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Franco R, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E. The adenosine A 2A receptor in the basal ganglia: Expression, heteromerization, functional selectivity and signalling. Int Rev Neurobiol 2023; 170:49-71. [PMID: 37741696 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuroregulatory nucleoside that acts through four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), A1, A2A, A2B and A3, which are widely expressed in cells of the nervous system. The A2A receptor (A2AR), the GPCR with the highest expression in the striatum, has a similar role to that of receptors for dopamine, one of the main neurotransmitters. Neuronal and glial A2ARs participate in the modulation of dopaminergic transmission and act in almost any action in which the basal ganglia is involved. This chapter revisits the expression of the A2AR in the basal ganglia in health and disease, and describes the diversity of signalling depending on whether the receptors are expressed as monomer or as heteromer. The A2AR can interact with other receptors as adenosine A1, dopamine D2, or cannabinoid CB1 to form heteromers with relevant functions in the basal ganglia. Heteromerization, with these and other GPCRs, provides diversity to A2AR-mediated signalling and to the modulation of neurotransmission. Thus, selective A2AR antagonists have neuroprotective potential acting directly on neurons, but also through modulation of glial cell activation, for example, by decreasing neuroinflammatory events that accompany neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, A2AR antagonists are safe and their potential in the therapy of Parkinson's disease has already led to the approval of one of them, istradefylline, in Japan and United States. The receptor also has a key role in reward circuits and, again, heteromers with dopamine receptors, but also with cannabinoid CB1 receptors, participate in the events triggered by drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
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Marques TR, Natesan S, Rabiner EA, Searle GE, Gunn R, Howes OD, Kapur S. Adenosine A 2A receptor in schizophrenia: an in vivo brain PET imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3439-3445. [PMID: 34175983 PMCID: PMC9584985 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors are highly enriched in the basal ganglia system, a region that is functionally implicated in schizophrenia. Preclinical evidence suggests a cross-regulation between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in this region and that it is linked to the sensitization of the dopamine system. However, the relationship between A2A receptor availability and schizophrenia has not been directly examined in vivo in patients with this disorder. To investigate, using positron emission tomography (PET), the availability of A2A receptors in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia in comparison to matched healthy controls. A2A receptor availability was measured using the PET tracer [11C]SCH442416. Twelve male patients with chronic schizophrenia were compared to 13 matched healthy subjects. All patients were medicated with antipsychotics and none presented with any motor or extrapyramidal symptoms. Binding potential (BPND), a ratio measure between specific and non-specific tracer uptake, were compared between the groups for the caudate, putamen, accumbens and globus pallidum. There was no differences between A2A receptor binding potential (BPND) of schizophrenia patients in the caudate (p = 0.16), putamen (p = 0.86), accumbens (p = 0.44) and globus pallidum (p = 0.09) to that of matched healthy subjects. There was also no significant correlation between [11C]SCH442416 binding and severity of psychotic symptoms (p = 0.2 to 0.82) or antipsychotic dosage (p = 0.13 to 0.34). By showing that A2A receptor availability in medicated patients with chronic male schizophrenia is not different than in healthy controls, this study does not support the primary role of this receptor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Reis Marques
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Sridhar Natesan
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Imaging Sciences, London, UK
| | | | | | - Oliver D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
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Ródenas-González F, Blanco-Gandía MC, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Effects of ketosis on cocaine-induced reinstatement in male mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 778:136619. [PMID: 35395325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the benefits of the ketogenic diet (KD) on different psychiatric disorders have been gaining attention, but the substance abuse field is still unexplored. Some studies have reported that palatable food can modulate the rewarding effects of cocaine, but the negative metabolic consequences rule out the recommendation of using it as a complementary treatment. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the KD on cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) during acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement. 41 OF1 male mice were employed to assess the effects of the KD on a 10 mg/kg cocaine-induced CPP. Animals were divided into three groups: SD, KD, and KD after the Post-Conditioning test. The results revealed that, while access to the KD did not block CPP acquisition, it did significantly reduce the number of sessions required to extinguish the drug-associated memories and it blocked the priming-induced reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ródenas-González
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Carmen Blanco-Gandía
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Fonseca-Barriendos D, Frías-Soria CL, Pérez-Pérez D, Gómez-López R, Borroto Escuela DO, Rocha L. Drug-resistant epilepsy: Drug target hypothesis and beyond the receptors. Epilepsia Open 2021; 7 Suppl 1:S23-S33. [PMID: 34542940 PMCID: PMC9340308 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects more than 50 million people worldwide. Despite a recent introduction of antiseizure drugs for the treatment of epileptic seizures, one-third of these patients suffer from drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The therapeutic target hypothesis is a cited theory to explain DRE. According to the target hypothesis, the failure to achieve seizure freedom leads to alteration of the structure and/or function of the antiseizure medication (ASM) target. However, this hypothesis fails to explain why patients with DRE do not respond to antiseizure medications of different targets. This review presents different conditions, such as epigenetic mechanisms and protein-protein interactions that may result in alterations of diverse drug targets using different mechanisms. These novel conditions represent new targets to control DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Pérez-Pérez
- Plan of Combined Studies in Medicine (PECEM), Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, Mexico
| | - Rosenda Gómez-López
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Luisa Rocha
- Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, México City, México
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Blanco-Gandía MDC, Ródenas-González F, Pascual M, Reguilón MD, Guerri C, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Ketogenic Diet Decreases Alcohol Intake in Adult Male Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072167. [PMID: 34202492 PMCID: PMC8308435 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic ketogenic diet is a diet high in fat, low in carbohydrates, and well-adjusted proteins. The reduction in glucose levels induces changes in the body’s metabolism, since the main energy source happens to be ketone bodies. Recent studies have suggested that nutritional interventions may modulate drug addiction. The present work aimed to study the potential effects of a classic ketogenic diet in modulating alcohol consumption and its rewarding effects. Two groups of adult male mice were employed in this study, one exposed to a standard diet (SD, n = 15) and the other to a ketogenic diet (KD, n = 16). When a ketotic state was stable for 7 days, animals were exposed to the oral self-administration paradigm to evaluate the reinforcing and motivating effects of ethanol. Rt-PCR analyses were performed evaluating dopamine, adenosine, CB1, and Oprm gene expression. Our results showed that animals in a ketotic state displayed an overall decrease in ethanol consumption without changes in their motivation to drink. Gene expression analyses point to several alterations in the dopamine, adenosine, and cannabinoid systems. Our results suggest that nutritional interventions may be a useful complementary tool in treating alcohol-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Ródenas-González
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
| | - María Pascual
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Daiana Reguilón
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Miñarro
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963864637
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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Allosteric Interactions between Adenosine A 2A and Dopamine D 2 Receptors in Heteromeric Complexes: Biochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics, and Opportunities for PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041719. [PMID: 33572077 PMCID: PMC7915359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits and blockade of A2AR enhances D2R-mediated locomotor activation and goal-directed behavior in rodents. In striatal membrane preparations, adenosine decreases both the affinity and the signal transduction of D2R via its interaction with A2AR. Reciprocal A2AR/D2R interactions occur mainly in striatopallidal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway that are involved in motor control, and in striatal astrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens, they also take place in MSNs involved in reward-related behavior. A2AR and D2R co-aggregate, co-internalize, and co-desensitize. They are at very close distance in biomembranes and form heteromers. Antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine are (at least partially) caused by allosteric receptor–receptor interactions within A2AR/D2R heteromeric complexes. Such interactions may be exploited in novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and perhaps also attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Little is known about shifting A2AR/D2R heteromer/homodimer equilibria in the brain. Positron emission tomography with suitable ligands may provide in vivo information about receptor crosstalk in the living organism. Some experimental approaches, and strategies for the design of novel imaging agents (e.g., heterobivalent ligands) are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C.Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
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Ur Rehman N, Abbas M, Al-Rashida M, Tokhi A, Arshid MA, Khan MS, Ahmad I, Rauf K. Effect of 4-Fluoro-N-(4-Sulfamoylbenzyl) Benzene Sulfonamide on Acquisition and Expression of Nicotine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization and Striatal Adenosine Levels. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:3777-3786. [PMID: 32982182 PMCID: PMC7505708 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s270025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Behavioral sensitization is a phenomenon that develops from intermittent exposure to nicotine and other psychostimulants, which often leads to heightened locomotor activity and then relapse. Sulfonamides that act as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have a documented role in enhancing dopaminergic tone and normalizing neuroplasticity by stabilizing glutamate release. Objective The aim of the current study was to explore synthetic sulfonamides derivative 4-fluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl) benzene-sulfonamide (4-FBS) (with documented carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity) on acquisition and expression of nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization. Methods In the acquisition phase, selected 5 groups of mice were exposed to saline or nicotine 0.5mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p) for 7 consecutive days. Selected 3 groups were administered with 4-FBS 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg p.o. along with nicotine. After 3 days of the drug-free period, ie, day 11, a challenge dose of nicotine was injected to all groups except saline and locomotor activity was recorded for 30 minutes. In the expression phase, mice were exposed to saline and nicotine only 0.5 mg/kg i.p for 7 consecutive days. After 3 days of the drug-free period, ie, day 11, 4-FBS at 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg were administered to the selected groups, one hour after drug a nicotine challenge dose was administered, and locomotion was recorded. At the end of behavioral experiments, all animals were decapitated and the striatum was excised and screened for changes in adenosine levels, using HPLC-UV. Results Taken together, our findings showed that 4-FBS in all 3 doses, in both sets of experiments significantly attenuated nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Additionally, 4-FBS at 60mg/kg significantly lowered the adenosine level in the striatum. Conclusion The behavioral and adenosine modulation is promising, and more receptors level studies are warranted to explore the exact mechanism of action of 4-FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mariya Al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Tokhi
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Sona Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Izhar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rauf
