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Li X, Kulakova L, Jones K, Toth EA, Mitchell MK, Mendez Q, Weiner MP, Fuerst TR. Site-directed neutralizing antibodies targeting structural sites on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. N Biotechnol 2024; 80:27-36. [PMID: 38128698 PMCID: PMC10954356 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
'Epivolve' (epitope evolution) is an innovative paratope-evolving technology using a haptenated peptide or protein immunogen as a means of directing the in vivo immune response to specifically targeted sites at a one amino acid residue resolution. Guided by protein structural analysis, Epivolve technology was tested to develop site-directed neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in a systematic fashion against the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD). Thirteen solvent-exposed sites covering the ACE2 receptor-binding interface were targeted. Immunogens composed of each targeted site were used to immunize rabbits in separate cohorts. In vivo site-directed immune responses against all 13 targets were demonstrated by B cell secreted IgG and recombinant IgG testing. One site, SL13 (Y505) which mutates from tyrosine to histidine in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, was chosen as a proof-of-concept (PoC) model for further functional monoclonal antibody development. Epivolve technology demonstrated the capabilities of generating pan-variant antibodies and nAbs against the SARS-CoV-2 primary strain and the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- Abbratech Inc., 25 Business Park Drive, Suite C, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Liudmila Kulakova
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kezzia Jones
- Abbratech Inc., 25 Business Park Drive, Suite C, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Eric A Toth
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Qiana Mendez
- Abbratech Inc., 25 Business Park Drive, Suite C, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Michael P Weiner
- Abbratech Inc., 25 Business Park Drive, Suite C, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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2
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Oyebanji OA, Sundheimer N, Ragavapuram V, Wilson BM, Abul Y, Gravenstein S, Bosch J, King CL, Canaday DH. Avidity maturation of humoral response following primary and booster doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among nursing home residents and healthcare workers. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01215-y. [PMID: 38789833 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections, despite vaccination, can be clinically consequential for frail nursing home residents (NHR). Poor vaccine-induced antibody quality may add risk for such subsequent infections and more severe disease. We assessed antibody binding avidity, as a surrogate for antibody quality, among NHR and healthcare workers (HCW). We longitudinally sampled 112 NHR and 52 HCWs who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine after each dose up to the Wuhan-BA.4/5-based Omicron bivalent boosters. We quantified anti-spike, anti-receptor binding domain (RBD), and avidity levels to the ancestral Wuhan, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 & 4/5 strains. The primary vaccination series produced substantial anti-spike and RBD levels which were low in avidity against all strains tested. Antibody avidity progressively increased in the 6-8 months that followed. Avidity significantly increased after the 1st booster but not for subsequent boosters. This study underscores the importance of booster vaccination among NHR and HCWs. The 1st booster dose increases avidity, increasing vaccine-induced functional antibody. The higher cross-reactivity of higher avidity antibodies to other SARS-CoV-2 strains should translate to better protection from ever-evolving strains. Higher avidities may help explain how the vaccine's protective effects persist despite waning antibody titers after each vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo A Oyebanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Sundheimer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Ragavapuram
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brigid M Wilson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yasin Abul
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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3
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Zhao T, Huang X, Shu Y. Comparing the immune response and protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine under different vaccination strategies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2273155. [PMID: 38111370 PMCID: PMC10732654 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2273155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly infectious respiratory viral infections spread rapidly, humans have evolved a precise and complex immune mechanism to deal with respiratory viruses, with strong intrinsic, highly adaptive and specific humoral and cellular immunity. At the same time, vaccination against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most cost-effective and efficient means of preventing morbidity, severe illness, and death from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As the global epidemic of COVID-19 continues to evolve and vaccines are being developed, it is important to conduct studies on immunization strategies to optimize vaccination strategies when appropriate. This review was conducted to investigate the relationship between the immune response and the protective effect of different vaccination scenarios (including booster, sequential and hybrid immunity), and to provide a basis for the optimization of vaccination strategies and the development of new vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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4
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Titers of antibodies against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 correlate with levels of neutralizing antibodies to multiple variants. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:174. [PMID: 36585405 PMCID: PMC9801350 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic assays currently used to monitor the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines measure levels of antibodies to the receptor-binding domain of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (RBDwt). However, the predictive value for protection against new variants of concern (VOCs) has not been firmly established. Here, we used bead-based arrays and flow cytometry to measure binding of antibodies to spike proteins and receptor-binding domains (RBDs) from VOCs in 12,000 serum samples. Effects of sera on RBD-ACE2 interactions were measured as a proxy for neutralizing antibodies. The samples were obtained from healthy individuals or patients on immunosuppressive therapy who had received two to four doses of COVID-19 vaccines and from COVID-19 convalescents. The results show that anti-RBDwt titers correlate with the levels of binding- and neutralizing antibodies against the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon and Omicron variants. The benefit of multiplexed analysis lies in the ability to measure a wide range of anti-RBD titers using a single dilution of serum for each assay. The reactivity patterns also yield an internal reference for neutralizing activity and binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/ml). Results obtained with sera from vaccinated healthy individuals and patients confirmed and extended results from previous studies on time-dependent waning of antibody levels and effects of immunosuppressive agents. We conclude that anti-RBDwt titers correlate with levels of neutralizing antibodies against VOCs and propose that our method may be implemented to enhance the precision and throughput of immunomonitoring.
