1
|
Chen XF, Wu Y, Kim B, Nguyen KV, Chen A, Qiu J, Santoso AR, Disdier C, Lim YP, Stonestreet BS. Neuroprotective efficacy of hypothermia and Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins after hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00341. [PMID: 38453562 PMCID: PMC11070713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard of care for hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy. Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) attenuate brain injury after HI in neonatal rats. Human (h) IAIPs (60 mg/kg) or placebo (PL) were given 15 min, 24 and 48 h to postnatal (P) day-7 rats after carotid ligation and 8% oxygen for 90 min with (30 °C) and without (36 °C) exposure to hypothermia 1.5 h after HI for 3 h. Hemispheric volume atrophy (P14) and neurobehavioral tests including righting reflex (P8-P10), small open field (P13-P14), and negative geotaxis (P14) were determined. Hemispheric volume atrophy in males was reduced (P < 0.05) by 41.9% in the normothermic-IAIP and 28.1% in the hypothermic-IAIP compared with the normothermic-PL group, and in females reduced (P < 0.05) by 30.3% in the normothermic-IAIP, 45.7% in hypothermic-PL, and 55.2% in hypothermic-IAIP compared with the normothermic-PL group after HI. Hypothermia improved (P < 0.05) the neuroprotective effects of hIAIPs in females. The neuroprotective efficacy of hIAIPs was comparable to hypothermia in female rats (P = 0.183). Treatment with hIAIPs, hypothermia, and hIAIPs with hypothermia decreased (P < 0.05) the latency to enter the peripheral zone in the small open field test in males. We conclude that hIAIPs provide neuroprotection from HI brain injury that is comparable to the protection by hypothermia, hypothermia increases the effects of hIAIPs in females, and hIAIPs and hypothermia exhibit some sex-related differential effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi F Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, USA; The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, USA; The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, USA; The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Kevin V Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, USA; The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Ainuo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, USA; The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Joseph Qiu
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Clemence Disdier
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, USA; The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI, USA; The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, USA; The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X, Zhang J, Wu Y, Tucker R, Baird GL, Domonoske R, Barrios-Anderson A, Lim YP, Bath K, Walsh EG, Stonestreet BS. Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins Ameliorate Brain Injury and Improve Behavioral Outcomes in a Sex-Dependent Manner After Exposure to Neonatal Hypoxia Ischemia in Newborn and Young Adult Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:528-549. [PMID: 35290609 PMCID: PMC9226254 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is a major contributor to neurodevelopmental morbidities. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) have neuroprotective effects on HI-related brain injury in neonatal rats. However, the effects of treatment with IAIPs on sequential behavioral, MRI, and histopathological abnormalities in the young adult brain after treatment with IAIPs in neonates remain to be determined. The objective of this study was to examine the neuroprotective effects of IAIPs at different neurodevelopmental stages from newborn to young adults after exposure of neonates to HI injury. IAIPs were given as 11-sequential 30-mg/kg doses to postnatal (P) day 7-21 rats after right common carotid artery ligation and exposure to 90 min of 8% oxygen. The resulting brain edema and injury were examined by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cresyl violet staining, respectively. The mean T2 values of the ipsilateral hemisphere from MRI slices 6 to 10 were reduced in IAIP-treated HI males + females on P8, P9, and P10 and females on P8, P9, P10, and P14. IAIP treatment reduced hemispheric volume atrophy by 44.5 ± 29.7% in adult male + female P42 rats and improved general locomotor abilities measured by the righting reflex over time at P7.5, P8, and P9 in males + females and males and muscle strength/endurance measured by wire hang on P16 in males + females and females. IAIPs provided beneficial effects during the learning phase of the Morris water maze with females exhibiting beneficial effects. IAIPs confer neuroprotection from HI-related brain injury in neonates and even in adult rats and beneficial MRI and behavioral benefits in a sex-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women &101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905-2499, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women &101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905-2499, USA
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women &101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905-2499, USA
| | - Richard Tucker
- Department of Pediatrics, Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women &101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905-2499, USA
| | - Grayson L Baird
