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Torres-Ruiz M, de Alba Gonzalez M, Cañas Portilla AI, Coronel R, Liste I, González-Caballero MC. Effects of nanomolar methylmercury on developing human neural stem cells and zebrafish Embryo. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114684. [PMID: 38663761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to mercury and its organic form methylmercury (MeHg), is of great concern for the developing nervous system. Despite available literature on MeHg neurotoxicity, there is still uncertainty about its mechanisms of action and the doses that trigger developmental effects. Our study combines two alternative methodologies, the human neural stem cells (NSC) and the zebrafish (ZF) embryo, to address the neurotoxic effects of early exposure to nanomolar concentrations of MeHg. Our results show linear or nonmonotonic (hormetic) responses depending on studied parameters. In ZF, we observed a hormetic response in locomotion and larval rotation, but a concentration-dependent response for sensory organ size and habituation. We also observed a possible delayed response as MeHg had greater effects on larval activity at 5 days than at 24 h. In NSC cells, some parameters show a clear dose dependence, such as increased apoptosis and differentiation to glial cells or decreased neuronal precursors; while others show a hormetic response: neuronal differentiation or cell proliferation. This study shows that the ZF model was more susceptible than NSC to MeHg neurotoxicity. The combination of different models has improved the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and possible compensatory mechanisms at the cellular and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Torres-Ruiz
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain.
| | - Mercedes de Alba Gonzalez
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Ana I Cañas Portilla
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Raquel Coronel
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen González-Caballero
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain.
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Carneiro P, Ferreira M, Marisa Costa V, Carvalho F, Capela JP. Protective effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate against dopaminergic neurotoxicants in SH-SY5Y cells. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 6:100165. [PMID: 38562456 PMCID: PMC10982568 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Full treatment of the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD), is still considered an unmet need. As the psychostimulants, amphetamine (AMPH) and methylphenidate (MPH), were shown to be neuroprotective against stroke and other neuronal injury diseases, this study aimed to evaluate their neuroprotective potential against two dopaminergic neurotoxicants, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and paraquat (PQ), in differentiated human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Neither cytotoxicity nor mitochondrial membrane potential changes were seen following a 24-hour exposure to either therapeutic concentration of AMPH or MPH (0.001-10 μM). On the other hand, a 24-hour exposure to 6-OHDA (31.25-500 μM) or PQ (100-5000 μM) induced concentration-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction, assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and lysosomal damage, evaluated by the neutral red uptake assay. The lethal concentrations 25 and 50 retrieved from the concentration-toxicity curves in the MTT assay were 99.9 µM and 133.6 µM for 6-OHDA, or 422 µM and 585.8 µM for PQ. Both toxicants caused mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, but only 6-OHDA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most importantly, PQ-induced toxicity was partially prevented by 1 μM of AMPH or MPH. Nonetheless, neither AMPH nor MPH could prevent 6-OHDA toxicity in this experimental model. According to these findings, AMPH and MPH may provide some neuroprotection against PQ-induced neurotoxicity, but further investigation is required to determine the exact mechanism underlying this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Carneiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050‐313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Ferreira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050‐313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050‐313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050‐313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Capela
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050‐313 Porto, Portugal
- FP3ID, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
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Chen Z, Qiao Z, Wirth CR, Park HR, Lu Q. Arrestin domain-containing protein 1-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs) protect against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity. Extracell Vesicle 2023; 2:100027. [PMID: 37614814 PMCID: PMC10443948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2023.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) is often linked to neurotoxicity but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that Arrestin domain-containing protein 1 (ARRDC1)-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs)--an important class of extracellular vesicles (EVs) whose biogenesis occurs at the plasma membrane--protect against Cd-induced neurotoxicity. Cd increased the production of EVs, including ARMMs, in a human neural progenitor cell line, ReNcell CX (ReN) cells. ReN cells that lack ARMMs production as a result of CRISPR-mediated ARRDC1 knockout were more susceptible to Cd toxicity as evidenced by increased LDH production as well as elevated level of oxidative stress markers. Importantly, adding ARMMs back to the ARRDC1-knockout ReN cells significantly reduced Cd-induced toxicity. Consistent with this finding, proteomics data showed that anti-oxidative stress proteins are enriched in ARMMs secreted from ReN cells. Together our study reveals a novel protective role of ARMMs in Cd neurotoxicity and suggests that ARMMs may be used therapeutically to reduce neurotoxicity caused by exposure to Cd and potentially other metal toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunwei Chen
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Zhi Qiao
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Charlotte R. Wirth
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Hae-Ryung Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Quan Lu
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Hossain MM, Belkadi A, Zhou X, DiCicco-Bloom E. Exposure to deltamethrin at the NOAEL causes ER stress and disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yang W, Tian R, Zhu Y, Huang P, Ma X, Meng X, Dai W, Tao Y, Chen D, Zhang J, Lu J, Xie H, Jian X, Yang Z, Wang R. Paraquat is an agonist of STIM1 and increases intracellular calcium levels. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1151. [PMID: 36310238 PMCID: PMC9618025 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is an efficient herbicide but leads to high mortality with no antidote in mammals. PQ produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for pulmonary fibrosis in type II alveolar (AT II) cells. Intriguingly, strategies reducing ROS exhibit limited therapeutic effects, indicating other targets existing for PQ toxicity. Herein we report that PQ is also an agonist for STIM1 that increases intracellular calcium levels. Particularly, PQ promotes STIM1 puncta formation and association with TRPC1 or ORAI for extracellular calcium entry and thus intracellular calcium influx. Further studies reveal the importance of P584&Y586 residues in STIM1 for PQ association that facilitates STIM1 binding to TRPC1. Consequently, the STIM1-TRPC1 route facilitates PQ-induced EMT for pulmonary fibrosis as well as cell death. Our results demonstrate that PQ is an agonist of STIM1 that induces extracellular calcium entry, increases intracellular calcium levels, and thus promotes EMT in AT II cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peijie Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xinrun Ma
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wentao Dai
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiming Tao
- Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Daonan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiangdong Jian
- Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Zhengfeng Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Ruilan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Bello-Medina PC, Rodríguez-Martínez E, Prado-Alcalá RA, Rivas-Arancibia S. Ozone pollution, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration. Neurologia 2022; 37:277-286. [PMID: 30857788 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overpopulation and industrial growth result in an increase in air pollution, mainly due to suspended particulate matter and the formation of ozone. Repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, such as on a day with high air pollution levels, results in a state of chronic oxidative stress, causing the loss of dendritic spines, alterations in cerebral plasticity and in learning and memory mechanisms, and neuronal death and a loss of brain repair capacity. This has a direct impact on human health, increasing the incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases. DEVELOPMENT We performed a search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for original articles and reviews published between 2000 and 2018 and addressing the main consequences of ozone exposure on synaptic plasticity, information processing in cognitive processes, and the alterations that may lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSIONS This review describes one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the effect of repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, which causes loss of synaptic plasticity by producing a state of chronic oxidative stress. This brain function is key to both information processing and the generation of structural changes in neuronal populations. We also address the effect of chronic ozone exposure on brain tissue and the close relationship between ozone pollution and the appearance and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bello-Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - E Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - R A Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - S Rivas-Arancibia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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Fan Z, Zhang W, Cao Q, Zou L, Fan X, Qi C, Yan Y, Song B, Wu B. JAK2/STAT3 pathway regulates microglia polarization involved in hippocampal inflammatory damage due to acute paraquat exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 234:113372. [PMID: 35248926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of acute paraquat (PQ) exposure on the phenotypic polarization of hippocampal microglia and its mechanism. METHODS An acute PQ exposure rat model was established. Male SD rats were exposed to 0, 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg PQ, and brain hippocampal tissue was collected after 1, 3, and 7 days of exposure, respectively. Hippocampal pathological changes were examined by H&E staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect changes in the number of Iba-1-positive cells, the average number of endpoints, and the average process length. The protein expression of Iba-1 was detected by western blotting. BV-2 microglia were treated with 0, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 μmol/L PQ for 24 h. ELISA and western blotting assays were performed to detect the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in vivo and in vitro. The M1 microglia marker iNOS, the M2 microglia marker Arg-1, and the p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein were detected by western blotting. JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation role in regulating microglia phenotypic polarization was further validated in vivo and in vitro by JAK2-specific inhibitor AG490 administration. RESULTS After acute PQ exposure, hippocampal neurons showed pathological changes such as loose arrangement and nuclear pyknosis, the number of Iba-1 positive cells and the expression of Iba-1 protein increased, and the average number of endpoints and average process length of microglia decreased. Histological examination revealed that compared with the control group, in the 50 mg/kg PQ group on the 3rd and 7th day, the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS significantly increased, while that of Arg-1 significantly decreased. p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 expression significantly increased in the 50 mg/kg PQ group on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day. In vitro, compared with the control group, the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3 significantly increased, while Arg-1 expression was significantly reduced in the 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 μmol/L PQ groups. After AG490 administration, the expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the AG490 +PQ group were significantly inhibited in vivo and in vitro compared with the PQ-only group. On the contrary, Arg-1 expression was significantly increased. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that acute PQ exposure may induce M1-type polarization of hippocampal microglia by activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, which in turn releases pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-1β, leading to hippocampal inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fan
