1
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Blake TCA, Fox HM, Urbančič V, Ravishankar R, Wolowczyk A, Allgeyer ES, Mason J, Danuser G, Gallop JL. Filopodial protrusion driven by density-dependent Ena-TOCA-1 interactions. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261057. [PMID: 38323924 PMCID: PMC11006392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are narrow actin-rich protrusions with important roles in neuronal development where membrane-binding adaptor proteins, such as I-BAR- and F-BAR-domain-containing proteins, have emerged as upstream regulators that link membrane interactions to actin regulators such as formins and proteins of the Ena/VASP family. Both the adaptors and their binding partners are part of diverse and redundant protein networks that can functionally compensate for each other. To explore the significance of the F-BAR domain-containing neuronal membrane adaptor TOCA-1 (also known as FNBP1L) in filopodia we performed a quantitative analysis of TOCA-1 and filopodial dynamics in Xenopus retinal ganglion cells, where Ena/VASP proteins have a native role in filopodial extension. Increasing the density of TOCA-1 enhances Ena/VASP protein binding in vitro, and an accumulation of TOCA-1, as well as its coincidence with Ena, correlates with filopodial protrusion in vivo. Two-colour single-molecule localisation microscopy of TOCA-1 and Ena supports their nanoscale association. TOCA-1 clusters promote filopodial protrusion and this depends on a functional TOCA-1 SH3 domain and activation of Cdc42, which we perturbed using the small-molecule inhibitor CASIN. We propose that TOCA-1 clusters act independently of membrane curvature to recruit and promote Ena activity for filopodial protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. A. Blake
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Helen M. Fox
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Vasja Urbančič
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Roshan Ravishankar
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam Wolowczyk
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Edward S. Allgeyer
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Julia Mason
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Gallop
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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2
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Kapp FG, Kretschmer S, Beckmann CCA, Wäsch L, Molitor A, Carapito R, Schubert M, Lucas N, Conrad S, Poignant S, Isidor B, Rohlfs M, Kisaarslan AP, Schanze D, Zenker M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Strahm B, Peters A, Yoshimi A, Driever W, Zillinger T, Günther C, Maharana S, Guan K, Klein C, Ehl S, Niemeyer CM, Unal E, Bahram S, Hauck F, Lee-Kirsch MA, Speckmann C. C-terminal variants in CDC42 drive type I interferon-dependent autoinflammation in NOCARH syndrome reversible by ruxolitinib. Clin Immunol 2023; 256:109777. [PMID: 37741518 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
C-terminal variants in CDC42 encoding cell division control protein 42 homolog underlie neonatal-onset cytopenia, autoinflammation, rash, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (NOCARH). Pyrin inflammasome hyperactivation has been shown to contribute to disease pathophysiology. However, mortality of NOCARH patients remains high despite inflammasome-focused treatments. Here, we demonstrate in four NOCARH patients from three families that cell-intrinsic activation of type I interferon (IFN) is a previously unrecognized driver of autoinflammation in NOCARH. Our data show that aberrant innate immune activation is caused by sensing of cytosolic nucleic acids released from mitochondria, which exhibit disturbances in integrity and dynamics due to CDC42 dysfunction. In one of our patients, treatment with the Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib led to complete remission, indicating that inhibition of type I IFN signaling may have an important role in the management of autoinflammation in patients with NOCARH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich G Kapp
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Kretschmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cora C A Beckmann
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Wäsch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Molitor
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphaël Carapito
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mario Schubert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Solène Conrad
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Meino Rohlfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ayşenur Paç Kisaarslan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, 38039 Melikgazi, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte Strahm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anke Peters
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayami Yoshimi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Driever
- Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology 1, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shovamayee Maharana
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte M Niemeyer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ekrem Unal
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, 38039 Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Punessen NC, Pena C, Sandberg A, Koza LA, Linseman DA. A novel anti-apoptotic role for Cdc42/ACK-1 signaling in neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103865. [PMID: 37263460 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are caused by a progressive and aberrant destruction of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. These disorders lack effective long-term treatments that impact the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and as a result, existing options focus primarily on alleviating symptomology. Dysregulated programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis) is a significant contributor to neurodegeneration, and is controlled by a number of different factors. Rho family GTPases are molecular switches with recognized importance in proper neuronal development and migration that have more recently emerged as central regulators of apoptosis and neuronal survival. Here, we investigated a role for the Rho GTPase family member, Cdc42, and its downstream effectors, in neuronal survival and apoptosis. We initially induced apoptosis in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) by removing both growth factor-containing serum and depolarizing potassium from the cell medium. We then utilized both chemical inhibitors and adenoviral shRNA targeted to Cdc42 to block the function of Cdc42 or its downstream effectors under either control or apoptotic conditions. Our in vitro studies demonstrate that functional inhibition of Cdc42 or its downstream effector, activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase-1 (ACK-1), had no adverse effects on CGN survival under control conditions, but significantly sensitized neurons to cell death under apoptotic conditions. In conclusion, our results suggest a key pro-survival role for Cdc42/ACK-1 signaling in neurons, particularly in regulating neuronal susceptibility to pro-apoptotic stress such as that observed in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle C Punessen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Claudia Pena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Alexandra Sandberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lilia A Koza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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4
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Kowluru A, Gleason NF. Underappreciated roles for Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) in cell function: Lessons learned from the pancreatic islet β-cell. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114886. [PMID: 34968495 PMCID: PMC8858860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rho subfamily of G proteins (e.g., Rac1) have been implicated in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell. Interestingly, metabolic stress (e.g., chronic exposure to high glucose) results in sustained activation of Rac1 leading to increased oxidative stress, impaired insulin secretion and β-cell dysfunction. Activation-deactivation of Rho G proteins is mediated by three classes of regulatory proteins, namely the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which facilitate the conversion of inactive G proteins to their active conformations; the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which convert the active G proteins to their inactive forms); and the GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), which prevent the dissociation of GDP from G proteins. Contrary to a large number of GEFs (82 members) and GAPs (69 members), only three members of RhoGDIs (RhoGDIα, RhoGDIβ and RhoGDIγ) are expressed in mammalian cells.Even though relatively smaller in number, the GDIs appear to play essential roles in G protein function (e.g., subcellular targeting) for effector activation and cell regulation. Emerging evidence also suggests that the GDIs are functionally regulated via post-translational modification (e.g., phosphorylation) and by lipid second messengers, lipid kinases and lipid phosphatases. We highlight the underappreciated regulatory roles of RhoGDI-Rho G protein signalome in islet β-cell function in health and metabolic stress. Potential knowledge gaps in the field, and directions for future research for the identification of novel therapeutic targets to loss of functional β-cell mass under the duress of metabolic stress are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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5
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Landspersky T, Saçma M, Rivière J, Hecker JS, Hettler F, Hameister E, Brandstetter K, Istvánffy R, Romero Marquez S, Ludwig R, Götz M, Buck M, Wolf M, Schiemann M, Ruland J, Strunk D, Shimamura A, Myers K, Yamaguchi TP, Kieslinger M, Leonhardt H, Bassermann F, Götze KS, Geiger H, Schreck C, Oostendorp RAJ. Autophagy in mesenchymal progenitors protects mice against bone marrow failure after severe intermittent stress. Blood 2022; 139:690-703. [PMID: 34657154 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms required to ensure homeostasis of the hematopoietic niche and the ability of this niche to support hematopoiesis upon stress remain elusive. We here identify Wnt5a in Osterix+ mesenchymal progenitor and stem cells (MSPCs) as a critical factor for niche-dependent hematopoiesis. Mice lacking Wnt5a in MSPCs suffer from stress-related bone marrow (BM) failure and increased mortality. Niche cells devoid of Wnt5a show defective actin stress fiber orientation due to an elevated activity of the small GTPase CDC42. This results in incorrect positioning of autophagosomes and lysosomes, thus reducing autophagy and increasing oxidative stress. In MSPCs from patients from BM failure states which share features of peripheral cytopenia and hypocellular BM, we find similar defects in actin stress fiber orientation, reduced and incorrect colocalization of autophagosomes and lysosomes, and CDC42 activation. Strikingly, a short pharmacological intervention to attenuate elevated CDC42 activation in vivo in mice prevents defective actin-anchored autophagy in MSPCs, salvages hematopoiesis and protects against lethal cytopenia upon stress. In summary, our study identifies Wnt5a as a restriction factor for niche homeostasis by affecting CDC42-regulated actin stress-fiber orientation and autophagy upon stress. Our data further imply a critical role for autophagy in MSPCs for adequate support of hematopoiesis by the niche upon stress and in human diseases characterized by peripheral cytopenias and hypocellular BM.