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Biostatistics Core Lifespan Hospital System, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rose Domonoske
- Department of Pediatrics, Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women &101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905-2499, USA
| | - Adriel Barrios-Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women &101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905-2499, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kevin Bath
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward G Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women &101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905-2499, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paul JR, Davis JA, Goode LK, Becker BK, Fusilier A, Meador-Woodruff A, Gamble KL. Circadian regulation of membrane physiology in neural oscillators throughout the brain. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:109-138. [PMID: 30633846 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four-hour rhythmicity in physiology and behavior are driven by changes in neurophysiological activity that vary across the light-dark and rest-activity cycle. Although this neural code is most prominent in neurons of the primary circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, there are many other regions in the brain where region-specific function and behavioral rhythmicity may be encoded by changes in electrical properties of those neurons. In this review, we explore the existing evidence for molecular clocks and/or neurophysiological rhythms (i.e., 24 hr) in brain regions outside the SCN. In addition, we highlight the brain regions that are ripe for future investigation into the critical role of circadian rhythmicity for local oscillators. For example, the cerebellum expresses rhythmicity in over 2,000 gene transcripts, and yet we know very little about how circadian regulation drives 24-hr changes in the neural coding responsible for motor coordination. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of how our understanding of circadian regulation of electrical properties may yield insight into disease mechanisms which may lead to novel chronotherapeutic strategies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi R Paul
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer A Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lacy K Goode
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bryan K Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Allison Fusilier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aidan Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Karen L Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monje FJ, Cicvaric A, Acevedo Aguilar JP, Elbau I, Horvath O, Diao W, Glat M, Pollak DD. Disrupted Ultradian Activity Rhythms and Differential Expression of Several Clock Genes in Interleukin-6-Deficient Mice. Front Neurol 2017; 8:99. [PMID: 28382017 PMCID: PMC5360714 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the cycles of activity and rest stand out among the most intensively investigated aspects of circadian rhythmicity in humans and experimental animals. Alterations in the circadian patterns of activity and rest are strongly linked to cognitive and emotional dysfunctions in severe mental illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and major depression (MDD). The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been prominently associated with the pathogenesis of AD and MDD. However, the potential involvement of IL-6 in the modulation of the diurnal rhythms of activity and rest has not been investigated. Here, we set out to study the role of IL-6 in circadian rhythmicity through the characterization of patterns of behavioral locomotor activity in IL-6 knockout (IL-6 KO) mice and wild-type littermate controls. Deletion of IL-6 did not alter the length of the circadian period or the amount of locomotor activity under either light-entrained or free-running conditions. IL-6 KO mice also presented a normal phase shift in response to light exposure at night. However, the temporal architecture of the behavioral rhythmicity throughout the day, as characterized by the quantity of ultradian activity bouts, was significantly impaired under light-entrained and free-running conditions in IL-6 KO. Moreover, the assessment of clock gene expression in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in AD and depression, revealed altered levels of cry1, dec2, and rev-erb-beta in IL-6 KO mice. These data propose that IL-6 participates in the regulation of ultradian activity/rest rhythmicity and clock gene expression in the mammalian brain. Furthermore, we propose IL-6-dependent circadian misalignment as a common pathogenetic principle in some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ana Cicvaric
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Juan Pablo Acevedo Aguilar
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Immanuel Elbau
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Orsolya Horvath
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Weifei Diao
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Micaela Glat
