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Emmons RV, Karaj E, Cudjoe E, Bell DS, Tillekeratne LV, Gionfriddo E. Leveraging multi-mode microextraction and liquid chromatography stationary phases for quantitative analysis of neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine and other non-proteinogenic amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2
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Chen Z, Zhu X, Geng Y, Dai J, Tang S, Adams E, Chen D, Yuan Y. Analysis of impurity profiling of arbekacin sulfate by ion-pair liquid chromatography coupled with pulsed electrochemical detection and online ion suppressor-ion trap-time off light mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Song C, Yu D, Jin G, Ding J, Zhou H, Guo Z, Liang X. High-performance liquid chromatography quantitative analysis of ephedrine alkaloids in Ephedrae Herba on a perfluorooctyl stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1051-1058. [PMID: 34984820 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ephedrae Herba is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines, and it has been shown that most of the clinical efficacy for cold and asthma is exerted by its alkaloidal components. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed using a perfluorooctyl column for the simultaneous determination of five alkaloids (norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine) in Ephedrae Herba. The mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 15 mM ammonium trifluoroacetate was used to elute the targets in isocratic elution mode. The method was validated for linearity (R2 > 0.999), repeatability, intraday and interday precision, recoveries with trueness (93.87-110.99%), limits of detection (5.35-5.76 µg/mL), and limits of quantification (20 µg/mL). The quantitative results revealed that the developed method was precise and accurate. Then it was successfully applied to determine the difference in the contents of three batches of Ephedrae Herba from three pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Song
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dongping Yu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Gaowa Jin
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Ding
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhou
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
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4
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Cinelli MA, Jones AD. Alkaloids of the Genus Datura: Review of a Rich Resource for Natural Product Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092629. [PMID: 33946338 PMCID: PMC8124590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Datura (Solanaceae) contains nine species of medicinal plants that have held both curative utility and cultural significance throughout history. This genus’ particular bioactivity results from the enormous diversity of alkaloids it contains, making it a valuable study organism for many disciplines. Although Datura contains mostly tropane alkaloids (such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine), indole, beta-carboline, and pyrrolidine alkaloids have also been identified. The tools available to explore specialized metabolism in plants have undergone remarkable advances over the past couple of decades and provide renewed opportunities for discoveries of new compounds and the genetic basis for their biosynthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies on the alkaloids of Datura that focuses on three questions: How do we find and identify alkaloids? Where do alkaloids come from? What factors affect their presence and abundance? We also address pitfalls and relevant questions applicable to natural products and metabolomics researchers. With both careful perspectives and new advances in instrumentation, the pace of alkaloid discovery—from not just Datura—has the potential to accelerate dramatically in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Correspondence: or (M.A.C.); (A.D.J.); Tel.: +1-906-360-8177 (M.A.C.); +1-517-432-7126 (A.D.J.)
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Correspondence: or (M.A.C.); (A.D.J.); Tel.: +1-906-360-8177 (M.A.C.); +1-517-432-7126 (A.D.J.)
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Fuchino H, Iida O, Kawano N, Kawahara N, Yoshimatsu K. One-pot discriminant LC/MS quantitative analysis of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine using Finger Masher and their distribution in the aerial stems of Ephedra plants. J Nat Med 2021; 75:707-716. [PMID: 33599897 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A discriminant LC/MS quantitative analysis of ephedrine (EP) and pseudoephedrine (PEP) in Ephedrae herba was performed. Aerial parts of three Ephedra species were separated into internodes and extracted using Finger Masher with minimum loss. The contents of EP and PEP were measured by LC/MS/MS using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method. Their contents in old-year branches were lower than those current-year branches and tended to be higher in the middle part than in the tip of each branch. The content ratio of EP and PEP was reversed in some branches depending on their extent of growth. In E. sinica, the contents were low at the first internode closest to the central main stem at each branch. The contents drastically increased from the second internode and were highest at the third internode. There was a strong correlation between the internode distance and alkaloid (EP + PEP) contents. The distribution of alkaloids in one internode was examined and the results showed that the part closest to the node had the lowest contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan.