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6
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Luque GM, Xu X, Romarowski A, Gervasi MG, Orta G, De la Vega-Beltrán JL, Stival C, Gilio N, Dalotto-Moreno T, Krapf D, Visconti PE, Krapf D, Darszon A, Buffone MG. Cdc42 localized in the CatSper signaling complex regulates cAMP-dependent pathways in mouse sperm. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21723. [PMID: 34224609 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002773rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sperm acquire the ability to fertilize in a process called capacitation and undergo hyperactivation, a change in the motility pattern, which depends on Ca2+ transport by CatSper channels. CatSper is essential for fertilization and it is subjected to a complex regulation that is not fully understood. Here, we report that similar to CatSper, Cdc42 distribution in the principal piece is confined to four linear domains and this localization is disrupted in CatSper1-null sperm. Cdc42 inhibition impaired CatSper activity and other Ca2+ -dependent downstream events resulting in a severe compromise of the sperm fertilizing potential. We also demonstrate that Cdc42 is essential for CatSper function by modulating cAMP production by soluble adenylate cyclase (sAC), providing a new regulatory mechanism for the stimulation of CatSper by the cAMP-dependent pathway. These results reveal a broad mechanistic insight into the regulation of Ca2+ in mammalian sperm, a matter of critical importance in male infertility as well as in contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina M Luque
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Xinran Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ana Romarowski
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - María G Gervasi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gerardo Orta
- Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, México
| | | | - Cintia Stival
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Gilio
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Dalotto-Moreno
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Krapf
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Visconti
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Diego Krapf
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Mariano G Buffone
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Shi SX, Shi K, Liu Q. Brain injury instructs bone marrow cellular lineage destination to reduce neuroinflammation. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/589/eabc7029. [PMID: 33853930 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc7029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain injury mobilizes circulating leukocytes to transmigrate into the perivascular space and brain parenchyma. This process amplifies neural injury. Bone marrow hematopoiesis replenishes the exhausted peripheral leukocyte pools. However, it is not known whether brain injury influences the development of bone marrow lineages and how altered hematopoietic cell lineages affect neurological outcome. Here, we showed that bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be swiftly skewed toward the myeloid lineage in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and experimental ICH models. Lineage tracing revealed a predominantly augmented hematopoiesis of Ly6Clow monocytes infiltrating the ICH brain, where they generated alternatively activated macrophages and suppressed neuroinflammation and brain injury. The ICH brain uses β3-adrenergic innervation that involves cell division cycle 42 to promote bone marrow hematopoiesis of Ly6Clow monocytes, which could be further potentiated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved β3-adrenergic agonist mirabegron. Our results suggest that brain injury modulates HSC lineage development to curb distal brain inflammation, implicating the bone marrow as a unique niche for self-protective neuroimmune interaction that might be exploited to obtain therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel X Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Kaibin Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of China, Jing-Jin Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China. .,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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8
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Duan X, Perveen R, Dandamudi A, Adili R, Johnson J, Funk K, Berryman M, Davis AK, Holinstat M, Zheng Y, Akbar H. Pharmacologic targeting of Cdc42 GTPase by a small molecule Cdc42 activity-specific inhibitor prevents platelet activation and thrombosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13170. [PMID: 34162972 PMCID: PMC8222210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting of Cdc42 GTPase has been shown to inhibit platelet activation. In this study, we investigated a hypothesis that inhibition of Cdc42 activity by CASIN, a small molecule Cdc42 Activity-Specific INhibitor, may down regulate platelet activation and thrombus formation. We investigated the effects of CASIN on platelet activation in vitro and thrombosis in vivo. In human platelets, CASIN, but not its inactive analog Pirl7, blocked collagen induced activation of Cdc42 and inhibited phosphorylation of its downstream effector, PAK1/2. Moreover, addition of CASIN to washed human platelets inhibited platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen. Treatment of human platelets with CASIN inhibited collagen or thrombin induced: (a) ATP secretion and platelet aggregation; and (b) phosphorylation of Akt, ERK and p38-MAPK. Pre-incubation of platelets with Pirl7, an inactive analog of CASIN, failed to inhibit collagen induced aggregation. Washing of human platelets after incubation with CASIN eliminated its inhibitory effect on collagen induced aggregation. Intraperitoneal administration of CASIN to wild type mice inhibited ex vivo aggregation induced by collagen but did not affect the murine tail bleeding times. CASIN administration, prior to laser-induced injury in murine cremaster muscle arterioles, resulted in formation of smaller and unstable thrombi compared to control mice without CASIN treatment. These data suggest that pharmacologic targeting of Cdc42 by specific and reversible inhibitors may lead to the discovery of novel antithrombotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Duan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rehana Perveen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Akhila Dandamudi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Reheman Adili
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James Johnson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kevin Funk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Mark Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Ashley Kuenzi Davis
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Huzoor Akbar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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9
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Shabajee P, Gaudeau A, Legros C, Dorval T, Stéphan JP. [From high content screening to target deconvolution: New insights for phenotypic approaches]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:249-257. [PMID: 33739272 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of the molecular biology and the completion of the human genome sequencing prompted the pharmaceutical industry to progressively implement target-centric drug discovery strategies. However, concerns regarding the research and development productivity during the last ten years, combined with technological developments in high-content screening, automation, image analysis and artificial intelligence triggered a renewed interest for the phenotypic drug discovery approaches. Target-centric and phenotypic approaches are more and more considered complementary, hence, positioning the target deconvolution on the critical path. This review analyzes the evolution of the target-centric and phenotypic approaches, focusing more specifically on the high-content screening and the target deconvolution technologies currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Shabajee
- Pôle d'expertise Criblage pharmacologique, chimiothèque et biobanques, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Albane Gaudeau
- Pôle d'expertise Criblage pharmacologique, chimiothèque et biobanques, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Céline Legros
- Pôle d'expertise Criblage pharmacologique, chimiothèque et biobanques, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Thierry Dorval
- Pôle d'expertise Criblage pharmacologique, chimiothèque et biobanques, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Stéphan
- Pôle d'expertise Criblage pharmacologique, chimiothèque et biobanques, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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10
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Tackenberg H, Möller S, Filippi MD, Laskay T. The Small GTPase Cdc42 Negatively Regulates the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Engaging Mitochondria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:564720. [PMID: 33679729 PMCID: PMC7925625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.564720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes represent the first line of defense against invading pathogens. In addition to the production of Reactive Oxygen Species, degranulation, and phagocytosis, these specialized cells are able to extrude Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Extensive work was done to elucidate the mechanism of this special form of cell death. However, the exact mechanisms are still not fully uncovered. Here we demonstrate that the small GTPase Cdc42 is a negative regulator of NET formation in primary human and murine neutrophils. We present a functional role for Cdc42 activity in NET formation that differs from the already described NETosis pathways. We show that Cdc42 deficiency induces NETs independent of the NADPH-oxidase but dependent on protein kinase C. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Cdc42 deficiency induces NETosis through activation of SK-channels and that mitochondria play a crucial role in this process. Our data therefore suggests a mechanistic role for Cdc42 activity in primary human neutrophils, and identify Cdc42 activity as a target to modulate the formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Tackenberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Möller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marie-Dominique Filippi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Cancer is a pathology characterized by a loss or a perturbation of a number of typical features of normal cell behaviour. Indeed, the acquisition of an inappropriate migratory and invasive phenotype has been reported to be one of the hallmarks of cancer. The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic network of highly ordered interlinking filaments playing a key role in the control of fundamental cellular processes, like cell shape maintenance, motility, division and intracellular transport. Moreover, deregulation of this complex machinery contributes to cancer progression and malignancy, enabling cells to acquire an invasive and metastatic phenotype. Metastasis accounts for 90% of death from patients affected by solid tumours, while an efficient prevention and suppression of metastatic disease still remains elusive. This results in the lack of effective therapeutic options currently available for patients with advanced disease. In this context, the cytoskeleton with its regulatory and structural proteins emerges as a novel and highly effective target to be exploited for a substantial therapeutic effort toward the development of specific anti-metastatic drugs. Here we provide an overview of the role of cytoskeleton components and interacting proteins in cancer metastasis with a special focus on small molecule compounds interfering with the actin cytoskeleton organization and function. The emerging involvement of microtubules and intermediate filaments in cancer metastasis is also reviewed.