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Vaher K, Anier K, Jürgenson M, Harro J, Kalda A. Cocaine-induced changes in behaviour and DNA methylation in rats are influenced by inter-individual differences in spontaneous exploratory activity. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:680-692. [PMID: 32338111 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120916137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in behavioural traits influence susceptibility to addictive disorders. Drug addiction involves changes in gene expression, proposed to occur via DNA methylation (DNAm). AIMS To investigate DNAm changes in reward-related brain structures (nucleus accumbens (NAc), lateral habenula (LHb)) in response to cocaine exposure in rats differing in spontaneous exploratory activity. METHODS Rats were observed in the exploration box and categorised as high- (HE) or low explorers (LE). Rats were administered vehicle or cocaine (12 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days, followed by a 14-day withdrawal period and cocaine challenge (7 mg/kg); horizontal locomotor activity was recorded. Brain tissue was dissected after 24 h; we analysed messenger RNA (mRNA) and activity levels of epigenetic DNA modifiers (DNMTs and TETs) as well as mRNA and promoter methylation levels at selected genes previously linked to addictive behaviours. RESULTS The cocaine challenge dose stimulated locomotor activity in both LE- and HE rats only when administered after a repeated cocaine schedule, suggesting development of behavioural sensitisation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated higher basal expression of Dnmt3a, Tet2 and Tet3 in the LHb of HE- vs. LE rats, and we observed differential effects of cocaine exposure on the expression and activity of epigenetic DNA modifiers in the NAc and LHb of HE- and LE rats. Furthermore, cocaine exposure differentially altered promoter methylation levels of A2AR, Ppp1cc, and Taar7b in the NAc and LHb of HE- and LE rats. CONCLUSIONS DNAm might play a role in the HE- and LE phenotypes as well as mediate behavioural effects of LE- and HE rats in response to drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi Vaher
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Wydra K, Gawliński D, Gawlińska K, Frankowska M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K, Filip M. Adenosine A 2AReceptors in Substance Use Disorders: A Focus on Cocaine. Cells 2020; 9:E1372. [PMID: 32492952 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several psychoactive drugs can evoke substance use disorders (SUD) in humans and animals, and these include psychostimulants, opioids, cannabinoids (CB), nicotine, and alcohol. The etiology, mechanistic processes, and the therapeutic options to deal with SUD are not well understood. The common feature of all abused drugs is that they increase dopamine (DA) neurotransmission within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry of the brain followed by the activation of DA receptors. D2 receptors were proposed as important molecular targets for SUD. The findings showed that D2 receptors formed heteromeric complexes with other GPCRs, which forced the addiction research area in new directions. In this review, we updated the view on the brain D2 receptor complexes with adenosine (A)2A receptors (A2AR) and discussed the role of A2AR in different aspects of addiction phenotypes in laboratory animal procedures that permit the highly complex syndrome of human drug addiction. We presented the current knowledge on the neurochemical in vivo and ex vivo mechanisms related to cocaine use disorder (CUD) and discussed future research directions for A2AR heteromeric complexes in SUD.
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Prieto JP, López Hill X, Urbanavicius J, Sanchez V, Nadal X, Scorza C. Cannabidiol Prevents the Expression of the Locomotor Sensitization and the Metabolic Changes in the Nucleus Accumbens and Prefrontal Cortex Elicited by the Combined Administration of Cocaine and Caffeine in Rats. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:478-486. [PMID: 32415526 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, clinical and preclinical researchers have increased their interest in non-psychotomimetic cannabinoids, like cannabidiol (CBD), as a strategy for treating psychostimulant use disorders. However, there are discrepancies in the pharmacological effects and brain targets of CBD. We evaluated if CBD was able to prevent the locomotor sensitization elicited by cocaine and caffeine co-administration. The effect of CBD on putative alterations in the metabolic activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), and its respective subregions (cingulated, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices, and NAc core and shell) associated to the behavioral response, was also investigated. Rats were intraperitoneally and repeatedly treated with CBD (20 mg/kg) or its vehicle, followed by the combination of cocaine and caffeine (Coc+Caf; 5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively) or saline for 3 days. After 5 days of withdrawal, all animals were challenged with Coc+Caf (day 9). Locomotor activity was automatically recorded and analyzed by a video-tracking software. The metabolic activity was determined by measuring cytochrome oxidase-I (CO-I) staining. Locomotion was significantly and similarly increased both in Veh-Coc+Caf- and CBD-Coc+Caf-treated animals during the pretreatment period (3 days); however, on day 9, the expression of the sensitization was blunted in CBD-treated animals. A hypoactive metabolic response and a hyperactive metabolic response in mPFC and NAc subregions respectively were observed after the behavioral sensitization. CBD prevented almost all these changes. Our findings substantially contribute to the understanding of the functional changes associated with cocaine- and caffeine-induced sensitization and the effect of CBD on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ximena López Hill
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jessika Urbanavicius
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Xavier Nadal
- Phytoplant Research S.L., Córdoba, Spain.,, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Prieto JP, González B, Muñiz J, Bisagno V, Scorza C. Molecular changes in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex associated with the locomotor sensitization induced by coca paste seized samples. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1481-1491. [PMID: 32034449 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In previous studies, we have demonstrated that seized samples of a smokable form of cocaine, also known as coca paste (CP), induced behavioral sensitization in rats. Interestingly, this effect was accelerated and enhanced when the samples were adulterated with caffeine. While the cocaine phenomenon is associated with persistent functional and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), the molecular mechanisms underlying the CP sensitization and the influence of caffeine remains still unknown. OBJECTIVE We examined the gene expression in NAc and mPFC after the expression caffeine-adulterated and non-adulterated CP locomotor sensitization. METHODS The locomotor sensitization was established in C57BL/6 mice, repeatedly treated with a CP-seized sample adulterated with caffeine (CP-2) and a non-adulterated one (CP-1). We then assessed the mRNA expression of receptor subunits of the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in the medial PFC (mPFC) and NAc. Other molecular markers (e.g., adenosinergic, endocannabinoid receptor subunits, and synaptic plasticity-associated genes) were also analyzed. RESULTS Only CP-2-treated mice expressed locomotor sensitization. This phenomenon was associated with increased Drd1a, Gria1, Cnr1, and Syn mRNA expression levels in the NAc. Drd3 mRNA expression levels were only significantly increased in mPFC of CP-2-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that caffeine actively collaborates in the induction of the molecular changes underlying CP sensitization. The present study provides new knowledge on the impact of active adulterants to understand the early dependence induced by CP consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Betina González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Muñiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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12
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Mascia P, Wang Q, Brown J, Nesbitt KM, Kennedy RT, Vezina P. Maladaptive consequences of repeated intermittent exposure to uncertainty. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109864. [PMID: 31952958 PMCID: PMC7107980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently we reported that nucleus accumbens (NAcc) dopamine (DA) tracks uncertainty during operant responding for non-caloric saccharin. We also showed that repeated intermittent exposure to this uncertainty, like exposure to drugs of abuse, leads to sensitization of the locomotor and NAcc DA effects of amphetamine and promotes the subsequent self-administration of the drug. Here we review these findings together with others showing that NAcc glutamate signaling is similarly affected by uncertainty. Extracellular levels of glutamate in this site also track uncertainty in a task in which nose poking for saccharin on an escalating variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is associated with progressively increasing variance between performance of the operant and payout. Furthermore, sensitized behavioral responding to and for amphetamine following exposure to uncertainty is accompanied by increased levels of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation as well as altered protein levels of the transcription factor ∆FosB (increased) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1; decreased) in NAcc tissues. Notably, phosphorylation by CaMKII and PKC regulates AMPA receptor trafficking and function in this site, is elevated following psychostimulant exposure, and is necessary for the expression of enhanced drug taking. Increased ∆FosB and decreased GLT1 levels are observed following psychostimulant exposure, are associated with increased drug taking and seeking, and are known to modulate AMPA receptors and extracellular glutamate levels respectively. These adaptations in glutamate transmission as well as those observed with DA following repeated intermittent exposure to uncertainty are similar to those produced by exposure to abused drugs. Together, they point to the recruitment of both DA and glutamate signaling pathways in the NAcc in both drug and behavioral addictions. As uncertainty is central to games of chance, these findings have particular relevance for gambling disorders known to exhibit comorbidity with drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mascia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jason Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kathryn M Nesbitt
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Vezina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Tortorella C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Adenosine A 2A-dopamine D 2 receptor-receptor interaction in neurons and astrocytes: Evidence and perspectives. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2019; 169:247-277. [PMID: 31952688 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of receptor-receptor interactions in the early 1980s, together with a more accurate focusing of allosteric mechanisms in proteins, expanded the knowledge on the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling processes. GPCRs were seen to operate not only as monomers, but also as quaternary structures shaped by allosteric interactions. These integrative mechanisms can change the function of the GPCRs involved, leading to a sophisticated dynamic of the receptor assembly in terms of modulation of recognition and signaling. In this context, the heterodimeric complex formed by the adenosine A2A and the dopamine D2 receptors likely represents a prototypical example. The pharmacological evidence obtained, together with the tissue distribution of the A2A-D2 heteromeric complexes, suggested they could represent a target for new therapeutic strategies addressing significant disorders of the central nervous system. The research findings and the perspectives they offer from the therapeutic standpoint are the focus of the here presented discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Larson TA, Winkler MC, Stafford J, Levis SC, O’Neill CE, Bachtell RK. Role of dopamine D 2-like receptors and their modulation by adenosine receptor stimulation in the reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1207-1218. [PMID: 30470862 PMCID: PMC6533169 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Previous work has demonstrated that dopamine and adenosine receptors are involved in drug-seeking behaviors, yet the pharmacological interactions between these receptors in methamphetamine (MA) seeking are not well characterized. The present studies examined the role of the dopamine D2-like receptors in MA seeking and identified the interactive effects of adenosine receptor stimulation. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for MA in daily 2-h self-administration sessions on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for 10 consecutive days. After 1 day of abstinence, lever pressing was extinguished in six daily extinction sessions. Treatments were administered systemically prior to a 2-h reinstatement test session. RESULTS An increase in MA seeking was observed following the administration of the dopamine D2-like agonist, quinpirole, or the D3 receptor agonist, 7-OH-DPAT. Stimulation of D2 or D4 receptors was ineffective at inducing MA seeking. Quinpirole-induced MA seeking was inhibited by D3 receptor antagonism (SB-77011A or PG01037), an adenosine A1 agonist, CPA, and an adenosine A2A agonist, CGS 21680. MA seeking induced by a MA priming injection or D3 receptor stimulation was inhibited by a pretreatment with the adenosine A1 agonist, CPA, but not the adenosine A2A agonist, CGS 21680. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the sufficiency of dopamine D3 receptors to reinstate MA seeking that is inhibited when combined with adenosine A1 receptor stimulation.