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Chen Y, Tong P, Whiteman N, Moghaddam AS, Zarghami M, Zuiani A, Habibi S, Gautam A, Keerti F, Bi C, Xiao T, Cai Y, Chen B, Neuberg D, Wesemann DR. Immune recall improves antibody durability and breadth to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabp8328. [PMID: 35549298 PMCID: PMC9097880 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abp8328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Key features of immune memory are greater and faster antigen-specific antibody responses to repeat infection. In the setting of immune-evading viral evolution, it is important to understand how far antibody memory recognition stretches across viral variants when memory cells are recalled to action by repeat invasions. It is also important to understand how immune recall influences longevity of secreted antibody responses. We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 variant recognition; dynamics of memory B cells; and secreted antibody over time after infection, vaccination, and boosting. We find that a two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regimen given after natural infection generated greater longitudinal antibody stability and induced maximal antibody magnitudes with enhanced breadth across Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants. A homologous third messenger RNA vaccine dose in COVID-naïve individuals conferred greater cross-variant evenness of neutralization potency with stability that was equal to the hybrid immunity conferred by infection plus vaccination. Within unvaccinated individuals who recovered from COVID, enhanced antibody stability over time was observed within a subgroup of individuals who recovered more quickly from COVID and harbored significantly more memory B cells cross-reactive to endemic coronaviruses early after infection. These cross-reactive clones map to the conserved S2 region of SARS-CoV-2 spike with higher somatic hypermutation levels and greater target affinity. We conclude that SARS-CoV-2 antigen challenge histories in humans influence not only the speed and magnitude of antibody responses but also functional cross-variant antibody repertoire composition and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Noah Whiteman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Ali Sanjari Moghaddam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Mehrdad Zarghami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - F. Keerti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Caihong Bi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
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Zhang Z, He Q, Zhao W, Li Y, Yang J, Hu Z, Chen X, Peng H, Fu YX, Chen L, Lu L. A Heterologous V-01 or Variant-Matched Bivalent V-01D-351 Booster following Primary Series of Inactivated Vaccine Enhances the Neutralizing Capacity against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Strains. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144164. [PMID: 35887928 PMCID: PMC9317108 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune escape of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and waning immunity over time following the primary series suggest the importance and necessity of booster shot of COVID-19 vaccines. With the aim to preliminarily evaluate the potential of heterologous boosting, we conducted two pilot studies to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the V-01 or a bivalent V-01D-351 (targeting Delta and Beta strain) booster after 5–7 months of the primary series of inactivated COVID-9 vaccine (ICV). A total of 77 participants were enrolled, with 20 participants in the V-01D-351 booster study, and 27, 30 participants in the age stratified participants of V-01 booster study. The safety results showed that V-01 or V-01D-351 was safe and well-tolerated as a heterologous booster shot, with overall adverse reactions predominantly being absent or mild in severity. The immunogenicity results showed that the heterologous prime–boost immunization with V-01 or bivalent V-01D-351 booster induced stronger humoral immune response as compared with the homologous booster with ICV. In particular, V-01D-351 booster showed the highest pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers against prototype SARS-CoV-2, Delta and Omicron BA.1 strains at day 14 post boosting, with GMTs 22.7, 18.3, 14.3 times higher than ICV booster, 6.2, 6.1, 3.8 times higher than V-01 booster (10 μg), and 5.2, 3.8, 3.5 times higher than V-01 booster (25 μg), respectively. The heterologous V-01 booster also achieved a favorable safety and immunogenicity profile in older participants. Our study has provided evidence for a flexible roll-out of heterologous boosters and referential approaches for variant-specific vaccine boosters, with rationally conserved but diversified epitopes relative to primary series, to build herd immunity against the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiren Zhang
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (Z.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiaren He
- The Outpatient Department, Shaoguan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoguan 512026, China;
| | - Wei Zhao
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (Z.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Li
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (Z.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiaming Yang
- Livzon Bio Inc., Zhuhai 519045, China; (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhenxiang Hu
- Livzon Bio Inc., Zhuhai 519045, China; (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (X.C.)
| | - Xi Chen
- Livzon Bio Inc., Zhuhai 519045, China; (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (X.C.)