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12
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Majmundar AJ, Buerger F, Forbes TA, Klämbt V, Schneider R, Deutsch K, Kitzler TM, Howden SE, Scurr M, Tan KS, Krzeminski M, Widmeier E, Braun DA, Lai E, Ullah I, Amar A, Kolb A, Eddy K, Chen CH, Salmanullah D, Dai R, Nakayama M, Ottlewski I, Kolvenbach CM, Onuchic-Whitford AC, Mao Y, Mann N, Nabhan MM, Rosen S, Forman-Kay JD, Soliman NA, Heilos A, Kain R, Aufricht C, Mane S, Lifton RP, Shril S, Little MH, Hildebrandt F. Recessive NOS1AP variants impair actin remodeling and cause glomerulopathy in humans and mice. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabe1386. [PMID: 33523862 PMCID: PMC10763988 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. We found recessive NOS1AP variants in two families with early-onset NS by exome sequencing. Overexpression of wild-type (WT) NOS1AP, but not cDNA constructs bearing patient variants, increased active CDC42 and promoted filopodia and podosome formation. Pharmacologic inhibition of CDC42 or its effectors, formin proteins, reduced NOS1AP-induced filopodia formation. NOS1AP knockdown reduced podocyte migration rate (PMR), which was rescued by overexpression of WT Nos1ap but not by constructs bearing patient variants. PMR in NOS1AP knockdown podocytes was also rescued by constitutively active CDC42Q61L or the formin DIAPH3 Modeling a NOS1AP patient variant in knock-in human kidney organoids revealed malformed glomeruli with increased apoptosis. Nos1apEx3-/Ex3- mice recapitulated the human phenotype, exhibiting proteinuria, foot process effacement, and glomerulosclerosis. These findings demonstrate that recessive NOS1AP variants impair CDC42/DIAPH-dependent actin remodeling, cause aberrant organoid glomerulogenesis, and lead to a glomerulopathy in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Buerger
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Verena Klämbt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantin Deutsch
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas M Kitzler
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara E Howden
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mickaël Krzeminski
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eugen Widmeier
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela A Braun
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ethan Lai
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Eddy
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chin Heng Chen
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daanya Salmanullah
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabel Ottlewski
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana C Onuchic-Whitford
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youying Mao
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina Mann
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marwa M Nabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seymour Rosen
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie D Forman-Kay
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andreas Heilos
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa H Little
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Tackenberg H, Möller S, Filippi MD, Laskay T. The Small GTPase Cdc42 Is a Major Regulator of Neutrophil Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1197. [PMID: 32595647 PMCID: PMC7304460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are key components of the innate immune system. As the first responders to inflammatory cues, they rapidly migrate toward the site of infection or inflammation and fulfill diverse effector functions. Since these effector functions can be both beneficial and harmful to the host and surrounding tissue, they require a strict control. The small GTPase Cdc42 is known to regulate neutrophil locomotion by controlling cytoskeleton rearrangement in murine neutrophils. However, the role of Cdc42 in other neutrophil functions in human neutrophils is still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that in primary human neutrophils, Cdc42 controls directed and random migration, activation, and degranulation as well as the formation of reactive oxygen species, in a stimulus dependent manner. In addition, we show that Cdc42 regulates pathogen killing efficiency, both in murine and human neutrophils. Cdc42 regulation of neutrophil functions is linked to differential regulation of Akt, p38, and p42/44. Our data, therefore, suggests a mechanistic role for Cdc42 activity in primary human neutrophil biology, and identify Cdc42 activity as a target to modulate neutrophil effector mechanisms and killing efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Tackenberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Möller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marie-Dominique Filippi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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14
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Zheng CW, Zeng RJ, Xu LY, Li EM. Rho GTPases: Promising candidates for overcoming chemotherapeutic resistance. Cancer Lett 2020; 475:65-78. [PMID: 31981606 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advances, resistance to chemotherapy remains a major challenge to patients with malignancies. Rho GTPases are essential for the development and progression of various diseases including cancer, and a vast number of studies have linked Rho GTPases to chemoresistance. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms can expound the effects of Rho GTPases towards chemotherapeutic agents, and targeting Rho GTPases is a promising strategy to downregulate the chemo-protective pathways and overcome chemoresistance. Importantly, exceptions in certain biological conditions and interactions among the members of Rho GTPases should be noted. In this review, we focus on the role of Rho GTPases, particularly Rac1, in regulating chemoresistance and provide an overview of their related mechanisms and available inhibitors, which may offer novel options for future targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Rui-Jie Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
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15
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Maldonado MDM, Medina JI, Velazquez L, Dharmawardhane S. Targeting Rac and Cdc42 GEFs in Metastatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:201. [PMID: 32322580 PMCID: PMC7156542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 have emerged as key players in cancer metastasis, due to their essential roles in regulating cell division and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements; and thus, cell growth, migration/invasion, polarity, and adhesion. This review will focus on the close homologs Rac and Cdc42, which have been established as drivers of metastasis and therapy resistance in multiple cancer types. Rac and Cdc42 are often dysregulated in cancer due to hyperactivation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), belonging to both the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) and dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) families. Rac/Cdc42 GEFs are activated by a myriad of oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, cytokine receptors, and integrins; consequently, a number of Rac/Cdc42 GEFs have been implicated in metastatic cancer. Hence, inhibiting GEF-mediated Rac/Cdc42 activation represents a promising strategy for targeted metastatic cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on the role of oncogenic Rac/Cdc42 GEFs and discuss the recent advancements in the development of Rac and Cdc42 GEF-interacting inhibitors as targeted therapy for metastatic cancer, as well as their potential for overcoming cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Julia Isabel Medina
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis Velazquez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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16