| | - Osamu Iida
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawano
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Kayo Yoshimatsu
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
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Turnpenny P, Dickie A, Malec J, McClements J. Retention-directed and selectivity controlled chromatographic resolution: Rapid post-hoc analysis of DMPK samples to achieve high-throughput LC-MS separation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1164:122514. [PMID: 33477099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High quality chromatographic separation underpins robustness in LC-MS, frequently the analytical method of choice for pharmaceutical drug discovery work. The potential improvements in chromatographic selectivity afforded by serial column coupling (SCC), provide a useful means to enhance the resolution of complex samples. In this work, we present a revised high-throughput form of SCC, in which just two individual mixed phase columns were coupled together and combined with a gradient-optimised, retention-directed ultra-high pressure method to achieve rapid separations, with no further method optimisation necessary. The overall performance was evaluated from an open access DMPK analytical working environment perspective; where in anticipation of bioanalytical or metabolite identification chromatography challenges, or with the knowledge that stronger resolution was required for in-vitro sample analysis, the methodology could be immediately implemented by the analyst. Retention-directed selection of a shallow SCC gradient method was successful in separating peaks throughout the chromatographic window, resulting in a runtime still congruent to high-throughput analyses (3.5 min). In-vitro assay sample interferences were resolved 44-72% of the time, and the overall resolving power for isomeric separations significantly improved against single column comparisons (1.7-fold mean RS improvement). Over a sustained period of time in our laboratory, SCC methods have been used for metabolite identification and bioanalytical samples, where both convenience and effectiveness in solving analytical challenges has been consistently demonstrated. Examples that highlight SCC chromatography, and a guided discussion of the main high-throughput considerations, are included. The technique offers wide applicability, and we would recommend it as a toolbox consideration to the laboratory analyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Turnpenny
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Anthony Dickie
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK.
| | - Jed Malec
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Jordan McClements
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
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7
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Goyal K, Tomar N, Singh AP, Sarin RK, Shukla SK. Validation of an analytical method for the detection of ephedrine and its analogues in forensic samples using HPTLC–MS. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-020-00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Kulsing C, Nolvachai Y, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Topete J, Boysen RI, Hearn MTW. Origin of the selectivity differences of aromatic alcohols and amines of different n-alkyl chain length separated with perfluorinated C8 and bidentated C8 modified silica hydride stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta X 2018; 1:100003. [PMID: 33186417 PMCID: PMC7587035 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2018.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated C8-(PerfluoroC8) and bidentate anchored C8-(BDC8)-modified silica hydride stationary phases have been employed for the isocratic separation of homologous phenylalkanols and phenylalkylamines differing in their n-alkyl chain length, using aqueous-acetonitrile (ACN) mobile phases of different ACN contents from 10 to 90% (v/v) in 10% increments. These analytes showed reversed-phase (RP) retention behaviour with mobile phases of <40% (v/v) ACN content with both stationary phases but with the BDC8 stationary phase providing longer retention. The PerfluoroC8, but not the BDC8, stationary phase also exhibited significant retention of these analytes under conditions typical of an aqueous normal phase (ANP) mode (i.e. with mobile phases of >80% (v/v) ACN content), with the analytes exhibiting overall U-shape retention dependencies on the ACN content of the mobile phase. Further, these stationary phases showed differences in their selectivity behaviour with regard to the n-alkyl chain lengths of the different analytes. These observations could not be explained in terms of pK a , log P, molecular mass or linear solvation energy concepts. However, density functional theory (DFT) simulations provided a possible explanation for the observed selectivity trends, namely differences in the molecular geometries and structural organisation of the immobilised ligands of these two stationary phases under different solvational conditions. For mobile phase conditions favouring the RP mode, these DFT simulations revealed that interactions between adjacent BDC8 ligands occur, leading to a stationary phase with a more hydrophobic surface. Moreover, under mobile phase conditions favouring retention of the analytes in an ANP mode, these interactions of the bidentate-anchored C8 ligands resulted in hindered analyte access to potential ANP binding sites on the BDC8 stationary phase surface. With the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase, the DFT simulations revealed strong repulsion of individual perfluoroC8 ligand chains, with the perfluoroC8 ligands of this stationary phase existing in a more open brush-like state (and with a less hydrophobic surface) compared to the BDC8 ligands. These DFT simulation results anticipated the chromatographic findings that the phenylalkanols and phenylalkylamines had reduced retention in the RP mode with the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase. Moreover, the more open ligand structure of the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase enabled greater accessibility of the analytes to water solvated binding sites on the stationary phase surface under mobile phase conditions favouring an ANP retention mode, leading to retention of the analytes, particularly the smaller phenylalkylamines, via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic effects.
