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich agricultural waste, soybean straw, was used as a raw material to prepare high efficiency CO2 adsorbents (nitrogen-doped porous modified biochars).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Haiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Jingai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Xianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Yingquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Shihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Hanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
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Kim BS, Lee HW, Park SH, Baek K, Jeon JK, Cho HJ, Jung SC, Kim SC, Park YK. Removal of Cu(2+) by biochars derived from green macroalgae. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:985-994. [PMID: 25813639 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The by-product char of the fast pyrolysis of a green macroalga Enteromorpha compressa was used to remove copper from an aqueous solution. The surface area and the amount of cation exchange capacity (CEC) were increased by steam activation, resulting in enhanced adsorption capacity. Although chemical activation using a KOH solution increased the pore volume and surface area dramatically, it decreased the adsorption capacity because of activating in the KOH solution and washing decreased CEC. Ion exchange between the Cu ions and cations (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+)) as well as adsorption onto the functional groups on the char surface appeared to be important mechanisms for the removal of Cu. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model could interpret the kinetics and equilibrium of the Cu adsorption on the E. compressa char. The maximum amount of Cu adsorption on the char was 137 mg g(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Sik Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Lee
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ki Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, 330-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Cho
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Chul Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chai Kim
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea.
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Shim T, Yoo J, Ryu C, Park YK, Jung J. Effect of steam activation of biochar produced from a giant Miscanthus on copper sorption and toxicity. Bioresour Technol 2015; 197:85-90. [PMID: 26318926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the physiochemical properties, sorption characteristics, and toxicity effects of biochar (BC) produced from Miscanthus sacchariflorus via slow pyrolysis at 500°C and its steam activation product (ABC). Although BC has a much lower surface area than ABC (181 and 322m(2)g(-1), respectively), the Cu sorption capacities of BC and ABC are not significantly different (p>0.05). A two-compartment model successfully explains the sorption of BC and ABC as being dominated by fast and slow sorption processes, respectively. In addition, both BC and ABC efficiently eliminate the toxicity of Cu towards Daphnia magna. However, ABC itself induced acute toxicity to D. magna, which is possibly due to increased aromaticity upon steam activation. These findings suggest that activation of BC produced from M. sacchariflorus at a pyrolytic temperature of 500°C may not be appropriate in terms of Cu sorption and toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Shim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkook Ryu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Olorundare OF, Msagati TAM, Krause RWM, Okonkwo JO, Mamba BB. Preparation and use of maize tassels' activated carbon for the adsorption of phenolic compounds in environmental waste water samples. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:5780-5792. [PMID: 25354435 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The determination and remediation of three phenolic compounds bisphenol A (BPA), ortho-nitrophenol (o-NTP), parachlorophenol (PCP) in wastewater is reported. The analysis of these molecules in wastewater was done using gas chromatography (GC) × GC time-of-flight mass spectrometry while activated carbon derived from maize tassel was used as an adsorbent. During the experimental procedures, the effect of various parameters such as initial concentration, pH of sample solution, eluent volume, and sample volume on the removal efficiency with respect to the three phenolic compounds was studied. The results showed that maize tassel produced activated carbon (MTAC) cartridge packed solid-phase extraction (SPE) system was able to remove the phenolic compounds effectively (90.84-98.49%, 80.75-97.11%, and 78.27-97.08% for BPA, o-NTP, and PCP, respectively). The MTAC cartridge packed SPE sorbent performance was compared to commercially produced C18 SPE cartridges and found to be comparable. All the parameters investigated were found to have a notable influence on the adsorption efficiency of the phenolic compounds from wastewaters at different magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O F Olorundare