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Weeber F, Becher A, Seibold T, Seufferlein T, Eiseler T. Concerted regulation of actin polymerization during constitutive secretion by cortactin and PKD2. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.232355. [PMID: 31727638 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive secretion from the trans-Golgi-network (TGN) is facilitated by a concerted regulation of vesicle biogenesis and fission processes. The protein kinase D family (PKD) has been previously described to enhance vesicle fission by modifying the lipid environment. PKD also phosphorylates the actin regulatory protein cortactin at S298 to impair synergistic actin polymerization. We here report additional functions for PKD2 (also known as PRKD2) and cortactin in the regulation of actin polymerization during the fission of transport carriers from the TGN. Phosphorylation of cortactin at S298 impairs the interaction between WIP (also known as WIPF1) and cortactin. WIP stabilizes the autoinhibited conformation of N-WASP (also known as WASL). This leads to an inhibition of synergistic Arp2/3-complex-dependent actin polymerization at the TGN. PKD2 activity at the TGN is controlled by active CDC42-GTP which directly activates N-WASP, inhibits PKD2 and shifts the balance to non-S298-phosphorylated cortactin, which can in turn sequester WIP from N-WASP. Consequently, synergistic actin polymerization at the TGN and constitutive secretion are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weeber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Becher
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Seibold
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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17
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Liu W, Du W, Shang X, Wang L, Evelyn C, Florian MC, A Ryan M, Rayes A, Zhao X, Setchell K, Meller J, Guo F, Nassar N, Geiger H, Pang Q, Zheng Y. Rational identification of a Cdc42 inhibitor presents a new regimen for long-term hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Leukemia 2018; 33:749-761. [PMID: 30254339 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from bone marrow (BM) to peripheral blood (PB) by cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or the chemical antagonist of CXCR4, AMD3100, is important in the treatment of blood diseases. Due to clinical conditions of each application, there is a need for continued improvement of HSC mobilization regimens. Previous studies have shown that genetic ablation of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 in HSCs results in their mobilization without affecting survival. Here we rationally identified a Cdc42 activity-specific inhibitor (CASIN) that can bind to Cdc42 with submicromolar affinity and competitively interfere with guanine nucleotide exchange activity. CASIN inhibits intracellular Cdc42 activity specifically and transiently to induce murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell egress from the BM by suppressing actin polymerization, adhesion, and directional migration of stem/progenitor cells, conferring Cdc42 knockout phenotypes. We further show that, although, CASIN administration to mice mobilizes similar number of phenotypic HSCs as AMD3100, it produces HSCs with better long-term reconstitution potential than that by AMD3100. Our work validates a specific small molecule inhibitor for Cdc42, and demonstrates that signaling molecules downstream of cytokines and chemokines, such as Cdc42, constitute a useful target for long-term stem cell mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Xun Shang
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chris Evelyn
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | | | - Marnie A Ryan
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ahmad Rayes
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kenneth Setchell
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jarek Meller
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Fukun Guo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Nicolas Nassar
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Qishen Pang
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Rac and Cdc42 are small GTPases that have been linked to multiple human cancers and are implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cell-cycle progression, migration/invasion, tumor growth, angiogenesis, and oncogenic transformation. With the exception of the P29S driver mutation in melanoma, Rac and Cdc42 are not generally mutated in cancer, but are overexpressed (gene amplification and mRNA upregulation) or hyperactivated. Rac and Cdc42 are hyperactivated via signaling through oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, which converge on the guanine nucleotide exchange factors that regulate their GDP/GTP exchange. Hence, targeting Rac and Cdc42 represents a promising strategy for precise cancer therapy, as well as for inhibition of bypass signaling that promotes resistance to cell surface receptor-targeted therapies. Therefore, an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of these pivotal signaling intermediates is key for the development of effective inhibitors. In this review, we focus on the role of Rac and Cdc42 in cancer and summarize the regulatory mechanisms, inhibitory efficacy, and the anticancer potential of Rac- and Cdc42-targeting agents. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3101-11. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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19
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Olson MF. Rho GTPases, their post-translational modifications, disease-associated mutations and pharmacological inhibitors. Small GTPases 2018; 9:203-215. [PMID: 27548350 PMCID: PMC5927519 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1218407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 20 members of the Rho GTPase family are key regulators of a wide-variety of biological activities. In response to activation, they signal via downstream effector proteins to induce dynamic alterations in the organization of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. In this review, post-translational modifications, mechanisms of dysregulation identified in human pathological conditions, and the ways that Rho GTPases might be targeted for chemotherapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Xiao XH, Lv LC, Duan J, Wu YM, He SJ, Hu ZZ, Xiong LX. Regulating Cdc42 and Its Signaling Pathways in Cancer: Small Molecules and MicroRNA as New Treatment Candidates. Molecules 2018; 23:E787. [PMID: 29596304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms, metastatic disease is still the leading cause of death in cancer patients, with mortality rates still rising. Given this background, new ways to treat cancer will be important for development of improved cancer control strategies. Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and plays an important role in cell-to-cell adhesion, formation of cytoskeletal structures, and cell cycle regulation. It thus influences cellular proliferation, transformation, and homeostasis, as well as the cellular migration and invasion processes underlying tumor formation. Cdc42 acts as a collection point for signal transduction and regulates multiple signaling pathways. Moreover, recent studies show that in most human cancers Cdc42 is abnormally expressed and promoting neoplastic growth and metastasis. Regarding possible new treatments for cancer, miRNA and small molecules targeting Cdc42 and related pathways have been recently found to be effective on cancer. In this review, we analyze the newly recognized regulation mechanisms for Cdc42 and Cdc42-related signal pathways, and particularly new treatments using small molecules and miRNAs to inhibit the abnormal overexpression of Cdc42 that may slow down the metastasis process, improve cancer therapy and lead to novel strategies for development of antineoplastic drugs.
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21
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Chavali M, Klingener M, Kokkosis AG, Garkun Y, Felong S, Maffei A, Aguirre A. Non-canonical Wnt signaling regulates neural stem cell quiescence during homeostasis and after demyelination. Nat Commun 2018; 9:36. [PMID: 29296000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in a specialized microenvironment, the subventricular zone (SVZ), which provides them with unique signaling cues to control their basic properties and prevent their exhaustion. While the signaling mechanisms that regulate NSC lineage progression are well characterized, the molecular mechanisms that trigger the activation of quiescent NSCs during homeostasis and tissue repair are still unclear. Here, we uncovered that the NSC quiescent state is maintained by Rho-GTPase Cdc42, a downstream target of non-canonical Wnt signaling. Mechanistically, activation of Cdc42 induces expression of molecules involved in stem cell identity and anchorage to the niche. Strikingly, during a demyelination injury, downregulation of non-canonical Wnt-dependent Cdc42 activity is necessary to promote activation and lineage progression of quiescent NSCs, thereby initiating the process of tissue repair. Following demyelination injury, neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone switch to an activated state. Here, the authors show that a transient shift from non-canonical to canonical Wnt signaling is necessary for activation of quiescent NSCs to achieve tissue homeostasis and brain repair.