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Wendi Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Lingyun Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Xiaobei Fan
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Changcun Qi
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Yuandong Yan
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
| | - Bailin Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
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Hamdi H, Graiet I, Abid-Essefi S, Eyer J. Epoxiconazole profoundly alters rat brain and properties of neural stem cells. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132640. [PMID: 34695486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epoxiconazole (EPX), a widely used fungicide for domestic, medical, and industrial applications, could cause neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underling mechanism of neurotoxicity is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the possible toxic outcomes of Epoxiconzole, a triazole fungicide, on the brain of adult rats in vivo, and in vitro on neural stem cells derived from the subventricular zone of newborn Wistar rats. Our results revealed that oral exposure to EPX at these concentrations (8, 24, 40, 56 mg/kg bw representing respectively NOEL (no observed effect level), NOEL × 3, NOEL × 5, and NOEL × 7) for 28 days caused a considerable generation of oxidative stress in adult rat brain tissue. Furthermore, a significant augmentation in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation has been found. Moreover, it induced an elevation of DNA fragmentation as assessed by the Comet assay. Indeed, EPX administration impaired activities of antioxidant enzymes and inhibited AChE activity. Concomitantly, this pesticide produced histological alterations in the brain of adult rats. Regarding the embryonic neural stem cells, we demonstrated that the treatment by EPX reduced the viability of cells with an IC50 of 10 μM. It also provoked the reduction of cell proliferation, and EPX triggered arrest in G1/S phase. The neurosphere formation and self-renewal capacity was reduced and associated with decreased differentiation. Moreover, EPX induced cytoskeleton disruption as evidenced by immunocytochemical analysis. Our findings also showed that EPX induced apoptosis as evidenced by a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and an activation of caspase-3. In addition, EPX promoted ROS production in neural stem cells. Interestingly, the pretreatment of neural stem cells with the N-acetylcysteine (ROS scavenger) attenuated EPX-induced cell death, disruption of neural stem cells properties, ROS generation and apoptosis. Thus, the use of this hazardous material should be restricted and carefully regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Hamdi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imen Graiet
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Joel Eyer
- Laboratoire Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles (MINT), Inserm 1066, CNRS 6021, Institut de Biologie de La Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 49033, Angers, France.
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Sule RO, Condon L, Gomes AV. A Common Feature of Pesticides: Oxidative Stress-The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pesticide-Induced Toxicity. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022:5563759. [PMID: 35096268 PMCID: PMC8791758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5563759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are important chemicals or biological agents that deter or kill pests. The use of pesticides has continued to increase as it is still considered the most effective method to reduce pests and increase crop growth. However, pesticides have other consequences, including potential toxicity to humans and wildlife. Pesticides have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and birth defects. Labels on pesticides also suggest limiting exposure to these hazardous chemicals. Based on experimental evidence, various types of pesticides all seem to have a common effect, the induction of oxidative stress in different cell types and animal models. Pesticide-induced oxidative stress is caused by both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are associated with several diseases including cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. ROS and RNS can activate at least five independent signaling pathways including mitochondrial-induced apoptosis. Limited in vitro studies also suggest that exogenous antioxidants can reduce or prevent the deleterious effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed O. Sule
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Liam Condon
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Johnson AM, Ou ZYA, Gordon R, Saminathan H. Environmental neurotoxicants and inflammasome activation in Parkinson's disease - A focus on the gut-brain axis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 142:106113. [PMID: 34737076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes expressed in immune cells that function as intracellular sensors of environmental, metabolic and cellular stress. Inflammasome activation in the brain, has been shown to drive neuropathology and disease progression by multiple mechanisms, making it one of the most attractive therapeutic targets for disease modification in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Extensive inflammasome activation is evident in the brains of people with PD at the sites of dopaminergic degeneration and synuclein aggregation. While substantial progress has been made on validating inflammasome activation as a therapeutic target for PD, the mechanisms by which inflammasome activation is triggered and sustained over the disease course remain poorly understood. A growing body of evidence point to environmental and occupational chemical exposures as possible triggers of inflammasome activation in PD. The involvement of the gastrointestinal system and gut microbiota in PD pathophysiology is beginning to be elucidated, especially the profound link between gut dysbiosis and immune activation. While large cohort studies confirmed specific changes in the gut microbiota in PD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls, recent research suggest that synuclein pathology could be initiated in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we present a summarized perspective on current understanding on inflammasome activation and the gut-brain-axis link during PD pathophysiology. We discuss multiple environmental toxicants that are implicated as the etiological agents in causing idiopathic PD and their mechanistic underpinnings during neuroinflammatory events. We additionally present future directions that needs to address the research questions related to the gut-microbiome-brain mechanisms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya M Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Zhen-Yi Andy Ou
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Gordon
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Hariharan Saminathan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
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Bello-Medina PC, Rodríguez-Martínez E, Prado-Alcalá RA, Rivas-Arancibia S. Ozone pollution, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration. Neurologia (Engl Ed) 2021; 37:277-286. [PMID: 34531154 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overpopulation and industrial growth result in an increase in air pollution, mainly due to suspended particulate matter and the formation of ozone. Repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, such as on a day with high air pollution levels, results in a state of chronic oxidative stress, causing the loss of dendritic spines, alterations in cerebral plasticity and in learning and memory mechanisms, and neuronal death and a loss of brain repair capacity. This has a direct impact on human health, increasing the incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases. DEVELOPMENT We performed a search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for original articles and reviews published between 2000 and 2018 and addressing the main consequences of ozone exposure on synaptic plasticity, information processing in cognitive processes, and the alterations that may lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSIONS This review describes one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the effect of repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, which causes loss of synaptic plasticity by producing a state of chronic oxidative stress. This brain function is key to both information processing and the generation of structural changes in neuronal populations. We also address the effect of chronic ozone exposure on brain tissue and the close relationship between ozone pollution and the appearance and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bello-Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - R A Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - S Rivas-Arancibia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Anand SK, Sahu MR, Mondal AC. Bacopaside-I Alleviates the Detrimental Effects of Acute Paraquat Intoxication in the Adult Zebrafish Brain. Neurochem Res 2021. [PMID: 34357519 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), an environmental neurotoxicant, causes acute fatal poisoning upon accidental or intentional ingestion (suicidal cases) worldwide. To date, an effective remedy for PQ toxicity is not available. In this study, we have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of Bacopaside-I (BS-I), an active compound found in the plant extract of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), against acute PQ intoxication using zebrafish as a model organism. Adult zebrafish were injected with a dose of either 30 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg PQ. PQ-intoxicated zebrafish showed an increased rate of mortality and oxidative imbalance in their brain. Also, the proliferation of neural cells in the adult zebrafish brain was inhibited. However, when BS-I pretreated zebrafish were intoxicated with PQ, the toxic effects of PQ were ameliorated. PQ treatment also affected the expression of particular genes concerned with the apoptosis and dopamine signaling, which was not altered by BS-I administration. Our results highlight the efficiency of BS-I as a novel therapeutic agent for PQ intoxication. It further compels us to search and evaluate the molecular mechanisms targeted by BS-I to develop a potent therapy for acute PQ intoxication.
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Sun J, Tian T, Wang Y, Yan W, Zhang B, Wang K, Yang H, Huang M. Paraquat-activated BV-2 microglia induces neuroinflammatory responses in the neuron model through NF-κB signaling pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105076. [PMID: 33412245 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), a non-selective contact herbicide, has been generally accepted as one of the environmental neurotoxicants. Despite the direct evidence that PQ could induce inflammation responses in microglia, little is known about the effects of the inflammatory microglia on neurons. Thus in the present study, mouse primary cortical neurons and PC12 cells, widely-used in vitro neuron models for neurotoxicity research were applied to investigate the neuroinflammatory effects of PQ-activated microglia on neurons. We observed that the secretion levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in PC12 cells were markedly increased upon treatment with the supernatants of inflammatory BV2 microglia, and NF-κB p65 protein expression was also elevated. Specific inhibition of NF-κB by PDTC dramatically attenuated the increase of TNF-α and IL-6 release. These results suggested that PQ-induced inflammatory microglia exerts secondary inflammatory effects on neurons through activation of NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Weiguang Yan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Kaidong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China.