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Martinez LA, Lees ME, Ruskin DN, Masino SA. A ketogenic diet diminishes behavioral responses to cocaine in young adult male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 149:27-34. [PMID: 30731137 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KDs) are high fat, low carbohydrate formulations traditionally used to treat epilepsy; more recently, KDs have shown promise for a wide range of other neurological disorders. Drug addiction studies suggest that repeated exposure to drugs of abuse, including cocaine, results in a suite of neurobiological changes that includes neuroinflammation, decreased glucose metabolism, and disordered neurotransmission. Given that KDs positively regulate these factors, we addressed whether administration of a KD has potential as a novel therapy for drug addiction. In this study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a KD or a control diet (CD), beginning at five weeks of age and continuing through the end of behavioral testing. Three weeks after initiation of dietary treatments, rats received daily i.p. injections of cocaine (15 mg/kg) or saline vehicle for one week, were drug free for a subsequent week, and then all animals received a final challenge injection of 15 mg/kg cocaine. In the absence of cocaine injections, stereotyped locomotor responses were minimal and were unaffected by dietary treatment. In contrast, both males and females fed a KD exhibited decreased cocaine-induced stereotyped responses as compared to CD-fed rats. The sensitization of ambulatory responses was also disrupted in KD-fed rats. These results suggest that KDs directly impact dopamine-mediated behaviors, and hence may hold potential as a therapy for drug addiction.
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16
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Haynes NS, O’Neill CE, Hobson BD, Bachtell RK. Effects of adenosine A 2A receptor antagonists on cocaine-induced locomotion and cocaine seeking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:699-708. [PMID: 30392131 PMCID: PMC6401288 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Adenosine signaling through adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) is known to influence cocaine-induced behaviors. These studies sought to elucidate how two A2AR antagonists distinguished by their antagonist effects at presynaptic and postsynaptic A2AR influence cocaine-induced locomotion and cocaine seeking. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were used to assess the differential effects of SCH 442416 and istradefylline that antagonize presynaptic and postsynaptic A2AR, respectively. We evaluated the effects of these antagonists on both basal and cocaine-induced locomotion in cocaine-naïve rats and rats that received seven daily cocaine treatments. The effects of SCH 442416 or istradefylline on cocaine seeking were measured in animals extinguished from cocaine self-administration. We assessed the effects of the A2AR antagonists to induce cocaine seeking when administered alone and their effects on cocaine seeking induced by a cocaine-priming injection. Lastly, we evaluated the effects of the antagonists on sucrose seeking in animals extinguished from sucrose self-administration. RESULTS Neither istradefylline nor SCH 442416 significantly altered basal locomotion. Istradefylline enhanced acute cocaine-induced locomotion but had no effect on the expression of locomotor sensitization. SCH 44216 had no effect on acute cocaine-induced locomotion but inhibited the expression of locomotor sensitization. Istradefylline was sufficient to induce cocaine seeking and augmented both cocaine-induced seeking and sucrose seeking. SCH 442416 inhibited cocaine-induced seeking, but had no effect on sucrose seeking and did not induce cocaine seeking when administered alone. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate differential effects of two A2AR antagonists distinguished by their effects at pre- and postsynaptic A2AR on cocaine-induced behaviors.
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Lam VM, Mielnik CA, Baimel C, Beerepoot P, Espinoza S, Sukhanov I, Horsfall W, Gainetdinov RR, Borgland SL, Ramsey AJ, Salahpour A. Behavioral Effects of a Potential Novel TAAR1 Antagonist. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:953. [PMID: 30233365 PMCID: PMC6131539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the monoaminergic regions of the brain, and represents a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorders. While selective agonists for TAAR1 have been successfully identified, only one high affinity TAAR1 antagonist has been described thus far. We previously identified four potential low potency TAAR1 antagonists through an in silico screen on a TAAR1 homology model. One of the identified antagonists (compound 22) was predicted to have favorable physicochemical properties, which would allow the drug to cross the blood brain barrier. In vivo studies were therefore carried out and showed that compound 22 potentiates amphetamine- and cocaine-mediated locomotor activity. Furthermore, electrophysiology experiments demonstrated that compound 22 increased firing of dopamine neurons similar to EPPTB, the only known TAAR1 antagonist. In order to assess whether the effects of compound 22 were mediated through TAAR1, experiments were carried out on TAAR1-KO mice. The results showed that compound 22 is able to enhance amphetamine- and cocaine-mediated locomotor activity, even in TAAR1-KO mice, suggesting that the in vivo effects of this compound are not mediated by TAAR1. In collaboration with Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, we attempted to determine the targets for compound 22. Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) results suggested several potential targets for compound 22 including, the dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters; as well as sigma 1 and 2 receptors. Our follow-up studies using heterologous cell systems showed that the dopamine transporter is not a target of compound 22. Therefore, the biological target of compound 22 mediating its psychoactive effects still remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catharine A Mielnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Corey Baimel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pieter Beerepoot
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Wendy Horsfall
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amy J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Ballesteros-Yáñez I, Castillo CA, Merighi S, Gessi S. The Role of Adenosine Receptors in Psychostimulant Addiction. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:985. [PMID: 29375384 PMCID: PMC5767594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (AR) are a family of G-protein coupled receptors, comprised of four members, named A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors, found widely distributed in almost all human body tissues and organs. To date, they are known to participate in a large variety of physiopathological responses, which include vasodilation, pain, and inflammation. In particular, in the central nervous system (CNS), adenosine acts as a neuromodulator, exerting different functions depending on the type of AR and consequent cellular signaling involved. In terms of molecular pathways and second messengers involved, A1 and A3 receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase (AC), through Gi/o proteins, while A2A and A2B receptors stimulate it through Gs proteins. In the CNS, A1 receptors are widely distributed in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, A2A receptors are localized mainly in the striatum and olfactory bulb, while A2B and A3 receptors are found at low levels of expression. In addition, AR are able to form heteromers, both among themselves (e.g., A1/A2A), as well as with other subtypes (e.g., A2A/D2), opening a whole range of possibilities in the field of the pharmacology of AR. Nowadays, we know that adenosine, by acting on adenosine A1 and A2A receptors, is known to antagonistically modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission and therefore reward systems, being A1 receptors colocalized in heteromeric complexes with D1 receptors, and A2A receptors with D2 receptors. This review documents the present state of knowledge of the contribution of AR, particularly A1 and A2A, to psychostimulants-mediated effects, including locomotor activity, discrimination, seeking and reward, and discuss their therapeutic relevance to psychostimulant addiction. Studies presented in this review reinforce the potential of A1 agonists as an effective strategy to counteract psychostimulant-induced effects. Furthermore, different experimental data support the hypothesis that A2A/D2 heterodimers are partly responsible for the psychomotor and reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine, and the stimulation of A2A receptor is proposed as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of drug addiction. The overall analysis of presented data provide evidence that excitatory modulation of A1 and A2A receptors constitute promising tools to counteract psychostimulants addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ballesteros-Yáñez
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos A Castillo
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Wydra K, Suder A, Frankowska M, Borroto Escuela DO, Fuxe K, Filip M. Effects of intra-accumbal or intra-prefrontal cortex microinjections of adenosine 2A receptor ligands on responses to cocaine reward and seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3509-23. [PMID: 30426181 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Many studies indicated that adenosine via its A2A receptors influences the behavioral effects of cocaine by modulating dopamine neurotransmission. The hypothesis was tested that A2A receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or the prefrontral cortex (PFc) may modulate cocaine reward and/or cocaine seeking behavior in rats. METHODS The effects of local bilateral microinjections of the selective A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 or the A2A receptor antagonists KW 6002 and SCH 58261 were investigated on cocaine self-administration on reinstatement of cocaine seeking. RESULTS The intra-NAc shell, but not intra-infralimbic PFc, administration of CGS 21680 significantly reduced the number of active lever presses and the number of cocaine (0.25 mg/kg) infusions. However, tonic activation of A2A receptors located in the NAc or PFc did not play a role in modulating the rewarding actions of cocaine since neither KW 6002 nor SCH 58261 microinjections altered the cocaine (0.5 mg/kg) infusions. The intra-NAc but not intra-PFc microinjections of CGS 21680 dose- dependently attenuated the reinstatement of active lever presses induced by cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and the drug-associated combined conditioned stimuli using the subthreshold dose of cocaine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). On the other hand, the intra-NAc pretreatment with SCH 58261, but not with KW 6002, given alone evoked reinstatement of cocaine seeking behavior. CONCLUSION The results strongly support the involvement of accumbal shell A2A receptors as a target, the activation of which exerts an inhibitory control over cocaine reward and cocaine seeking.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Narváez M, Wydra K, Pintsuk J, Pinton L, Jimenez-Beristain A, Di Palma M, Jastrzębska J, Filip M, Fuxe K. Cocaine self-administration specifically increases A2AR-D2R and D2R-sigma1R heteroreceptor complexes in the rat nucleus accumbens shell. Relevance for cocaine use disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 155:24-31. [PMID: 28300546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) agonists were indicated to reduce cocaine reward and cocaine seeking mainly through activation of antagonistic allosteric A2AR-dopamine D2R (D2R) interactions in A2AR-D2R heteroreceptor complexes. Furthermore, it was shown that modulation of cocaine reward involves antagonistic A2AR-D2R interactions in the ventral but not the dorsal striatum in rats. In the current work the proximity ligation assay (PLA) was used to further study the A2AR-D2R heteroreceptor complexes in the nucleus accumbens shell and core as well as the dorsal striatum under the influence of cocaine self-administration in rats. A significant increase in the A2AR-D2R PLA positive clusters was observed in the nucleus accumbens shell but not in the other regions vs yoked saline controls using the duolink software. Additionally, cocaine self-administration evoked a selective and significant increase in the density of D2R-sigma1R positive clusters in the nucleus accumbens shell vs yoked saline controls, while a significant reduction of the density of the D2R-sigma1R positive clusters was found in the dorsal part of the dorsal striatum. The results suggest that cocaine self-administration can reorganize A2AR and D2R into increased A2AR-D2R heteroreceptor complexes in the nucleus accumbens shell associated with increases in the D2R-sigma1R heteroreceptor complexes in this region. This reorganization can contribute to the demonstrated anti-cocaine actions of A2A receptor agonists and the putative formation of A2AR-D2R-sigma1R heterocomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Physiology, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, University of Urbino, via Ca' le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy; Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba.