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Levican J, Miranda-Cárdenas C, Soto-Rifo R, Aguayo F, Gaggero A, León O. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus enters CHSE-214 cells via macropinocytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3068. [PMID: 28596575 PMCID: PMC5465193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a non-enveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family. IPNV produces an acute disease in salmon fingerlings, with high mortality rates and persistent infection in survivors. Although there are reports of IPNV binding to various cells, the viral receptor and entry pathways remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the endocytic pathway that allows for IPNV entry. We observed that IPNV stimulated fluid uptake and virus particles co-localysed with the uptake marker dextran in intracellular compartments, suggesting a role for macropinocytosis in viral entry. Consistent with this idea, viral infection was significantly reduced when the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 was inhibited with 5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA). Neither chlorpromazine nor filipin complex I affected IPNV infection. To examine the role of macropinocytosis regulators, additional inhibitors were tested. Inhibitors of the EGFR pathway and the effectors Pak1, Rac1 and PKC reduced viral infection. Together, our results indicate that IPNV is mainly internalized into CHSE-214 cells by macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Levican
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Miranda-Cárdenas
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar León
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Xu Y, Qi Y, Luo J, Yang J, Xie Q, Deng C, Su N, Wei W, Shi D, Xu F, Li X, Xu P. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Stimulates Proliferation, Wound Closure and Inhibits Apoptosis of HuH-7 Cells via CDC42. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030586. [PMID: 28282856 PMCID: PMC5372602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been considered as the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) has been reported to be oncogenic. The underlying mechanisms of HBV-related HCC are not fully understood, and the role played by the HBx protein in HBV induced carcinogenesis remains controversial. CDC42, a member of the Rho GTPase family, has been reported to be overexpressed in several different cancers, including HBV-related HCC. However, the specific role of CDC42 in HCC development remains unclear. Here, we investigated the cellular mechanisms by which CDC42 was responsible for the higher proliferation of HuH-7 cells mediated by HBx. We found that the expression level of CDC42 and its activity were significantly increased in HuH-7-HBx cells. The deficiency of CDC42 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and inhibition by specific inhibitor CASIN led to the reduction of HBx-mediated proliferation. Furthermore, we observed that IQ Motif Containing GTPase Activating Protein 1 (IQGAP1), the downstream mediator of the CDC42 pathway, might be involved in the carcinogenesis induced by HBx. Therefore, the HBx/CDC42/IQGAP1 signaling pathway may potentially play an important role in HBx-mediated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
| | - Yingzi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discoveryof Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discoveryof Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Chen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Na Su
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xiangping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Centre, National Engineering Research Centre for Protein Drugs, National Centre for Protein Sciences Beijing, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discoveryof Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Antkowiak A, Viaud J, Severin S, Zanoun M, Ceccato L, Chicanne G, Strassel C, Eckly A, Leon C, Gachet C, Payrastre B, Gaits-Iacovoni F. Cdc42-dependent F-actin dynamics drive structuration of the demarcation membrane system in megakaryocytes. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1268-84. [PMID: 26991240 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Information about the formation of the demarcation membrane system (DMS) is still lacking. We investigated the role of the cytoskeleton in DMS structuration in megakaryocytes. Cdc42/Pak-dependent F-actin remodeling regulates DMS organization for proper megakaryopoiesis. These data highlight the mandatory role of F-actin in platelet biogenesis. SUMMARY Background Blood platelet biogenesis results from the maturation of megakaryocytes (MKs), which involves the development of a complex demarcation membrane system (DMS). Therefore, MK differentiation is an attractive model for studying membrane remodeling. Objectives We sought to investigate the mechanism of DMS structuration in relationship to the cytoskeleton. Results Using three-dimensional (3D) confocal imaging, we have identified consecutive stages of DMS organization that rely on F-actin dynamics to polarize membranes and nuclei territories. Interestingly, microtubules are not involved in this process. We found that the mechanism underlying F-actin-dependent DMS formation required the activation of the guanosine triphosphate hydrolase Cdc42 and its p21-activated kinase effectors (Pak1/2/3). Förster resonance energy transfer demonstrated that active Cdc42 was associated with endomembrane dynamics throughout terminal maturation. Inhibition of Cdc42 or Pak1/2/3 severely destructured the DMS and blocked proplatelet formation. Even though this process does not require containment within the hematopoietic niche, because DMS structuration was observed upon thrombopoietin-treatment in suspension, integrin outside-in signaling was required for Pak activation and probably resulted from secretion of extracellular matrix by MKs. Conclusions These data indicate a functional link, mandatory for MK differentiation, between actin dynamics, regulated by Cdc42/Pak1/2/3, and DMS maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antkowiak
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - J Viaud
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - S Severin
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - M Zanoun
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - L Ceccato
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - G Chicanne
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - C Strassel
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Toulouse, France
| | - A Eckly
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Toulouse, France
| | - C Leon
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Toulouse, France
| | - C Gachet
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Toulouse, France
| | - B Payrastre
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - F Gaits-Iacovoni
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
The cellular actin cytoskeleton presents a barrier that must be overcome by many viruses, and it has become increasingly apparent many viral species have developed a diverse repertoire of mechanisms to hijack cellular actin-regulating signalling pathways as part of their cell entry processes. The Rho family GTPase Cdc42 is appreciated as a key moderator of cellular actin dynamics, and the development of specific Cdc42-inhibiting agents has given us an unprecedented ability to investigate its individual role in signalling pathways. However, investigative use of said agents, and the subsequent characterisation of the role Cdc42 plays in viral entry processes has been lacking. Here, we describe the current literature on the role of Cdc42 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 cell entry, which represents the most investigated instance of Cdc42 function in viral cell entry processes, and also review evidence of Cdc42 use in other RNA virus cell entries, demonstrating prime areas for more extensive research using similar techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Swaine
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Matthias T Dittmar
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Cromm PM, Spiegel J, Grossmann TN, Waldmann H. Direct Modulation of Small GTPase Activity and Function. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13516-37. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Xiao J, Zhou H, Wu N, Wu L. The non-canonical Wnt pathway negatively regulates dendritic cell differentiation by inhibiting the expansion of Flt3(+) lymphocyte-primed multipotent precursors. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:593-604. [PMID: 26051474 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of dendritic cells (DC) is affected by the aging process. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the alteration of DC development in aged mice have not been clarified. Recently, Wnt5a was reported to be an important aging-related molecule in hematopoietic systems. Here, we hypothesized that the increased expression of Wnt5a in aged hematopoietic precursors led to deficient DC differentiation in aged mice. The percentages and cell numbers of plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and CD172a(-)CD8α(+)conventional DC (cDC) were decreased in aged mice compared to young mice. Further analysis indicated that the hematopoietic precursors that gave rise to DC, including Flt3(+) lymphoid-primed multipotent precursors (LMPP), common lymphoid progenitors (CLP) and common DC precursors (CDP), were all decreased in the bone marrow of aged mice. Overexpression of Wnt5a in hematopoietic precursors strongly affected the differentiation of cDC and pDC in vivo. Treatment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) with Wnt5a led to a significant decrease in the differentiation of the LMPP, CLP and CDP populations that was similar to the decrease observed in the bone marrow (BM) HSC of aged mice. Molecular studies demonstrated that Wnt5a negatively regulated the expression of an array of genes important for DC differentiation, including Flt3, Gfi-1, Ikaros, Bcl11a, and IL-7R, by activating the Wnt5a-Cdc42 pathway. Finally, we rejuvenated DC differentiation from aged precursors by blocking the non-canonical Wnt pathway. Our study identified the key roles of the non-canonical Wnt pathway in DC differentiation and DC aging.
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Ramanathan SP, Helenius J, Stewart MP, Cattin CJ, Hyman AA, Muller DJ. Cdk1-dependent mitotic enrichment of cortical myosin II promotes cell rounding against confinement. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:148-59. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Chakravadhanula M, Hampton CN, Chodavadia P, Ozols V, Zhou L, Catchpoole D, Xu J, Erdreich-Epstein A, Bhardwaj RD. Wnt pathway in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:526-35. [PMID: 25246426 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is an aggressive pediatric brain tumor with limited therapeutic options. The hypothesis for this study was that the Wnt pathway triggered by the Wnt5B ligand plays an important role in ATRT biology. To address this hypothesis, the role of WNT5B and other Wnt pathway genes was analyzed in ATRT tissues and ATRT primary cell lines. METHODS Transcriptome-sequencing analyses were performed using nanoString platforms, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, immunoprecipitation, short interference RNA studies, cell viability studies, and drug dose response (DDR) assays. RESULTS Our transcriptome-sequencing results of Wnt pathway genes from ATRT tissues and cell lines indicated that the WNT5B gene is significantly upregulated in ATRT samples compared with nontumor brain samples. These results also indicated a differential expression of both canonical and noncanonical Wnt genes. Imunoprecipitation studies indicated that Wnt5B binds to Frizzled1 and Ryk receptors. Inhibition of WNT5B by short interference RNA decreased the expression of FRIZZLED1 and RYK. Cell viability studies a indicated significant decrease in cell viability by inhibiting Frizzled1 receptor. DDR assays showed promising results with some inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS These promising therapeutic options will be studied further before starting a translational clinical trial. The success of these options will improve care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Chakravadhanula
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
| | - Chris N Hampton
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
| | - Parth Chodavadia
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
| | - Victor Ozols
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
| | - Jingying Xu
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
| | - Ratan D Bhardwaj
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.)