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China.
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14
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Yang Z, Shao Y, Zhao Y, Li Q, Li R, Xiao H, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Chang X, Zhang Y, Zhou Z. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related neuroinflammation and neural stem cells decrease in mice exposure to paraquat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17757. [PMID: 33082501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), a widely used herbicide, could cause neurodegenerative diseases, yet the mechanism remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the direct effect of PQ on NSC in vivo and its possible mechanism. Adult C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected with 2 mg/kg PQ, 20 mg/kg PQ or vehicle control once a week for 2 weeks, and sacrificed 1 week after the last PQ injection. Furthermore, extra experiments with Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) intervention were performed to observe the relationship between ER stress, neuroinflammation and the neural stem cell (NSC) impairment. The results showed that 20 mg/kg PQ caused the NSC number decrease in both subgranular zones (SGZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ). Further analysis indicated that the 20 mg/kg PQ suppressed the proliferation of NSC, without affecting the apoptosis. Moreover, 20 mg/kg PQ also induced ER stress in microglia and caused neuroinflammation in SGZ and SVZ. Interestingly, the ER stress inhibitor could simultaneously ameliorate the neuroinflammation and NSC reduction. These data suggested that increased ER stress in microglia might be a possible pathway for PQ-induced neuroinflammation and NSC impairment. That is a previously unknown mechanism for PQ neurotoxicity.
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15
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Fotopoulou E, Lykogianni M, Papadimitriou E, Mavrikou S, Machera K, Kintzios S, Thomaidou D, Aliferis ΚΑ. Mining the effect of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and clothianidin on the chemical homeostasis and energy equilibrium of primary mouse neural stem/progenitor cells using metabolomics. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 168:104617. [PMID: 32711778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The projection of plant protection products' (PPPs) toxicity to non-target organisms at early stages of their development is challenging and demanding. Recent developments in bioanalytics, however, have facilitated the study of fluctuations in the metabolism of biological systems in response to treatments with bioactives and the discovery of corresponding toxicity biomarkers. Neonicotinoids are improved insecticides that target nicotinic acetylocholine receptors (nAChR) in insects which are similar to mammals. Nonetheless, they have sparked controversy due to effects on non-target organisms. Within this context, mammalian cell cultures represent ideal systems for the development of robust models for the dissection of PPPs' toxicity. Thus, we have investigated the toxicity of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and their mixture on primary mouse (Mus musculus) neural stem/progenitor (NSPCs) and mouse neuroblastoma-derived Neuro-2a (N2a) cells, and the undergoing metabolic changes applying metabolomics. Results revealed that NSPCs, which in vitro resemble those that reside in the postnatal and adult central nervous system, are five to seven-fold more sensitive than N2a to the applied insecticides. The energy equilibrium of NSPCs was substantially altered, as it is indicated by fluctuations of metabolites involved in energy production (e.g. glucose, lactate), Krebs cycle intermediates, and fatty acids, which are important components of cell membranes. Such evidence plausibly suggests a switch of cells' energy-producing mechanism to the direct metabolism of glucose to lactate in response to insecticides. The developed pipeline could be further exploited in the discovery of unintended effects of PPPs at early steps of development and for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fotopoulou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - M Lykogianni
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, St. Delta 8, 14561 Kifissia, Greece
| | - E Papadimitriou
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - S Mavrikou
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - K Machera
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, St. Delta 8, 14561 Kifissia, Greece
| | - S Kintzios
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - D Thomaidou
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece.
| | - Κ Α Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9C, Canada.
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16
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Huang M, Guo M, Wang K, Wu K, Li Y, Tian T, Wang Y, Yan W, Zhou Z, Yang H. HMGB1 Mediates Paraquat-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses via Activating RAGE Signaling Pathway. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:913-25. [PMID: 31858421 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), a widely characterized neurotoxicant, has been generally accepted as one of the environmental factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite the direct evidence that PQ could induce inflammatory responses in central nervous system, the putative adverse effects of PQ on the neuroimmune interactions have rarely been investigated. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been proven to be relevant to the neuroinflammation involved in PD; however, whether and how HMGB1 exerts modulatory effects in nervous system upon PQ exposure remain elusive. Therefore, the present study investigated the underlying association between HMGB1 and PQ exposure in SH-SY5Y cells, which is a well-established in vitro model for PD research. We observed that HMGB1 was markedly increased in a concentration and time-dependent manner upon PQ exposure, and the elevated HMGB1 could be translocated into cytosol and then released to the extracellular milieu of SH-SY5Y cells. Knockdown of HMGB1 inhibited the activation of RAGE-P38-NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of inflammation cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. These results suggested that HMGB1 is involved in the PQ-induced neuron death via activating RAGE signaling pathways and promoting neuroinflammatory responses.
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17
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Ko EB, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Prenatal toxicity of the environmental pollutants on neuronal and cardiac development derived from embryonic stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:15-23. [PMID: 31425785 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides, antibiotics, and industrial excipients are widely used in agriculture, medicine, and chemical industry, respectively. They often end up in the environment, not only being not easily decomposed but also being accumulated. Moreover, they may cause serious toxic problems such as reproductive and developmental defects, immunological toxicity, and carcinogenesis. Hence, they are called environmental pollutants. It is known that the environmental pollutants easily enter the body through various channels such as respiration, ingestion of food, and skin contact etc. in everyday life. If they enter the mother through the placenta, they can cause the disturbance in embryo development as well as malfunction of organs after birth because early prenatal developmental process is highly sensitive to toxic chemicals and stress. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that consist of inner cell mass of blastocyst differentiate into distinct cell lineages via three germ layers such as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm due to their pluripotency. The differentiation process initiated from ESCs reflects dynamic nature of embryonic development. Therefore, ESCs have been used as a useful tool to investigate early developmental toxicities of a variety of stress. Based on relatively recent scientific results, this review would address toxicity of a few chemical substances that have been widely used as pesticide, antibiotics, and industrial excipient on ESCs based-prenatal developmental process. This review further suggests how they act on the viability of ESCs and/or early stages of cardiac and neuronal development derived from ESCs as well as on expression of pluripotency and/or differentiation markers through diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eul-Bee Ko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Yao J, Zhang J, Tai W, Deng S, Li T, Wu W, Pu L, Fan D, Lei W, Zhang T, Dong Z. High-Dose Paraquat Induces Human Bronchial 16HBE Cell Death and Aggravates Acute Lung Intoxication in Mice by Regulating Keap1/p65/Nrf2 Signal Pathway. Inflammation 2019; 42:471-484. [PMID: 30734183 PMCID: PMC6449493 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-00956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) intoxication seriously endangers human beings’ health, however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here we found that PQ inhibits human bronchial 16HBE cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis, necrosis as well as ROS generation in a dose dependent manner. Of note, low-dose PQ (50 μM) induces cell autophagy, increases Nrf2 as well as p65 levels and has little impacts on Keap1, while high-dose PQ (500 μM) inhibits autophagy, upregulates Keap1 as well as downregulates p65 and Nrf2. In addition, we verified that p65 overexpression increases Nrf2 and its downstream targets in 16HBE cells, which are reversed by synergistically knocking down Nrf2. Our further results showed that high-dose PQ’s effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, ROS levels and autophagy are reversed by p65 overexpression. Besides, the protective effects of overexpressed p65 on high-dose PQ (500 μM) treated 16HBE cells are abrogated by synergistically knocking down Nrf2. In vivo experiments also showed that high-dose PQ promotes inflammatory cytokines secretion, lung fibrosis and cell apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation in mice models by regulating Keap1/p65/Nrf2 signal pathway. Therefore, we concluded that high-dose PQ (500 μM) inhibits 16HBE cell proliferation and autophagy, promotes cell death and mice lung fibrosis by regulating Keap1/p65/Nrf2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiong Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine Ward 5, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510507, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihua Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The People Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, China
| | - Wenlin Tai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yunnan Molecular Diagnostic Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuhao Deng
- Department of Respiratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Respiratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Pu
- Department of Respiratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Du Fan
- Department of Respiratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Department of Respiratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaoxing Dong
- Department of Respiratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China.