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Key Words
- ACN, acetonitrile
- ANP, aqueous normal-phase
- Aqueous normal-phase
- BDC8, bidentate octyl
- DFT, density functional theory
- DH, Diamond Hydride
- HILIC, hydrophilic interaction chromatography
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LSER, linear solvation energy relationship
- PerfluoroC8, perfluorinated octyl
- RP, reversed-phase
- Reversed-phase
- Shape specific separation
- Silica hydride
- n-alkyl chain length selectivities
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadin Kulsing
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Maria T Matyska
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
| | - Joseph J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
| | - Joshua Topete
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
| | - Reinhard I Boysen
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Neiens P, De Simone A, Ramershoven A, Höfner G, Allmendinger L, Wanner KT. Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of D-84, reboxetine and citalopram for their use in MS Binding Assays addressing the monoamine transporters hDAT, hSERT and hNET. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4231. [PMID: 29500932 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MS Binding Assays represent a label-free alternative to radioligand binding assays. In this study, we present an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of (R,R)-4-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-3-ol [(R,R)-D-84, (R,R)-1], (S,S)-reboxetine [(S,S)-2], and (S)-citalopram [(S)-3] employed as highly selective nonlabeled reporter ligands in MS Binding Assays addressing the dopamine [DAT, (R,R)-D-84], norepinephrine [NET, (S,S)-reboxetine] and serotonin transporter [SERT, (S)-citalopram], respectively. The developed LC-ESI-MS/MS method uses a pentafluorphenyl stationary phase in combination with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer for chromatography and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction monitoring mode for mass spectrometric detection. Quantification is based on deuterated derivatives of all three analytes serving as internal standards. The established LC-ESI-MS/MS method enables fast, robust, selective and highly sensitive quantification of all three reporter ligands in a single chromatographic run. The method was validated according to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) guideline for bioanalytical method validation regarding selectivity, accuracy, precision, calibration curve and sensitivity. Finally, filtration-based MS Binding Assays were performed for all three monoamine transporters based on this LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification method as read out. The affinities determined in saturation experiments for (R,R)-D-84 toward hDAT, for (S,S)-reboxetine toward hNET, and for (S)-citalopram toward hSERT, respectively, were in good accordance with results from literature, clearly demonstrating that the established MS Binding Assays have the potential to be an efficient alternative to radioligand binding assays widely used for this purpose so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neiens
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Anna Ramershoven
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Allmendinger
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus T Wanner
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Atapattu SN, Poole CF, Praseuth MB. Insights into the Retention Mechanism for Small Neutral Compounds on Silica-Based Phenyl Phases in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bacalum
- Research Institute from University of Bucharest – ICUB, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Cheregi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Zhang K, Liu X. Reprint of “Mixed-mode chromatography in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications”. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Appulage DK, Wang EH, Carroll F, Schug KA. Automated screening of reversed-phase stationary phases for small-molecule separations using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1638-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dananjaya K. Appulage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Evelyn H. Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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Zhang K, Liu X. Mixed-mode chromatography in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:73-88. [PMID: 27236100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) is a fast growing area in recent years, thanks to the new generation of mixed-mode stationary phases and better understanding of multimode interactions. MMC has superior applications in the separation of compounds that are not retained or not well resolved by typical reversed-phase LC methods, especially for polar and charged molecules. Due to the multiple retention modes that a single MMC column can offer, often MMC provides additional dimension to a separation method by adjusting the mobile phase conditions. Mixed-mode media is also an effective way to clean up complex sample matrices for purification purposes or for sensitive detection of trace amounts of analytes. In this article, we discuss mixed-mode stationary phases and separation mechanisms and review recent advances in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications including the analysis and/or purification of counterions, small molecule drugs, impurities, formulation excipients, peptides and proteins.