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Sakamori R, Yu S, Zhang X, Hoffman A, Sun J, Das S, Vedula P, Li G, Fu J, Walker F, Yang CS, Yi Z, Hsu W, Yu DH, Shen L, Rodriguez AJ, Taketo MM, Bonder EM, Verzi MP, Gao N. CDC42 inhibition suppresses progression of incipient intestinal tumors. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5480-92. [PMID: 25113996 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the APC or β-catenin genes are well-established initiators of colorectal cancer, yet modifiers that facilitate the survival and progression of nascent tumor cells are not well defined. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches in mouse colorectal cancer and human colorectal cancer xenograft models, we show that incipient intestinal tumor cells activate CDC42, an APC-interacting small GTPase, as a crucial step in malignant progression. In the mouse, Cdc42 ablation attenuated the tumorigenicity of mutant intestinal cells carrying single APC or β-catenin mutations. Similarly, human colorectal cancer with relatively higher levels of CDC42 activity was particularly sensitive to CDC42 blockade. Mechanistic studies suggested that Cdc42 may be activated at different levels, including at the level of transcriptional activation of the stem cell-enriched Rho family exchange factor Arhgef4. Our results indicate that early-stage mutant intestinal epithelial cells must recruit the pleiotropic functions of Cdc42 for malignant progression, suggesting its relevance as a biomarker and therapeutic target for selective colorectal cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Andrew Hoffman
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Soumyashree Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pavan Vedula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Guangxun Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Zheng Yi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wei Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Da-Hai Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lanlan Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexis J Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
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Zachos NC, Alamelumangpuram B, Lee LJ, Wang P, Kovbasnjuk O. Carbachol-mediated endocytosis of NHE3 involves a clathrin-independent mechanism requiring lipid rafts and Cdc42. Cell Physiol Biochem 2014; 33:869-81. [PMID: 24713550 PMCID: PMC4052452 DOI: 10.1159/000358659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In intestinal epithelial cells, acute regulation of the brush border Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, NHE3, usually occurs by changes in endocytosis and/or exocytosis. Constitutive NHE3 endocytosis involves clathrin. Carbachol (CCH), which elevates intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i), decreases NHE3 activity and stimulates endocytosis; however, the mechanism involved in calcium-mediated endocytosis of NHE3 is unclear. A pool of NHE3 resides in lipid rafts, which contributes to basal, but not cAMP-mediated, NHE3 trafficking, suggesting that an alternative mechanism exists for NHE3 endocytosis. Cdc42 was demonstrated to play an integral role in some cases of cholesterol-sensitive, clathrin-independent endocytosis. Therefore, the current study was designed to test the hypotheses that (1) clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is involved in constitutive, but not CCH-mediated, endocytosis of NHE3, and (2) CCH-mediated endocytosis of NHE3 occurs through a lipid raft, activated Cdc42-dependent pathway that does not involve clathrin. METHODS The role of Cdc42 and lipid rafts on NHE3 activity and endocytosis were investigated in polarized Caco-2/BBe cells using pharmacological and shRNA knockdown approaches. RESULTS Basal NHE3 activity was increased in the presence of CME blockers (chlorpromazine; K(+) depletion) supporting previous reports that constitutive NHE3 endocytosis is clathrin dependent. In contrast, CCH-inhibition of NHE3 activity was abolished in Caco-2/BBe cells treated with MβCD (to disrupt lipid rafts) as well as in Cdc42 knockdown cells but was unaffected by CME blockers. CONCLUSION CCH-mediated inhibition of NHE3 activity is not dependent on clathrin and involves lipid rafts and requires Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has boomed in recent years thanks to milestone discoveries in stem cell biology and tissue engineering, which has been driving paradigm shifts in the pharmacotherapy of degenerative and ischemic diseases. Small molecule-mediated replenishment of lost and/or dysfunctional tissue in vivo, however, is still in its infancy due to a limited understanding of mechanisms that control such endogenous processes of tissue homeostasis or regeneration. Here, we discuss current progress using small molecules targeting in vivo aspects of regeneration, including adult stem cells, stem cell niches, and mechanisms of homing, mobilization, and engraftment as well as somatic cell proliferation. Many of these compounds derived from both knowledge-based design and screening campaigns, illustrating the feasibility of translating in vitro discovery to in vivo regeneration. These early examples of drug-mediated in vivo regeneration provide a glimpse of the future directions of in vivo regenerative medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Längle
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonas Halver
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd Rathmer
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erik Willems
- Muscle
Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dennis Schade
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Florian MC, Nattamai KJ, Dörr K, Marka G, Uberle B, Vas V, Eckl C, Andrä I, Schiemann M, Oostendorp RA. A canonical to non-canonical Wnt signalling switch in haematopoietic stem-cell ageing. Nature. 2013;503:392-396. [PMID: 24141946 DOI: 10.1038/nature12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many organs with a high cell turnover (for example, skin, intestine and blood) are composed of short-lived cells that require continuous replenishment by somatic stem cells. Ageing results in the inability of these tissues to maintain homeostasis and it is believed that somatic stem-cell ageing is one underlying cause of tissue attrition with age or age-related diseases. Ageing of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is associated with impaired haematopoiesis in the elderly. Despite a large amount of data describing the decline of HSC function on ageing, the molecular mechanisms of this process remain largely unknown, which precludes rational approaches to attenuate stem-cell ageing. Here we report an unexpected shift from canonical to non-canonical Wnt signalling in mice due to elevated expression of Wnt5a in aged HSCs, which causes stem-cell ageing. Wnt5a treatment of young HSCs induces ageing-associated stem-cell apolarity, reduction of regenerative capacity and an ageing-like myeloid-lymphoid differentiation skewing via activation of the small Rho GTPase Cdc42. Conversely, Wnt5a haploinsufficiency attenuates HSC ageing, whereas stem-cell-intrinsic reduction of Wnt5a expression results in functionally rejuvenated aged HSCs. Our data demonstrate a critical role for stem-cell-intrinsic non-canonical Wnt5a signalling in HSC ageing.