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19
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Xiong G, Zhao L, Yan M, Wang X, Zhou Z, Chang X. N-acetylcysteine alleviated paraquat-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagy in primary murine neural progenitor cells. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1557-1567. [PMID: 31368586 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developing brain is uniquely vulnerable to toxic chemical exposures. Studies indicate that neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal is susceptible to oxidative stress caused by xenobiotics. However, the impact of antioxidants on NSC self-renewal and the potential mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, primary murine neural progenitor cells (mNPCs) from the subventricular zone were used as a research model. In addition, paraquat (PQ) was used to elicit oxidative stress and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used as a powerful antioxidant. mNPCs were treated with 80 μm PQ for 24 hours with or without 4 hours of NAC pretreatment. Our results showed that PQ treatment increased intracellular reactive oxygen species production, decreased cell viability and DNA synthesis, and promoted cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, pretreatment with NAC alleviated PQ-induced cytotoxicity in mNPCs. To elucidate the mechanisms further, we found that NAC pretreatment prevented PQ-induced reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagy in mNPCs. NAC-pretreated cells showed increased anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and decreased pro-apoptotic protein Bax expression. Similarly, NAC pretreatment increased p-mTOR and decreased LC3B-II protein expression. Moreover, NAC decreased mitophagy related mRNA Pink1 and Parkin expression. Taken together, our results suggested that the antioxidant NAC treatment significantly attenuated PQ-induced mNPC self-renewal disruption through decreasing autophagy and salvaging mitochondrial morphology. These findings revealed a potential mechanism for neurological treatment relating to antioxidant and suggested potentially relevant implications for PQ-related neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, our study also provided insight into therapeutic strategies for the neurotoxic effects of oxidative stress-associated toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiya Xiong
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Department of Science and Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengling Yan
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjin Wang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Velagapudi R, Kosoko AM, Olajide OA. Induction of Neuroinflammation and Neurotoxicity by Synthetic Hemozoin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1187-1200. [PMID: 31332667 PMCID: PMC6764936 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemozoin produced by Plasmodium falciparum during malaria infection has been linked to the neurological dysfunction in cerebral malaria. In this study, we determined whether a synthetic form of hemozoin (sHZ) produces neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in cellular models. Incubation of BV-2 microglia with sHZ (200 and 400 µg/ml) induced significant elevation in the levels of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, NO/iNOS, phospho-p65, accompanied by an increase in DNA binding of NF-κB. Treatment of BV-2 microglia with sHZ increased protein levels of NLRP3 with accompanying increase in caspase-1 activity. In the presence of NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 (10 µM), there was attenuation of sHZ-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO/iNOS. In addition, increase in caspase-1/NLRP3 inflammasome activation was blocked by BAY11-7082. Pre-treatment with BAY11-7082 also reduced both phosphorylation and DNA binding of the p65 sub-unit. The NLRP3 inhibitor CRID3 (100 µM) did not prevent sHZ-induced release of TNFα and IL-6. However, production of IL-1β, NO/iNOS as well as caspase-1/NLRP3 activity was significantly reduced in the presence of CRID3. Incubation of differentiated neural progenitor (ReNcell VM) cells with sHZ resulted in a reduction in cell viability, accompanied by significant generation of cellular ROS and increased activity of caspase-6, while sHZ-induced neurotoxicity was prevented by N-acetylcysteine and Z-VEID-FMK. Taken together, this study shows that the synthetic form of hemozoin induces neuroinflammation through the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. It is also proposed that sHZ induces ROS- and caspase-6-mediated neurotoxicity. These results have thrown more light on the actions of malarial hemozoin in the neurobiology of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.,Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ayokulehin M Kosoko
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
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Huang M, Li Y, Wu K, Yan W, Tian T, Wang Y, Yang H. Paraquat modulates microglia M1/M2 polarization via activation of TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108743. [PMID: 31299241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a widely characterized neurotoxicant able to induce a series of nervous system disorders, including neurobehavioral defects and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the direct evidence that PQ could induce inflammatory responses in central nervous system and largely contribute to neurotoxicity, the putative adverse effects of PQ on the neuroimmune interactions have rarely been investigated. Therefore, the present study investigated underlying mechanisms of PQ-induced inflammatory response in BV-2 microglia cells. Proliferation, migration and phagocytosis of BV-2 cells upon PQ exposure were first investigated to demonstrate that PQ did stimulate BV-2 microglia into an active phenotype. Increased microglia M1 markers expression and decreased microglia M2 markers expression confirmed that PQ induces BV-2 cells towards M1 activation. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined using ELISA and western blotting assays, showing that paraquat significantly promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The up-regulation of TLR4/MyD88 protein expressions and enhanced translocation of NF-κB p65 protein upon PQ exposure were further demonstrated. Taken together, our results suggested that PQ induces M1 microglia polarization by increased production of pro-inflammatory molecules, which could be explained by the activation of the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Kexin Wu
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Weiguang Yan
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Tian Tian
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, China.
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Shao Y, Zhao Y, Zhu T, Zhang F, Chang X, Zhang Y, Zhou Z. Paraquat Preferentially Induces Apoptosis of Late Stage Effector Lymphocyte and Impairs Memory Immune Response in Mice. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E2060. [PMID: 31212664 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a toxic non-selective herbicide. To date, the effect of PQ on memory immune response is still unknown. We investigated the impact of PQ on memory immune response. Adult C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected with 2 mg/kg PQ, 20 mg/kg PQ or vehicle control every three days for two weeks. A single injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) at day four after the initial PQ treatment was used to induce a primary immune response; a second KLH challenge was performed at three months post the first KLH immunization to induce a secondary immune response. In steady state, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ reduced the level of serum total IgG, but not that of IgM; treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ decreased the number of effector and memory lymphocytes, but not naïve or inactivated lymphocytes. During the primary immune response to KLH, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ did not influence the proliferation of lymphocytes or expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Instead, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ increased the apoptosis of lymphocytes at late stage, but not early stage of the primary immune response. During the secondary immune response to KLH, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ reduced the serum anti-KLH IgG and KLH-responsive CD4 T cells and B cells. Moreover, effector or activated lymphocytes were more sensitive to PQ-induced apoptosis in vitro. Treatment with 2 mg/kg PQ did not impact memory immune response to KLH. Thus, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ increased apoptosis of late stage effector cells to yield less memory cells and thereafter impair memory immune response, providing a novel understanding of the immunotoxicity of PQ.
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Huang M, Cai Q, Xu Y, Guo M, Zhu C, Li Y, Wu K, Zhou Z, Yang H. Paraquat affects the differentiation of neural stem cells and impairs the function of vascular endothelial cells: a study of molecular mechanism. Environ Toxicol 2019; 34:548-555. [PMID: 30698896 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of paraquat (PQ) exposure on gene expression in neural stem cells as well as structures and functions of vascular endothelial cells. METHODS RNA-Seq was used to explore the differentially expressed genes in human umbilical cord blood-neural stem cells (HUCB-NSCs) at different stages (eg, proliferation, early and late differentiation) in the presence of PQ. The effects of PQ on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytokines secretion, and expression of tight junction proteins, were assessed with CCK-8, flow cytometry, ELISA, and western blot analysis, individually. RESULTS A total of 53 genes were up-regulated and 61 genes were down-regulated in PQ treated HUCB-NSCs, including seven genes associated with the differentiation of neural stem cells, for example, Gfap, S100B, Oct4, Gdf3, Sox1, Pax6, and Ngn1. PQ treatment significantly reduced the proliferation of HUVECs, inhibited cytokines secretion (VEGF, BFGF) and expressions of tight junction-associated protein (Claudin 1, Occludin, ZO-1), as well as induced significant apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that PQ impairs the development of nervous system by regulating the expression of genes associated with neural stem cell differentiation, as well as the structure and function of vascular endothelial cells, which together lead to abnormality in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qian Cai
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanlong Xu
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Muzheng Guo
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chendi Zhu
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yinyin Li
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kexin Wu
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Karri R, Chalana A, Das R, Rai RK, Roy G. Cytoprotective effects of imidazole-based [S 1] and [S 2]-donor ligands against mercury toxicity: a bioinorganic approach. Metallomics 2019; 11:213-225. [PMID: 30488926 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the coordination behaviour of an imidazole-based [S1]-donor ligand, 1,3-dimethyl-imidazole-2(3H)-thione (L1), and [S2]-donor ligand, 3,3'-methylenebis(1-methyl-imidazole-2(3H)-thione) (L2) or 4,4'-(3,3'-methylenebis-(2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-imidazole-3,1-diyl))dibutanoic acid (L3), with HgX2 (X = Cl, Br or I) in solution and the solid state. NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and single crystal X-ray studies demonstrated that L1 or L2 coordinated rapidly and reversibly to the mercury center of HgX2 through the thione moiety. Treatment of L2 with HgCl2 or HgBr2 afforded 16-membered metallacycle k1-(L2)2Hg2Cl4 or k1-(L2)2Hg2Br4 where two Cl or Br atoms are located inside the ring. In contrast, treatment of L2 with HgI2 afforded a chain-like structure of k1-[L2Hgl2]n, possibly due to the large size of the iodine atom. Interestingly, [S1] and [S2]-donor ligands (L1, L2, and L3) showed an excellent efficacy to protect liver cells against HgCl2 induced toxicity and the strength of their efficacy is in the order of L3 > L2 > L1. 30% decrease of ROS production was observed when liver cells were co-treated with HgCl2 and L1 in comparison to those cells treated with HgCl2 only. In contrast, 45% and 60% decrease of ROS production was observed in the case of cells co-treated with HgCl2 and thiones L2 and L3, respectively, indicating that [S2]-donor ligands L2 and L3 have better cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by HgCl2 than [S1]-donor ligand L1. Water-soluble ligand L3 with N-(CH2)3CO2H substituents showed a better cytoprotective effect against HgCl2 toxicity than L2 in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Karri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH91, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India.