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Kulsing C, Yang Y, Sepehrifar R, Lim M, Toppete J, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Boysen RI, Hearn MTW. Investigations into the separation behaviour of perfluorinated C8 and undecanoic acid modified silica hydride stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 916:102-11. [PMID: 27016444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the surface charge properties of perfluorinated C8 (PerfluoroC8) and undecanoic acid (UDA) modified silica hydride stationary phases have been investigated. The zeta potential values of these stationary phases were measured in aqueous/acetonitrile mobile phases of different pH, buffer concentrations and acetonitrile contents. The retention behaviour of several basic, acidic and neutral compounds were then examined with these two stationary phases, with U-shaped retention dependencies evident with regard to the organic solvent content of the mobile phase. Plots of the logarithmic retention factor versus buffer concentration revealed slopes ≥ -0.41 for both stationary phases, indicating the involvement of mixed mode retention mechanisms with contributions from both ionic and non-ionic interactions. Using a linear solvation energy relationship approach, the origins of these interactions under different mobile phase conditions were differentiated and quantified. The PerfluoroC8 stationary phase exhibited stronger retention for basic compounds under high acetonitrile content mobile phase conditions, whilst stronger retention was observed for all compounds with the UDA stationary phase under high aqueous content mobile phase conditions. The more negative zeta potentials of the UDA stationary phase correlated with higher total charge density, surface charge density and charge density at the beta plane (the outer plane of the double layer) compared to the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase. With mobile phases of low buffer concentrations, more negative zeta potential values were unexpectedly observed for the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase with slight increases in the C descriptor value, reflecting also the greater accessibility of the analytes to the stationary phase surface. Comparison of the retention behaviours on these phases with other types of silica hydride stationary phases has revealed different patterns of selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadin Kulsing
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yuanzhong Yang
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Roshanak Sepehrifar
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Joshua Toppete
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Maria T Matyska
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Joseph J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Reinhard I Boysen
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Natekar H. Evaluation of the dual retention properties of stationary phases based on silica hydride: Perfluorinated bonded material. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1050-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Pesek
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Maria T. Matyska
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Harshada Natekar
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
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Dong YM, An Q, Lu NW, Li N. Development micellar HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine in Ephedra Herb and traditional Chinese medicinal preparations. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.27.2015.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Naiden SV, Kartsova LA, Emel’yanov GA. A new fluorinated polymer as a modifier for liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Anal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481506009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lee D, Chang G. Quantitative liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of amine-containing metabolites derivatized with cyanuric chloride and methylamine isotopologues. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Yin P, Xu G. Current state-of-the-art of nontargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with special emphasis in clinical applications. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:1-13. [PMID: 25444251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, as a part of systems biology, has been widely applied in different fields of life science by studying the endogenous metabolites. The development and applications of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) greatly improve the achievable data quality in non-targeted metabolic profiling. However, there are still some emerging challenges to be covered in LC-MS based metabolomics. Here, recent approaches about sample collection and preparation, instrumental analysis, and data handling of LC-MS based metabolomics are summarized, especially in the analysis of clinical samples. Emphasis is put on the improvement of analytical techniques including the combination of different LC columns, isotope coded derivatization methods, pseudo-targeted LC-MS method, new data analysis algorithms and structural identification of important metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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21