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang HB, Whittaker DS, Truong D, Mulji AK, Ghiani CA, Loh DH, Colwell CS. Blue light therapy improves circadian dysfunction as well as motor symptoms in two mouse models of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 2:39-52. [PMID: 31236494 PMCID: PMC6575206 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Huntington's disease (HD) exhibit movement disorders, psychiatric disturbance and cognitive impairments as the disease progresses. Abnormal sleep/wake cycles are common among HD patients with reports of delayed sleep onset, fatigue during the day, and a delayed pattern of melatonin secretion all of which suggest circadian dysfunction. Mouse models of HD confirm disrupted circadian rhythms with pathophysiology found in the central circadian clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus). Importantly, circadian dysfunction manifests early in disease, even before the classic motor symptoms, in both patients and mouse models. Therefore, we hypothesize that the circadian dysfunction may interact with the disease pathology and exacerbate the HD symptoms. If correct, early intervention may benefit patients and delay disease progression. One test of this hypothesis is to determine whether light therapy designed to strengthen this intrinsic timing system can delay the disease progression in mouse models. Therefore, we determined the impact of blue wavelength-enriched light on two HD models: the BACHD and Q175 mice. Both models received 6 h of blue-light at the beginning of their daily light cycle for 3 months. After treatment, both genotypes showed improvements in their locomotor activity rhythm without significant change to their sleep behavior. Critically, treated mice of both lines exhibited improved motor performance compared to untreated controls. Focusing on the Q175 genotype, we sought to determine whether the treatment altered signaling pathways in brain regions known to be impacted by HD using NanoString gene expression assays. We found that the expression of several HD relevant markers was altered in the striatum and cortex of the treated mice. Our study demonstrates that strengthening the circadian system can delay the progression of HD in pre-clinical models. This work suggests that lighting conditions should be considered when managing treatment of HD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Key Words
- BACHD
- BACHD, bacterial artificial chromosome mouse model of HD
- Blue light therapy
- Circadian rhythms
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HTT, Huntingtin protein
- Htt, huntingtin gene
- Huntington's disease
- KI, knock in
- Photic therapy
- Q175
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
- ZT, Zeitgeber time
- ipRGCs, intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Bin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Daniel S. Whittaker
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Danny Truong
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Aly K. Mulji
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Cristina A. Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Circadian and Sleep Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Dawn H. Loh
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Christopher S. Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wongchitrat P, Mukda S, Phansuwan-Pujito P, Govitrapong P. Effect of amphetamine on the clock gene expression in rat striatum. Neurosci Lett 2013; 542:126-30. [PMID: 23518151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug addicts have severe disruptions in many physiological and behavioral rhythms, such as the sleep/wake cycle. Interestingly, amphetamine, a psychostimulant, is able to alter many circadian patterns, which are independent of the master biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. To increase our understanding of the circadian regulation of amphetamine on clock gene expression, rats received subcutaneous injections of d-amphetamine and the clock gene mRNA levels were analyzed using real-time PCR to obtain a daily profile. In the striatum, acute injection of d-amphetamine did not alter Period (Per)1, Per2 and Reverse erythroblastosis virus α (Rev-erbα) expressions. Chronic administration shifted the phase of Per1 and Per2 expressions from a nocturnal to diurnal pattern and advance shifted the peak of Rev-erbα in d-amphetamine-treated animals. In contrast, the rhythm of Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1) was shifted from a diurnal to a nocturnal pattern by both acute and chronic treatments. These results demonstrated that chronic d-amphetamine treatment altered the expression of clock genes in the striatum. This might further influence the expression of related gene within the striatum and lead to behavioral and physiological changes which are associated to drug addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