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Long Chen
- The Outpatient Department, Shaoguan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoguan 512026, China;
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Ligong Lu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (Z.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (L.L.)
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7
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Tong H, Cao C, You M, Han S, Liu Z, Xiao Y, He W, Liu C, Peng P, Xue Z, Gong Y, Yao C, Xu F. Artificial intelligence-assisted colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay for sensitive and quantitative detection of COVID-19 neutralizing antibody. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114449. [PMID: 35696869 PMCID: PMC9174064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, vaccination is the most effective medical measure to improve group immunity and prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. Since the individual difference of vaccine effectiveness is inevitable, it is necessary to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness of every vaccinated person to ensure the appearance of herd immunity. Here, we developed an artificial intelligent (AI)-assisted colorimetric polydopamine nanoparticle (PDA)-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform for the sensitive and accurate quantification of neutralizing antibodies produced from vaccinations. The platform integrates PDA-based LFIA and a smartphone-based reader to test the neutralizing antibodies in serum, where an AI algorithm is also developed to accurately and quantitatively analyze the results. The developed platform achieved a quantitative detection with 160 ng/mL of detection limit and 625-10000 ng/mL of detection range. Moreover, it also successfully detected totally 50 clinical serum samples, revealing a great consistency with the commercial ELISA kit. Comparing with commercial gold nanoparticle-based LFIA, our PDA-based LFIA platform showed more accurate quantification ability for the clinical serum. Therefore, we envision that the AI-assisted PDA-based LFIA platform with sensitive and accurate quantification ability is of great significance for large-scale evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and other point-of-care immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Chaoyu Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Minli You
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Shuang Han
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology of Honghui Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, PR China
| | - Zhe Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Jiaotong University School Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Wanghong He
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Ping Peng
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Zhenrui Xue
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yan Gong
- Diyinan Biotech Company, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
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8
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Zuo F, Abolhassani H, Du L, Piralla A, Bertoglio F, de Campos-Mata L, Wan H, Schubert M, Cassaniti I, Wang Y, Sammartino JC, Sun R, Vlachiotis S, Bergami F, Kumagai-Braesch M, Andréll J, Zhang Z, Xue Y, Wenzel EV, Calzolai L, Varani L, Rezaei N, Chavoshzadeh Z, Baldanti F, Hust M, Hammarström L, Marcotte H, Pan-Hammarström Q. Heterologous immunization with inactivated vaccine followed by mRNA-booster elicits strong immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2670. [PMID: 35562366 PMCID: PMC9106736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the Omicron variant has raised concerns on vaccine efficacy and the urgent need to study more efficient vaccination strategies. Here we observed that an mRNA vaccine booster in individuals vaccinated with two doses of inactivated vaccine significantly increased the plasma level of specific antibodies that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the spike (S) ectodomain (S1 + S2) of both the G614 and the Omicron variants, compared to two doses of homologous inactivated vaccine. The level of RBD- and S-specific IgG antibodies and virus neutralization titers against variants of concern in the heterologous vaccination group were similar to that in individuals receiving three doses of homologous mRNA-vaccine or a boost of mRNA vaccine after infection, but markedly higher than that in individuals receiving three doses of a homologous inactivated vaccine. This heterologous vaccination regime furthermore significantly enhanced the RBD-specific memory B cell response and S1-specific T cell response, compared to two or three doses of homologous inactivated vaccine. Our study demonstrates that mRNA vaccine booster in individuals vaccinated with inactivated vaccines can be highly beneficial, as it markedly increases the humoral and cellular immune responses against the virus, including the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglei Zuo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Likun Du
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leire de Campos-Mata
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hui Wan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maren Schubert
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stelios Vlachiotis
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Federica Bergami
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Makiko Kumagai-Braesch
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juni Andréll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Aging Neurology orthopedics, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yintong Xue
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Abcalis GmbH, Science Campus Braunschweig-Süd, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chavoshzadeh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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9