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González-Ruiz V, Olives AI, Martín MA. Challenging core-shell stationary phases with the separation of closely related anti-cancer compounds: performance studies and application to drug quantitation in cell cultures with multi-well plate clean-up. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Baba K, Arao T, Yamaguchi N, Watanabe E, Eun H, Ishizaka M. Chromatographic separation of arsenic species with pentafluorophenyl column and application to rice. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1354:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Haljasorg T, Saame J, Kipper K, Teearu A, Herodes K, Reinik M, Leito I. Alternative eluent composition for LC-MS analysis of perfluoroalkyl acids in raw fish samples. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:5259-5268. [PMID: 24845542 DOI: 10.1021/jf5007243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of anthropogenic pollutants that possess serious environmental and health risks are known. One type of these harmful substances that have become a focus of interest during the past decade are perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), which are extensively used in industry for different purposes. Due to the harmful effects that these compounds might cause in living organisms, EFSA and EU CONTAM panel have issued a monitoring program for PFAAs in foodstuffs. This has given rise to intense research dedicated to the analysis of PFAAs over the past few years. This work focuses on chromatographic analysis of three PFAAs in fish. The analytes, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), are commonly associated with the production of fluoropolymers. Fluorinated alcohols are used as eluent components, and their possible advantages as eluent modifiers in LC-MS analysis of PFAAs, alternative retention mechanism and enhanced ionization efficiency, are examined. The analyzed fish samples originating from Estonian fresh and marine waters had low contents of PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tõiv Haljasorg
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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24
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Abstract
Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of low molecular weight compounds in biological samples such as cells, body fluids and tissues. Comprehensive profiling of metabolites in complex sample matrices with the current analytical toolbox remains a huge challenge. Over the past few years, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS) have emerged as powerful complementary analytical techniques in the field of metabolomics. This Review provides an update of the most recent developments in LC–MS and CE–MS for metabolomics. Concerning LC–MS, attention is paid to developments in column technology and miniaturized systems, while strategies are discussed to improve the reproducibility and the concentration sensitivity of CE–MS for metabolomics studies. Novel interfacing techniques for coupling CE to MS are also considered. Representative examples illustrate the potential of the recent developments in LC–MS and CE–MS for metabolomics. Finally, some conclusions and perspectives are provided.
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25
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Bacalum E, Galaon T, David V, Aboul-Enein HY. Retention Behavior of Some Compounds Containing Polar Functional Groups on Perfluorophenyl Silica-Based Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Dohnal V, Musilek K, Kuca K. Retention Behavior of Pyridinium Oximes on PFP Stationary Phase in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:246-51. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Kuehnbaum NL, Britz-McKibbin P. New Advances in Separation Science for Metabolomics: Resolving Chemical Diversity in a Post-Genomic Era. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2437-68. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300484s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Kuehnbaum
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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28
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Marchetti N, Caciolli L, Laganà A, Gasparrini F, Pasti L, Dondi F, Cavazzini A. Fluorous Affinity Chromatography for Enrichment and Determination of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7138-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301442m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marchetti
- Lab “Terra&Acqua Tech”-Water Quality, Technopole of Ferrara and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caciolli
- Lab “Terra&Acqua Tech”-Water Quality, Technopole of Ferrara and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department
of Chemistry and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department
of Chemistry and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department
of Chemistry and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Abstract
The metabolome is the complete set of small molecules coming from protein activity (anabolism and catabolism) in living systems. They have a broad range of chemical structures and physicochemical properties and therefore different analytical methodologies are necessary. Highly polar metabolites, such as sugars and most amino acids are not retained by conventional reversed-phase LC columns. Without sufficient retention, coelution may result in identification problems while the detection of compounds by MS at low concentrations may also be problematic due to ion suppression. In order to retain compounds based on their hydrophilicity, polar stationary phases and hydrophilic-interaction LC provide a complementary tool to reversed-phase LC for untargeted comprehensive metabolite fingerprinting. However, robustness of the methods is still limiting their applications. This review focuses on sample pretreatment, stationary phases, analytical methods and applications for polar compound analysis in biological matrices.