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Prudent R, Soleilhac E, Barette C, Fauvarque MO, Lafanechère L. Les criblages phénotypiques ou comment faire d’une pierre deux coups. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:897-905. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20132910018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Prudent
- Institut Albert Bonniot, CRI Inserm/Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) U823, équipe 3 Polarité, développement et cancer, rond-point de la Chantourne, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France
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Martin H, Mali RS, Ma P, Chatterjee A, Ramdas B, Sims E, Munugalavadla V, Ghosh J, Mattingly RR, Visconte V, Tiu RV, Vlaar CP, Dharmawardhane S, Kapur R. Pak and Rac GTPases promote oncogenic KIT-induced neoplasms. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4449-63. [PMID: 24091327 DOI: 10.1172/jci67509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An acquired somatic mutation at codon 816 in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with poor prognosis in patients with systemic mastocytosis and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Treatment of leukemic cells bearing this mutation with an allosteric inhibitor of p21-activated kinase (Pak) or its genetic inactivation results in growth repression due to enhanced apoptosis. Inhibition of the upstream effector Rac abrogates the oncogene-induced growth and activity of Pak. Although both Rac1 and Rac2 are constitutively activated via the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav1, loss of Rac1 or Rac2 alone moderately corrected the growth of KIT-bearing leukemic cells, whereas the combined loss resulted in 75% growth repression. In vivo, the inhibition of Vav or Rac or Pak delayed the onset of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and corrected the associated pathology in mice. To assess the role of Rac GEFs in oncogene-induced transformation, we used an inhibitor of Rac, EHop-016, which specifically targets Vav1 and found that EHop-016 was a potent inhibitor of human and murine leukemic cell growth. These studies identify Pak and Rac GTPases, including Vav1, as potential therapeutic targets in MPN and AML involving an oncogenic form of KIT.
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In J, Lukyanenko V, Foulke-Abel J, Hubbard AL, Delannoy M, Hansen AM, Kaper JB, Boisen N, Nataro JP, Zhu C, Boedeker EC, Girón JA, Kovbasnjuk O. Serine protease EspP from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli is sufficient to induce shiga toxin macropinocytosis in intestinal epithelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69196. [PMID: 23874912 PMCID: PMC3715455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening intestinal and systemic effects of the Shiga toxins produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) require toxin uptake and transcytosis across intestinal epithelial cells. We have recently demonstrated that EHEC infection of intestinal epithelial cells stimulates toxin macropinocytosis, an actin-dependent endocytic pathway. Host actin rearrangement necessary for EHEC attachment to enterocytes is mediated by the type 3 secretion system which functions as a molecular syringe to translocate bacterial effector proteins directly into host cells. Actin-dependent EHEC attachment also requires the outer membrane protein intimin, a major EHEC adhesin. Here, we investigate the role of type 3 secretion in actin turnover occurring during toxin macropinocytosis. Toxin macropinocytosis is independent of EHEC type 3 secretion and intimin attachment. EHEC soluble factors are sufficient to stimulate macropinocytosis and deliver toxin into enterocytes in vitro and in vivo; intact bacteria are not required. Intimin-negative enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) O104:H4 robustly stimulate Shiga toxin macropinocytosis into intestinal epithelial cells. The apical macropinosomes formed in intestinal epithelial cells move through the cells and release their cargo at these cells' basolateral sides. Further analysis of EHEC secreted proteins shows that a serine protease EspP alone is able to stimulate host actin remodeling and toxin macropinocytosis. The observation that soluble factors, possibly serine proteases including EspP, from each of two genetically distinct toxin-producing strains, can stimulate Shiga toxin macropinocytosis and transcellular transcytosis alters current ideas concerning mechanisms whereby Shiga toxin interacts with human enterocytes. Mechanisms important for this macropinocytic pathway could suggest new potential therapeutic targets for Shiga toxin-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie In
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valeriy Lukyanenko
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ann L. Hubbard
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Delannoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne-Marie Hansen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James B. Kaper
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nadia Boisen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James P. Nataro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chengru Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Edgar C. Boedeker
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jorge A. Girón
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Ziegler S, Pries V, Hedberg C, Waldmann H. Identifizierung der Zielproteine bioaktiver Verbindungen: Die Suche nach der Nadel im Heuhaufen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ziegler S, Pries V, Hedberg C, Waldmann H. Target identification for small bioactive molecules: finding the needle in the haystack. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2744-92. [PMID: 23418026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification and confirmation of bioactive small-molecule targets is a crucial, often decisive step both in academic and pharmaceutical research. Through the development and availability of several new experimental techniques, target identification is, in principle, feasible, and the number of successful examples steadily grows. However, a generic methodology that can successfully be applied in the majority of the cases has not yet been established. Herein we summarize current methods for target identification of small molecules, primarily for a chemistry audience but also the biological community, for example, the chemist or biologist attempting to identify the target of a given bioactive compound. We describe the most frequently employed experimental approaches for target identification and provide several representative examples illustrating the state-of-the-art. Among the techniques currently available, protein affinity isolation using suitable small-molecule probes (pulldown) and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated proteins appears to be most powerful and most frequently applied. To provide guidance for rapid entry into the field and based on our own experience we propose a typical workflow for target identification, which centers on the application of chemical proteomics as the key step to generate hypotheses for potential target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Ziegler
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Abt. Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Florian MC, Dörr K, Niebel A, Daria D, Schrezenmeier H, Rojewski M, Filippi MD, Hasenberg A, Gunzer M, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Cdc42 activity regulates hematopoietic stem cell aging and rejuvenation. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;10:520-530. [PMID: 22560076 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The decline in hematopoietic function seen during aging involves a progressive reduction in the immune response and an increased incidence of myeloid malignancy, and has been linked to aging of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The molecular mechanisms underlying HSC aging remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that elevated activity of the small RhoGTPase Cdc42 in aged HSCs is causally linked to HSC aging and correlates with a loss of polarity in aged HSCs. Pharmacological inhibition of Cdc42 activity functionally rejuvenates aged HSCs, increases the percentage of polarized cells in an aged HSC population, and restores the level and spatial distribution of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation to a status similar to that seen in young HSCs. Our data therefore suggest a mechanistic role for Cdc42 activity in HSC biology and epigenetic regulation, and identify Cdc42 activity as a pharmacological target for ameliorating stem cell aging.
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Baltiérrez-Hoyos R, Roa-Espitia AL, Hernández-González EO. The association between CDC42 and caveolin-1 is involved in the regulation of capacitation and acrosome reaction of guinea pig and mouse sperm. Reproduction 2012; 144:123-34. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian sperm, the acrosome reaction (AR) is considered to be a regulated secretion that is an essential requirement for physiological fertilization. The AR is the all-or-nothing secretion system that allows for multiple membrane fusion events. It is a Ca2+-regulated exocytosis reaction that has also been shown to be regulated by several signaling pathways. CDC42 has a central role in the regulated exocytosis through the activation of SNARE proteins and actin polymerization. Furthermore, the lipid raft protein caveolin-1 (CAV1) functions as a scaffold and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor protein for CDC42, which is inactivated when associated with CAV1. CDC42 and other RHO proteins have been shown to localize in the acrosome region of mammalian sperm; however, their relationship with the AR is unknown. Here, we present the first evidence that CDC42 and CAV1 could be involved in the regulation of capacitation and the AR. Our findings show that CDC42 is activated early during capacitation, reaching an activation maximum after 20 min of capacitation. Spontaneous and progesterone-induced ARs were inhibited when sperm were capacitated in presence of secramine A, a specific CDC42 inhibitor. CAV1 and CDC42 were co-immunoprecipitated from the membranes of noncapacitated sperm; this association was reduced in capacitated sperm, and our data suggest that the phosphorylation (Tyr14) of CAV1 by c-Src is involved in such reductions. We suggest that CDC42 activation is favored by the disruption of the CAV1–CDC42 interaction, allowing for its participation in the regulation of capacitation and the AR.