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Smetna, PL-31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Julia Pintsuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luca Pinton
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Jimenez-Beristain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Von Eulers väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael Di Palma
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Physiology, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, University of Urbino, via Ca' le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Joanna Jastrzębska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Smetna, PL-31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Smetna, PL-31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Carlsson J, Ambrogini P, Narváez M, Wydra K, Tarakanov AO, Li X, Millón C, Ferraro L, Cuppini R, Tanganelli S, Liu F, Filip M, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K. Understanding the Role of GPCR Heteroreceptor Complexes in Modulating the Brain Networks in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:37. [PMID: 28270751 PMCID: PMC5318393 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteroreceptor complexes of the central nervous system (CNS) gave a new dimension to brain integration and neuropsychopharmacology. The molecular basis of learning and memory was proposed to be based on the reorganization of the homo- and heteroreceptor complexes in the postjunctional membrane of synapses. Long-term memory may be created by the transformation of parts of the heteroreceptor complexes into unique transcription factors which can lead to the formation of specific adapter proteins. The observation of the GPCR heterodimer network (GPCR-HetNet) indicated that the allosteric receptor-receptor interactions dramatically increase GPCR diversity and biased recognition and signaling leading to enhanced specificity in signaling. Dysfunction of the GPCR heteroreceptor complexes can lead to brain disease. The findings of serotonin (5-HT) hetero and isoreceptor complexes in the brain over the last decade give new targets for drug development in major depression. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in depression via 5-HT, galanin peptides and zinc involve a number of GPCR heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal system: GalR1-5-HT1A, GalR1-5-HT1A-GPR39, GalR1-GalR2, and putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes. The 5-HT1A receptor protomer remains a receptor enhancing antidepressant actions through its participation in hetero- and homoreceptor complexes listed above in balance with each other. In depression, neuromodulation of neuronal networks in the raphe-hippocampal system and the cortical regions via 5-HT and fibroblast growth factor 2 involves either FGFR1-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes or the 5-HT isoreceptor complexes such as 5-HT1A-5-HT7 and 5-HT1A-5-HT2A. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in cocaine use disorder via dopamine (DA) and adenosine signals involve A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complexes in the dorsal and ventral striatum. The excitatory modulation by A2AR agonists of the ventral striato-pallidal GABA anti-reward system via targeting the A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complex holds high promise as a new way to treat cocaine use disorders. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in schizophrenia via DA, adenosine, glutamate, 5-HT and neurotensin peptides and oxytocin, involving A2AR-D2R, D2R-NMDAR, A2AR-D2R-mGluR5, D2R-5-HT2A and D2R-oxytocinR heteroreceptor complexes opens up a new world of D2R protomer targets in the listed heterocomplexes for treatment of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of UrbinoUrbino, Italy; Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-EstudioYaguajay, Cuba
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino Urbino, Italy
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino Urbino, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Zaida Diaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Prieto JP, Scorza C, Serra GP, Perra V, Galvalisi M, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Piras G, Valentini V. Caffeine, a common active adulterant of cocaine, enhances the reinforcing effect of cocaine and its motivational value. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2879-89. [PMID: 27270948 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeine is one of the psychoactive substances most widely used as an adulterant in illicit drugs, such as cocaine. Animal studies have demonstrated that caffeine is able to potentiate several cocaine actions, although the enhancement of the cocaine reinforcing property by caffeine is less reported, and the results depend on the paradigms and experimental protocols used. OBJECTIVES We examined the ability of caffeine to enhance the motivational and rewarding properties of cocaine using an intravenous self-administration paradigm in rats. Additionally, the role of caffeine as a primer cue during extinction was evaluated. METHODS In naïve rats, we assessed (1) the ability of the cocaine (0.250-0.125 mg/kg/infusion) and caffeine (0.125-0.0625 mg/kg/infusion) combination to maintain self-administration in fixed ratio (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement compared with cocaine or caffeine alone and (2) the effect of caffeine (0.0625 mg/kg/infusion) in the maintenance of responding in the animals exposed to the combination of the drugs during cocaine extinction. RESULTS Cocaine combined with caffeine and cocaine alone was self-administered on FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Interestingly, the breaking point determined for the cocaine + caffeine group was significantly higher than the cocaine group. Moreover, caffeine, that by itself did not maintain self-administration behavior in naïve rats, maintained drug-seeking behavior of rats previously exposed to combinations of cocaine + caffeine. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine enhances the reinforcing effects of cocaine and its motivational value. Our results highlight the role of active adulterants commonly used in cocaine-based illicit street drugs.