In mammals, the circadian system is composed of the central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and of peripheral clocks that are located in other neural structures and in cells of the peripheral tissues and organs. In adults, the system is hierarchically organized so that the central clock provides the other clocks in the body with information about the time of day. This information is needed for the adaptation of their functions to cyclically changing external conditions. During ontogenesis, the system undergoes substantial development and its sensitivity to external signals changes. Perinatally, maternal cues are responsible for setting the phase of the developing clock, while later postnatally, the LD cycle is dominant. The central clock attains its functional properties during a gradual and programmed process. Peripheral clocks begin to exhibit rhythmicity independent of each other at various developmental stages. During the early developmental stages, the peripheral clocks are set or driven by maternal feeding, but later the central clock becomes fully functional and begins to entrain the periphery. During the perinatal period, the central and peripheral clocks seem to be vulnerable to disturbances in external conditions. Further studies are needed to understand the processes of how the circadian system develops and what degree of plasticity and resilience it possesses during ontogenesis. These data may lead to an assessment of the contribution of disturbances of the circadian system during early ontogenesis to the occurrence of circadian diseases in adulthood.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sani M, Sebai H, Boughattas NA, Ben-Attia M. Time-of-day dependence of neurological deficits induced by sodium nitroprusside in young mice. J Circadian Rhythms 2011; 9:5. [PMID: 21682871 PMCID: PMC3141784 DOI: 10.1186/1740-3391-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is widely used in pharmacological studies as a potent vasodilator or a nitric oxide donor. SNP-induced ataxic effects were assessed in mice by the Joulou-Couvoisier test. Swiss albino mice of both genders, 2-8 weeks of age, were acclimated at least for 2 weeks to 12 h light (rest span)/12 h dark (activity span). In 2 and 4 week old mice, maxima of ataxia were found following intraperitoneal administration of a dose ranging from 3 to 3.6 mg.kg-1 SNP at ≈ 1 and 13 HALO (Hours After Light Onset). The sublethal toxicity was statistically dosing-time dependent (χ2 test: P < 0.005). No rhythm was validated in neurotoxicity by cosinor analyses. At the 8th week of post-natal development (PND), SNP-induced ataxia was greatest at ≈ 1 HALO (69% in males vs. 49% in females) and lowest at ≈ 13 HALO (21% in males vs. 11% in females) (χ2 test: P < 0.00001). Cosinor analysis also revealed no statistically significant rhythm in mice injected with 3 or 3.3 mg.kg-1. However, a significant circadian (τ = 24 h) rhythm was detected by adjusted cosinor in 3.6 mg.kg-1-treated mice (P < 0.004). In all studied groups, SNP-induced motor impairment (expressed in %) was lower during the dark than the light phase. Furthermore, there was a non-significant gender-related difference in SNP-induced neuronal toxicity with the males more sensitive than females at every studied PND. The ataxic effects were inversely proportional to the lag time from injection and to the age of animals (with P < 0.05 only between 2 and 8 week old mice). These data indicate that both the administration time and age of the animal significantly affect the neurotoxic effects of SNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamane Sani
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Maradi, Université de Maradi, 465 Maradi, Niger.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wyse CA, Coogan AN. Impact of aging on diurnal expression patterns of CLOCK and BMAL1 in the mouse brain. Brain Res 2010; 1337:21-31. [PMID: 20382135 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms are generated by a network of transcriptional and translational loops in the expression of a panel of clock genes in various brain and peripheral sites. Many of the output rhythms controlled by this system are significantly affected by ageing, although the mechanisms of age-related circadian dysfunction remain opaque. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aging on the daily oscillation of two clock gene proteins (CLOCK, BMAL1) in the mouse brain. Clock gene protein expression in the brain was measured by means of immunohistochemistry in groups of young (4 months) and older (16 months) mice sampled every 4h over a 24-h cycle. CLOCK and BMAL1 were constitutively expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN; the master circadian pacemaker) in young adult animals. We report novel rhythmic expression of CLOCK and BMAL1 in a number of extra-SCN sites in the young mouse brain, including the hippocampus, amygdala and the paraventricular, arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. Aging altered the amplitude and/or phase of expression in these regions. These results indicate hitherto unreported expression patterns of CLOCK and BMAL1 in non-SCN brain circadian oscillators, and suggest that alterations of these patterns may contribute to age-related circadian dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy A Wyse
- Neuroscience and Molecular Psychiatry, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine (i) whether striatal neuropeptides (dynorphin, enkephalin 1, substance P, cholecystokinin) and dopamine receptors 1 and 2 (D1r and D2r) are regulated by the molecular clock; and (ii) when their oscillations start after birth. Twenty-four-hour mRNA oscillations of these genes were evaluated in the mouse striatum at early postnatal stage (postnatal day 3), preweaning stage (postnatal day 14), and adult (postnatal day 60). At P3, no daily oscillations were observed. A significant time effect was present for D2r, dynorphin, and enkephalin 1 at P14, and for all genes except D1r, at P60. In conclusion, circadian expression of these neurotransmitter-related genes develops in the mouse striatum after birth gradually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Cai
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|