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Windsor IW, Tong P, Lavidor O, Sanjari Moghaddam A, McKay LGA, Gautam A, Chen Y, MacDonald EA, Yoo DK, Griffiths A, Wesemann DR, Harrison SC. Antibodies induced by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain that cross-neutralize variants from Alpha to Omicron BA.1. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo3425. [PMID: 35536154 PMCID: PMC9097876 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies that recognize the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein are the principal host defense against viral invasion. Variants of SARS-CoV-2 bear mutations that allow escape from neutralization by many antibodies, especially those belonging to classes widely distributed in the human population. Identifying antibodies that neutralize these variants of concern and determining their prevalence are important goals for understanding immune protection. To determine the Delta- and Omicron BA.1-variant specificity of B cell repertoires established by an initial Wuhan strain infection, we measured neutralization potencies of 73 antibodies from an unbiased survey of the early memory B cell response. Antibodies recognizing each of three, previously defined, epitopic regions on the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) varied in neutralization potency and variant-escape resistance. The ACE2 binding surface (“RBD-2”) harbored the binding sites of the neutralizing antibodies with highest potency but with the greatest sensitivity to viral escape; two other epitopic regions on the RBD (“RBD-1 and “RBD-3”) bound antibodies of more modest potency but greater breadth. The structures of several Fab:spike complexes that neutralized all five variants of concern tested, including one Fab each from the RBD-1, -2 and -3 clusters, illustrated the determinants of broad neutralization and showed that B cell repertoires can have specificities that avoid immune escape driven by widely distributed (“public”) antibodies. The structure of the RBD-2-binding, broad neutralizer shows why it retains neutralizing activity for Omicron BA.1, unlike most others in the same public class. Our results correlate with real-world data on vaccine efficacy, which indicate mitigation of disease caused by Omicron BA.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Windsor
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Lavidor
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Sanjari Moghaddam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay G A McKay
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth A MacDonald
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duck Kyun Yoo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Strohl WR, Ku Z, An Z, Carroll SF, Keyt BA, Strohl LM. Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants. BioDrugs 2022; 36:231-323. [PMID: 35476216 PMCID: PMC9043892 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is now approaching 2 years old, with more than 440 million people infected and nearly six million dead worldwide, making it the most significant pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. The severity and significance of SARS-CoV-2 was recognized immediately upon discovery, leading to innumerable companies and institutes designing and generating vaccines and therapeutic antibodies literally as soon as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence was available. Within months of the pandemic start, several antibodies had been generated, tested, and moved into clinical trials, including Eli Lilly's bamlanivimab and etesevimab, Regeneron's mixture of imdevimab and casirivimab, Vir's sotrovimab, Celltrion's regdanvimab, and Lilly's bebtelovimab. These antibodies all have now received at least Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) and some have received full approval in select countries. To date, more than three dozen antibodies or antibody combinations have been forwarded into clinical trials. These antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 all target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with some blocking the ability of the RBD to bind human ACE2, while others bind core regions of the RBD to modulate spike stability or ability to fuse to host cell membranes. While these antibodies were being discovered and developed, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have cropped up in real time, altering the antibody landscape on a moving basis. Over the past year, the search has widened to find antibodies capable of neutralizing the wide array of variants that have arisen, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The recent rise and dominance of the Omicron family of variants, including the rather disparate BA.1 and BA.2 variants, demonstrate the need to continue to find new approaches to neutralize the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights both convalescent plasma- and polyclonal antibody-based approaches as well as the top approximately 50 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their epitopes, their ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 variants, and how they are delivered. New approaches to antibody constructs, including single domain antibodies, bispecific antibodies, IgA- and IgM-based antibodies, and modified ACE2-Fc fusion proteins, are also described. Finally, antibodies being developed for palliative care of COVID-19 disease, including the ramifications of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
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11
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Brüssow H. COVID-19: Omicron - the latest, the least virulent, but probably not the last variant of concern of SARS-CoV-2. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1927-1939. [PMID: 35443078 PMCID: PMC9111164 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Omicron variant rapidly became the dominant SARS‐CoV‐2 strain in South Africa and elsewhere. This review explores whether this rise was due to an increased transmission of the variant or its escape from population immunity by an extensively mutated spike protein. The mutations affected the structure of the spike protein leading to the loss of neutralization by most, but not all, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Omicron also shows substantial immune escape from serum antibodies in convalescent patients and vaccinees. A booster immunization increased, however, the titre and breadth of antiviral antibody response. The cellular immune response against Omicron was largely preserved explaining a satisfying protection of boosted vaccinees against severe infections. Clinicians observed less severe infection with Omicron, but other scientists warned that this must not necessarily reflect less intrinsic virulence. However, in animal experiments with mice and hamsters, Omicron infections also displayed a lesser virulence than previous VOCs and lung functions were less compromised. Cell biologists demonstrated that Omicron differs from Delta by preferring the endocytic pathway for cell entry over fusion with the plasma membrane which might explain Omicron’s distinct replication along the respiratory tract compared with Delta. Omicron represents a distinct evolutionary lineage that deviated from the mainstream of evolving SARS‐CoV‐2 already in mid‐2020 raising questions about where it circulated before getting widespread in December 2021. The role of Omicron for the future trajectory of the COVID‐19 pandemic is discussed. The Omicron variant rapidly became the dominant SARS‐CoV‐2 strain in South Africa and elsewhere. This review explores whether this rise was due to an increased transmission of the variant or its escape from population immunity by an extensively mutated spike protein. Clinicians observed less severe infection with Omicron, but other scientists warned that this must not necessarily reflect less intrinsic virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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