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Ferré S. Mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine: implications for substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1963-79. [PMID: 26786412 PMCID: PMC4846529 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD). Caffeine produces psychomotor-activating, reinforcing, and arousing effects, which depend on its ability to disinhibit the brake that endogenous adenosine imposes on the ascending dopamine and arousal systems. OBJECTIVES A model that considers the striatal adenosine A2A-dopamine D2 receptor heteromer as a key modulator of dopamine-dependent striatal functions (reward-oriented behavior and learning of stimulus-reward and reward-response associations) is introduced, which should explain most of the psychomotor and reinforcing effects of caffeine. HIGHLIGHTS The model can explain the caffeine-induced rotational behavior in rats with unilateral striatal dopamine denervation and the ability of caffeine to reverse the adipsic-aphagic syndrome in dopamine-deficient rodents. The model can also explain the weaker reinforcing effects and low abuse liability of caffeine, compared with prototypical psychostimulants. Finally, the model can explain the actual major societal dangers of caffeine: the ability of caffeine to potentiate the addictive and toxic effects of drugs of abuse, with the particularly alarming associations of caffeine (as adulterant) with cocaine, amphetamine derivatives, synthetic cathinones, and energy drinks with alcohol, and the higher sensitivity of children and adolescents to the psychostimulant effects of caffeine and its potential to increase vulnerability to SUD. CONCLUSIONS The striatal A2A-D2 receptor heteromer constitutes an unequivocal main pharmacological target of caffeine and provides the main mechanisms by which caffeine potentiates the acute and long-term effects of prototypical psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Pintsuk J, Borroto-Escuela DO, Pomierny B, Wydra K, Zaniewska M, Filip M, Fuxe K. Cocaine self-administration differentially affects allosteric A2A-D2 receptor-receptor interactions in the striatum. Relevance for cocaine use disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 144:85-91. [PMID: 26987369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current study behavioral and biochemical experiments were performed to study changes in the allosteric A2AR-D2R interactions in the ventral and dorsal striatum after cocaine self-administration versus corresponding yoked saline control. By using ex vivo [(3)H]-raclopride/quinpirole competition experiments, the effects of the A2AR agonist CGS 21680 (100 nM) on the KiH and KiL values of the D2-like receptor (D2-likeR) were determined. One major result was a significant reduction in the D2-likeR agonist high affinity state observed with CGS 21680 after cocaine self-administration in the ventral striatum compared with the yoked saline group. The results therefore support the hypothesis that A2AR agonists can at least in part counteract the motivational actions of cocaine. This action is mediated via the D2-likeR by targeting the A2AR protomer of A2AR-D2-like R heteroreceptor complexes in the ventral striatum, which leads to the reduction of D2-likeR protomer recognition through the allosteric receptor-receptor interaction. In contrast, in the dorsal striatum the CGS 21680-induced antagonistic modulation in the D2-likeR agonist high affinity state was abolished after cocaine self-administration versus the yoked saline group probably due to a local dysfunction/disruption of the A2AR-D2-like R heteroreceptor complexes. Such a change in the dorsal striatum in cocaine self-administration can contribute to the development of either locomotor sensitization, habit-forming learning and/or the compulsive drug seeking by enhanced D2-likeR protomer signaling. Potential differences in the composition and stoichiometry of the A2AR-D2R heteroreceptor complexes, including differential recruitment of sigma 1 receptor, in the ventral and dorsal striatum may explain the differential regional changes observed in the A2A-D2-likeR interactions after cocaine self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pintsuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Physiology, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca' le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, PL-31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zaniewska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, PL-31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, PL-31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Muñiz JA, Gomez G, González B, Rivero-Echeto MC, Cadet JL, García-Rill E, Urbano FJ, Bisagno V. Combined Effects of Simultaneous Exposure to Caffeine and Cocaine in the Mouse Striatum. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:525-38. [PMID: 26858178 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the world's most popular psychoactive drug and is also an active adulterant found in many drugs of abuse, including seized cocaine samples. Despite several studies which examine the effects of caffeine or cocaine administered as single agents, little data are available for these agents when given in combination. The purpose of the present study was to determine if combined intake of both psychostimulants can lead to maladaptive changes in striatal function. Mice were injected with a binge regimen (intermittent treatment for 13 days) of caffeine (3 × 5 mg/kg), cocaine (3 × 10 mg/kg), or combined administration. We found that chronic caffeine potentiated locomotion induced by cocaine and that both caffeine-treated groups showed sensitization. Striatal tissue was obtained 24 h and 7 days after last injection (withdrawal) for immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression. Our results show that combined intake of both psychostimulants can increase GFAP immunoreactivity in the striatum at both times post treatment. Gene expression analysis, targeted at dopamine, adenosine, and glutamate receptor subunit genes, revealed significant transcript down-regulation in the dorsal striatum of AMPA, NMDA, D1 and D2 receptor subunit mRNA expression in the group that received combined treatment, but not after individual administration. At withdrawal, we found increased D1 receptor mRNA expression along with increased A1, AMPA, NMDA, and metabotropic subunit expression. A2A mRNA showed decreased expression after both times in all experimental groups. Our study provides evidence that there are striatal alterations mediated by combined caffeine and cocaine administration, and highlights negative outcomes of chronic intake of both psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Muñiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gimena Gomez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Betina González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Celeste Rivero-Echeto
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Hector Maldonado" (DFBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 956, piso 5, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edgar García-Rill
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Francisco J Urbano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Hector Maldonado" (DFBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 956, piso 5, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Listos J, Talarek S, Listos P, Orzelska J, Łupina M, Fidecka S. Effects of the adenosinergic system on the expression and acquisition of sensitization to conditioned place preference in morphine-conditioned rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:233-41. [PMID: 26638209 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In the presented study, we attempt to investigate if the sensitization to conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by low doses of morphine was developed in rats which have been previously conditioned with morphine. The experiments were performed in the CPP test. Firstly, it has been demonstrated that administration of ineffective dose of morphine on the 9th day induces the increase in time spent of rats at a morphine-paired compartment, confirming that sensitization to CPP has been developed in these animals. Secondly, it has been shown that stimulation of A1 receptor significantly inhibits the expression of morphine-induced of sensitization, and blockade of these receptors produces the opposite effect. Finally, it has been indicated that both stimulation and blockade of A1 and/or A2A receptors inhibit the acquisition of sensitization to CPP. The obtained results have strongly supported the significance of adenosinergic system in both expression and acquisition of studied sensitization. These results seem to be important for the identification of connections in the central nervous system which can help finding new strategies to attenuate rewarding action of morphine.
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Abstract
Psychiatric disorders describe different mental or behavioral patterns, causing suffering or poor coping of ordinary life with manifold presentations. Multifactorial processes can contribute to their development and progression. Purinergic neurotransmission and neuromodulation in the brain have attracted increasing therapeutic interest in the field of psychiatry. Purine nucleotides and nucleosides are well recognized as signaling molecules mediating cell to cell communication. The actions of ATP are mediated by ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptor subfamilies, whilst the actions of adenosine are mediated by P1 (A1 or A2) adenosine receptors. Purinergic mechanisms and specific receptor subtypes have been shown to be linked to the regulation of many aspects of behavior and mood and to dysregulation in pathological processes of brain function. In this review the recent knowledge on the role of purinergic receptors in the two most frequent psychiatric diseases, major depression and schizophrenia, as well as on related animal models is summarized. At present the most promising data for therapeutic strategies derive from investigations of the adenosine system emphasizing a unique function of A2A receptors at neurons and astrocytes in these disorders. Among the P2 receptor family, in particular P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors were related to disturbances in major depression and schizophrenia, respectively. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Prieto JP, Galvalisi M, López-Hill X, Meikle MN, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Scorza C. Caffeine enhances and accelerates the expression of sensitization induced by coca paste indicating its relevance as a main adulterant. Am J Addict 2015; 24:475-81. [PMID: 25974755 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Caffeine is an active adulterant found in several drugs of abuse including coca paste (CP). We had previously demonstrated that caffeine potentiated the acute stimulant effect induced by CP seized samples. The role of caffeine in the expression of sensitization elicited by a CP seized sample (CP1) was here evaluated. METHODS CP1 (equivalent dose of 10 mg/kg of cocaine), cocaine (pure, 10 mg/kg), a combination of cocaine 10 mg/kg plus caffeine 2.5 mg/kg (CP1-surrogate) and saline (control) were intraperitoneally injected in male rats under two different sensitization schedules. Ambulatory locomotion was recorded in 58 animals. RESULTS After five daily CP1 injections and 5 days of withdrawal, CP1-challenged animals displayed a more robust sensitization than cocaine-treated animals. When a 3 injections-regime of CP1-surrogate or cocaine was assayed, only CP1-surrogate was able to elicit sensitization. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Caffeine enhances and accelerates the CP1-induced sensitization. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Results may shed light on the fast and high dependence observed in CP users.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Galvalisi
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ximena López-Hill
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María N Meikle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan A Abin-Carriquiry
- Departmento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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29
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O'Neill CE, Levis SC, Schreiner DC, Amat J, Maier SF, Bachtell RK. Effects of adolescent caffeine consumption on cocaine sensitivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:813-21. [PMID: 25328052 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance, and consumption by adolescents has risen markedly in recent years. We identified the effects of adolescent caffeine consumption on cocaine sensitivity and determined neurobiological changes within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) that may underlie caffeine-induced hypersensitivity to cocaine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed caffeine (0.3 g/l) or water for 28 days during adolescence (postnatal day 28-55; P28-P55) or adulthood (P67-P94). Testing occurred in the absence of caffeine during adulthood (P62-82 or P101-121). Cocaine-induced and quinpirole (D2 receptor agonist)-induced locomotion was enhanced in rats that consumed caffeine during adolescence. Adolescent consumption of caffeine also enhanced the development of a conditioned place preference at a sub-threshold dose of cocaine (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.). These behavioral changes were not observed in adults consuming caffeine for an equivalent period of time. Sucrose preferences were not altered in rats that consumed caffeine during adolescence, suggesting there are no differences in natural reward. Caffeine consumption during adolescence reduced basal dopamine levels and augmented dopamine release in the NAc in response to cocaine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Caffeine consumption during adolescence also increased the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor, dopamine transporter, and adenosine A1 receptor and decreased adenosine A2A receptor expression in the NAc. Consumption of caffeine during adulthood increased adenosine A1 receptor expression in the NAc, but no other protein expression changes were observed. Together these findings suggest that caffeine consumption during adolescence produced changes in the NAc that are evident in adulthood and may contribute to increases in cocaine-mediated behaviors.