- Nanotechnology for Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ogbonnaya OU, Adebisi OO, Semple KT. The impact of biochar on the bioaccessibility of (14)C-phenanthrene in aged soil. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2014; 16:2635-2643. [PMID: 25277257 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a carbon rich product from the incomplete combustion of biomass and it has been shown to reduce bioavailability of organic contaminants through adsorption. This study investigated the influence of 0%, 1%, 5% and 10% of two different particle sized wood biochars (≤2 mm and 3-7 mm) on the bioaccessibility of (14)C-phenanthrene (10 mg kg(-1)) in aged soil. The extent of (14)C-phenanthrene mineralisation by phenanthrene-degrading Pseudomonas sp. inoculum was monitored over a 14 day period in respirometric assays and compared to hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) aqueous extraction. Notably, biochar amendments showed significant reduction in extents of mineralisation and HPCD extraction. Linear correlations between HPCD extractability and the total amount mineralised revealed good correlations, with 2 mm biochar showing a best fit (r(2) = 0.97, slope = 1.11, intercept = 1.72). Biochar reduced HPCD extractability and bioaccessibility of (14)C-phenanthrene to microorganisms in a similar manner. Biochar can aid risk reduction to phenanthrene exposure to biota in soil and HPCD can serve as a useful tool to assess the extent of exposure in biochar-amended soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- O U Ogbonnaya
- EcoSystems Environmental Management Services Ltd, 8 Rasheed Alaba Williams Street, Off Admiralty Way, Lekki Peninsula, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Hamid SBA, Chowdhury ZZ, Zain SM. Base Catalytic Approach: A Promising Technique for the Activation of Biochar for Equilibrium Sorption Studies of Copper, Cu(II) Ions in Single Solute System. Materials (Basel) 2014; 7:2815-32. [PMID: 28788595 DOI: 10.3390/ma7042815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the feasibility of catalytically pretreated biochar derived from the dried exocarp or fruit peel of mangostene with Group I alkali metal hydroxide (KOH). The pretreated char was activated in the presence of carbon dioxide gas flow at high temperature to upgrade its physiochemical properties for the removal of copper, Cu(II) cations in single solute system. The effect of three independent variables, including temperature, agitation time and concentration, on sorption performance were carried out. Reaction kinetics parameters were determined by using linear regression analysis of the pseudo first, pseudo second, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion models. The regression co-efficient, R² values were best for the pseudo second order kinetic model for all the concentration ranges under investigation. This implied that Cu(II) cations were adsorbed mainly by chemical interactions with the surface active sites of the activated biochar. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were used to interpret the equilibrium data at different temperature. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the sorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The surface area of the activated sample was 367.10 m²/g, whereas before base activation, it was only 1.22 m²/g. The results elucidated that the base pretreatment was efficient enough to yield porous carbon with an enlarged surface area, which can successfully eliminate Cu(II) cations from waste water.
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Ahmad F, Daud WMAW, Ahmad MA, Radzi R. The effects of acid leaching on porosity and surface functional groups of cocoa (Theobroma cacao)-shell based activated carbon. Chem Eng Res Des 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Basu A, Saha D, Saha R, Ghosh T, Saha B. A review on sources, toxicity and remediation technologies for removing arsenic from drinking water. Res Chem Intermed 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-1000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mohan D, Sharma R, Singh VK, Steele P, Pittman CU. Fluoride Removal from Water using Bio-Char, a Green Waste, Low-Cost Adsorbent: Equilibrium Uptake and Sorption Dynamics Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202189v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rupa Sharma
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vinod K. Singh
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Philip Steele
- Forest Products Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Charles U. Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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Hashim MA, Mukhopadhyay S, Sahu JN, Sengupta B. Remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated groundwater. J Environ Manage 2011; 92:2355-88. [PMID: 21708421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of groundwater by heavy metal, originating either from natural soil sources or from anthropogenic sources is a matter of utmost concern to the public health. Remediation of contaminated groundwater is of highest priority since billions of people all over the world use it for drinking purpose. In this paper, thirty five approaches for groundwater treatment have been reviewed and classified under three large categories viz chemical, biochemical/biological/biosorption and physico-chemical treatment processes. Comparison tables have been provided at the end of each process for a better understanding of each category. Selection of a suitable technology for contamination remediation at a particular site is one of the most challenging job due to extremely complex soil chemistry and aquifer characteristics and no thumb-rule can be suggested regarding this issue. In the past decade, iron based technologies, microbial remediation, biological sulphate reduction and various adsorbents played versatile and efficient remediation roles. Keeping the sustainability issues and environmental ethics in mind, the technologies encompassing natural chemistry, bioremediation and biosorption are recommended to be adopted in appropriate cases. In many places, two or more techniques can work synergistically for better results. Processes such as chelate extraction and chemical soil washings are advisable only for recovery of valuable metals in highly contaminated industrial sites depending on economical feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hashim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Donaldson AA, Kadakia P, Gupta M, Zhang Z. Production of Energy and Activated Carbon from Agri-Residue: Sunflower Seed Example. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 168:154-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alkhatib MF, Muyibi SA, Amode JO. Optimization of activated carbon production from empty fruit bunch fibers in one-step steam pyrolysis for cadmium removal from aqueous solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10669-011-9342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Mohan D, Rajput S, Singh VK, Steele PH, Pittman CU. Modeling and evaluation of chromium remediation from water using low cost bio-char, a green adsorbent. J Hazard Mater 2011; 188:319-33. [PMID: 21354700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Oak wood and oak bark chars were obtained from fast pyrolysis in an auger reactor at 400-450 °C. These chars were characterized and utilized for Cr(VI) remediation from water. Batch sorption studies were performed at different temperatures, pH values and solid to liquid ratios. Maximum chromium was removed at pH 2.0. A kinetic study yielded an optimum equilibrium time of 48 h with an adsorbent dose of 10 g/L. Sorption studies were conducted over a concentration range of 1-100mg/L. Cr(VI) removal increased with an increase in temperature (Q(Oak wood)(°): 25 °C = 3.03 mg/g; 35 °C = 4.08 mg/g; 45 °C = 4.93 mg/g and Q(Oakbark)(°): 25 °C = 4.62 mg/g; 35 °C = 7.43 mg/g; 45 °C = 7.51 mg/g). More chromium was removed with oak bark than oak wood. The char performances were evaluated using the Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, Toth, Radke and Sips adsorption isotherm models. The Sips adsorption isotherm model best fits the experimental data [high regression (R(2)) coefficients]. The overall kinetic data was satisfactorily explained by a pseudo second order rate expression. Water penetrated into the char walls exposing Cr(VI) to additional adsorption sites that were not on the surfaces of dry char pores. It is remarkable that oak chars (S(BET): 1-3m(2)g(-1)) can remove similar amounts of Cr(VI) as activated carbon (S(BET): ∼ 1000 m(2)g(-1)). Thus, byproduct chars from bio-oil production might be used as inexpensive adsorbents for water purification. Char samples were successfully used for chromium remediation from contaminated surface water with dissolved interfering ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India. dm
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Özçimen
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler 34201, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Ersoy-Meriçboyu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ozçimen D, Ersoy-Meriçboyu A. Removal of copper from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto chestnut shell and grapeseed activated carbons. J Hazard Mater 2009; 168:1118-1125. [PMID: 19342167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbons prepared from chestnut shell and grapeseed were used as adsorbent for the removal of Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were performed by varying initial metal ion concentration, temperature and pH. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data obtained at different adsorption conditions. It was observed that Freundlich isotherm provided better fit to the equilibrium data than Langmuir isotherm. Effects of temperature, pH and adsorbent surface area on the adsorption capacity constant of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were statistically investigated by using a two-level factorial design technique and empirical regression equations were developed. It was determined that the adsorption capacities of adsorbents increased with increasing temperature, pH and surface area. The SEM images of adsorbents before and after adsorption were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ozçimen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Aworn A, Thiravetyan P, Nakbanpote W. Preparation of CO2 activated carbon from corncob for monoethylene glycol adsorption. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Leonova S, Shelenga T, Hamberg M, Konarev AV, Loskutov I, Carlsson AS. Analysis of oil composition in cultivars and wild species of oat (Avena sp.). J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:7983-7991. [PMID: 18707115 DOI: 10.1021/jf800761c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oil quality and content were analyzed in 33 accessions from 13 wild species and 10 accessions of cultivated oat. Wild oat species tended to have higher oil and 18:1 fatty acid (FA) contents and lower amounts of 18:2 and 18:3 FAs as compared to cultivated oats. In addition to common FAs, minor amounts of several hydroxy and epoxy FAs were also present in the oat oil and mainly confined to specific lipid classes. These unusual FAs included the previously reported 15-hydroxy 18:2 (Delta9,12) (avenoleic acid) mostly found among polar lipids and a novel 7-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid located to 1,2-diacylglycerol. The present study highlights the potential of making use of the existing germplasm, consisting of wild oat species, in breeding programs for achieving new oat varieties that produce a range of oils with different FA compositions as well as having high oil contents. However, in one matter, oats apparently lack genetic diversity and that is for oil qualities that are highly enriched in the omega 3 (omega-3) FA 18:3. Consequently, developing oat cultivars with highly unsaturated oils will need involvement of other techniques such as biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Leonova