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Al Bakain R, Rivals I, Sassiat P, Thiébaut D, Hennion MC, Euvrard G, Vial J. Impact of the probe solutes set on orthogonality evaluation in reverse phase chromatographic systems. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Heaton J, Gray N, Cowan DA, Plumb RS, Legido-Quigley C, Smith NW. Comparison of reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of ephedrines. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:329-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Cai X, Guo Z, Xue X, Xu J, Zhang X, Liang X. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation of peptides using reversed-phase/weak cation-exchange mixed-mode column in first dimension. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:242-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Patti GJ. Separation strategies for untargeted metabolomics. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3460-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Yang S, Sadilek M, Lidstrom ME. Streamlined pentafluorophenylpropyl column liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry and global (13)C-labeled internal standards improve performance for quantitative metabolomics in bacteria. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7401-10. [PMID: 20950815 PMCID: PMC3007600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Streamlined quantitative metabolomics in central metabolism of bacteria would be greatly facilitated by a high-efficiency liquid chromatography (LC) method in conjunction with accurate quantitation. To achieve this goal, a methodology for LC-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) involving a pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFPP) column and culture-derived global (13)C-labeled internal standards (I.Ss.) has been developed and compared to hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-MS/MS and published combined two-dimensional gas chromatography and LC methods. All 50 tested metabolite standards from 5 classes (amino acids, carboxylic acids, nucleotides, acyl-CoAs and sugar phosphates) displayed good chromatographic separation and sensitivity on the PFPP column. In addition, many important critical pairs such as isomers/isobars (e.g. isoleucine/leucine, methylsuccinic acid/ethylmalonic acid and malonyl-CoA/3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA) and metabolites of similar structure (e.g. malate/fumarate) were resolved better on the PFPP than on the HILIC column. Compared to only one (13)C-labeled I.S., the addition of global (13)C-labeled I.Ss. improved quantitative linearity and accuracy. PFPP-MS/MS with global (13)C-labeled I.Ss. allowed the absolute quantitation of 42 metabolite pool sizes in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. A comparison of metabolite level changes published previously for ethylamine (C2) versus succinate (C4) cultures of M. extorquens AM1 indicated a good consistency with the data obtained by PFPP-MS/MS, suggesting this single approach has the capability of providing comprehensive metabolite profiling similar to the combination of methods. The more accurate quantification obtained by this method forms a fundamental basis for flux measurements and can be used for metabolism modeling in bacteria in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
| | - Martin Sadilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
| | - Mary E. Lidstrom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
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35
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Fromentin E, Gavegnano C, Obikhod A, Schinazi RF. Simultaneous quantification of intracellular natural and antiretroviral nucleosides and nucleotides by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1982-9. [PMID: 20143781 DOI: 10.1021/ac902737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) require intracellular phosphorylation, which involves multiple enzymatic steps to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). NRTI-triphosphates (NRTI-TP) compete with endogenous 2'-deoxyribonucleosides-5'-triphosphates (dNTP) for incorporation by the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Thus, a highly sensitive analytical methodology capable of quantifying at the low femtomoles/10(6) cells level was necessary to understand the intracellular metabolism and antiviral activity of NRTIs in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells and in macrophages. A novel, rapid, and a reproducible ion-pair chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously quantify the intracellular phosphorylated metabolites of abacavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, amdoxovir, and zidovudine, as well as four natural endogenous dNTP. Positive or negative electrospray ionization was chosen with specific MS/MS transitions for improved selectivity on all the compounds studied. The sample preparation, the ion-pair reagent concentration, and buffer composition were optimized, resulting in the simultaneous quantification of 13 different nucleotides in a total run time of 30 min. This novel method demonstrated optimal sensitivity (limit of detection 1-10 nM for various analytes), specificity, and reproducibility to successfully measure NRTI-TP and dNTP in human PBM cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Fromentin
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Discenza L, D’Arienzo C, Olah T, Jemal M. LC–MS/MS method using unbonded silica column and aqueous/methanol mobile phase for the simultaneous quantification of a drug candidate and co-administered metformin in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1583-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Pellati F, Benvenuti S. Determination of ephedrine alkaloids in Ephedra natural products using HPLC on a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:254-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Gilar M, Yu YQ, Ahn J, Fournier J, Gebler JC. Mixed-mode chromatography for fractionation of peptides, phosphopeptides, and sialylated glycopeptides. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Kagan M, Chlenov M, Melnikov S, Greenfield A, Gross J, Bernotas RC. Optimization of normal-phase chromatographic separation of compounds with primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1194:80-9. [PMID: 18479690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The retention behavior of primary, secondary and tertiary amines was studied using normal-phase-HPLC on silica, diol, and cyano stationary phases. Several classes of amines, including benzylamines, anilines, ephedrines, tryptamines, and azatryptamines were chromatographed using mixtures of hexane and ethoxynonafluorobutane with methylene chloride and methanol. Peak tailing, diminished selectivity and low plate count were minimized by the addition of volatile amines to the mobile phase. The optimal additive was n-propylamine at 0.1% concentration. On diol columns, the elution order of free primary, N-N-methyl, and N,N-dimethylamines was predictable, while the elution order of primary and secondary amines on cyano columns varied depending on the alcohol modifier concentration. The feasibility of preparative normal-phase chromatography was demonstrated by the separation of a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines obtained by direct methylation of norephedrine. The procedures described may provide a practical alternative to traditional methods of analysis and purification of potential drug candidates.