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Wydra K, Suder A, Borroto-Escuela DO, Filip M, Fuxe K. On the role of A₂A and D₂ receptors in control of cocaine and food-seeking behaviors in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1767-78. [PMID: 25420611 PMCID: PMC4410137 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that adenosine may influence dopamine neurotransmission via A2A receptors which antagonistically interact with D2 receptor-mediated signaling in the brain. We examined the effects of selective A2A receptor ligands such as the agonist CGS 21680 and the antagonists KW 6002 or SCH 58261 as well as of the D2-like receptor antagonist raclopride on reinstatement of cocaine seeking induced by cocaine, the cocaine-conditioned cue, or the D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole in rats. For comparison, effects of the A2A receptor ligands on reinstatement of food seeking were also studied. CGS 21680 significantly attenuated the reinstatement of cocaine (ip) seeking, and even more potently it reduced quinpirole (ip) or the cue-induced relapse of cocaine seeking as well as cue-induced food seeking. A potent reduction toward the cocaine-, quinpirole-, or cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking was seen with raclopride. Pretreatment with KW 6002 or SCH 58261 reinstated cocaine seeking, and such increases were blocked by raclopride. In the higher doses, KW 6002 or SCH 58261 evoked food-seeking. In combination with the subthreshold dose of cocaine (2.5 mg/kg) or with the cue, low doses of KW 6002 but not SCH 58261 reinstated cocaine-seeking behavior, while none of the A2A receptor antagonists affected the cue-induced food-seeking behavior. The results indicate that A2A activation and D2-like receptor blockade counteract cocaine and food relapse. It is proposed that A2A receptor- and D2 receptor-mediated adenosine and dopamine signaling antagonistically interact in the striato-pallidal GABA neurons to regulate cocaine and food-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Suder
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Malgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wydra K, Gołembiowska K, Suder A, Kamińska K, Fuxe K, Filip M. On the role of adenosine (A)₂A receptors in cocaine-induced reward: a pharmacological and neurochemical analysis in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:421-35. [PMID: 25027583 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several studies have suggested the inhibitory control of adenosine (A)2A receptor stimulation in cocaine-induced behavioral actions. OBJECTIVES A combination of systemic or local drug injections and in vivo neurochemical analysis investigated A2A receptors in cocaine and food reward. METHODS Rats, trained to self-administer cocaine or food, were tested with the selective A2A receptor antagonists KW 6002 and SCH 58261 or the selective A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680. Extracellular dopamine, glutamate, and GABA levels in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum were determined following intra-accumbal CGS 21680 administration during cocaine self-administration. RESULTS Neither KW 6002 nor SCH 58261 (0.25-1 mg/kg) altered cocaine self-administration (0.125-0.5 mg/kg/infusion), while CGS 21680 (0.2-0.4 mg/kg) produced a downward shift in the cocaine dose-response curve under a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement and decreased the cocaine breaking point. CGS 21680 blocked also operant responding for food, while the A2A receptor antagonists were inactive. Local steady-state infusion of CGS 21680 (10 μM) during cocaine self-administration increased the active level pressing that was accompanied with reduced dopamine and increased GABA in the nucleus accumbens in the absence of changes in GABA and glutamate levels in the ventral pallidum. Pretreatment with systemic KW 6002 counteracted the increases in number of cocaine infusions seen after intra-accumbal administration of CGS 21680. CONCLUSION The findings support a role of A2A receptors in modulating goal-maintained behaviors. They also indicate that increased accumbal GABA release involving an antagonistic A2A-D2 receptor interaction can participate in mediating the inhibitory effects of the A2A agonist on cocaine reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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O'Neill CE, Hobson BD, Levis SC, Bachtell RK. Persistent reduction of cocaine seeking by pharmacological manipulation of adenosine A1 and A 2A receptors during extinction training in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3179-88. [PMID: 24562064 PMCID: PMC4111968 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adenosine receptor stimulation and blockade have been shown to modulate a variety of cocaine-related behaviors. OBJECTIVES These studies identify the direct effects of adenosine receptor stimulation on cocaine seeking during extinction training and the persistent effects on subsequent reinstatement to cocaine seeking. METHODS Rats self-administered cocaine on a fixed ratio one schedule in daily sessions over 3 weeks. Following a 1-week withdrawal, the direct effects of adenosine receptor modulation were tested by administering the adenosine A1 receptor agonist, N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg), the adenosine A2A agonist, CGS 21680 (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg), the presynaptic adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, SCH 442416 (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), or vehicle prior to each of six daily extinction sessions. The persistent effects of adenosine receptor modulation during extinction training were subsequently tested on reinstatement to cocaine seeking induced by cues, cocaine, and the dopamine D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole. RESULTS All doses of CPA and CGS 21680 impaired initial extinction responding; however, only CPA treatment during extinction produced persistent impairment in subsequent cocaine- and quinpirole-induced seeking. Dissociating CPA treatment from extinction did not alter extinction responding or subsequent reinstatement. Administration of SCH 442416 had no direct effects on extinction responding but produced dose-dependent persistent impairment of cocaine- and quinpirole-induced seeking. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that adenosine A1 or A2A receptor stimulation directly impair extinction responding. Interestingly, adenosine A1 receptor stimulation or presynaptic adenosine A2A receptor blockade during extinction produces lasting changes in relapse susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E O'Neill
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, UCB 345, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
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Jastrzębska J, Nowak E, Smaga I, Bystrowska B, Frankowska M, Bader M, Filip M, Fuxe K. Adenosine (A)2A receptor modulation of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. A pharmacological and transgenic approach. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:318-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Background: It is well known that the reinforcing properties of cocaine addiction are caused by the sharp increase of dopamine (DA) in the reward areas of the brain. However, other mechanisms have been speculated to contribute to the increase. Adenosine is one system that is associated with the sleep-wake cycle and is most important in regulating neuronal activity. Thus, more and more evidence is pointing to its involvement in regulating DA release. The current study set out to examine the role of adenosine in cocaine-induced DA release. Methods: Increasing doses of cocaine, caffeine, and their combination, as well as, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT), an adenosine A1 antagonist (alone and in combination with cocaine) were used to denote a response curve. A novel biosensor, the BRODERICK PROBE® was implanted in the nucleus accumbens to image the drug-induced surge of DA release in vivo, in the freely moving animal in real time. Results: Combinations of cocaine and caffeine were observed to block the increased release of DA moderately after administration of the low dose (2.5 mg/kg cocaine and 12.5 mg/kg caffeine) and dramatically after administration of the high dose (10 mg/kg cocaine and 50 mg/kg caffeine), suggesting neuroprotection. Similarly, CPT and cocaine showed a decreased DA surge when administered in combination. Thus, the low and high dose of a nonselective adenosine antagonist, caffeine, and a moderate dose of a selective adenosine antagonist, CPT, protected against the cocaine-induced DA release. Conclusions: These results show a significant interaction between adenosine and DA release and suggest therapeutic options for cocaine addiction and disorders associated with DA dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Malave
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Sophie Davis School, The City College of New York , New York, New York. ; Department of Biology, CUNY Graduate Center , New York, New York. ; Center for Advanced Technology (CAT) CUNY , New York, New York
| | - Patricia A Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Sophie Davis School, The City College of New York , New York, New York. ; Department of Biology, CUNY Graduate Center , New York, New York. ; Center for Advanced Technology (CAT) CUNY , New York, New York. ; Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center , New York, New York
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Anier K, Malinovskaja K, Pruus K, Aonurm-Helm A, Zharkovsky A, Kalda A. Maternal separation is associated with DNA methylation and behavioural changes in adult rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:459-68. [PMID: 23972903 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress is known to promote long-term neurobiological changes, which may underlie the increased risk of psychopathology. Maternal separation (MS) is used as an early life stressor that causes profound neurochemical and behavioural changes in the pups that persist into adulthood. However, the exact mechanism of how MS alters these behavioural changes is not yet understood. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are critical regulators of persistent gene expression changes and may be related to behavioural disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether early life stress on rats could alter cocaine-induced behavioural sensitisation in adulthood via aberrant DNA methylation. We have three main findings: (1) MS increased DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of infant and adult rats; (2) MS induced DNA hypomethylation on a global level in the NAc, and hypermethylation of the promoter regions of the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1C) and adenosine A2Areceptor (A2AR) genes, which was associated with their transcriptional downregulation in the NAc; (3) MS-induced molecular changes paralleled an increased response to cocaine-induced locomotor activity and exploratory behaviour in adult rats. Thus, our results suggest that stressful experiences in early life may create a background, via aberrant DNA methylation, which promotes the development of cocaine-induced behavioural sensitisation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Kristina Malinovskaja
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Katrin Pruus
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Anu Aonurm-Helm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
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Chiodi V, Mallozzi C, Ferrante A, Chen JF, Lombroso PJ, Di Stasi AMM, Popoli P, Domenici MR. Cocaine-induced changes of synaptic transmission in the striatum are modulated by adenosine A2A receptors and involve the tyrosine phosphatase STEP. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:569-78. [PMID: 23989619 PMCID: PMC3895235 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is a brain area implicated in the pharmacological action of drugs of abuse. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are highly expressed in the striatum and mediate, at least in part, cocaine-induced psychomotor effects in vivo. Here we studied the synaptic mechanisms implicated in the pharmacological action of cocaine in the striatum and investigated the influence of A2ARs. We found that synaptic transmission was depressed in corticostriatal slices after perfusion with cocaine (10 μM). This effect was reduced by the A2AR antagonist ZM241385 and almost abolished in striatal A2AR-knockout mice (mice lacking A2ARs in striatal neurons, stA2ARKO). The effect of cocaine on synaptic transmission was also prevented by the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4). In synaptosomes prepared from striatal slices, we found that the activity of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) was upregulated by cocaine, prevented by ZM241385, and absent in synaptosomes from stA2ARKO. The role played by STEP in cocaine modulation of synaptic transmission was investigated in whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from medium spiny neurons of the striatum. We found that TAT-STEP, a peptide that renders STEP enzymatically inactive, prevented cocaine-induced reduction in AMPA- and NMDA-mediated excitatory post-synaptic currents, whereas the control peptide, TAT-myc, had no effect. These results demonstrate that striatal A2ARs modulate cocaine-induced synaptic depression in the striatum and highlight the potential role of PTPs and specifically STEP in the effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Chiodi
- Department Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Cinzia Mallozzi
- Department Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Ferrante
- Department Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Jiang F Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Patrizia Popoli
- Department Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Domenici
- Department Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy,Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Roma 00161, Italy, Tel: +390649902947, Fax: +3906495782, E-mail:
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Fuxe K, Borroto-Escuela DO, Romero-Fernandez W, Palkovits M, Tarakanov AO, Ciruela F, Agnati LF. Moonlighting proteins and protein-protein interactions as neurotherapeutic targets in the G protein-coupled receptor field. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:131-55. [PMID: 24105074 PMCID: PMC3857668 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is serious interest in understanding the dynamics of the receptor-receptor and receptor-protein interactions in space and time and their integration in GPCR heteroreceptor complexes of the CNS. Moonlighting proteins are special multifunctional proteins because they perform multiple autonomous, often unrelated, functions without partitioning into different protein domains. Moonlighting through receptor oligomerization can be operationally defined as an allosteric receptor-receptor interaction, which leads to novel functions of at least one receptor protomer. GPCR-mediated signaling is a more complicated process than previously described as every GPCR and GPCR heteroreceptor complex requires a set of G protein interacting proteins, which interacts with the receptor in an orchestrated spatio-temporal fashion. GPCR heteroreceptor complexes with allosteric receptor-receptor interactions operating through the receptor interface have become major integrative centers at the molecular level and their receptor protomers act as moonlighting proteins. The GPCR heteroreceptor complexes in the CNS have become exciting new targets for neurotherapeutics in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction, and anxiety and depression opening a new field in neuropsychopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet,, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Miklós Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental IDIBELL-Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Unitat de Farmacologia, Barcelona, Spain
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Jung ES, Lee HJ, Sim HR, Baik JH. Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice: effects of microinjection of dopamine d2 receptor antagonist into the nucleus accumbens. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:224-31. [PMID: 24167417 PMCID: PMC3807009 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.3.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the role of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core in cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization, D2R antagonist, raclopride was bilaterally microinjected (2.5 or 5 nmol) into the NAc core of WT and D2R-/- mice and the initiation and expression phase of cocaine-mediated locomotor sensitization were analyzed. WT and D2R knockout (D2R-/-) mice received bilateral injections of either saline, or raclopride at the NAc core 30 min before each of five daily repeated injections of saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p.). Following 2 weeks of withdrawal after repeated exposure to cocaine, the animals were pre-treated with an intra-accumbal injection of vehicle or raclopride before receiving a systemic cocaine challenge for the expression of sensitization. Animals which had been microinjected raclopride into NAc core displayed the enhancement of cocaine-induced behavioral response for the initiation but also for the expression of sensitization in WT as well as in D2R-/- mice, which was thus unaltered as compared to vehicle-injected control group. These results suggest that D2R in NAc core is not involved in cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sol Jung
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Houchi H, Persyn W, Legastelois R, Naassila M. The adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 decreases ethanol self-administration in both non-dependent and dependent animals. Addict Biol 2013; 18:812-25. [PMID: 23301633 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that the adenosinergic system might be involved in drug addiction and alcohol dependence. We have already demonstrated the involvement of A2A receptors (A2AR) in ethanol-related behaviours in mice. Here, we investigated whether the A2AR agonist CGS 21680 can reduce ethanol operant self-administration in both non-dependent and ethanol-dependent Wistar rats. To rule out a potential involvement of the A1R in the effects of CGS 21680, we also tested its effectiveness to reduce ethanol operant self-administration in both heterozygous and homozygous A1R knockout mice. Our results demonstrated that CGS 21680 (0.065, 0.095 and 0.125 mg/kg, i.p.) had a bimodal effect on 10% ethanol operant self-administration in non-dependent rats. The intermediate dose was also effective in reducing 2% sucrose self-administration. Interestingly, the intermediate dose reduced 10% ethanol self-administration in dependent animals more effectively (75% decrease) when compared with non-dependent animals (57% decrease). These results suggest that the A2AR are involved in CGS 21680 effects since the reduction of ethanol self-administration was not dependent upon the presence of A1R in mice. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the A2AR agonist CGS 21680 in a preclinical model of alcohol addiction and suggested that the adenosinergic pathway is a promising target to treat alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Houchi
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool & les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); INSERM ERi 24; UFR de Pharmacie; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; France
| | | | - Rémi Legastelois
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool & les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); INSERM ERi 24; UFR de Pharmacie; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool & les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); INSERM ERi 24; UFR de Pharmacie; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; France
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Frankowska M, Marcellino D, Adamczyk P, Filip M, Fuxe K. Effects of cocaine self-administration and extinction on D2 -like and A2A receptor recognition and D2 -like/Gi protein coupling in rat striatum. Addict Biol 2013; 18:455-66. [PMID: 22500978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Striatal adenosine (A)2 -dopamine (D)2 receptor (R) heteromers exist with antagonistic interactions. We have studied these Rs and their interactions during cocaine self-administration and extinction using a 'yoked' protocol to understand the role of motivational mechanisms behind the adaptive observed. In the ventral striatum, a significant increase in the A2A R density was observed in rats that received 'yoked' cocaine during maintenance phase and following its extinction while this significant increase was only observed after extinction from cocaine self-administration. In the dorsal striatum, a significant increase in the affinity of A2A Rs was determined in the two groups of rats that received cocaine during maintenance. D2 -like Rs were significantly increased in the dorsal striatum of animals that received 'yoked' cocaine during maintenance. In the rat dorsal, but not the ventral, striatum significant reductions in the EC50 values for dopamine and increases in the guanosine5'-([γ]-thio)triphosphate (GTPγS) accumulation were observed following active and passive cocaine injections during maintenance. After 10-day extinction, a significant reduction of the Bmax value of GTPγS accumulation was demonstrated in the dorsal striatum of rats previously self-administered cocaine, while a significant reduction of the EC50 value for dopamine in the ventral striatum was found in the 'yoked' cocaine group. By comparing the cocaine self-administration group with the 'yoked' cocaine group, evidence for the existence of motivational mechanisms that guide adaptive changes in the A2A R and D2 R and in the D2 -Gi coupling differentially developed in the ventral and dorsal striatum during cocaine maintenance and its extinction has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Frankowska
- Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Smetna 12, Kraków, Poland.
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Ferraro L, Frankowska M, Marcellino D, Zaniewska M, Beggiato S, Filip M, Tomasini MC, Antonelli T, Tanganelli S, Fuxe K. A novel mechanism of cocaine to enhance dopamine d2-like receptor mediated neurochemical and behavioral effects. An in vivo and in vitro study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1856-66. [PMID: 22453136 PMCID: PMC3376318 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent in vitro results suggest that cocaine may exert direct and/or indirect allosteric enhancing actions at dopamine (DA) D(2) receptors (D(2)Rs). In the present paper we tested the hypothesis that cocaine in vivo can enhance the effects of the D(2)-likeR agonist quinpirole in rats by using microdialysis and pharmacological behavioral studies. Furthermore, in vitro D(2)-likeR binding characteristics and Gα(i/o)-protein coupling, in the absence and in the presence of cocaine, have been investigated in rat striatal membranes. Intra-nucleus accumbens perfusion of the D(2)-likeR agonist quinpirole (10 μM) reduced local dialysate glutamate levels, whereas cocaine (10 and 100 nM) was ineffective. At a low concentration (100 nM), cocaine significantly enhanced quinpirole-induced reduction of accumbal extracellular glutamate levels. The behavioral experiments showed that cocaine (0.625 mg/kg), but not the DA uptake blocker GBR 12783 (1.25 mg/kg), enhanced quinpirole (1 mg/kg)-induced hyperlocomotion. Finally, cocaine (100 nM), but not GBR 12783 (200 nM), produced a small, but significant increase in the efficacy of DA to stimulate binding of GTPγS to striatal D(2)-likeRs, whereas the D(2)-likeR binding characteristics were unchanged in striatal membranes by cocaine in the nM range. The significant increase in the maximal response to DA-stimulated GTPγS binding to D(2)-likeRs by 100 nM cocaine remained in the presence of GBR 12783. The observed cocaine-induced enhancement of the Gα(i/o)-protein coupling of D(2)Rs may be in part because of allosteric direct and/or indirect enhancing effects of cocaine at these receptors. These novel actions of cocaine may have relevance for understanding the actions of cocaine upon accumbal DA, and/or glutamate transmission and thus its rewarding as well as relapsing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Frankowska
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Daniel Marcellino
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Zaniewska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Cristina Tomasini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, Stockholm 17177, Sweden, Tel: +46 8 524 870 78, Fax: +46 8 315 572 1, E-mail:
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Hobson BD, Merritt KE, Bachtell RK. Stimulation of adenosine receptors in the nucleus accumbens reverses the expression of cocaine sensitization and cross-sensitization to dopamine D2 receptors in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1172-81. [PMID: 22749927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors co-localize with dopamine receptors on medium spiny nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons where they antagonize dopamine receptor activity. It remains unclear whether adenosine receptor stimulation in the NAc restores cocaine-induced enhancements in dopamine receptor sensitivity. The goal of these studies was to determine whether stimulating A(1) or A(2A) receptors in the NAc reduces the expression of cocaine sensitization. Rats were sensitized with 7 daily treatments of cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). Following one-week withdrawal, the effects of intra-NAc microinjections of the adenosine kinase inhibitor (ABT-702), the adenosine deaminase inhibitor (deoxycoformycin; DCF), the specific A(1) receptor agonist (CPA) and the specific A(2A) receptor agonist (CGS 21680) were tested on the behavioral expression of cocaine sensitization. The results indicate that intra-NAc pretreatment of ABT-702 and DCF dose-dependently blocked the expression of cocaine sensitization while having no effects on acute cocaine sensitivity, suggesting that upregulation of endogenous adenosine in the accumbens is sufficient to non-selectively stimulate adenosine receptors and reverse the expression of cocaine sensitization. Intra-NAc treatment of CPA significantly inhibited the expression of cocaine sensitization, which was reversed by both A(1) and A(2A) receptor antagonism. Intra-NAc treatment of CGS 21680 also significantly inhibited the expression of cocaine sensitization, which was selectively reversed by A(2A), but not A(1), receptor antagonism. Finally, CGS 21680 also inhibited the expression of quinpirole cross-sensitization. Together, these findings suggest that adenosine receptor stimulation in the NAc is sufficient to reverse the behavioral expression of cocaine sensitization and that A(2A) receptors blunt cocaine-induced sensitization of postsynaptic D(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hobson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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Doyle SE, Breslin FJ, Rieger JM, Beauglehole A, Lynch WJ. Time and sex-dependent effects of an adenosine A2A/A1 receptor antagonist on motivation to self-administer cocaine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:257-63. [PMID: 22579716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an important neuromodulator, known to interact with both dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems to influence psychostimulant action. In the present study, we examined the effects of ATL444, a novel adenosine receptor antagonist, on motivation for cocaine in male and female rats. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (1.5mg/kg/infusion) on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule with a daily maximum of 20 infusions. Following 5 consecutive sessions during which all 20 available infusions were obtained, motivation for cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) was assessed under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, and once responding stabilized, the effect of treatment with ATL444 (0, 15, and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) was examined. As a control, we also assessed its effects on PR responding for sucrose. Binding studies revealed that ATL 444 was 3-fold, 25-fold, and 400-fold more selective for the A2A receptor as compared to A1, A2B, and A3 receptors, respectively. ATL444 produced a significant increase in motivation for cocaine on the day of treatment in females with a trend for an increase in males. In addition, over the two PR sessions following ATL444 treatment a significant decrease in responding was observed in males but not females. Responding for sucrose was unaffected by ATL444 treatment. Our results reveal that adenosine receptor blockade may mediate both acute increases in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, and longer term inhibitory effects on cocaine reinforcement that differ according to sex.