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 101, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
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Zhang F, Ma H, Chen J, Li GD, Zhang Y, Chen JS. Preparation and gas storage of high surface area microporous carbon derived from biomass source cornstalks. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:4803-4808. [PMID: 17967533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microporous carbon (MC) with a high surface area has been prepared from cornstalks through carbonization and KOH activation. The surface area of the obtained product varies to some extent but the pore size of the material remains within the micropore region as the concentration of KOH activating agent is increased. The MC we prepared exhibits H2 adsorption capacities up to 4.4 wt% at 77K and this material is also able to adsorb considerable amounts of CH4 and CO2. The high adsorption capacities for gases are attributed to the relatively narrow pore size and the high surface area of the porous carbon material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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Kula I, Uğurlu M, Karaoğlu H, Celik A. Adsorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from olive stone by ZnCl2 activation. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:492-501. [PMID: 17350829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to remove Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption. As adsorbent, activated carbon prepared from olive stone, an agricultural solid by-product was used. Different activating agent (ZnCl(2)) amounts and adsorbent particle size were studied to optimize adsorbent surface area. The adsorption experiments were conducted at different parameters such as, adsorbent dose, temperature, equilibrium time and pH. According to the experiments results, the equilibrium time, optimum pH, adsorbent dosage were found 60 min, pH > 6 and 1.0 g/50 ml respectively. The kinetic data supports pseudo-second order model and intra-particle model but shows very poor fit for pseudo-first order model. Adsorption isotherms were obtained from three different temperatures. These adsorption data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters, standard free energy (DeltaG(0)), standard enthalpy (DeltaH(0)), standard entropy (DeltaS(0)) of the adsorption process were calculated. To reveal the adsorptive characteristics of the produced active carbon, BET surface area measurements were made. Structural analysis was performed using SEM-EDS. The resulting activated carbons with 20% ZnCl(2) solution was the best sample of the produced activated carbons from olive stone with the specific surface area of 790.25 m(2)g(-1). The results show that the produced activated carbon from olive stone is an alternative low-cost adsorbent for removing Cd(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Kula
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06561, Turkey
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Mohan D, Pittman CU, Bricka M, Smith F, Yancey B, Mohammad J, Steele PH, Alexandre-Franco MF, Gómez-Serrano V, Gong H. Sorption of arsenic, cadmium, and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 310:57-73. [PMID: 17331527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bio-char by-products from fast wood/bark pyrolyses, were investigated as adsorbents for the removal of the toxic metals (As(3+), Cd(2+), Pb(2+)) from water. Oak bark, pine bark, oak wood, and pine wood chars were obtained from fast pyrolysis at 400 and 450 degrees C in an auger-fed reactor and characterized. A commercial activated carbon was also investigated for comparison. Chars were sieved (>600, 600-250, 250-177, 177-149, and <149 microm) and the particle size fraction from 600 to 250 microm was used without further modification for all studies unless otherwise stated. Sorption studies were performed at different temperatures, pHs, and solid to liquid ratios in the batch mode. Maximum adsorption occurred over a pH range 3-4 for arsenic and 4-5 for lead and cadmium. Kinetic studies yielded an optimum equilibrium time of 24 h with an adsorbent dose of 10 g/L and concentration approximately 100 mg/L for lead and cadmium. Sorption isotherms studies were conducted in broad concentration ranges (1-1000 ppb for arsenic, 1x10(-5)-5x10(-3) M for lead and cadmium). Oak bark out-performed the other chars and nearly mimicked Calgon F-400 adsorption for lead and cadmium. In an aqueous lead solution with initial concentration of 4.8x10(-4) M, both oak bark and Calgon F-400 (10 g/L) removed nearly 100% of the heavy metal. Oak bark (10 g/L) also removed about 70% of arsenic and 50% of cadmium from aqueous solutions. Varying temperatures (e.g., 5, 25, and 40 degrees C) were used to determine the effect of temperatures. The equilibrium data were modeled with the help of Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Overall, the data are well fitted with both the models, with a slight advantage for Langmuir model. The oak bark char's ability to remove Pb(II) and Cd(II) is remarkable when considered in terms of the amount of metal adsorbed per unit surface area (0.5157 mg/m(2) for Pb(II) and 0.213 mg/m(2) for Cd(II) versus that of commercial activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39761, USA.