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Sander LC, Putzbach K, Nelson BC, Rimmer CA, Bedner M, Brown Thomas J, Porter BJ, Wood LJ, Schantz MM, Murphy KE, Sharpless KE, Wise SA, Yen JH, Siitonen PH, Evans RL, Nguyen Pho A, Roman MC, Betz JM. Certification of standard reference materials containing bitter orange. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2023-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Giegold S, Holzhauser M, Kiffmeyer T, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T, Rosenhagen M, Hennies D, Hoppe-Tichy T, Wenclawiak B. Influence of the stationary phase on the stability of thalidomide and comparison of different methods for the quantification of thalidomide in tablets using high-temperature liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:625-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nelson BC, Putzbach K, Sharpless KE, Sander LC. Mass spectrometric determination of the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:9769-9775. [PMID: 17966980 DOI: 10.1021/jf072030s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The predominant adrenergic protoalkaloid found in the peel and fruit of bitter orange, Citrus aurantium, is synephrine. Synephrine is reputed to have thermogenic properties and is used as a dietary supplement to enhance energy and promote weight loss. However, there exists some concern that the consumption of dietary supplements containing synephrine or similar protoalkaloids may contribute to adverse cardiovascular events. This study developed and validated a positive-ion mode liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the quantitative determination of the major (synephrine) and minor (tyramine, N-methyltyramine, octopamine, and hordenine) adrenergic protoalkaloids in a suite of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bitter orange Standard Reference Materials (SRMs): SRM 3258 Bitter Orange Fruit, SRM 3259 Bitter Orange Extract, and SRM 3260 Bitter Orange Solid Oral Dosage Form. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all protoalkaloids is approximately 1 pg on-column, except for octopamine (20 pg on-column). Additionally, the method has a linear dynamic range of > or =3 orders of magnitude for all of the protoalkaloids. Individual, as well as "total", protoalkaloid levels (milligrams per kilogram) in the NIST SRMs were determined and compared to the levels measured by an independent liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection (LC/FD) method. Satisfactory concordance between the LC/MS/MS and LC/FD protoalkaloid measurements was demonstrated. LC/MS/MS analysis of the protoalkaloids in the SRMs resulted in mean measurement imprecision levels of < or =10% coefficient of variation (% CV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant C Nelson
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Stop 8392, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8392, USA.
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43
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Pellati F, Benvenuti S. Fast high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenethylamine alkaloids in Citrus natural products on a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1165:58-66. [PMID: 17675045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the chromatographic performance of a pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFPP) stationary phase was evaluated for the rapid separation of phenethylamine alkaloids (i.e. (+/-)-octopamine, (+/-)-synephrine, tyramine, N-methyltyramine and hordenine) in Citrus aurantium plant material (fruits and peel), various Citrus species, extracts and dietary supplements claiming to contain C. aurantium. The problems of phenethylamine alkaloid separation, such as peak tailing, low retention and low resolution, were successfully solved with this stationary phase. The parameters used for the method optimization included the mobile phase counter ion concentration and column temperature. A Discovery HS F5 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm) was used, with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate in 90:10 ACN-H(2)O (v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 20 degrees C. The photodiode array detector monitored the eluent at 225 nm. The total analysis time was 10 min. The validation parameters, such as linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision and specificity, were found to be highly satisfactory. With a simple sample preparation procedure, different matrices were successfully analyzed for their alkaloid content. The results indicated that the products on sale, labeled as dietary supplements, vary widely in the quantitative composition of the active constituents: the amount of (+/-)-synephrine, the major alkaloid, in such products ranged from 0.65 to 27.41 mg/g. The other compounds were either not detected or were present at low levels. The developed method can be considered suitable for the quality control of Citrus plant material and commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pellati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Petruczynik
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Medical University , Lublin, Poland
| | - Gabriel Cieśla
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Medical University , Lublin, Poland
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45
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Abstract