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42
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Chan JNY, Vuckovic D, Sleno L, Olsen JB, Pogoutse O, Havugimana P, Hewel JA, Bajaj N, Wang Y, Musteata MF, Nislow C, Emili A. Target identification by chromatographic co-elution: monitoring of drug-protein interactions without immobilization or chemical derivatization. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.016642. [PMID: 22357554 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.016642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive molecules typically mediate their biological effects through direct physical association with one or more cellular proteins. The detection of drug-target interactions is therefore essential for the characterization of compound mechanism of action and off-target effects, but generic label-free approaches for detecting binding events in biological mixtures have remained elusive. Here, we report a method termed target identification by chromatographic co-elution (TICC) for routinely monitoring the interaction of drugs with cellular proteins under nearly physiological conditions in vitro based on simple liquid chromatographic separations of cell-free lysates. Correlative proteomic analysis of drug-bound protein fractions by shotgun sequencing is then performed to identify candidate target(s). The method is highly reproducible, does not require immobilization or derivatization of drug or protein, and is applicable to diverse natural products and synthetic compounds. The capability of TICC to detect known drug-protein target physical interactions (K(d) range: micromolar to nanomolar) is demonstrated both qualitatively and quantitatively. We subsequently used TICC to uncover the sterol biosynthetic enzyme Erg6p as a novel putative anti-fungal target. Furthermore, TICC identified Asc1 and Dak1, a core 40 S ribosomal protein that represses gene expression, and dihydroxyacetone kinase involved in stress adaptation, respectively, as novel yeast targets of a dopamine receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet N Y Chan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wheeler GN, Liu KJ. Xenopus: An ideal system for chemical genetics. Genesis 2012; 50:207-18. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kwon YJ, Lee W, Genovesio A, Emans N. A high-content subtractive screen for selecting small molecules affecting internalization of GPCRs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:379-85. [PMID: 22086721 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111427347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are pivotal in cellular responses to the environment and are common drug targets. Identification of selective small molecules acting on single GPCRs is complicated by the shared machinery coupling signal transduction to physiology. Here, we demonstrate a high-content screen using a panel of GPCR assays to identify receptor selective molecules acting within the kinase/phosphatase inhibitor family. A collection of 88 kinase and phosphatase inhibitors was screened against seven agonist-induced GPCR internalization cell models as well as transferrin uptake in human embryonic kidney cells. Molecules acting on a single receptor were identified through excluding pan-specific compounds affecting housekeeping endocytosis or disrupting internalization of multiple receptors. We identified compounds acting on a sole GPCR from activities in a broad range of chemical structures that could not be easily sorted by conventional means. Selective analysis can therefore rapidly select compounds selectively affecting GPCR activity with specificity to one receptor class through high-content screening.
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Abstract
Kinases are important therapeutic targets in oncology due to their frequent deregulation in cancer. Typical ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors, however, also inhibit off-target kinases that could lead to drug toxicity. Allosteric inhibitors represent an alternative approach to achieve greater kinase selectivity, although examples of such compounds are few. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of action of IPA-3, an allosteric inhibitor of Pak kinase activation. We show that IPA-3 binds covalently to the Pak1 regulatory domain and prevents binding to the upstream activator Cdc42. Preactivated Pak1, however, is neither inhibited nor bound significantly by IPA-3, demonstrating exquisite conformational specificity of the interaction. Using radiolabeled IPA-3, we show that inhibitor binding is specific and reversible in reducing environments. Finally, cell experiments using IPA-3 implicate Pak1 in phorbol-ester-stimulated membrane ruffling. This study reveals a novel allosteric mechanism for kinase inhibition through covalent targeting of a regulatory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Viaud
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Saxena C, Higgs RE, Zhen E, Hale JE. Small-molecule affinity chromatography coupled mass spectrometry for drug target deconvolution. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:701-14. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903005565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wheeler GN, Brändli AW. Simple vertebrate models for chemical genetics and drug discovery screens: Lessons from zebrafish andXenopus. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1287-308. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Malyukova I, Murray KF, Zhu C, Boedeker E, Kane A, Patterson K, Peterson JR, Donowitz M, Kovbasnjuk O. Macropinocytosis in Shiga toxin 1 uptake by human intestinal epithelial cells and transcellular transcytosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G78-92. [PMID: 18974311 PMCID: PMC2636932 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90347.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin 1 and 2 production is a cardinal virulence trait of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection that causes a spectrum of intestinal and systemic pathology. However, intestinal sites of enterohemorrhagic E. coli colonization during the human infection and how the Shiga toxins are taken up and cross the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) receptor-negative intestinal epithelial cells remain largely uncharacterized. We used samples of human intestinal tissue from patients with E. coli O157:H7 infection to detect the intestinal sites of bacterial colonization and characterize the distribution of Shiga toxins. We further used a model of largely Gb3-negative T84 intestinal epithelial monolayers treated with B-subunit of Shiga toxin 1 to determine the mechanisms of non-receptor-mediated toxin uptake. We now report that E. coli O157:H7 were found at the apical surface of epithelial cells only in the ileocecal valve area and that both toxins were present in large amounts inside surface and crypt epithelial cells in all tested intestinal samples. Our in vitro data suggest that macropinocytosis mediated through Src activation significantly increases toxin endocytosis by intestinal epithelial cells and also stimulates toxin transcellular transcytosis. We conclude that Shiga toxin is taken up by human intestinal epithelial cells during E. coli O157:H7 infection regardless of the presence of bacterial colonies. Macropinocytosis might be responsible for toxin uptake by Gb3-free intestinal epithelial cells and transcytosis. These observations provide new insights into the understanding of Shiga toxin contribution to enterohemorrhagic E. coli-related intestinal and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Malyukova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen F. Murray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chengru Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edgar Boedeker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne Kane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey R. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Division of Geographic Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Hawkins TA, Cavodeassi F, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lele Z. The small molecule Mek1/2 inhibitor U0126 disrupts the chordamesoderm to notochord transition in zebrafish. BMC Dev Biol 2008; 8:42. [PMID: 18419805 PMCID: PMC2359734 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Key molecules involved in notochord differentiation and function have been identified through genetic analysis in zebrafish and mice, but MEK1 and 2 have so far not been implicated in this process due to early lethality (Mek1-/-) and functional redundancy (Mek2-/-) in the knockout animals. Results Here, we reveal a potential role for Mek1/2 during notochord development by using the small molecule Mek1/2 inhibitor U0126 which blocks phosphorylation of the Mek1/2 target gene Erk1/2 in vivo. Applying the inhibitor from early gastrulation until the 18-somite stage produces a specific and consistent phenotype with lack of dark pigmentation, shorter tail and an abnormal, undulated notochord. Using morphological analysis, in situ hybridization, immunhistochemistry, TUNEL staining and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that in treated embryos the chordamesoderm to notochord transition is disrupted and identify disorganization in the medial layer of the perinotochordal basement mebrane as the probable cause of the undulations and bulges in the notochord. We also examined and excluded FGF as the upstream signal during this process. Conclusion Using the small chemical U0126, we have established a novel link between MAPK-signaling and notochord differentiation. Our phenotypic analysis suggests a potential connection between the MAPK-pathway, the COPI-mediated intracellular transport and/or the copper-dependent posttranslational regulatory processes during notochord differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Hawkins
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
The Rho family of small GTP-binding proteins can activate a large number of downstream effectors and participate in a wide variety of biological processes, including cell motility, membrane trafficking, cell polarity, gene transcription, and mitosis. Specific small-molecule inhibitors of individual effector proteins downstream of Rho GTPases would be powerful tools to elucidate the contributions of particular effectors to these processes. In this chapter we describe the identification of a chemical inhibitor of a Rho effector and scaffolding protein neural-Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), and the discovery of its novel mechanism of action, stabilization of N-WASP's native autoinhibited conformation. Inasmuch as several other Rho GTPase effectors are regulated by autoinhibition, we discuss how this regulatory mechanism could be exploited by small molecules to develop highly specific inhibitors of other Rho GTPase effectors. We illustrate this concept with the Rac/Cdc42 effector p21-activated kinase (Pak1) and the Rho effector mammalian diaphanous-related formin (mDia1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Deacon
- Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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