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Pang YW, Jiang XL, Wang YC, Wang YY, Hao HS, Zhao SJ, Du WH, Zhao XM, Wang L, Zhu HB. Melatonin protects against paraquat-induced damage during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12532. [PMID: 30320949 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), a broad-spectrum agricultural pesticide, causes cellular toxicity by increasing oxidative stress levels in various biological systems, including the reproductive system. PQ exposure causes embryotoxicity and reduces the developmental abilities of embryos. However, there is little information regarding the toxic effects of PQ on oocyte maturation. In this study, we studied the toxic effects of PQ exposure and the effects of melatonin on PQ-induced damage in bovine oocytes. PQ exposure disrupted nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, which was manifested as decreased cumulus cell expansion, reduced first polar body extrusion, and abnormal distribution patterns of cortical granules and mitochondria. In addition, PQ treatment severely disrupted the ability of the resulted in vitro-produced embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, PQ exposure significantly increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and early apoptotic rate, and decreased the glutathione (GSH) level, antioxidative CAT and GPx4 mRNA, and apoptotic-related Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio. These results indicated that PQ causes reproductive toxicity in bovine oocytes. Melatonin application resulted in significant protection against the toxic effects of PQ in PQ-exposed oocytes. The mechanisms underlying the role of melatonin included the inhibition of PQ-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and restoration of abnormal trimethyl-histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and trimethyl-histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) levels. These results reveal that melatonin serves as a powerful agent against experimental PQ-induced toxicity during bovine oocyte maturation and could form a basis for further studies to develop therapeutic strategies against PQ poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Pang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Long Jiang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Sheng Hao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Jiang Zhao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Hua Du
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Bin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Srivastav S, Fatima M, Mondal AC. Bacopa monnieri alleviates paraquat induced toxicity in Drosophila by inhibiting jnk mediated apoptosis through improved mitochondrial function and redox stabilization. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:98-107. [PMID: 30296463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is an organic chemical compound and a member of redox active family of heterocycles. In spite of its high toxicities, it is used as one of the potent herbicide throughout the world. Though its toxic manifestations are observed in different organs, its principal toxic effect is manifested in the brain leading to the development of Parkinsonian symptoms. PQ exposure adversely affects dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neuron-rich region in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPC) of brain in the animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), thereby mimicking PD like symptoms. Currently, lack of a potential drug to counter the toxic effect of PQ makes the management difficult. Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) has been shown to have promising effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the present study evaluated the role of BME against PQ induced toxicity in Drosophila model of PD, the results of which are reproducible in higher animal models including human subjects. Here, we showed that BME treatment attenuates acute PQ induced toxicity in Drosophila by decreasing mortality and improving climbing ability. BME functions by optimizing redox equilibrium, mitochondrial function and depreciating apoptosis level. The underlying mechanisms were attributed to optimization of active JNK and cleaved Caspase-3 activity along with transcriptional stabilization of the genes regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis (jnk, caspase-3, damb and nrf-2). These results showed therapeutic efficacy of BME against PQ toxicity in the brain. Our results pave the way for further detailed analysis of BME to combat the development of Parkinson's like symptoms following exposure to PQ toxicity in the brain of higher animal models.
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Zhao L, Yan M, Wang X, Xiong G, Wu C, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Chang X. Modification of Wnt signaling pathway on paraquat-induced inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:311-325. [PMID: 30171970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is an agricultural chemical used worldwide. As a potential neurotoxicant, PQ adversely affects neurogenesis and inhibits proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). However, the molecular mechanistic insights of PQ exposure on NPCs remains to be determined. Herein, we determine the extent to which Wnt/β-catenin signaling involved in the inhibition effect of PQ on mouse NPCs from subventricular zone (SVZ). NPCs were treated with different concentrations of PQ (40, 80, and 120 μM). PQ exposure provoked oxidative stress and apoptosis and PQ inhibited cell viability and proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Significantly, PQ exposure altered the expression/protein levels of the Wnt pathway genes in NPCs. In addition, PQ reduced cellular β-catenin, p-GSK-3β, and cyclin-D1 and increased the radio of Bax/Bcl2. Further, Wnt pathway activation by treatment with LiCl and Wnt1 attenuated PQ-induced inhibition of mNPCs proliferation. Antioxidant (NAC) treatment alleviated the inhibition of PQ-induced Wnt signaling pathway. Overall, our results suggest significant inhibitory effects of PQ on NPCs proliferation via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Interestingly, our results implied that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway attenuated PQ-induced autophagic cell death. Our results therefore bring our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PQ-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengling Yan
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinjin Wang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guiya Xiong
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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28
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Hu L, Hong G, Tang Y, Wang X, Wen C, Lin F, Lu Z. Early Metabolome Profiling and Prognostic Value in Paraquat-Poisoned Patients: Based on Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography Coupled To Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2151-2158. [PMID: 29099997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) has caused countless deaths throughout the world. There remains no effective treatment for PQ poisoning. Here we study the blood metabolome of PQ-poisoned patients using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS). Patients were divided into groups according to blood PQ concentration. Healthy subjects served as controls. Metabolic features were statistically analyzed using multivariate pattern-recognition techniques to identify the most important metabolites. Selected metabolites were further compared with a series of clinical indexes to assess the prognostic value. PQ-poisoned patients showed substantial differences compared with healthy subjects. Based on variable of importance in the project (VIP) values and statistical analysis, 17 metabolites were selected and identified. These metabolites well-classified low PQ-poisoned patients, high PQ-poisoned patients, and healthy subjects, which was better than that of a complete blood count (CBC). Among the 17 metabolites, 20:3/18:1-PC (PC), LPA (0:0/16:0) (LPA), 19-oxo-deoxycorticosterone (19-oxo-DOC), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) had prognostic value. In particular, EPA was the most sensitive one. Besides, the levels of EPA was correlated with LPA and 19-oxo-DOC. If EPA was excessively consumed, then prognosis was poor. In conclusion, the serum metabolome is substantially perturbed by PQ poisoning. EPA is the most important biomarker in early PQ poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yahui Tang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Congcong Wen
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Feiyan Lin
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000, China
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Yan M, Dou T, Lv W, Wang X, Zhao L, Chang X, Zhou Z. Integrated analysis of paraquat-induced microRNAs-mRNAs changes in human neural progenitor cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Zhao G, Cao K, Xu C, Sun A, Lu W, Zheng Y, Li H, Hong G, Wu B, Qiu Q, Lu Z. Crosstalk between Mitochondrial Fission and Oxidative Stress in Paraquat-Induced Apoptosis in Mouse Alveolar Type II Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:888-900. [PMID: 28808421 PMCID: PMC5555106 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.18468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), as a highly effective and nonselective herbicide, induces cell apoptosis through generation of superoxide anions which forms reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria, as regulators for cellular redox signaling, have been proved to play an important role in PQ-induced cell apoptosis. This study aimed to evaluate whether and how mitochondrial fission interacts with oxidative stress in PQ-induced apoptosis in mouse alveolar type II (AT-II) cells. Firstly, we demonstrated that PQ promoted apoptosis and release of cytochrome-c (Cyt-c). Furthermore, we showed that PQ broke down mitochondrial network, enhanced the expression of fission-related proteins, increased Drp1 mitochondrial translocation while decreased the expression of fusion-related proteins in AT-II cells. Besides, inhibiting mitochondrial fission using mdivi-1, a selective inhibitor of Drp1, markedly attenuated PQ-induced apoptosis, release of Cyt-c and the generation of ROS. These results indicate that mitochondrial fission involves in PQ-induced apoptosis. Further study demonstrated that antioxidant ascorbic acid inhibited Drp1 mitochondrial translocation, mitochondrial fission and attenuated PQ-induced apoptosis. Overall, our findings suggest that mitochondrial fission interplays with ROS in PQ-induced apoptosis in mouse AT-II cells and mitochondrial fission could serve as a potential therapeutic target in PQ poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangju Zhao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Emergency, Critical care, and Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Kaiqiang Cao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Emergency, Critical care, and Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Changqin Xu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Emergency, Critical care, and Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Aifang Sun
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Wang Lu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Haixiao Li
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Emergency, Critical care, and Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Emergency, Critical care, and Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Qiaomeng Qiu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Emergency, Critical care, and Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