The properties of stationary phases and their characterization methods are reviewed. New and significant developments have occurred in the last few years, and new methods for stationary phase characterization have become available. The characterization methods are discussed, and the differences between the different methods are pointed out. In addition, method development approaches are reviewed, with special emphasis on recent developments that employ multiple parameters in parallel. Also, the renewed interest of temperature as a tool in method development is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe D Neue
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
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46
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Putzbach K, Rimmer CA, Sharpless KE, Wise SA, Sander LC. Determination of bitter orange alkaloids in dietary supplement Standard Reference Materials by liquid chromatography with atmospheric-pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:197-205. [PMID: 17579842 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic atmospheric-pressure ionization electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-API-ES-MS) method has been developed for the determination of five bitter orange alkaloids (synephrine, octopamine, n-methyltyramine, tyramine, and hordenine) in bitter orange-containing dietary supplement standard reference materials (SRMs). The materials represent a variety of natural, extracted, and processed sample matrices. Two extraction techniques were evaluated: pressurized-fluid extraction (PFE) and sonication extraction. The influence of different solvents, extraction temperatures, and pH were investigated for a plant material and a processed sample. The LC method uses a new approach for the separation of highly polar alkaloids. A fluorinated, silica-based stationary phase separated the five alkaloids and the internal standard terbutaline in less than 20 min. This method enabled the determination of the dominant alkaloid synephrine and other minor alkaloids in a variety of dietary supplement SRMs.
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Pellati F, Benvenuti S. Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the analysis of phenethylamine [corrected] alkaloids in Citrus aurantium. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:71-88. [PMID: 17582424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) is a plant belonging to the family Rutaceae, whose fruit extracts have been used recently for the treatment of obesity. The most important biologically active constituents of the C. aurantium fruits are phenethylamine alkaloids (i.e. octopamine, synephrine, tyramine, N-methyltyramine and hordenine). Synephrine is a primary synthesis compound with pharmacological activities such as vasoconstriction, elevation of blood pressure and relaxation of bronchial muscle. Synephrine is present in the peel and the edible part of Citrus fruit. Of the adrenergic amines of natural origin, synephrine has been found to be the main constituent of C. aurantium fruits and extracts; the other alkaloids are either absent or present in only low concentrations. It is known that synephrine and the other amines found in C. aurantium have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, owing to adrenergic stimulation. In light of the great commercial proliferation of C. aurantium herbal medicines in recent years, this review provides an overview of various extraction, separation and detection techniques employed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the alkaloids in C. aurantium and related species. The application of chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the separation and determination of these active components in C. aurantium plant material and derivatives are described. Since synephrine is a chiral compound, enantioselective chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques for the analysis of synephrine enantiomers in natural products are presented. Furthermore, examples of identification of these active compounds in complex matrices by hyphenated methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are described. The advantages and limitations of these separation and identification methods are assessed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pellati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Poole CF, Ahmed H, Kiridena W, DeKay C, Koziol WW. Insights into the Retention Mechanisms on Perfluorohexylpropylsiloxane-Bonded (Fluophase-RP) and Octadecylsiloxane-Bonded (Betasil C18) Stationary Phases Based on the Same Silica Substrate in RP-LC. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Temperature, as a powerful variable in conventional LC is discussed from a fundamental point of view and illustrated with applications from the author's laboratory. Emphasis is given to the influence of temperature on speed, selectivity, efficiency, detectability, and mobile phase composition (green chromatography). The problems accompanying the use of elevated temperature and temperature programming in LC are reviewed and solutions are described. The available stationary phases for high temperature operation are summarized and a brief overview of recent applications reported in the literature is given.
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Kiridena W, DeKay C, Koziol WW, Ali Z, Ahmed H, Poole CF. Insights into the Retention Mechanism on a Pentafluorophenylpropylsiloxane-Bonded Silica Stationary Phase (Discovery HS F5) in RP-LC. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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