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Mohan D, Pittman CU. Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents--A critical review. J Hazard Mater 2007; 142:1-53. [PMID: 17324507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1458] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic's history in science, medicine and technology has been overshadowed by its notoriety as a poison in homicides. Arsenic is viewed as being synonymous with toxicity. Dangerous arsenic concentrations in natural waters is now a worldwide problem and often referred to as a 20th-21st century calamity. High arsenic concentrations have been reported recently from the USA, China, Chile, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Mexico, Argentina, Poland, Canada, Hungary, Japan and India. Among 21 countries in different parts of the world affected by groundwater arsenic contamination, the largest population at risk is in Bangladesh followed by West Bengal in India. Existing overviews of arsenic removal include technologies that have traditionally been used (oxidation, precipitation/coagulation/membrane separation) with far less attention paid to adsorption. No previous review is available where readers can get an overview of the sorption capacities of both available and developed sorbents used for arsenic remediation together with the traditional remediation methods. We have incorporated most of the valuable available literature on arsenic remediation by adsorption ( approximately 600 references). Existing purification methods for drinking water; wastewater; industrial effluents, and technological solutions for arsenic have been listed. Arsenic sorption by commercially available carbons and other low-cost adsorbents are surveyed and critically reviewed and their sorption efficiencies are compared. Arsenic adsorption behavior in presence of other impurities has been discussed. Some commercially available adsorbents are also surveyed. An extensive table summarizes the sorption capacities of various adsorbents. Some low-cost adsorbents are superior including treated slags, carbons developed from agricultural waste (char carbons and coconut husk carbons), biosorbents (immobilized biomass, orange juice residue), goethite and some commercial adsorbents, which include resins, gels, silica, treated silica tested for arsenic removal come out to be superior. Immobilized biomass adsorbents offered outstanding performances. Desorption of arsenic followed by regeneration of sorbents has been discussed. Strong acids and bases seem to be the best desorbing agents to produce arsenic concentrates. Arsenic concentrate treatment and disposal obtained is briefly addressed. This issue is very important but much less discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Chuang CL, Fan M, Xu M, Brown RC, Sung S, Saha B, Huang CP. Adsorption of arsenic(V) by activated carbon prepared from oat hulls. Chemosphere 2005; 61:478-83. [PMID: 16202801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of self-manufactured activated carbon (AC) produced from oat hulls in adsorbing arsenic(V) was tested in a batch reactor. The results indicated that the adsorptive capacity of AC was affected by initial pH value, with adsorption capacity decreasing from 3.09 to 1.57 mg As g(-1) AC when the initial pH values increased from 5 to 8. A modified linear driving force model conjugated with a Langmuir isotherm was created to describe the study's kinetics. The test results show that rapid adsorption and slow adsorption exist simultaneously when AC is used to remove arsenic(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chuang
- Center for Sustainable Environmental Technologies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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