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Li K, Cheng X, Jiang J, Wang J, Xie J, Hu X, Huang Y, Song L, Liu M, Cai L, Chen L, Zhao S. The toxic influence of paraquat on hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:356-366. [PMID: 28576469 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat, a fast-acting non-selective contact herbicide, is considered an etiological factor related to Parkinson's disease. This study investigated its effects on hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition in adult mice as well as possible mechanisms for the effects. We administered paraquat (1.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, i.p.) and an equal volume of normal saline for 3 weeks to adult male C57BL/6J mice. The results showed that hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory was significantly impaired in paraquat-treated mice. Moreover, paraquat administration inhibited the proliferation of neural progenitor cells, and impaired the survival and altered the fate decision of newly generated cells in the hippocampus. The expression levels of caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were significantly higher in paraquat-treated mice than in control mice. Interestingly, paraquat reduced the phosphorylation of Akt, but did not affect the total amount of Akt. In conclusion, our findings suggest that paraquat negatively affected adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinran Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiutao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiongfang Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinde Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingzhen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Leiming Cai
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liezhong Chen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Hu X, Shen H, Wang Y, Zhao M. Liver X Receptor Agonist TO901317 Attenuates Paraquat-Induced Acute Lung Injury through Inhibition of NF- κB and JNK/p38 MAPK Signal Pathways. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:4652695. [PMID: 28480221 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4652695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used herbicide with extremely high poisoning mortality mostly from acute lung injury (ALI) or progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicity mechanisms remain unclear, but a redox cycling process that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved, as are inflammation and cell apoptosis. We established an ALI mouse model by intraperitoneal injection of PQ (28 mg/kg) and then investigated the effects of a potent liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, TO901317 (5 or 20 mg/kg), injected intraperitoneally 30 min after PQ administration. Poisoned mice exhibited severe lung tissue lesions and edema, significant neutrophilic (PMNs) infiltration, and release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). PQ administration also decreased activity of antioxidases, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and increased lipid peroxidation as evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. PQ exposure induced upregulation of the proapoptotic gene Bax and downregulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2, leading to marked cell apoptosis in the lung tissues. TO901317 treatment reversed all these effects through inhibition of PQ-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and JNK/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The LXR agonist TO901317 had potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects against PQ-induced ALI.
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Wang X, Yan M, Zhao L, Wu Q, Wu C, Chang X, Zhou Z. Low-Dose Methylmercury-Induced Genes Regulate Mitochondrial Biogenesis via miR-25 in Immortalized Human Embryonic Neural Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2058. [PMID: 27941687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles and important targets for environmental pollutants. The detection of mitochondrial biogenesis and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p53 levels following low-dose methylmercury (MeHg) exposure could expand our understanding of underlying mechanisms. Here, the sensitivity of immortalized human neural progenitor cells (ihNPCs) upon exposure to MeHg was investigated. We found that MeHg altered cell viability and the number of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU)-positive cells. We also observed that low-dose MeHg exposure increased the mRNA expression of cell cycle regulators. We observed that MeHg induced ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, mRNA levels of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gammacoactivator-1α (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and p53-controlled ribonucleotide reductase (p53R2) were significantly elevated, which were correlated with the increase of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number at a concentration as low as 10 nM. Moreover, we examined the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) known as regulatory miRNAs of p53 (i.e., miR-30d, miR-1285, miR-25). We found that the expression of these miRNAs was significantly downregulated upon MeHg treatment. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-25 resulted in significantly reducted p53 protein levels and decreased mRNA expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis regulation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that MeHg could induce developmental neurotoxicity in ihNPCs through altering mitochondrial functions and the expression of miRNA.
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Wang X, Yan M, Zhao L, Wu Q, Wu C, Chang X, Zhou Z. Low-Dose Methylmercury-Induced Apoptosis and Mitochondrial DNA Mutation in Human Embryonic Neural Progenitor Cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016:5137042. [PMID: 27525052 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5137042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a long-lasting organic pollutant primarily found in the aquatic environment. The developing brain is particularly sensitive to MeHg due to reduced proliferation of neural stem cell. Although several mechanisms of MeHg-induced apoptosis have been defined in culture models, it remains unclear whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation is involved in the toxic effect of MeHg, especially in the neural progenitor cells. In the present study, the ReNcell CX cell, a human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) line, was exposed to nanomolar concentrations of MeHg (≤50 nM). We found that MeHg altered mitochondrial metabolic function and induced apoptosis. In addition, we observed that MeHg induced ROS production in a dose-dependent manner in hNPCs cells, which was associated with significantly increased expressions of ND1, Cytb, and ATP6. To elucidate the mechanism underlying MeHg toxicity on mitochondrial function, we examined the ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential in MeHg-treated hNPCs. Our study showed that MeHg exposure led to decreased ATP content and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, which failed to match the expansion in mtDNA copy number, suggesting impaired mtDNA. Collectively, these results demonstrated that MeHg induced toxicity in hNPCs through altering mitochondrial function and inducing oxidative damage to mtDNA.
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Milczarek R, Sokołowska E, Rybakowska I, Kaletha K, Klimek J. Paraquat inhibits progesterone synthesis in human placental mitochondria. Placenta 2016; 43:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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He Y, Zou L, Zhou Y, Hu H, Yao R, Jiang Y, Lau WB, Yuan T, Huang W, Zeng Z, Cao Y. Adiponectin ameliorates the apoptotic effects of paraquat on alveolar type Ⅱ cells via improvements in mitochondrial function. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:746-52. [PMID: 27220901 PMCID: PMC4918546 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that excessive reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)-induced apoptosis is an important feature of the injury to the lung epithelium in paraquat (PQ) poisoning. However the precise mechanisms of PQ-induced dysfunction of the mitochondria, where ROS/RNS are predominantly produced, remain to be fully elucidated. Whether globular adiponectin (gAd), a potent molecule protective to mitochondria, regulates the mitochondrial function of alveolar type II cells to reduce PQ-induced ROS/RNS production remains to be investigated. The current study aimed to investigate the precise mechanisms of PQ poisoning in the mitochondria of alveolar type II cells, and to elucidate the role of gAd in protecting against PQ-induced lung epithelium injury. Therefore, lung epithelial injury was induced by PQ co-culture of alveolar type II A549 cells for 24 h. gAd was administrated to and removed from the injured cells in after 24 h. PQ was observed to reduce cell viability and increase apoptosis by ~1.5 fold in A549 cells. The oxidative/nitrative stress, resulting from ROS/RNS and disordered mitochondrial function were evidenced by increased
O2−., NO production and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content in PQ-poisoned A549 cells. gAd treatment significantly reversed the PQ-induced cell injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 cells. The protective effects of gAd were partly abrogated by an adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, compound C. The results suggest that reduced ΔΨ and ATP content may result in PQ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of the lung epithelium, which constitutes a novel mechanism for gAd exerting pulmonary protection against PQ poisoning via AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong He
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Zou
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yaxiong Zhou
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Rong Yao
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yaowen Jiang
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Tun Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute for Nanobiomedical Technology and Membrane Biology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Dou T, Yan M, Wang X, Lu W, Zhao L, Lou D, Wu C, Chang X, Zhou Z. Nrf2/ARE Pathway Involved in Oxidative Stress Induced by Paraquat in Human Neural Progenitor Cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016:8923860. [PMID: 26649146 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8923860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidences have shown that diverse environmental insults arising during early life can either directly lead to a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons or cause an increased susceptibility to neurons degeneration with subsequent environmental insults or with aging alone. Oxidative stress is considered the main effect of neurotoxins exposure. In this study, we investigated the oxidative stress effect of Paraquat (PQ) on immortalized human embryonic neural progenitor cells by treating them with various concentrations of PQ. We show that PQ can decrease the activity of SOD and CAT but increase MDA and LDH level. Furthermore, the activities of Cyc and caspase-9 were found increased significantly at 10 μM of PQ treatment. The cytoplasmic Nrf2 protein expressions were upregulated at 10 μM but fell back at 100 μM. The nuclear Nrf2 protein expressions were upregulated as well as the downstream mRNA expressions of HO-1 and NQO1 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the proteins expression of PKC and CKII was also increased significantly even at 1 μM. The results suggested that Nrf2/ARE pathway is involved in mild to moderate PQ-induced oxidative stress which is evident from dampened Nrf2 activity and low expression of antioxidant genes in PQ induced oxidative damage.