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Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside and it is extensively present in the brain. It exerts several metabolic and neuromodulatory roles in the body. Adenosine also acts as an important messenger molecule for extracellular signaling and shows a homeostatic neuromodulatory function at the synaptic level. Extracellular adenosine exerts a wide variety of biological actions through four cell surface G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes, namely A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors. The extracellular levels of adenosine have been found to be enhanced in several neuropathological conditions, including drug addiction, and thus a neuroprotective role of adenosine was perceived by various experimental studies. The aversive withdrawal symptoms emanating from drug discontinuation provokes rebound drug intake patterns. In addition, alteration of neurotransmitter(s) release and changes in receptor expression contribute to the behavioral changes of drug withdrawal. Furthermore, the abuse of major drugs such as alcohol and opioids are reported to modulate extracellular adenosine levels. In this context, the neuromodulatory functions of adenosine would be valuable if projected to the clinical applications and thus, an increasing attention is currently given to the functional role of adenosine in human addictive disorders. This review will focus on recent clinical and experimental studies that reveal the actions of adenosine and related ligands in drug addiction and various drug-withdrawal syndromes. The evidence and reports provided in this review highlight the looming therapeutic potential of purinergic drugs, with a hope that new therapeutic interventions based on the adenosinergic concept will emerge in the coming years for the management of drug withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Akula
- R.S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research, 1225 NE 2nd Avenue, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - SK Kulkarni
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
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O'Neill CE, LeTendre ML, Bachtell RK. Adenosine A2A receptors in the nucleus accumbens bi-directionally alter cocaine seeking in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1245-56. [PMID: 22169945 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Repeated cocaine administration enhances dopamine D(2) receptor sensitivity in the mesolimbic dopamine system, which contributes to drug relapse. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are colocalized with D(2) receptors on nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons where they antagonize D(2) receptor activity. Thus, A(2A) receptors represent a target for reducing enhanced D(2) receptor sensitivity that contributes to cocaine relapse. The aim of these studies were to determine the effects of adenosine A(2A) receptor modulation in the NAc on cocaine seeking in rats that were trained to lever press for cocaine. Following at least 15 daily self-administration sessions and 1 week of abstinence, lever pressing was extinguished in daily extinction sessions. We subsequently assessed the effects of intra-NAc core microinjections of the A(2A) receptor agonist, CGS 21680 (4-[2-[[6-amino-9-(N-ethyl-b-D-ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]benzenepropanoic acid hydrochloride), and the A(2A) receptor antagonist, MSX-3 (3,7-dihydro-8-[(1E)-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-7-methyl-3-[3-(phosphonooxy)propyl-1-(2-propynyl)-1H-purine-2,6-dione disodium salt hydrate), in modulating cocaine- and quinpirole-induced reinstatement to cocaine seeking. Intra-NAc pretreatment of CGS 21680 reduced both cocaine- and quinpirole-induced reinstatement. These effects were specific to cocaine reinstatement as intra-NAc CGS 21680 had no effect on sucrose seeking in rats trained to self-administer sucrose pellets. Intra-NAc treatment with MSX-3 modestly reinstated cocaine seeking when given alone, and exacerbated both cocaine- and quinpirole-induced reinstatement. Interestingly, the exacerbation of cocaine seeking produced by MSX-3 was only observed at sub-threshold doses of cocaine and quinpirole, suggesting that removing tonic A(2A) receptor activity enables behaviors mediated by dopamine receptors. Taken together, these findings suggest that A(2A) receptor stimulation reduces, while A(2A) blockade amplifies, D(2) receptor signaling in the NAc that mediates cocaine relapse.
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Wells L, Opacka-Juffry J, Fisher D, Ledent C, Hourani S, Kitchen I. In vivo dopaminergic and behavioral responses to acute cocaine are altered in adenosine A(2A) receptor knockout mice. Synapse 2012; 66:383-90. [PMID: 22213208 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, acting on adenosine A(2A) receptors (A2ARs), regulates addictive processes induced by drugs of abuse. This study investigates the role of A(2A) adenosine receptors in neurochemical and behavioral responses to an acute cocaine challenge. Changes in the extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice lacking A(2A) adenosine receptors and wild type (WT) littermates after an acute cocaine (20 mg/kg) administration were evaluated by in vivo microdialysis studies. Locomotor effects induced by cocaine were measured during the microdialysis procedure. Cocaine-evoked increases in extracellular DA were not sustained in mice lacking A(2A) Rs in comparison with wild-type mice (P < 0.05). Cocaine administration significantly increased ambulatory activity in both genotypes. However, overall locomotor activity was further increased, whereas rest and small local movement measures were significantly attenuated in the A(2A) R knockout mice compared with WT littermates (P < 0.05). Our findings support an important role for adenosine A(2A) R in modulating the acute effects of cocaine, as demonstrated by the decrease in cocaine-evoked dopaminergic transmission in the NAc. Furthermore, the results support an important antagonistic role of A(2A) R in vivo in regulating psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wells
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Al-Hasani R, Foster J, Metaxas A, Ledent C, Hourani S, Kitchen I, Chen Y. Increased desensitization of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated response in the ventral tegmental area in the absence of adenosine A2A receptors. Neuroscience 2011; 190:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Burnstock G, Krügel U, Abbracchio MP, Illes P. Purinergic signalling: from normal behaviour to pathological brain function. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:229-74. [PMID: 21907261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves and more recently as a cotransmitter with glutamate, noradrenaline, GABA, acetylcholine and dopamine in the CNS. Both ATP, together with some of its enzymatic breakdown products (ADP and adenosine) and uracil nucleotides are now recognised to act via P2X ion channels and P1 and P2Y G protein-coupled receptors, which are widely expressed in the brain. They mediate both fast signalling in neurotransmission and neuromodulation and long-term (trophic) signalling in cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Purinergic signalling is prominent in neurone-glial cell interactions. In this review we discuss first the evidence implicating purinergic signalling in normal behaviour, including learning and memory, sleep and arousal, locomotor activity and exploration, feeding behaviour and mood and motivation. Then we turn to the involvement of P1 and P2 receptors in pathological brain function; firstly in trauma, ischemia and stroke, then in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's, as well as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Finally, the role of purinergic signalling in neuropsychiatric diseases (including schizophrenia), epilepsy, migraine, cognitive impairment and neuropathic pain will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Ena S, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Schiffmann SN. Unraveling the differential functions and regulation of striatal neuron sub-populations in motor control, reward, and motivational processes. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:47. [PMID: 21847377 PMCID: PMC3148764 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum, the major input structure of the basal ganglia, is critically involved in motor control and learning of habits and skills, and is also involved in motivational and reward processes. The dorsal striatum, caudate–putamen, is primarily implicated in motor functions whereas the ventral striatum, the nucleus accumbens, is essential for motivation and drug reinforcement. Severe basal ganglia dysfunction occurs in movement disorders as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, and in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and drug addiction. The striatum is essentially composed of GABAergic medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) that are output neurons giving rise to the so-called direct and indirect pathways and are targets of the cerebral cortex and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Although the involvement of striatal sub-areas in motor control and motivation has been thoroughly characterized, major issues remained concerning the specific and respective functions of the two MSNs sub-populations, D2R-striatopallidal (dopamine D2 receptor-positive) and D1R-striatonigral (dopamine D1 receptor-positive) neurons, as well as their specific regulation. Here, we review recent advances that gave new insight in the understanding of the differential roles of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons in the basal ganglia circuit. We discuss innovative techniques developed in the last decade which allowed a much precise evaluation of molecular pathways implicated in motivational processes and functional roles of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons in motor control and in the establishment of reward-associated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ena
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
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Lobo MK, Nestler EJ. The striatal balancing act in drug addiction: distinct roles of direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:41. [PMID: 21811439 PMCID: PMC3140647 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum plays a key role in mediating the acute and chronic effects of addictive drugs, with drugs of abuse causing long-lasting molecular and cellular alterations in both dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum). Despite the wealth of research on the biological actions of abused drugs in striatum, until recently, the distinct roles of the striatum’s two major subtypes of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in drug addiction remained elusive. Recent advances in cell-type-specific technologies, including fluorescent reporter mice, transgenic, or knockout mice, and viral-mediated gene transfer, have advanced the field toward a more comprehensive understanding of the two MSN subtypes in the long-term actions of drugs of abuse. Here we review progress in defining the distinct molecular and functional contributions of the two MSN subtypes in mediating addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kay Lobo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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