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Goodson WH, Lowe L, Carpenter DO, Gilbertson M, Manaf Ali A, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Lasfar A, Carnero A, Azqueta A, Amedei A, Charles AK, Collins AR, Ward A, Salzberg AC, Colacci A, Olsen AK, Berg A, Barclay BJ, Zhou BP, Blanco-Aparicio C, Baglole CJ, Dong C, Mondello C, Hsu CW, Naus CC, Yedjou C, Curran CS, Laird DW, Koch DC, Carlin DJ, Felsher DW, Roy D, Brown DG, Ratovitski E, Ryan EP, Corsini E, Rojas E, Moon EY, Laconi E, Marongiu F, Al-Mulla F, Chiaradonna F, Darroudi F, Martin FL, Van Schooten FJ, Goldberg GS, Wagemaker G, Nangami GN, Calaf GM, Williams G, Wolf GT, Koppen G, Brunborg G, Lyerly HK, Krishnan H, Ab Hamid H, Yasaei H, Sone H, Kondoh H, Salem HK, Hsu HY, Park HH, Koturbash I, Miousse IR, Scovassi AI, Klaunig JE, Vondráček J, Raju J, Roman J, Wise JP, Whitfield JR, Woodrick J, Christopher JA, Ochieng J, Martinez-Leal JF, Weisz J, Kravchenko J, Sun J, Prudhomme KR, Narayanan KB, Cohen-Solal KA, Moorwood K, Gonzalez L, Soucek L, Jian L, D'Abronzo LS, Lin LT, Li L, Gulliver L, McCawley LJ, Memeo L, Vermeulen L, Leyns L, Zhang L, Valverde M, Khatami M, Romano MF, Chapellier M, Williams MA, Wade M, Manjili MH, Lleonart ME, Xia M, Gonzalez MJ, Karamouzis MV, Kirsch-Volders M, Vaccari M, Kuemmerle NB, Singh N, Cruickshanks N, Kleinstreuer N, van Larebeke N, Ahmed N, Ogunkua O, Krishnakumar PK, Vadgama P, Marignani PA, Ghosh PM, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Thompson PA, Dent P, Heneberg P, Darbre P, Sing Leung P, Nangia-Makker P, Cheng QS, Robey RB, Al-Temaimi R, Roy R, Andrade-Vieira R, Sinha RK, Mehta R, Vento R, Di Fiore R, Ponce-Cusi R, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Nahta R, Castellino RC, Palorini R, Abd Hamid R, Langie SAS, Eltom SE, Brooks SA, Ryeom S, Wise SS, Bay SN, Harris SA, Papagerakis S, Romano S, Pavanello S, Eriksson S, Forte S, Casey SC, Luanpitpong S, Lee TJ, Otsuki T, Chen T, Massfelder T, Sanderson T, Guarnieri T, Hultman T, Dormoy V, Odero-Marah V, Sabbisetti V, Maguer-Satta V, Rathmell WK, Engström W, Decker WK, Bisson WH, Rojanasakul Y, Luqmani Y, Chen Z, Hu Z. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S254-96. [PMID: 26106142 PMCID: PMC4480130 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dose exposures to common environmental chemicals that are deemed safe individually may be combining to instigate carcinogenesis, thereby contributing to the incidence of cancer. This risk may be overlooked by current regulatory practices and needs to be vigorously investigated. Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety ‘Mode of Action’ framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 2100 Webster Street #401, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA, Getting to Know Cancer, Room 229A, 36 Arthur Street, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK, Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Pl., Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA, Getting to Know Cancer, Guelph N1G 1E4, Canada, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Tembila Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Univ. de Sevilla., Avda Manuel Siurot sn. 41013 Sevilla, Spain, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Hopkins Building, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway, Planet Biotechnologies Inc., St Albert, Alberta T8N 5K4, Canada, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNI
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Room 229A, 36 Arthur Street, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Pl., Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | | | - Abdul Manaf Ali
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Tembila Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Univ. de Sevilla., Avda Manuel Siurot sn. 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amelia K Charles
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Hopkins Building, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK
| | | | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Barry J Barclay
- Planet Biotechnologies Inc., St Albert, Alberta T8N 5K4, Canada
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Colleen S Curran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Daniel C Koch
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Danielle J Carlin
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Department of Medicine, Oncology and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Edward Ratovitski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery/Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Human Safety and Environmental Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha 24449, State of Qatar
| | - Francis L Martin
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Gerard Wagemaker
- Hacettepe University, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Ankara 06640, Turkey
| | - Gladys N Nangami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, Chile
| | - Graeme Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Hasiah Ab Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hemad Yasaei
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences and the Health and Environment Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hideko Sone
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibraki 3058506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Department of Urology, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 11559, Egypt
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 712-749, South Korea
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - James E Klaunig
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104, USA
| | - Jonathan R Whitfield
- Mouse Models of Cancer Therapies Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Joseph A Christopher
- Cancer Research UK. Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | | | - Judith Weisz
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Julia Kravchenko
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kalan R Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Kim Moorwood
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Laetitia Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Soucek
- Mouse Models of Cancer Therapies Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Le Jian
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China
| | - Linda Gulliver
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Lisa J McCawley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Via Penninazzo 7, Viagrande (CT) 95029, Italy
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Leyns
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Retired), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marion Chapellier
- Centre De Recherche En Cancerologie, De Lyon, Lyon, U1052-UMR5286, France
| | - Marc A Williams
- United States Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio-Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010-5403, USA
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matilde E Lleonart
- Institut De Recerca Hospital Vall D'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Michael J Gonzalez
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Biomedical Research, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nancy B Kuemmerle
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 003, India
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nik van Larebeke
- Analytische, Milieu en Geochemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel B1050, Belgium
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Olugbemiga Ogunkua
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - P K Krishnakumar
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 3126, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Vadgama
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Patricia A Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, The State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, CZ-100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Philippa Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6UB, England
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China
| | | | - Qiang Shawn Cheng
- Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - R Brooks Robey
- White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rabeah Al-Temaimi
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya 13110, Kuwait
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ranjeet K Sinha
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rekha Mehta
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy , Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | | | - Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien 1090, Austria
| | - Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Roberta Palorini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Roslida Abd Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sakina E Eltom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Samira A Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sandra Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra S Wise
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104, USA
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Population Health and Prevention, Research, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2L7, Canada, Departments of Epidemiology and Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7011, VHC, Almas Allé 4, SE-756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefano Forte
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Via Penninazzo 7, Viagrande (CT) 95029, Italy
| | - Stephanie C Casey
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, South Korea
| | - Takemi Otsuki
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 'Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer', University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Sanderson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Tiziana Guarnieri
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti, 9, 40126 Bologna, Italy, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale Medaglie d' Oro, 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Tove Hultman
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 'Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer', University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Venkata Sabbisetti
- Harvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Veronique Maguer-Satta
- United States Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio-Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010-5403, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wilhelm Engström
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Yunus Luqmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait and
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Langie SAS, Koppen G, Desaulniers D, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Azqueta A, Bisson WH, Brown DG, Brunborg G, Charles AK, Chen T, Colacci A, Darroudi F, Forte S, Gonzalez L, Hamid RA, Knudsen LE, Leyns L, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Memeo L, Mondello C, Mothersill C, Olsen AK, Pavanello S, Raju J, Rojas E, Roy R, Ryan EP, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Van Schooten FJ, Valverde M, Woodrick J, Zhang L, van Larebeke N, Kirsch-Volders M, Collins AR. Causes of genome instability: the effect of low dose chemical exposures in modern society. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S61-88. [PMID: 26106144 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability is a prerequisite for the development of cancer. It occurs when genome maintenance systems fail to safeguard the genome's integrity, whether as a consequence of inherited defects or induced via exposure to environmental agents (chemicals, biological agents and radiation). Thus, genome instability can be defined as an enhanced tendency for the genome to acquire mutations; ranging from changes to the nucleotide sequence to chromosomal gain, rearrangements or loss. This review raises the hypothesis that in addition to known human carcinogens, exposure to low dose of other chemicals present in our modern society could contribute to carcinogenesis by indirectly affecting genome stability. The selected chemicals with their mechanisms of action proposed to indirectly contribute to genome instability are: heavy metals (DNA repair, epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, telomere length), acrylamide (DNA repair, chromosome segregation), bisphenol A (epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation), benomyl (chromosome segregation), quinones (epigenetic modification) and nano-sized particles (epigenetic pathways, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation, telomere length). The purpose of this review is to describe the crucial aspects of genome instability, to outline the ways in which environmental chemicals can affect this cancer hallmark and to identify candidate chemicals for further study. The overall aim is to make scientists aware of the increasing need to unravel the underlying mechanisms via which chemicals at low doses can induce genome instability and thus promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A S Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium, Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway, Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy, Medical Phys
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium, Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway, Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy, Medical Phys
| | - Daniel Desaulniers
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amelia K Charles
- Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Laetitia Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Luc Leyns
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | | | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200MD, PO Box 61, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nik van Larebeke
- Laboratory for Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Study Centre for Carcinogenesis and Primary Prevention of Cancer, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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40
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Casey SC, Vaccari M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Brown DG, Chapellier M, Christopher J, Curran CS, Forte S, Hamid RA, Heneberg P, Koch DC, Krishnakumar PK, Laconi E, Maguer-Satta V, Marongiu F, Memeo L, Mondello C, Raju J, Roman J, Roy R, Ryan EP, Ryeom S, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Soucek L, Vermeulen L, Whitfield JR, Woodrick J, Colacci A, Bisson WH, Felsher DW. The effect of environmental chemicals on the tumor microenvironment. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S160-83. [PMID: 26106136 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially carcinogenic compounds may cause cancer through direct DNA damage or through indirect cellular or physiological effects. To study possible carcinogens, the fields of endocrinology, genetics, epigenetics, medicine, environmental health, toxicology, pharmacology and oncology must be considered. Disruptive chemicals may also contribute to multiple stages of tumor development through effects on the tumor microenvironment. In turn, the tumor microenvironment consists of a complex interaction among blood vessels that feed the tumor, the extracellular matrix that provides structural and biochemical support, signaling molecules that send messages and soluble factors such as cytokines. The tumor microenvironment also consists of many host cellular effectors including multipotent stromal cells/mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cell precursors, antigen-presenting cells, lymphocytes and innate immune cells. Carcinogens can influence the tumor microenvironment through effects on epithelial cells, the most common origin of cancer, as well as on stromal cells, extracellular matrix components and immune cells. Here, we review how environmental exposures can perturb the tumor microenvironment. We suggest a role for disrupting chemicals such as nickel chloride, Bisphenol A, butyltins, methylmercury and paraquat as well as more traditional carcinogens, such as radiation, and pharmaceuticals, such as diabetes medications, in the disruption of the tumor microenvironment. Further studies interrogating the role of chemicals and their mixtures in dose-dependent effects on the tumor microenvironment could have important general mechanistic implications for the etiology and prevention of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, 13110 Safat, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Centre De Recherche En Cancerologie De Lyon, U1052-UMR5286, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France, Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia, Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic, Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia, Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy, Pathology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Marion Chapellier
- Centre De Recherche En Cancerologie De Lyon, U1052-UMR5286, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Joseph Christopher
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
| | - Colleen S Curran
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel C Koch
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, 13110 Safat, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Centre De Recherche En Cancerologie De Lyon, U1052-UMR5286, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France, Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia, Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic, Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia, Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy, Pathology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - P K Krishnakumar
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Veronique Maguer-Satta
- Centre De Recherche En Cancerologie De Lyon, U1052-UMR5286, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Pathology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Sandra Ryeom
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R Whitfield
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - William H Bisson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, and
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Song J, Kang SM, Kim E, Kim CH, Song HT, Lee JE. Adiponectin receptor-mediated signaling ameliorates cerebral cell damage and regulates the neurogenesis of neural stem cells at high glucose concentrations: an in vivo and in vitro study. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1844. [PMID: 26247729 PMCID: PMC4558511 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), hyperglycemia leads to neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Recent research has focused on revealing alterations in the brain in hyperglycemia and finding therapeutic solutions for alleviating the hyperglycemia-induced cognitive dysfunction. Adiponectin is a protein hormone with a major regulatory role in diabetes and obesity; however, its role in the CNS has not been studied yet. Although the presence of adiponectin receptors has been reported in the CNS, adiponectin receptor-mediated signaling in the CNS has not been investigated. In the present study, we investigated adiponectin receptor (AdipoR)-mediated signaling in vivo using a high-fat diet and in vitro using neural stem cells (NSCs). We showed that AdipoR1 protects cell damage and synaptic dysfunction in the mouse brain in hyperglycemia. At high glucose concentrations in vitro, AdipoR1 regulated the survival of NSCs through the p53/p21 pathway and the proliferation- and differentiation-related factors of NSCs via tailless (TLX). Hence, we suggest that further investigations are necessary to understand the cerebral AdipoR1-mediated signaling in hyperglycemic conditions, because the modulation of AdipoR1 might alleviate hyperglycemia-induced neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - S M Kang
- 1] Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea [2] BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - E Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - C-H Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - H-T Song
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - J E Lee
- 1] Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea [2] BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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42
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Wang X, Zhang M, Ma J, Zhang Y, Hong G, Sun F, Lin G, Hu L. Metabolic Changes in Paraquat Poisoned Patients and Support Vector Machine Model of Discrimination. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:470-5. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Department of emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Fa Sun
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Guanyang Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Lufeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
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43
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Dutto I, Tillhon M, Cazzalini O, Stivala LA, Prosperi E. Biology of the cell cycle inhibitor p21CDKN1A: molecular mechanisms and relevance in chemical toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:155-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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44
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Seo HJ, Choi SJ, Lee JH. Paraquat Induces Apoptosis through Cytochrome C Release and ERK Activation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:503-9. [PMID: 25489417 PMCID: PMC4256029 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat has been suggested to induce apoptosis by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, little is known about the mechanism of paraquat-induced apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) is required for paraquat-induced apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells. Paraquat treatment resulted in activation of ERK, and U0126, inhibitors of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, prevented apoptosis. Moreover, paraquat-induced apoptosis was associated with cytochrome C release, which could be prevented by treatment with the MEK inhibitors. Taken together, our findings suggest that ERK activation plays an active role in mediating paraquat-induced apoptosis of NIH3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Joo Seo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Huang M, Lou D, Cai Q, Chang X, Wang X, Zhou Z. Characterization of paraquat-induced miRNA profiling response in hNPCs undergoing proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18422-36. [PMID: 25314302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberration during the development of the central nervous system (CNS) due to environmental factors underlies a variety of adverse developmental outcomes. Paraquat (PQ) is a widely studied neurotoxicant that perturbs the normal structure/function of adult CNS. Yet, the impacts of PQ exposure on the developing CNS remain unclear. miRNAs represent a class of small non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of neural development. Thus in the present study, we analyzed the impacts of PQ on the miRNome of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) during proliferation by using the Exiqon miRCURY™ LNA Array. A total of 66 miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed in proliferating hNPCs upon PQ treatment. miRTarBase prediction identified 1465 mRNAs, including several genes (e.g., nestin, sox1, ngn1) previously proved to be associated with the neural proliferation and differentiation, as target genes of PQ-induced differentially expressed miRNAs. The database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) bioinformatics analysis showed that target genes were enriched in regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle and apoptosis as well as tumor protein 53 (p53), Wnt, Notch and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways (p < 0.001). These findings were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Based on our results we conclude that PQ-induced impacts on the miRNA profiling of hNPCs undergoing proliferation may underlie the developmental neurotoxicity of PQ.
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Lee Y, Kim K, Kang KT, Lee JS, Yang SS, Chung WH. Atmospheric-pressure plasma jet induces DNA double-strand breaks that require a Rad51-mediated homologous recombination for repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 560:1-9. [PMID: 25086216 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma generated under atmospheric pressure produces a mixture of chemically reactive molecules and has been developed for a number of biomedical applications. Recently, plasma jet has been proposed as novel cancer therapies based on the observation that free radicals generated by plasma jet induce mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death. We show here that air plasma jet induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in yeast chromosomes leading to genomic instability and loss of viability, which are alleviated by Rad51, the yeast homolog of Escherichiacoli RecA recombinase, through DNA damage repair by a homologous recombination (HR) process. Hypersensitivity of rad51 mutant to air plasma was not restored by antioxidant treatment unlike sod1 mutant that was highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) challenge, suggesting that plasma jet induces DSB-mediated cell death independent of ROS generation. These results may provide a new insight into the mechanism of air plasma jet-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonna Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangil Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sik Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Hyun Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea.
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